Programming language [46] Frank da Cruz. IBM Punch Cards (http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ acis/ history/ cards. html) Columbia University Computing History (http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ acis/ history/ index. html). [47] Richard L. Wexelblat: History of Programming Languages, Academic Press, 1981, chapter XIV. [48] François Labelle. "Programming Language Usage Graph" (http:/ / www. cs. berkeley. edu/ ~flab/ languages. html). SourceForge. . Retrieved June 21, 2006.. This comparison analyzes trends in number of projects hosted by a popular community programming repository. During most years of the comparison, C leads by a considerable margin; in 2006, Java overtakes C, but the combination of C/C++ still leads considerably. [49] Hayes, Brian (2006), "The Semicolon Wars", American Scientist 94 (4): 299–303 [50] Dijkstra, Edsger W. (March 1968). "Go To Statement Considered Harmful" (http:/ / www. acm. org/ classics/ oct95/ ). Communications of the ACM 11 (3): 147–148. doi:10.1145/362929.362947. . Retrieved 2006-06-29. [51] Tetsuro Fujise, Takashi Chikayama Kazuaki Rokusawa, Akihiko Nakase (December 1994). "KLIC: A Portable Implementation of KL1" Proc. of FGCS '94, ICOT Tokyo, December 1994. KLIC is a portable implementation of a concurrent logic programming language [[KL1 (http:/ / www. icot. or. jp/ ARCHIVE/ HomePage-E. html)].] [52] Jim Bender (March 15, 2004). "Mini-Bibliography on Modules for Functional Programming Languages" (http:/ / readscheme. org/ modules/ ). ReadScheme.org. . Retrieved 2006-09-27. [53] Wall, Programming Perl ISBN 0-596-00027-8 p.66 [54] http:/ / www. cs. brown. edu/ ~sk/ Publications/ Books/ ProgLangs/ [55] http:/ / www. 99-bottles-of-beer. net/ [56] http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Computers/ Programming/ Languages/ [57] http:/ / merd. sourceforge. net/ pixel/ language-study/ syntax-across-languages/
Computer software Computer software, or just software is a general term primarily used for digitally stored data such as computer programs and other kinds of information read and written by computers. Today, this includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes and records.[1] The term was coined in order to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices); in contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".[2] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Examples: • Application software, such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users. • Firmware, which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers. • Middleware, which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems. • System software such as operating systems, which govern computing resources and provide convenience for users. • Software testing is a domain independent of development and programming. Software testing consists of various methods to test and declare a software product fit before it can be launched for use by either an individual or a group. • Testware, which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may optionally contribute to operational purposes. As such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or subsets thereof. • Video games (except the hardware part) • Websites
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