(,
HEB7D: % ?IIK; - % I;FJ;C8;HÆDEL;C8;H (&'&
Beea_d] XWYa
<7DJ7IO 7J;B?;H Æ <WdjWio 7j[b_[h0 7 I_j[ e\ FheZkYj_ed mWi W m[[a[dZ e\ WYj_l_jo ^[bZ Wj j^[ ?97 _d CWo (&'&$ J^[ [l[dj mWi YedY[_l[Z Xo j^[ ?97 B[Whd_d] J[Wc _d YebbWXehWj_ed m_j^ 7hY^_j[YjkhWb :[i_]d[h ;h_d 8hod[" m^e b[WZi ekh cedj^bo FbWo%Mehai \Wc_bo mehai^efi$ <WdjWio 7j[b_[h jhWdi\ehc[Z j^[ ]Wbb[ho WdZ h[WZ_d] heec _dje Wd [nf[h_c[djWb fbWo]hekdZ \eh WZkbji WdZ Y^_bZh[d" W i_j[ e\ del[b WhY^_j[YjkhWb fheZkYj_ed m^[h[ _dl[dj_ed WdZ [nf[h_# c[djWj_ed jeea _dif_hWj_ed \hec h[Wb WdZ _cW]_d[Z mehbZi$ El[h j^[ Yekhi[ e\ j^[ m[[a[dZ" Z[i_]d[h JeXo >WZZ[d YedijhkYj[Z W i[h_[i e\ ijhkYjkh[i WdZ fWhj_j_edi \hec 8ohd[Êi fbWdi" _dYbkZ_d] ]_Wdj fh_ici" jh[ijb[i WdZ X[dY^ iYh[[di$ FWhj_Y_fWdji e\ Wbb W][i m[h[ [dYekhW][Z je cel[ WdZ cWd_fkbWj[ j^[ fhefi WdZ cWj[h_Wbi Wi W mWo e\ i^Wf_d] WdZ j[ij_d] _Z[Wi \eh fbWo$ 7 i[h_[i e\ dWh# hWj_l[i mWi i_ckbjWd[ekibo _cW]_d[Z WdZ Yh[Wj[Z j^hek]^ W dkcX[h e\ mehai^efi \eh fh_cWho iY^eebi WdZ \Wc_b_[i" jWbai \eh WZkbji WdZ ej^[h [l[dji" _dYbkZ_d] j^[ ?97Êi Óhij [l[h ib[[fel[h _d j^[ ]Wbb[ho$ 7i fWhj e\ <WdjWio 7j[b_[h" Whj_iji Y^h_i!a[_h Z[l_i[Z W mehai^ef YWbb[Z Ikf[h F[hhkgk[ BW f[hhkgk[ _i W <h[dY^ j[hc c[Wd_d] meha Zed[ \eh ed[i[b\ ed ed[Êi [cfbeo[hÊi j_c[$ :kh_d] j^[ [l[dj" j^[ ?97 ]Wbb[ho mWi Óbb[Z m_j^ W d[m j[Wc e\ kdZ[h#W][ Yb[Wd[hi" im[[f_d] WdZ j_Zo_d]" m^_bij i[Yh[jbo Xk_bZ_d] j^[_h emd Éa_d]# ZecÊ$ 7i fWhj e\ j^[ i[h_[i e\ Z_iYkii_edi" Bek_i Ceh[de" e\ K9BÊi KhXWd BWXehWjeho" b[Z W jWba WXekj j^[ h[bWj_edi^_f X[jm[[d [Yedec_Y feb_Yo" j^[ É8k_bZ_d] IY^eebi \eh
j^[ <kjkh[Ê ]el[hdc[dj _d_j_Wj_l[ WdZ j^[ mWo _d m^_Y^ [Yedec_Y j[dZ[dY_[i ^Wl[ i^Wf[Z j^[ fheZkYj_ed e\ [ZkYWj_ed WdZ khXWd ifWY[$ ?d Wdej^[h ijhWdZ e\ WYj_l_jo" Wdj[fh[ii" W Yebb[Yj_l[ j^Wj [nfbeh[i j^[ Yedj[cfehWho fei_j_ed e\ Whj mh_j_d]" m[h[ _dl_j[Z je fhe# ZkY[ Wd ÉWbj[hdWj_l[ ]k_Z[Ê \eh j^[ m[[a[dZ e\ [l[dji$ J^[ h[ikbj" EXi[hlWj_ed IjWj_ed" mWi W j[cfehWho fohWc_Z ijhkYjkh[ Xk_bj Xo Wdj[fh[ii WdZ Yecfei[Z [dj_h[bo e\ fWYaW]_d] XeWhZ \ekdZ ed i_j[$ J^[ Yed# ijhkYj_ed fhefei[Z W c_YheYeic_Y ijhkYjkh[ \hec m^_Y^ je l_[m j^[ [l[dj" Xkj Wbie je mh_j[ _j _dje [n_ij[dY[$ J^_i h[\[h[dY[Z HeX[hj Ic_j^iedÊi h[#mh_j_d] e\ 7b[nWdZ[h =hW^Wc 8[bbÊi ieb_Z ekjZeeh eXi[hlWj_ed ijWj_ed$ FbWo\kbbo WZWfj_d] j^[ bWd]kW][ WdZ eX`[Yj h[bWj_edi^_fi _d 8[bbÊi h[i[WhY^ c[j^eZi" j^[ Wdj[fh[ii EXi[hlWj_ed IjWj_ed _dij_]Wj[Z Wd [lebl_d] Yecckd_YWj_ed d[j# meha$ ?j ^eki[Z ed[ Él_[m[hÊ eh Émh_j[hÊ Wj W j_c[" m^e jhWdic_jj[Z eXi[hlWj_edi XWYa je j^[ j[Wc \eh jhWdibWj_ed$ I[hl_d] Wi Wd [nf[h_c[djWb be]Xeea WdZ W l_ikWb ij_ck# bki" j^[ ijWj_ed [lebl[Z _dje W ckbj_#\WY[j[Z fhefei_j_ed \eh l_[m_d] WdZ mh_j_d]$ J^_i Wkjkcd j^[ ?97 ]Wbb[h_[i Wh[ eYYk# f_[Z Xo j^[ Yebb[Yj_l[ 9^je Z[bWj5 M^Wj _i je X[ Zed[5 $ ?d b_]^j e\ j^[_h _dj[h[iji" m[ _dl_j[Z Ceh[de" m^ei[ h[i[WhY^ meha _i fWhj e\ W m_Z[h CWhn_ij Z_iYekhi[ m_j^_d WhY^_j[Yjkh[" je b[WZ W Z_iYkii_ed m_j^ Y^h_i!a[_h WXekj j^[_h fhWYj_Y[" ^_i meha WdZ j^[ dej_ed e\ Ém^Wj _i je X[ Zed[5Ê 7 jhWdiYh_fj e\ j^[_h Yedl[hiWj_ed Wff[Whi ed j^[ \ebbem_d] fW][i$
<7DJ7IO 7J;B?;H % CEH;DE" 9>H?I ! A;?H JEHJ;BB7
(-
IKF;H F;HHKGK; 7D: J>; 8?= IE9?;JO Æ ?DJ;HL?;M M?J> BEK?I CEH;DE" 9>H?I!A;?H =;CC7 JEHJ;BB7
Ì Bek_i Ceh[de0 9^je Z[bWj5 hW_i[ j^[ _iik[ e\ j^[ heb[ e\ Whj _d j^[ h[_dl[dj_ed e\ ieY_[jo$ Oekh f_[Y[ Ikf[h F[hhkgk[ mWi W l[ho fWhj_YkbWh jWa[ ed Yec# ckd_jo [d]W][c[dj WdZ ]Wbb[ho [ZkYWj_ed$ M^Wj Z_Z _j _dlebl[5
e\ j^[ ?97 je Z_iYkii m^e emdi j^_i ifWY[" m^e Z[Ód[i m^e emdi _j" WdZ m^o j^[o emd _j$ 7dZ m[ gk_j[ b_a[ j^[ _Z[W e\ _dij_bb_d] _d Y^_bZh[d j^[ _Z[W e\ `kij jWa_d] el[h Å i[jj_d] kf oekh emd ijWj[" m^_b[ Ze_d] j^[ `eX e\ Yb[Wd_d] j^[ ]Wbb[ho$
