252 CSX ces Crosswhite through the will of her father, Isaac Crosthwaite (later spelled Crosswhite), on January 28, 1811. Frances married Ned Stone, who sold Adam Crosswhite for $200, and in 1819 Adam was traded to Francis Giltner, a planter in Bourbon Co. There, Adam married Sarah in a slave ceremony and raised four children, John Anthony, Benjamin Franklin, Cyrus Jackson, and Lucretia. Before 1830 Giltner moved the entire family and his slaves to Hunters Bottom in Carroll Co. along the Ohio River. In August 1843 Adam Crosswhite learned that Giltner planned to sell part of Crosswhite’s family. Crosswhite sought help from the Underground Railroad organization in Madison, Ind. As runaway slaves, and after having two narrow escapes using the newly organized safe routes through Indiana, the Crosswhites managed to escape to Marshall, a town in south central Michigan. There, Adam maintained a low profi le. He worked, built a cabin, and became accepted in the village. In response to the increased number of runaway slaves through the 1840s, slave owners in the north central river counties and the bluegrass of Kentucky sought to recover their financial investments. In 1846 a coalition of slave owners met in Covington and hired a spy to ferret out runaway slaves in southern Michigan. In late fall 1846, this spy, who called himself Carpenter, arrived in Marshall and in Cass Co. Masquerading as an abolitionist from Worcester, Mass., he visited the homes of free people of color. The information he gathered led to two major raids by Kentuckians, the earliest at Marshall in Calhoun Co., and the second in Cass Co. In December 1846, acting on intelligence gathered by the spy, Francis Troutman, the grandson of a former owner of Adam Crosswhite and a nephew of Francis Giltner, went to Calhoun Co., Mich., posing as a schoolteacher seeking a place to settle. He hired local deputy sheriff Harvey Dixon to pose as a census taker to scout the Crosswhite family. On January 20, 1847, Troutman reappeared at Marshall with three other Kentuckians, William Franklin Ford, David Giltner, and James S. Lee, and, accompanied by Deputy Sheriff Dixon, went to the Crosswhite cabin. There they attempted to capture Adam, but he and his son Johnson fled through a cornfield; Crosswhite accompanied Deputy Sheriff Dixon to secure counsel, and Troutman stayed in the Crosswhite cabin with drawn pistol as several neighbors attempted to enter the house, one of whom, a Mr. Hackett, was assaulted by Troutman. When Dixon returned, he charged Troutman with assault and battery on Hackett and with trespassing and housebreaking. Troutman paid $100 in fines the next day in the local court before Judge Randall Hobart. Meanwhile, the townspeople hid the Crosswhite family in the attic of George Ingersoll’s mill. Isaac Jacobs, the hostler at the Marshall House, hired a team and covered wagon, and on the night of January 27, Ingersoll and Asa B. Cook drove the Crosswhite family to Jackson, where they boarded a train to Detroit. George De Baptiste, the former Underground Railroad leader at Madison, Ind., met the Crosswhites in Detroit and took them into Canada.
