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THE MAGAZINE OF THE A. JAMES CLARK SCHOOL of ENGINEERING

We, Robots

Building Collaborative Machines—and a Powerful Network of Researchers, Centers and Academic, Government and Corporate Partners

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Dear Friends of the Clark School,

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A. James Clark School of Engineering Darryll Pines Dean James F. McMenamin Assistant Dean for Communications Missy Corley Communications Coordinator 3RWb]`WOZ O\R 2SaWU\ AbOTT

Nancy Grund Editor Beth Panitz Contributing Writer Jason Quick Art Director Engineering @ Maryland is published twice a year for alumni and friends of the A. James Clark School of Engineering and the Glenn L. Martin Institute of Technology at the University of Maryland. Letters to the editor and alumni notes are welcome. Please send them to Engineering @ Maryland Editor, 3214 Kim Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2831. Information can be sent by fax to 301.314.6868 or by e-mail to mcorley@umd.edu Please note that Engineering @ Maryland refers to the A. James Clark School of Engineering by that name in all cases, including stories that describe alumni who graduated before the name was established, in 1994, to honor Mr. Clark’s outstanding philanthropy.

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The Clark School will play a pivotal role in a new university initiative launched late last year to develop innovative ways to protect our nation from the growing threat of cyberattacks. Working in partnership with industry and federal agencies, the Maryland Cybersecurity Center (MC2) promotes education, research and technology development, and commercialization in this emerging field. “Every day we hear more stories about cyberattacks to our businesses and government,� said U.S. Senator Benjamin L. Cardin (D-Md.) at the launch event for MC2 in December. “The work at the University of Maryland is critical for our national security and will create addi-

tional jobs for the people of Maryland.� MC2 builds on Gov. Martin O’Malley’s CyberMaryland initiative, which calls for making the state the nation’s center for cybersecurity. “Cybersecurity is a complex and rapidly evolving field,� says Center Co-Director Patrick O’Shea, chair, electrical and computer engineering. “MC2 will provide comprehensive, interdisciplinary solutions drawing on the collective expertise of our faculty and the strength of our research programs.� Faculty members from diverse disciplines, including engineering, computer science, business, public policy, social sciences and economics will develop multidisciplinary solutions to complex cyber-

security concerns. MC2 will tap into Clark School research expertise in areas such as wireless network security, software security, digital forensics and cryptography, and will draw on the technology-commercialization resources of the Clark School’s Maryland Technology Enterprise Institute (Mtech). Because of its proximity to the nation’s capital and its close collaborations with key federal agencies, the university is uniquely poised to tackle the challenge of cybersecurity, notes O’Shea, who will lead the center with fellow Co-Director Larry S. Davis, computer science. The center will play a key role in connecting organizations through partnerships and cooperative ventures in the public and private sectors. Current industry partners include Lockheed Martin and Science Applications International Corporation. N E]`YaV]^ 4]QcaSa ]\ <cQZSO` >]eS` 7\Rcab`g =\ ;Og " O\R # bVS 1ZO`Y AQV]]Z eWZZ V]ab O ^`]TSaaW]\OZ e]`YaV]^ ]\ QgPS`aSQc`Wbg bVOb T]QcaSa ]\ \Se `SUcZOb]`g O\R W\Rcab`g ZSR W\WbWObWdSa b] ^`]bSQb \cQZSO` ^]eS` ^ZO\ba T`][ QgPS` POaSR bV`SOba 4]` []`S W\T]` [ObW]\ dWaWb eee QgPS` c[R SRc

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We, Robots Building Collaborative Machines—and a Powerful Network of Researchers, Centers and Academic, Government and Corporate Partners

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ix sleek, black, yard-long submarines move in unison, circling the 367,000-gallon cylindrical water tank in the Clark School’s Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility (NBRF). Each sub is an inexpensive, off-the-shelf product, originally remote-controlled, that has been modified by students to operate as an autonomous, unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV), a robot able to function independently in the currents of this unique environment. Autonomous—yet each is also linked to all the others. Golf-ball sized markers that sprout from the subs’ walls enable an underwater motion-capture system to track their locations, orientations and speeds relative to each other. The system transmits that data to the subs, enabling their on-board controllers to guide them—together, against the currents—to a desired depth and moving formation.