Æ9^h_i0 J^[ dWc[ mWi XWi[Z ed j^[ <h[dY^ j[hc f[hhkgk[" jWa[d \hec j^[ Xeea J^[ FhWYj_Y[ e\ ;l[hoZWo B_\[ '/.& Xo C_Y^W[b Z[ 9[hj[Wk$ >[ jWbai WXekj ijhWj[]_[i WiieY_Wj[Z m_j^ fbWY[i WdZ ifWY[i e\ fem[h" WdZ WXekj Yh[Wj_d] W ifWY[ m_j^_d j^[i[ fem[h ijhkYjkh[i$ BW f[hhkgk[ jhWdibWj[i b_j# [hWbbo Wi Éj^[ m_]#cWa[hÊ" Xkj _d j^_i Yedj[nj _j c[Wdi Ze_d] oekh emd meha m^_b[ Z_i]k_i_d] _j Wi meha \eh oekh [cfbeo[h$
Æ90 J^Wj _Z[W Yec[i \hec j^[ WcWp_d] ;Wb_d] Yec[Zo FWiifehj je F_cb_Ye '/*/ $ Iec[ Xkh_[Z jh[Wikh[ _i \ekdZ _d F_cb_Ye W\j[h j^[ mWh$ J^[ Z_i# jh_Yj e\ F_cb_Ye jkhdi ekj je X[ W fWhj e\ 8kh]kdZo emd[Z Xo W <h[dY^ deXb[cWd$ 7dZ m^Wj ^Wff[di _i j^Wj j^[ Y_j_p[di i[j kf Wd _dZ[f[dZ[dj ijWj[" h[`[Yj_d] Wbb j^[ feij#mWh hWj_ed_d] h[ijh_Yj_edi$ 7bb e\ j^[ [n_ij_d] bWmi ]e ekj j^[ m_dZem Wi j^[o i[j kf j^[_h emd WdWhY^_ij ijWj[$
Ì BC0 Ie _jÊi dej W ijh_a[ j^[d5
Ì BC0 8kj m^o jWa[ i[hl_Y[i Wi j^[ ijWhj_d] fe_dj5
A[_h0 ?jÊi dej WXekj Z_ihkfj_d] oekh `eX$ ?jÊi WXekj Ze_d] iec[j^_d] YedijhkYj_l[" Wi m[bb Wi oekh `eX$ Æ90 A[[f_d] _j ibo$ ?jÊi dej WXekj ij[Wb_d] cWj[h_# Wbi" Xkj ki_d] oekh [cfbeo[hÊi j_c[ Wi oekh emd$ Ì BC0 Oekh _dj[hfh[jWj_ed e\ ]Wbb[ho b[Whd_d] mWidÊj Wbed] j^[ b_d[i e\" ÇH_]^j" a_Zi" ^[h[Êi j^[ ]Wbb[ho ifWY[" dem oekÊh[ Wbb Whj_iji$È Oek iW_Z" ÇH_]^j j^[d" ^[h[Êi j^[ ]Wbb[ho" oekÊh[ ikX#Yed# jhWYj[Z Yb[Wd[hi Å ie Yb[Wd j^[ ifWY[$È A0 M[ b_a[Z j^_i WffheWY^ e\ jWa_d] el[h fWhj
A0 M[ jWba[Z WXekj ]_l_d] j^[c heb[i Wi Z_h[Y# jehi eh YkhWjehi" Xkj ^em Ze j^[o [dWYj j^Wj5 ? ZedÊj j^_da ? YekbZ$ 7dZ" ^em YWd oek fbWo m_j^ _j5 8[_d] W Z_h[Yjeh Z_ZdÊj b[dZ _ji[b\ je X[_d] fbWo\kb$ Ie _dij[WZ m[ iW_Z" ÇOekÊh[ W Yb[Wd[h WdZ ^[h[Êi W Xheec Å Xkj h[c[cX[h" j^[h[Êi iec[# j^_d] [bi[ ]e_d] ed$È M[ jebZ j^[c" ÇM^_b[ Yb[Wd# _d]" i[j kf oekh emd a_d]Zec _d j^[ ]Wbb[ho$È Ceij e\ j^[c ]ej _j$ ?d \WYj" j^[h[ mWi W ]_hb e\ WhekdZ i[l[d m^e m[ ]ej je j[bb j^[ d[nj Yekfb[ e\ a_Zi m^e YWc[ _dje j^[ ]Wbb[ho" WdZ j^[d j^ei[ a_Zi [nfbW_d[Z je j^[ d[nj jme" WdZ ie ed$ ?j X[YWc[ W i_cfb[ fheY[ii1 m[ YekbZ Wbb YebbWXehWj[$
(.
