372 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR FREEDMEN’S SCHOOLS IN NORTHERN KENTUCKY, JULY 1867FEBRUARY 1869
Date and County
Town
Sponsor
Teachers
a
b
July 1867 Mason
Students
Washington
Freedmen’s Bureau
Maysville
Freedmen’s Bureau
April 1868 Mason
Amanda Perkins
Mason
Maysville
Freedmen’s Bureau
Avene Casey
Mason
Maysville
Freedmen’s Bureau
Mary E. Wilson
Mason
Washington
Freedmen’s Bureau
Elizabeth Wilkerson
Bracken
Augusta
Freedmen’s Bureau
C. M. White
Pendleton
Brandywine
Freedmen’s Bureau
Mary Southgate
Pendleton
Falmouth
Freedmen’s Bureau
Ellen Kinny
Kenton
Covington
Freedmen’s Bureau
E. C. Wilmot
Kenton
Covington
Freedmen’s Bureau
Ellen N. Leavitt
Kenton
Covington
Freedmen’s Bureau
Richard Singer
Bracken
Augusta
Church and school
Jeptha Griffin (B)
13 M, 15 F
Campbell
Newport
Alex Howard
Alex Howard (B)
26 M, 16 F
Campbell
Newport
Mary Williams
Mary Williams (B)
12 M, 13 F
Campbell
Newport
Henry Graham
Julia Warner (B)
8 M, 9 F
Kenton
Covington
Church
E. E. Willis (B), Eliza Skillman (W)
44 M, 45 F
Mason
Maysville
Church
Amanda Perkins (B), Green Casey (B) c
39 M, 47 F
Mason
Washington
School
Marcia Dunlap (B)
20 M, 21 F
Pendleton
Falmouth
Church
Ellen M. H. Southgate (B)
10 M, 6 F
Gallatin
Warsaw
Freedmen’s Bureau
d
Bracken
Germantown
Freedmen’s Bureau
e
Boone
Caledonia
School
Bracken
Augusta
Church
Pendleton
Falmouth
Campbell
Newport
Campbell
Newport
Kenton
December 1868
January 1869
February 1869 Joshua Kendall (B)
18 M, 18 F
Church
Ellen M. Southgate
9 M, 4 F
Henry Graham School
Mary Warmus (W)
12 M, 13 F
Covington
Church
E. C. Wilmot (W) Eliza Skillman (B)
56 M, 48 F
Kenton
Covington
Church
E. C. Wilmot (W) (night)
17 M, 12 F
Kenton
Union Hall
School
William A. Patterson (B)
20 M, 15 F
Mason
Maysville
Church
Amanda Perkins (B), Green Carey (B), Mary Nelson (B)
50 M, 52 F
Mason
Mayslick
School
Emma Gardner (B)
25 M, 27 F
Mason
Washington
Church
Narcissa Dunlap (B)
20 M, 20 F
Pendleton
Brandywine
School
Mary Southgate (B)
6 M, 6 F
Notes: aB = black; W = white. Wood building 30 × 60 ft.
b c
A third teacher’s name is illegible in the records.
d e
Building 18 × 30 ft.; cost, $200.
The Freedmen’s church and school burned.
12 M, 15 F
devastated the backcountry. The colonial militia was no match for the raiders, and many settlers fled back east in panic. The American Indians intentionally terrorized the settlers with fear of capture. In July 1755, a Shawnee raiding party kidnapped Mary Draper Ingles, her two young sons, and her sister-in-law from their home at Draper’s Meadow (Blacksburg, Va.) The raiders took them down the Kanawha River and the Ohio River to the largest Shawnee village in the Ohio Territory, lower Shawnee Town at the mouth of the Scioto River. Adopted as his daughter by the chief of the tribe and therefore given a degree of freedom, Ingles was taken on a salt-making expedition to Big Bone Lick in presentday Boone Co., Ky., and this probably made her the first woman of European descent to enter Kentucky. In September 1755, while at Big Bone Lick, Ingles escaped and returned home to Virginia, less than six months after her capture. She reported the location and number of the Shawnees living at lower Shawnee Town, thereby contributing to Virginia lieutenant governor Robert Dinwiddie’s decision to order a militia raid, the only military expedition into Kentucky during the war. Major Andrew Lewis led about 340 men, including several Cherokee warriors, from southwestern Virginia into Kentucky, intending to move down the Big Sandy River to the Ohio River and attack lower Shawnee Town. The raid began on February 19, 1756, but in the bitterly cold weather, and with their supplies gone, the Virginians became demoralized and Lewis had to turn back. The retreat of Lewis and the Virginia militia was the culmination of two and a half years (1754– 1756) of military misfortunes for the British and the colonials. Their worst defeat coincided with Mary Ingles’s capture: on July 9, 1755, British general Edward Braddock suffered a major defeat while marching with a force of 1,400 British regulars and 450 colonials to Fort Duquesne. Surrounded by a smaller force of 900 French and Indians, Braddock and his troops suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of the Wilderness. The excellent road Braddock’s troops built on their march toward Fort Duquesne (Braddock’s War Road), almost 20 years later became the major pathway from Cumberland, Md., that settlers coming to Kentucky used to embark on flatboats at Pittsburgh. Washington’s surrender at Fort Necessity, Braddock’s defeat, and Lewis’s fiasco had by 1756 opened the frontier for Indians to raid the backcountry at will. The tide of war changed when William Pitt became secretary of state and head of the king’s ministry in England. He placed priority on the war in America and strengthened the war effort by supplying funds to encourage the militia and by committing more British regulars to the fight. In 1758 British general John Forbes captured Fort Duquesne, renaming it Pittsburgh, and the next year British forces defeated the French in Canada. Would-be Kentucky settlers thought the 1763 Peace of Paris, in which France ceded most of its claims in North America to Britain, should open lands west of the Appalachian Mountains for settlement, but British officials realized that while the