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The similarity to a school of fish is unmistakable—and intentional. One day, when UUVs like these cooperatively explore the oceans in search and rescue, military or hurricane-forecasting missions, they will be modeling the behavior of organisms that have learned this technique over billions of years. Derek Paley, assistant professor of aerospace engineering (AE) and founding director of the Clark School’s Collective Dynamics and Control Lab, is building the cooperative algorithms that will enable the UUVs to do so. “My work studies natural systems to understand collective behavior,� explains Paley, who last year won a Faculty Early Career Development Award (known as a CAREER award) from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to study the coordinated $ movement of fish and apply it to UUVs. “By studying a school as an information network, we can apply signal detection theory, which is used in biology and engineering, to begin to understand the movements of the group and how individuals respond in collaborative networks.� 4`][ AQV]]ZW\U 2O\W] b] AQV]]ZW\U CCDa Paley’s work is on the cutting edge of the emerging field of biologically-inspired engineering, which explores and applies biological principles to create new technologies for mobility, sensing, communications and other functions in a wide variety of applications from health care to defense. Collaboration across disciplines, for which the Clark School is well known, is a key factor for success in the field. Guided by Alison Flatau, interim Clark School associate dean for research and AE professor, Paley found an eager collaborator just a few buildings away. Art Popper, professor of biology, who has spent a large part of his career studying hearing in fish,

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welcomed Paley into his lab. There Paley set up a network of cameras in a large fish tank to track giant danio—hardy, blue and yellow freshwater minnows about three inches long. Amanda Chicoli, AE graduate research assistant, aided by neuroscience major Jennifer Lun, designed the experiments, in which they measure the response of a school of danio to a flashing light. Sachit Butail, Ph.D. ’12, AE, refined the tracking system to collect vast amounts of data at unprecedented rates. (Some 22 graduate and undergraduate students work closely with Paley to construct his test beds and collect and analyze data.) “We use mounted cameras on each side of the fish tank as sensors to track fish in the school,� explains Butail. “We want to understand where the fish are looking and how fast they sense the threat of a predator and communicate it through the school. Using tools from projective geometry and Bayesian estimation, we reconstruct the three-dimensional position, orientation and shape of individual fish in the dense school and the shape of the school itself.� The team is particularly interested in learning the signaling methods among fish that coordinate school movements and the connection between school density and responsiveness. “The information will not only help us develop better sensing and communication technologies for collaborating UUVs, but also improve biologists’ understanding of schooling behavior,� Butail adds. b] AQV]]ZW\U @SaSO`QVS`a Back in the Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility, Paley makes the connection between the danio and his subs. “When our UUVs school in the NBRF today,� he explains, “we give them information about currents in the tank, which they use to stay on course. The next step will be to sail them without that information.� Like a real schooling fish, a UUV will have to detect a current, adapt to it and transmit the information to the other UUVs so they can Q]\bW\cSR ]\ ^OUS &

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adapt as well. To accomplish this at low cost, without expensive and heavy inertial measurement units and global positioning components, Paley continues, will require “new mathematical models and motion-coordination algorithms, derived from our experiments in Professor Popper’s lab. These will be of value not only for UUVs but for cooperative unmanned air vehicles as well.� & Just as the danio depend on a schooling network that Paley hopes to define better than anyone previously, his research depends on a network that he and the Clark School have built. “You can’t help but make the analogy,� Paley says. “My ‘school’ consists of mentors, colleagues, students, federal agencies and tech corporations. We communicate with each other, alert each other to new opportunities and help each other navigate unexpected currents.� /\bP]ba b] bVS @SaQcS In a futuristic disaster scenario, we might imagine tiny, nearly invisible, networked autonomous robots that swarm over the wreckage of a major earthquake. They penetrate through narrow gaps in massive, fallen slabs of concrete that larger robots—or people—would have to lift. The swarming micro-robots sense buried victims and send back information to enable highly targeted, life-saving rescue missions. In a group of labs not far from the NBRF, a team of Clark School researchers from mechanical engineering (ME) and electrical and computer engineering (ECE) takes the ant, one of the world’s tiniest and most collaborative insects, as inspiration for just such a scenario. “Our goal is to develop the first network of autonomous robots that can cooperate in a specific task at an ultra-small size. This has never been accomplished before,� says Nuno Martins, assistant professor of ECE and the Institute for Systems Research (ISR). Martins serves as the principal investigator for a $1.5 million