The Kentuckians were furious, and several slaveowner meetings were held. Citizens of Trimble and Carroll counties, led by Moses Hoagland of Hunters Bottom, met at Kings Tavern on February 10 and drew up three resolutions demanding that the Kentucky legislature call upon its U.S. senators and congressmen to pass federal legislation giving slave owners redress and imprisoning and fining those who enticed, harbored, or aided runaway slaves. By June 1847, Michigan newspapers along the southern tier were equally outraged that Kentucky posses were seizing fugitives in a free state whose citizens detested slavery. In August 1847 a large Kentucky raid led by Boone Co., Ky., slave owners George W. Brazier and Benjamin Stevens was repulsed from Cass Co. after attempting to recapture several former slaves (see Slavery—The Kentucky Raid). The legislative wheels were set in motion. Joseph Underwood’s report and resolutions from the Kentucky legislature were sent to the U.S. Senate on December 20, 1847, and in May 1848 Senator Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina printed his report favoring strong federal sanctions against persons who aided runaway slaves; 10,000 copies were distributed. Momentum built for passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act, which made it mandatory for U.S. marshals to seize runaway slaves, for representatives of the slave owner to identify the runaways, and for severe fines to be levied on all those aiding and harboring fugitive slaves. Henry Clay, a personal friend of Francis Giltner, proposed a clause mandating restitution of property to southerners reclaiming runaway slaves. Attorney Francis Troutman returned to Michigan in May 1848 to gather evidence and press charges against those who aided the Crosswhite family. On June 1, 1848, in Detroit, Justice McLane of the federal bench heard Giltner vs. Gorham et al. McLane instructed the jury to ignore their attitudes toward slavery and decide the case based only on the plaintiffs’ right to the ser vices of the fugitives and therefore the right to obtain financial redress. The first trial jury hung and was discharged on June 12. A second trial was held, and the jury awarded Giltner $1,926 in damages and heavy court costs, for a total of about $4,500. Zachariah Chandler, a leading antislavery Whig in Detroit, paid the greater part of the fine. Juryman Philo Dibble, a resident of Marshall, was publicly chastised from the pulpit by his Presbyterian minister for his participation in the verdict. Northern reaction to passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was swift. By 1854 Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio had formed significant Republican parties that were obtaining antislavery majorities in their state legislative bodies, sending antislavery congressmen and senators to Washington, and, by 1860, giving Abraham Lincoln the presidential candidacy. The Crosswhite family, with a new daughter, Frances, born in 1848 in Canada, returned to Marshall, Mich., after the Civil War; in 1878 Adam Crosswhite died and was buried in the Oakridge Cemetery in Marshall. In 1923 Michigan erected a bronze marker set in a stone boulder near the old Crosswhite cabin. The marker commemorates the
runaway slave from Carroll Co., Ky., and the role of the people of Marshall in repulsing the Kentucky posse. Battle Creek (Mich.) Enquirer, July 14, 1907; January 28, 1929; July 3, 1930; April 1960. Battle Creek (Mich.) Tribune, January 20, 1847. Crosswhite File, Marshall District Public Library, Marshall, Mich. Enquirer and Evening News of Battle Creek, Michigan, February 18, 1923; February 11, 1945; February 17, 1974. Frankfort (Ky.) Weekly Commonwealth, February 23, 1847. Fuller, George N., ed. Michigan: A Centennial History of the State and Its People. Chicago: Lewis, 1939. Gara, Larry. The Liberty Line. Lexington: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1961. Gardner, Washington. History of Calhoun County, Michigan. Chicago: Lewis, 1913. Giltner vs. Gorham et al. Case No. 5,453, Circuit Court D, Michigan (114 McLean 402: 6 West Law J, 491). History, Arts, and Libraries. Adam Crosswhite Deposition (edited transcription). State of Michigan. www. michigan .gov/hal/0 ,7–160–17451 _18670 _44390– 160647—,00.html (accessed March 26, 2007). History of Calhoun County, Michigan. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts, 1877. Isaac Crosthwaite’s Will, Clark Co., Ky., Will Book 3:54. Journal of the House of Representatives, Kentucky, February 13, 1847, pp. 338–41.
Diane Perrine Coon
CSX. CSX Transportation is the railroad-operating arm of CSX Corporation, a holding company created in 1980 to assume control of the Chessie System and the Seaboard Coast Line Industries. The Chessie System controlled railroads including the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (C&O), which passed through Northern Kentucky, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which did not. Seaboard Coast Line Industries controlled the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N). In 1997 the CSX and Norfolk Southern (NS) railroads, after each failed in their attempts at hostile takeovers of Conrail (the merged New York Central and Pennsylvania railroads), split Conrail into two parts. CSX took control of 40 percent and NS took the remainder. Both former components of Conrail had provided east-west ser vice through Cincinnati. CSX’s major railroad yard in the Cincinnati area is Queensgate, which consolidated the L&N’s DeCoursey Yard in Kenton Co. and the C&O’s Stevens Yard in Campbell Co. CSX’s corporate name was created by taking the C from Chessie and the S from Seaboard and adding an X to indicate improved multiplied ser vice as a result of their merger. CSX is based in Jacksonville, Fla.; from there it controls the movement of each train throughout its system. For legal reasons having to do with leasehold agreements, many of the component railroads that made up CSX continued in existence long after the 1980 merger. In 1980 CSX began to paint the engines and rolling stock of its component railroads in CSX colors and reporting marks, regardless of the