M
& 3HUHLUD &DEULWD $ - 0DUTXHV &DUGRVR 3URIHVVRUHV &DWHGU┬╝WLFRV 0HPEURV &RQVHOKHLURV H (VSHFLDOLVWDV HP 0DQXWHQ├В┬╛R ,QGXVWULDO SHOD 2UGHP GRV (QJHQKHLURV &,6( s (OHFWURPHFKDWURQLF 6\VWHPV 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH 8QLYHUVLGDGH GD %HLUD ,QWHULRU FDEULWD#XEL SW DMPF#XEL SW 0DQXWHQ├В┬╛R R 7ULPHVWUH GH
4
artigo cient├нямБco
125
&RQFHLWRV H GH╞мQL├В├РHV GH IDOKD H DYDULD QDV QRUPDV SRUWXJXHVDV GH PDQXWHQ├В┬╛R 13 (1 H 13 (1 5(6802
(VWH WUDEDOKR IRL DSUHVHQWDGR QR
FRP XPD LPSRUW┬╜QFLD FUHVFHQWH QR
1R WHPSR SUHVHQWH RQGH D JOREDOL
┬Х &RQJUHVVR ,EHUR $PHULFDQR GH
GRP├ИQLR GRV GLYHUVRV UDPRV H DWLYL
]D├В┬╛R FUHVFHQWH HP WRGRV RV VHWRUHV
0DQXWHQ├В┬╛R HP &DVFDLV QRV GLDV H
GDGHV Q┬╛R V├О GDV HQJHQKDULDV PDV
GH DWLYLGDGH ├Д XPD UHDOLGDGH LQGLV
GH QRYHPEUR GH
WDPE├ДP HP WRGRV RV UHVWDQWHV VHWR UHV GR TXRWLGLDQR ,QWHJUD RV REMHWLYRV
FXW├ИYHO D FRPSHWLWLYLGDGH ├Д XP ID
GDV HPSUHVDV FRP D ╞мQDOLGDGH GH VH
WRU SULPRUGLDO QD VREUHYLY├ЕQFLD GDV HPSUHVDV REULJDQGR D SDGU├РHV GH
,1752'8┬в┬Ю2
RWLPL]DUHP DV D├В├РHV GH FRQVHUYD├В┬╛R
TXDOLGDGH DW├Д HQW┬╛R QXQFD YLVWRV 3RU
&RPR VDOLHQWRX R (QJ ┬Х 0RQWHLUR /HL
WHQGR XP FDU┬╝WHU GH DQWHFLSD├В┬╛R H
RXWUR ODGR SDUD VH FRQVHJXLU DVVHJX
WH SULPHLUR 3UHVLGHQWH GD $VVRFLD├В┬╛R
REULJDQGR ┬╗ GH╞мQL├В┬╛R GH SRO├ИWLFDV GH
UDU HVVHV HOHYDGRV SDGU├РHV DXPHQ
3RUWXJXHVD GH 0DQXWHQ├В┬╛R ,QGXVWULDO
DWXD├В┬╛R FRQFUHWDV H FRQFLVDV 2X VH
WDQGR VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH D H╞мFL├ЕQFLD
p├Д VDELGR TXH QD LQG├ХVWULD PRGHUQD RV
MD XWLOL]DQGR XPD OLQJXDJHP GH FDUL]
D GLVSRQLELOLGDGH H D ╞мDELOLGDGH Q┬╛R
SRQWRV IUDFRV SRGHP RULJLQDU DQXDOPHQ
HFRQ├ОPLFR D PDQXWHQ├В┬╛R LQGXVWULDO
V├О GD PDTXLQDULD HQYROYLGD QRV SUR
WH FXVWRV YH]HV PDLV HOHYDGRV GR TXH
├Д M┬╝ FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR XP FHQWUR GH
FHVVRV GH IDEULFR PDV WDPE├ДP GRV
R YDORU GD SU├ОSULD LQVWDOD├В┬╛R DIHWDGD H
OXFUR H Q┬╛R FRPR XP FHQWUR GH FXVWR
HTXLSDPHQWRV SURGX]LGRV D pIXQ├В┬╛R
VH DSHQDV SRU FHQWR GHVVHV FXVWRV
GHYHQGR VHU HQWHQGLGD Q┬╛R FRPR XP
PDQXWHQ├В┬╛Rq DVVRFLDGD ┬╗ FRPSRQHQ
IRVVHP LQYHVWLGRV FRP RSRUWXQLGDGH QD
HQFDUJR LQ├ХWLO PDV FRPR XPD DWLYLGD
WH TXDOLGDGH UHSUHVHQWD XPD ┬╝UHD HV
DQ┬╝OLVH GD RULJHP GRV SRQWRV IUDFRV
GH SURGXWLYD
WUDW├ДJLFD IXQGDPHQWDO FRP XP SHVR
SRGHU VH LD WHU HYLWDGR GHVVDV
HOHYDG├ИVVLPR QRV ├ИQGLFHV GH SURGXWLYL
SHUGDVq > @
GDGH H QD LPSODQWD├В┬╛R FRQVROLGD├В┬╛R H
,QGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GD YDULHGDGH
SUHVW├ИJLR GDV RUJDQL]D├В├РHV &RPR WDO
GH FRQFHLWRV H GH╞мQL├В├РHV DVVRFLDGRV
1250$6 32578*8(6$6 '( 0$187(1┬в┬Ю2
R FRQKHFLPHQWR H R FDEDO FXPSULPHQ
┬╗V DWLYLGDGHV GD pIXQ├В┬╛R PDQXWHQ
$WHQGHQGR ┬╗ SDQ├ОSOLD GRV GRP├ИQLRV
WR GD QRUPDOL]D├В┬╛R H[LVWHQWH WDQWR
├В┬╛Rq VHMDP HOHV QRUPDOL]DGRV RX GH
W├ДFQLFRV DVVRFLDGRV ┬╗ VXD DWXD├В┬╛R ├Д
QR SODQR QDFLRQDO FRPR LQWHUQDFLRQDO
FXQKR SU┬╝WLFR H SHVVRDO ├Д FRQVHQVXDO
DFRQVHOK┬╝YHO TXH D pIXQ├В┬╛R PDQXWHQ
├Д HVVHQFLDO SDUD TXH DTXHOHV REMHWLYRV
DSUHVHQWDU VH HVWD IXQ├В┬╛R FRPR VHQ
├В┬╛Rq UHFRUUD D XP FRQMXQWR YDVW├ИVVLPR
VHMDP FXPSULGRV H VH FRQVLJD XWLOL]DU
GR D JDUDQWLD GD GLVSRQLELOLGDGH H GD
GH 1RUPDV Q┬╛R V├О GH HQJHQKDULD PDV
D PHVPD OLQJXDJHP GH XPD IRUPD
╞мDELOLGDGH GD PDTXLQDULD HQYROYLGD
WDPE├ДP HVSHF├И╞мFDV GD PDQXWHQ├В┬╛R H
VXSUD QDFLRQDO FRP SU┬╝WLFDV YHUGD
QRV SURFHVVRV SURGXWLYRV DVVLP FRPR
TXH GHYHU┬╛R HVWDU DFHVV├ИYHLV QDV RUJD
GHLUDPHQWH OHDQ
GRV EHQV FRORFDGRV ┬╗ GLVSRVL├В┬╛R GD
QL]D├В├РHV D WRGRV RV UHFXUVRV KXPDQRV
1HVWH WUDEDOKR RV DXWRUHV VDOLHQ
VRFLHGDGH DWUDY├ДV GD DYDOLD├В┬╛R GDV
DIHWRV DR UHVSHWLYR 'HSDUWDPHQWR
WDP D LPSRUW┬╜QFLD GD H[LVW├ЕQFLD GD QRU
LPSHUIHL├В├РHV H GHIHLWRV VXUJLGRV QR
1R GRP├ИQLR FRQFUHWR GD PDQXWHQ├В┬╛R
PDOL]D├В┬╛R HP PDQXWHQ├В┬╛R LQGXVWULDO
SDWULP├ОQLR WHFQRO├ОJLFR LQYHVWLGR OH
WHP VH YHUL╞мFDGR UHFHQWHPHQWH XPD
H TXDO R SDSHO TXH DV LQVWLWXL├В├РHV GH
YDQGR HP OLQKD GH FRQWD RV REMHWLYRV
DWLYLGDGH VLJQL╞мFDWLYD QR VHQWLGR GH VH
HQVLQR VXSHULRU GHYHU┬╛R GHVHPSHQ
GDV RUJDQL]D├В├РHV H UHDOL]DQGR VH QR
XQLIRUPL]DUHP WHUPLQRORJLDV FRQFHL
KDU QR VHX HQVLQR H GLYXOJD├В┬╛R $GL
┬╜PELWR GH XPD GHVSHVD RU├ВDPHQWDGD
WRV GH╞мQL├В├РHV H IRUPDV GH DWXD├В┬╛R
FLRQDOPHQWH H[S├ПHP RV FRQFHLWRV H
SUHYLDPHQWH H HVWDQGR GLUHWDPHQWH
UHFRUUHQGR D QRUPDV LQWHUQDFLRQDLV
GH╞мQL├В├РHV GH IDOKD H DYDULD SURSRQGR
UHODFLRQDGD FRP XPD GHWHUPLQDGD
TXH W├ЕP YLQGR JUDGXDOPHQWH D VXEV
DOJXPDV PHOKRULDV H FRUUH├В├РHV QDV 1RU
DWLYLGDGH LQGXVWULDO &RPR WDO D PDQX
WLWXLU DV QRUPDV H SU┬╝WLFDV GH DWXD├В┬╛R
PDV 3RUWXJXHVDV 13 (1
WHQ├В┬╛R LQGXVWULDO H D TXDOLGDGH H R VHX
TXH M┬╝ H[LVWLDP HP GLYHUVRV SD├ИVHV
H 13 (1 FRP YLVWD ┬╗ VXD
FRQWUROR V┬╛R M┬╝ IHOL]PHQWH HQFDUDGDV
(VWD WHQG├ЕQFLD UHSUHVHQWD LQHTXLYR
RWLPL]D├В┬╛R H XQLIRUPL]D├В┬╛R
FRPR ┬╝UHDV FLHQW├И╞мFDV H WHFQRO├ОJLFDV
FDPHQWH XP IDWRU SRVLWLYR FRQWXGR D