grant awarded by the newly created NSF Cyber-Physical Systems Program to develop “antbots.� “We are pushing the limits with new design principles and technologies for a distributed network of ant-sized mobile micro-robots at the sub-cm3 scale that can selforganize into cooperative configurations.� 4]c` >S`a^SQbWdSa Martins’s role is to develop algorithms for distributed coordination and formation control of the wireless network of microrobots. Their small size presents severe power, communication and mobility constraints. “The algorithms must be very simple. The more complex they are, the more computation that is required, the larger and more power-hungry the processor must be,� he says. Pamela Abshire, associate professor of ECE and ISR, is creating low-power, lightweight electronic hardware to support the antbots’ computation and communication functions. “The robots must transmit information using as little energy as possible and activate communication only when necessary,� she explains. She will explore hybrid computational approaches, such as a combination of analog, digital and mixed-signal formats. Ant-size robots need ant-size legs. Elisabeth Smela, associate professor of ME, is building hardware for polymer-based legs that are electronically controlled and energy efficient. “The legs of these micro-fabricated systems need to be mechanically compliant to allow the robots to move in the real world,� explains Smela.

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Robotics Helps Develop a Cadre of Undergraduate Researchers

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“These dielectric elastomer micro-actuators are a brand new technology. From the military to the medical community, there is a great interest in improving the capabilities of micro-actuators,� she says, noting potential applications in micro-air vehicles that need to flap wings or change shape and micro-grippers to assist in surgical procedures. Sarah Bergbreiter, assistant professor of ME and a winner this year of a NSF CAREER Award, is studying the form, or architecture, required for the robots and looking at methods of locomotion using the micro-actuators developed by Smela. “Nature is very good at moving across all sorts of terrain,� she says. “Part of solving this problem for our robots is developing the actuators, but the legs and choice of locomotion methods, such as jumping or walking, are equally important. Locomotion will also have a big impact on both control and communication in robot networks.� The design of the antbot requires constant interaction among the researchers and an open-door policy at their respective laboratories. Formal biweekly meetings allow the ten or so graduate and undergraduate students working on the project to share their work and for the researchers to address pressing issues. “We are participating in the culture of collaboration for which the Clark School and especially the Institute for Systems Research are well known,� says Martins. “It is a culture crucial to advanced robotics, but whose benefits impact all areas of research.� According to Martins, the antbots’ applicability goes well beyond search and rescue. “These robots could be useful in conducting surveillance in high-risk military situations. They could help identify small amounts of toxic chemicals or assist with environmental monitoring. In medicine, they could play an important role in cell manipulation and micro-factories. I believe they will help us find applications we have not yet imagined.�

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The Maryland Robotics Center 6SZ^W\U /cb]\][]ca @SaSO`QVS`a E]`Y 1]ZZOP]`ObWdSZg Derek Paley and Nuno Martins are both developing cooperative, small-scale robots to perform search and rescue and related applications, Paley inspired by schooling fish, Martins by swarming ants. But Paley works in aerospace engineering and Martins in electrical and computer engineering, and despite the obvious similarities in their projects, traditional departmental boundaries might have kept the two from learning of, and benefiting from, each other’s work. But today they do work together, thanks to the new Maryland Robotics Center, administered within the Clark School’s Institute for Systems Research (ISR). Paley and Martins, plus Nikhil Chopra, assistant professor of ME, are partners in a project to create a new testbed for cooperative robotics that will support projects by any faculty member within the center.

Their project is funded by the center’s new Seed Grant Program, started late last year. The program is a competition that awards start-up funds to teams whose proposals are selected by an independent panel; it enables winning teams to take their work to the level at which external funding may be obtained. In the inaugural contest, “Panelists were quite impressed with the breadth and depth of the proposed projects,� says Clark School Dean Darryll Pines. “We hope that the seed program incentivizes our researchers, increases the number of ideas that see the light of day and in the long run improves our ability to vie for and win agency grants.� The seed grant team of Martins, Paley and Chopra will develop enhanced robotics testing facilities, including the purchase of three ground robots and one aerial robot and the development of

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The Source and Meaning of “Robot� new software. They will also create methods for the design and validation of algorithms for distributed control and coordination of collaborative robots. The second team of Hugh Bruck, Elisabeth Smela and Miao Yu, all from ME, is using seed funding to explore multifunctional materials for robotic sensors, actuators and infrastructures. “We will be creating robotic structures that behave like biological systems, with the ability to sense pressure and temperature,� explains Bruck. To devise those structures, “we are exploring an innovative concept using nanotechnology to create new, smart materials.� His team will investigate polymer systems to build robots at the nanoscale, milliscale and microscale. “We want to make the robots stronger and more damage-tolerant with materials that have integrity. This is a transformational technology that can facilitate enhanced interaction between robots and the environment and result in more versatile, robust robots,� explains Bruck.