HEB7D: % ?IIK; - % I;FJ;C8;HÆDEL;C8;H (&'&
<7DJ7IO 7J;B?;H % CEH;DE" 9>H?I ! A;?H JEHJ;BB7
(/
A0 8kj m[ m[h[ jho_d] je X[ l[ho ][djb[ WXekj j^[ dWjkh[ e\ j^[ fhej[ij$ 7dZ m[ ij_bb ]ej j^[ Wjj[dj_ed e\ j^[ feb_Y[$ Ì BC0 H[jkhd_d] je j^_i YedY[fj e\ f[hhkgk[ Å ki_d] oekh j_c[ e\ [cfbeoc[dj je Ze iec[j^_d] Yh[Wj_l[ \eh oekhi[b\$ :edÊj oek j^_da j^Wj j^[ jWXb[ ^Wi X[[d jkhd[Z WdZ j^[ YkbjkhWb fhWYj_Y[i e\ Whj Wh[ X[_d] [nfbe_j[Z \eh Xki_d[ii5
Ì BC0 J^[ WXijhWYj_ed e\ Yedj[cfehWho meha _dj[h[iji c[$ ?jÊi W h[Wb Y^Wbb[d][ je Yecckd_YWj[ m^Wj _j _i cWdo e\ ki Ze \eh W b_l_d]" WdZ m^o _jÊi lWbkWXb[$ 7bie" i_dY[ jeebi Wh[ e\j[d ie\jmWh[# XWi[Z" oekh i[di[ e\ fbWY[ ^Wi W l[ho WcX_lWb[dj h[bWj_edi^_f m_j^ oekh meha WYj_l_jo Å kdb[ii oekÊh[ Ze_d] bem#ia_bb[Z meha$ Ie _jÊi [Wi_[h je Wia W Y^_bZ" eh [l[d Wd WZkbj" je kdZ[hijWdZ j^[ WYj_l# _jo e\ m^Wj W Yb[Wd[h Ze[i j^Wd je _cW]_d[ m^Wj _j _i j^[ Z_h[Yjeh e\ W ]Wbb[ho Ze[i" eh Wd WdWboij _d Wd _dl[ijc[dj XWda$ A0 7bie" _\ oek j[bb j^[c j^[oÊh[ Wd Whj_ij eh W YkhWjeh" j^[i[ heb[i fbWY[ W m[_]^j ed f[efb[Êi i^ekbZ[hi$ M[Êh[ ceh[ _dj[h[ij[Z _d ^em je cWa[ Whj m_j^ekj f[efb[ h[Wb_i_d] _j$ Ì BC0 ?j iekdZi b_a[ j^[ Y^_bZh[dÊi mehai^ef mWi i[j kf Wi W \hedj" WdZ j^[ Whjmeha mWi Wbb WXekj [nfbeh_d] jWYj_Yi e\ h[i_ijWdY[ je meha$ >em Z_Z j^[ fWh[dji h[WYj5 Æ90 J^[h[ mWi ed[ _dj[h[ij_d] cec[dj$ 7 mecWd Xhek]^j ^[h ZWk]^j[h _dje j^[ ]Wbb[ho WdZ jeea ^[h ekj ijhW_]^j WmWo edY[ i^[ \ekdZ ekj j^[o m[h[ b[Whd_d] ^em je Yb[Wd$ I^[ i[[c[Z gk_j[ kfi[j$ A0 7dZ m[ Wia[Z j^[ a_Zi" Ç9Wd m[ j[bb oekh fWh[dji WXekj j^[ Yedif_hWYo5È J^[o iW_Z de" Xkj [l[djkWbbo j^[o Wbbem[Z ki je Xh_d] j^[c _d$ 7dZ m[ cWdW][Z je fki^ _j gk_j[ \Wh1 m[ ]ej j^[c je
`ea[ WXekj Y^_bZ bWXekh Xo Wia_d] j^[c je i_]d WmWo j^[_h Y^_bZh[dÊi b_l[i$ J^_i mWi _cfehjWdj$ M[ cWo i[[c b_a[ [dj[hjW_d[hi" Xkj j^_i _i W ijhWj[]o$ Ì BC0 JWba_d] e\ ijhWj[]o" =[ccW" j^[ fhe# ]hWcc[ cWZ[ h[\[h[dY[ je j^[ ?97Êi emd h[ijhkY# jkh_d]$ J^[h[ mWi Z_iYkii_ed WXekj WZWfj_d] j^[ ifWY[ e\ j^[ ]Wbb[ho$ M^o _i j^[ YehfehWj[ eh]Wd_# iWj_ed e\ W ]Wbb[ho iec[j^_d] j^[ fkXb_Y mekbZ X[ _dj[h[ij[Z _d5 =[ccW Jehj[bbW0 ?