“Robot� was first used in R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), written ˇ in 1920 by Czech playwright Karel Capek. It is derived from a Czech word meaning “to work as a slave or a drudge.� Isaac Asimov introduced “robotics� in “Runaround,� a short story in his I, Robot collection (1950).

Asked for a simple definition of “robot,� three Clark School researchers provided these responses: “A multifunctional machine that can move or manipulate parts, tools or specialized devices based on programmed instructions.� S.K. Gupta “A machine that uses feedback control to respond automatically to its environment.� Derek Paley “A device that can move and sense, with sensing and activation coupled in the same device. It should also have its own intelligence, ultimately making its own decisions.� Jaydev Desai

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=\S ]T bVS <ObW]\¸a :O`USab /QORS[WQ @]P]bWQa @SaSO`QV 5`]c^a Helping faculty members from diverse areas form useful alliances is one of the primary purposes of the Maryland Robotics Center, which is directed by Satyandra K. Gupta, professor of ME and ISR. As Gupta explains it, the center is designed to increase awareness of campus robotics work among center members, encourage new cross-disciplinary interactions and lead to more innovative thinking and the sharing of resources. Ultimately the center aims to increase researchers’ ability to vie for and win large research grants, create new products and—through the Clark School’s Maryland Technology Enterprise Institute (Mtech)— launch companies to license, or build and market, those products. At the same time, the center will engage in outreach to increase external audiences’ awareness of center work, serve as the point of contact to respond to inquiries and partnering requests and begin the process of establishing a full-fledged graduate education program and undergraduate minor. “When we assessed robotics activities on campus,â€? Gupta says, “we found that, in terms of the numbers of researchers engaged in robotics work, we had one of the largest academic groups in the

Robotics@Maryland Club Captures Third Place in International Competition

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of Scientific Research, National Institutes of Health, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration and National Institute of Standards and Technology. “Many of us have offices or labs within the A.V. Williams Building, and this proximity promotes the sharing of ideas and information among faculty members and graduate students,� states Gupta. Relying on his own contacts in academia, industry and the federal labs, as well as the efforts of Jeffrey Coriale, ISR’s external relations director (see sidebar, right), Gupta discovers and disseminates news of research opportunities, cultivates partnerships of benefit to the members and organizes members to submit joint grant proposals. This spring the first round of center-based proposals was submitted targeting DARPA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, NSF and the Office of Naval Research.

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which has donated equipment to the center, was keynote speaker (see related story, below). The next Maryland Robotics Day is scheduled for September 9, 2011. Techno-Sciences, Inc., a Beltsville, Md., company founded by Gil Blankenship, ECE, and led by Clark School Board of Visitors member Jean-Luc Abaziou, is sponsoring a robotics seminar series through the center, starting this spring. Representatives of industry, federal research agencies and state economic development organizations are invited to join faculty members and students to learn the latest advances in robotics research and applications. For more information, see www.robotics.umd.edu. Mtech delivers an extensive array of programs to help businesses and entrepreneurs work with the Maryland Robotics Center and other Clark School researchers, including the Technology Advancement Program incubator; the Maryland

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Industrial Partnerships program, which links university researchers and Maryland companies; and the Maryland Manufacturing Assistance Program, which helps companies increase productivity, lower costs and develop new markets. Contact David Barbe, Mtech director, at 301-405-3906 or see www.mtech.umd.edu for more information. Q]\bW\cSR ]\ ^OUS $

Join the Center’s New Industrial Affiliates Program

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The Maryland Robotics Center: From the Cellular to the Planetary Hurricane forecasting. Satellite repair and retrieval. Treatment of breast cancer. Environmental monitoring. The range of applications for robots seems to grow daily. Robots can assist humans in the most dangerous of jobs, such as locating explosives on the battlefield, as well as the most mundane activities, such as cleaning a home. “As engineers and scientists we sometimes think of our robots in terms of broad technological categories. Are they designed for extreme environments? To work in small spaces with small things? Are they collaborative, designed to work in groups? Are they unmanned vehicles? But in the end,� Gupta explains, “we are driven by the good they can do—improving or protecting our lives.� In the following sections we will introduce a variety of robotics projects now underway in the labs of center researchers. These by no means represent the full slate of the center’s programs or even of the individual researcher’s activities. To obtain a more complete survey of current projects, please visit the center’s web site at www.robotics.umd.edu.

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If medical researchers could reliably and speedily grip, move and otherwise manipulate individual cells, their understanding of cell-cell communications, cell-drug interactions and the differences between healthy and diseased cells would be enormously improved—along with their ability to combat cancer and other illnesses. Yet today, a single experiment can take weeks to set up and perform because it is so difficult to position dynamic living cells safely and accurately. S.K. Gupta, ME/ISR and director of the Maryland Robotics Center, is working with Wolfgang Losert, physics and director of the Partnership for Cancer Technology, and Amitabh Varshney, director of the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, to solve that problem. Funded by two NSF grants, they are building an autonomous, imageguided “optical tweezers� robot that uses highly focused cones of laser light to trap and move micro-scale glass spheres in a fluid medium. The spheres act as rapidly reconfigurable grippers that, under laser control, gently enclose and move cells injected into the medium, permitting precise positioning of target cells and exclusion of unwanted material. The robot will view and manipulate cells with greater speed and accuracy than human researchers, deciding the best configurations of spheres and best travel paths to complete desired positioning. With minimal training, operators will gain a powerful new tool to study cellular function. For more information, see www.terpconnect.umd.edu/~skgupta/OT.html.

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Drilling core samples and deploying instrument packages on the moon is hard work for astronauts. Add the effort required to move in a space suit, and it is easy to understand why our Apollo teams were worn out after three days, even when they brought lunar rovers to facilitate travel over the moon’s surface. To succeed in the weeks or monthslong moon and Mars missions contemplated for the future, astronauts will need help to achieve scientific data collection objectives. Teaming with Arizona State University (ASU) faculty members Kip Hodges and Srikanth Saripalli, in research sponsored by the NASA LASER (Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research) program, Professor David Akin, director of the Clark School’s Space Systems Lab (SSL), is developing advanced robotics and space suit technologies to assist astronauts in lunar exploration. ASU provides planetary science graduate students as “astronauts� and various sites around Arizona that mimic the lunar landscape. The SSL team supplies specialized space suit simulators developed for analog field trials, plus advanced robotics for the students to use in simulated exploration missions—including a dexterous manipulator repurposed from earlier SSL research for NASA. Based on successful proof-of-concept tests last September, the first focused field trials will be conducted on a field of extinct volcanoes in southwest Arizona this spring.

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When the cooperative robots being developed by center researchers leave the laboratory and venture into the real world, they will quickly confront some very harsh realities— corrosive environments, threats from enemies, 8]V\ 0O`Oa rapidly changing weather, stationary and moving obstacles, low power. One of the greatest challenges is maintaining, in the face of such problems, effective and efficient communications among the robots. John Baras, ECE, ISR, Lockheed Martin Chair in Systems Engineering, and director of the Center for Hybrid and Satellite Communication Networks, is developing essential insights for optimizing communications in this emerging field. In his research, which is funded by the National Science Foundation, the Army Research Laboratory and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, he collaborates with center members Nuno Martins, David Akin and Sarah Bergbreiter. “We have determined a few key concepts to guide this work,� Baras states. “In general, it is better to create a communications topology that is good for multiple situations or robotic tasks than a topology optimized for one. Ad hoc communication networks permit as-needed communications and eliminate network infrastructure and a central node.� He notes that communication protocols that are good for voice are not necessarily good for robots. “As alternatives to standard protocols, consider event-, time-, or location-activated communications; combining wireless communications with the sensing of sound signals; and opportunistic communications, in which a robot communicates only when it ‘sees’ another. When implemented, these ideas will serve to reduce system cost and complexity and increase reliability and performance.�

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A small, flapping-wing, autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is sent on a high-speed reconnaissance mission in dense woods or a crowded city street. It will need remarkable sensory and control capabilities to navigate in such a complex environment, combining “inner loop� strategies (high-bandwidth, low-latency sensing, processing and actuation) to avoid immediate threats, obstacles and gusting wind, and “outer loop� strategies (higher latency, far-field sensing and control) to reach a final destination. As part of an Office of Naval Research-sponsored Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative grant, Sean Humbert, assistant professor of AE and director of the Clark School’s Autonomous Vehicle Laboratory, and Timothy Horiuchi, associate professor of ECE and ISR, are studying the mechanosensory systems of insects and bats to develop a single-chip sonar that will help to achieve such agile UAV flight. Humbert studies the rotation-sensing hindwings and visualmotion sensing compound eyes of flies, and flow-sensitive hairs in insects and bats, to develop robust inner loop strategies. Horiuchi studies bat vision and echolocation for the outer loop. The two, working with collaborators at the University of Washington and the College of Charleston, will reveal through experimentation how flying animals use and fuse sensory data over different time scales. Transition of these biological principles to engineered systems will enable UAVs to cope with uncertainties while navigating complex environments. For more information, see www.avl.umd.edu/projects/

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Improving Accuracy, and the Patient Experience, in Breast Cancer Care By applying semi-autonomous robots in breast cancer diagnosis and care, physicians may one day more accurately and safely identify and ablate breast cancer tumors and enable anxious patients to undergo fewer procedures with less delay and fewer needle insertions. This is the goal of NIH-sponsored research by Jaydev Desai, ME, director of the Robotics, Automation, and Medical Systems Lab, and Howard Richard III, M.D., interventional radiologist at the University of Maryland Medical Center. Imagine an MRI system equipped with two robots, one located inside the MRI bore (“in-bore�) made of special materials that are not affected by the strong magnetic field, one in a control room operated by a physician. The MRI system continuously sends images to the physician, allowing him or her to pinpoint the tumor location, and to the in-bore robot to guide insertion of a biopsy needle into

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the patient’s breast. All the while, the in-bore robot sends “haptic� soft-tissue sensory information to the control room robot and physician, allowing him or her to evaluate and verify needle placement by a combination of images and touch feedback. The in-bore robot withdraws the tissue sample, and a pathologist

immediately analyzes it to determine tumor status. If necessary, the in-bore robot, again with physician input, inserts an ablation needle into the tumor and destroys it, while the physician views the MRI images on the screen. For more information, see rams.umd.edu

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When scientists study phenomena over a large area—the spread of vegetation or pollution, the movement of animals—they often position a network of sensors to capture information for analysis. But natural phenomena change, as do researchers’ areas of interest, requiring researchers to re-deploy their sensor networks, often at great expense and delay. The same concerns apply to sensor networks for defense applications. In research sponsored by DARPA, Sarah Bergbreiter, ME and ISR (see related story, p. 9), is developing mechanisms to enable millimeter-sized sensing robots to jump to new locations when placed in natural or man-made environments. Jumping can be an efficient way for robots to move around obstacles and even latch on to moving animals, vehicles or other robots—and then jump off. To enable jumping, Bergbreiter has demonstrated a new micro-fabrication process that incorporates soft elastomers with traditional silicon. Mechanisms only 4 mm on a side have been launched over 35 cm in the air—the first leaps of jumping micro-robots. This new fabrication process can also be used to create flexible joints for small running robots, and composite elastomers can be used to create new actuation technologies at small scales. For more information see terpconnect.umd.edu/~sarahb.

In the future, building construction codes might require wireless motionsensing networks. In the event of fire or other disasters, the network could provide information as to the location of victims trapped in the building. 1]ZZOP]`ObWdS `]P]ba W\bS`OQb eWbV eW`SZSaa \Sbe]`Y Collaborative search and rescue robots, guided by the network, could proceed directly to areas where they are needed most—saving valuable time—rather than using only their own sensors and searching the entire building. Nikhil Chopra, assistant professor of ME and ISR, in research funded by the NSF, is laying the groundwork for such network-robot interactions. One crucial capability he is developing is coordination of complex tasks. To clear the way to victims in damaged areas, the robots in many cases would need to work together, using grippers, to manipulate and lift fallen concrete, girders or other heavy objects. Chopra is designing time synchronization algorithms for wireless sensors to effectively exploit the additional sensing provided by the wireless sensor network. In addition, he is studying “task space synchronization� to enable a human operator to control the robots through the wireless network, using algorithms to ameliorate the effect of time delays on the stability of such systems. For more information see terpconnect.umd.edu/~nchopra.

Derek Paley, AE and director of the Collective Dynamics and Control Laboratory, is working on an NSF grant to improve forecasting of hurricane intensity using a coordinated fleet of unmanned aeronautical vehicles (UAVs). In hurricane development, the ocean’s warm water is transferred to the atmosphere just above the ocean surface; this is where continuous readings of air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind speed data, as well as underlying sea surface temperature, are most valuable. It is also where the strongest winds and the greatest danger are found. A UAV can fly as low as 500 feet above the surface of the ocean, per/ TZSSb ]T C/Da Q]cZR W[^`]dS bVS ]RRa ]T mitting capture acQQSaaTcZ T]`SQOabW\U and transmission of continuous low-level data. But the chances of one UAV completing its mission in a powerful hurricane are low, and so Paley is developing methods to coordinate a fleet of UAVs to improve the odds for successful observation and forecasting. His research combines numerical-modeling methods from atmospheric science with feedback control methods from nonlinear control theory. Conducted in conjunction with the University of Miami Department of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, the research could help reduce errors in hurricane forecasting, along with loss of lives and property through improved emergency response decisions. For more information see cdcl.umd.edu/.

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23CBA16 4=C<2/B7=< @3<3EA 1=;;7B;3<B B= 1:/@9 A16==: DWaW]\ ]T @]PS`b E 2ScbaQV 2`WdSa <O\] 0W]bSQV /RdO\QSa When Robert W. Deutsch founded RWD Technologies more than 20 years ago, the company was created on the premise that “the power of an organization resides in the worthy work of individuals and the collaborative way their work is done.� That same premise has guided the Clark School’s pioneering research in nano-biotechnology, funded, in large part, by the foundation Deutsch established. Since 1996, the Deutsch Foundation has supported scholarships, organizations and research at the University of Maryland, College Park, and other schools within the University System of Maryland, including a gift of more than $1 million in 2006 to establish the Deutsch Foundation Program in Nano-Biotechnology at the Clark School. In the fall of 2010, the foundation renewed funding for four years with another gift of more than $1 million.

“The harmonious way that the principal Clark School investigators work together is remarkable,� says Foundation President Jane Brown, daughter of Robert Deutsch. “We tend to look for individuals working in research areas that align with our interests, but we also seek people whose values align with ours. We found both in the Clark School team.� In affirmation of the foundation’s commitment, the university provost’s office and various Clark School units will invest, as they did for the first grant, more than $200,000 in the program. “We believe this research is revolutionary in merging the fields of microelectronics and biotechnology,� says Clark School Dean Darryll Pines. “During the next four years, we hope to develop new technologies to improve the diagnosis and treatment of disease.� The foundation’s support has allowed

the Clark School to assemble a stellar team of researchers across disciplines to advance the understanding of cell-to-cell interactions and devise technologies that may influence those interactions. The support also helped the school obtain a four-year National Science Foundation Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation— Cellular and Biomolecular Engineering grant. The grant has accelerated the school’s development of an innovative biochip technology that promises to give doctors a new way to discover drugs that treat bacterial infections without stimulating resistance-building mutations (see sidebar), making the Clark School a lead institution worldwide for biofabrication. Principal investigators in the nanobio research group include Fischell Department of Bioengineering Chair and Robert E. Fischell Distinguished 3\UW\SS`W\U . ;O`gZO\R N A^`W\U

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Professor William Bentley; Herbert Rabin Distinguished Professor Reza Ghodssi, electrical and computer engineering and director of the Institute for Systems Research (ISR); Gary Rubloff, materials science and engineering/ISR and director of the Maryland NanoCenter; and Gregory Payne, bioengineering and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research.

Mariana Meyer, a doctoral student in bioengineering, is one of a number of graduate and undergraduate students who work on biochip development. “The Deutsch Foundation grant has fostered an unusual interdisciplinary approach,� she describes. “Collaboration enables us to take our work to the next level, to achieve efficiencies and devise solutions to real-world problems more quickly than we could ever have accomplished individually.� The foundation is confident the collaboration will yield groundbreaking results in the future. “We have made an extremely wise investment in the Clark School—a tremendous legacy for my father,� says Brown. “We have seen growth at every level of the school in a relatively short time, and we look forward to building this long-term relationship. The work is exciting on so many levels.� N

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chair of the Clark School chapter of the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE), is part of that next generation. “This scholarship allowed me to continue college debt-free. I am so relieved that I am able to concentrate on my studies without the burden of student loans,� he explains. Regalado began researching scholarship options while still a senior at Wheaton High School in Silver Spring, Md., where he now visits their junior chapter of SHPE to raise student interest in engineering. Founded in 1998, AFCEA Bethesda is an educationallybased, nonprofit organization that encourages greater government and industry partnerships, information exchanges and networking. The chapter, one of the largest in the country with more than 700 members, has been annually designated a “Model Chapter of the Year� since 2000. Michael Priddy, the chapter’s vice president of education Since the 2007-2008 academic year, the chapter has awarded (who also chairs the advisory board for University of Maryland $380,000 in scholarship funds to the University of Maryland, Shady Grove and serves on the board of the National Academy College Park. The chapter’s gifts are inspired by its desire to of Information Technology), notes, “We help qualified students, many of whom could want these scholarships to improve students’ not pursue higher education without finanopportunities for success, assist families in cial support, and to help produce greater financial need and ultimately strengthen the numbers of young people competent in the U.S. workforce.� science, technology, engineering and math Scholarship recipient Angela Wu, B.S. ’13, (STEM) fields, which are critical to global fire protection engineering (FPE), was first competitiveness and a healthy economy. exposed to engineering as a high school stu“The AFCEA Bethesda scholarships will dent. “In a high school engineering class, my help ensure that students achieve success teacher discussed how the field contributed to within our challenging curriculum,� says the investigation of the World Trade Center Clark School Dean Darryll Pines. “By reduccollapse. I felt that a career in FPE could ing students’ financial concerns, AFCEA make a difference and save lives,� recalls Wu, scholarships allow students to focus on their who has worked with the Nuclear Regulatory studies, take advantage of the many entrepreCommission to review fire protection licensing neurship and research opportunities we offer, for nuclear power plants. graduate on time and with reduced debt and “The AFCEA scholarship took a tremensecure great jobs that strengthen our state’s /\USZO Ec O\R ;WQVOSZ >`WRRg dous weight off me and my parents,� adds competitiveness.� Wu, who has a twin sister and an older brother in college as Ac^^]`bW\U bVS <Sfb 5S\S`ObW]\ ]T :SORS`a well. “I was able to concentrate more fully on my studies with“The success of the United States in the global marketplace out the demands of a part-time job.� is largely dependent upon more students entering the science Priddy explains the chapter has long wanted to help and technology fields,� says Steve Krauss, president of AFCEA strengthen STEM programs and grow the number of graduates Bethesda. “We recognize the vital role that area colleges play in those areas. “If you can handle the rigor of mathematics and in providing high-quality, affordable education for the next the complexity of engineering, you can prepare yourself for generation of leaders.� any number of careers. Our scholarships are intended to assist Marco Regalado Jr., B.S. ’13, mechanical engineering, and students in these types of pursuits.� N

t a time when growing numbers of students finance their educations by obtaining loans and juggling full-time course loads with parttime employment, the Bethesda Chapter of the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association (AFCEA Bethesda) has come to the rescue. AFCEA Bethesda recently committed to provide $200,000, or $50,000 per year for four years, in scholarship funding to students at the University of Maryland’s Clark School and College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences.

TO

LEARN MORE ABOUT MAKING A GIFT TO THE

CLARK SCHOOL,

PLEASE CALL OR WRITE:

Leslie Borak, assistant dean for external relations, Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-2831 N 301.405.0317 N lborak@umd.edu

Nonprofit Org. U.S. Postage PAID

Permit No. 10 College Park, MD

3214 Kim Engineering Building University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742-2831

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Dean Darryll Pines and Director of Alumni Relations Josey Simpson invite you to take advantage of some of the outstanding events the Clark School sponsors throughout the year. For a full calendar listing, visit www.eng.umd.edu/events/index.php. We look forward to seeing you soon!

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