\ m[ _d j^[ b[Whd_d] Z[fWhj# c[dj Wh[ je [d]W][ m_j^ dej_edi e\ Yecckd_jo WdZ [d]W][c[dj _d W c[Wd_d]\kb mWo" m[ d[[Z je ef[d kf j^[ mWo j^[ _dij_jkj_ed mehai" j^[ fheY[ii[i" f[efb[ WdZ ifWY[i" ie j^Wj f[efb[ YWd _dÔk[dY[ _j$ Ì BC0 J^WjÊi _dj[h[ij_d]$ ;l[ho _dij_jkj_ed i[[ci je ^Wl[ j^_i fh[eYYkfWj_ed m_j^ j^[ mWo _jÊi eh]Wd_i[Z WdZ f[hY[_l[Z" m^[j^[h _jÊi Wd Whj ]Wb# b[ho" iY^eeb" ^[Wbj^ Wkj^eh_jo" [l[d j^[ ijWj[$ J^[ bkcfo f^hWi[ É8_] IeY_[joÊ ^Wi Yec[ _dje Ykhh[dYo" Xkj j^_i Wif_hWj_ed e\ ]hWii#heeji [cfem[hc[dj _i fh[Y[Z[Z Xo cWii_l[ jef#Zemd Ykji _d ieY_Wb if[dZ_d]$ Y^h_i!a[_h" oekh meha i[[ci je j^h_l[ ed j^[ _hed_[i WdZ YedjhWZ_Yj_edi ikhhekdZ_d] j^[ mWo j^[ ijWj[ _dj[hWYji m_j^ Y_j_p[di$ :e Wma# mWhZ Xkj Zec_dWdj YedY[fji b_a[ 8_] IeY_[jo fhe# l_Z[ d[m cWj[h_Wb \eh oek5
Æ90 ?j cWa[i c[ j^_da e\ W mehai^ef m[ Z_Z YWbb[Z Fhej[ij#IY^eeb _d W fbWY[ YWbb[Z >_dYab[o" W m^_j[ meha_d]#YbWii jemd _d B[_Y[ij[hi^_h[$ ?j mWi m_j^ W ]hekf e\ '+ WdZ ', o[Wh ebZi" WdZ jeea fbWY[ el[h W m^eb[ ZWo$ M[ iW_Z je j^[ ]hekf" ÇOekÊl[ ]ej W h_]^j je fhej[ij eh YecfbW_d _\ oekÊh[ dej ^Wffo WXekj iec[j^_d]$È ?j mWi WXekj ki_d] j^[ m[X WdZ Z_]_jWb j[Y^debe]o je ][j oekh c[i# iW][ WYheii" Xkj Wbie WXekj Ze_d] _j ^WdZi#ed$ A0 M[ ]ej j^[c je fhej[ij WXekj h_Z_Ykbeki j^_d]i" b_a[ Y^[[i[" eh X_ji _d ehWd][ `k_Y[" eh m[Wh# _d] ^Wji _d W b_XhWho$ 7dZ m[ ]ej j^[c je cWa[ Óbci WXekj j^[_h fhej[iji$ 7dZ Wj ed[ fe_dj" jme feb_Y[ YWhi fkbb[Z kf$ Æ90 J^[h[ m[h[ '+ eh (& a_Zi" WdZ j^[o m[h[ bo_d] Zemd ed W P[XhW Yheii_d]" WdZ iec[ e\ j^[c ^WZ XbWda fbWYWhZi$ F[efb[ f^ed[Z j^[ feb_Y[" iWo_d] j^[ a_Zi m[h[ X[_d] W dk_iWdY[$ A0 J^[ feb_Y[ jkhd[Z kf" WdZ m[ kh][Z j^[ a_Zi je jWa[ f^ejei$ 8kj j^[ a_Zi m[h[ iWo_d] ÇOek YWdÊj Ze j^Wj$È M[ Wia[Z j^[c m^[h[ j^_i _Z[W YWc[ \hec" WdZ j^[o iW_Z" Ç<hec j^[ feb_Y[$È Ì BC0 Ie oekÊh[ jho_d] je fki^ je i[[ m^Wj j^[ Yekdj[hlW_b_d] \ehY[ je j^Wj fhej[ij _i5 Æ90 7YjkWbbo" ? j^ek]^j j^Wj m[ cWo ^Wl[ ]ed[ jee \Wh$ M[h[ m[ `kij _dY_j_d] j^[c5
Æ90 ? i[[ _j j^[ ej^[h mWo$ Iec[ Whj_iji m_bb X[ fki^[Z _dje `eXi$ 8kj j^[o YWd ki[ j^_i Wi fWhj e\ j^[_h fhWYj_Y[$ Ceij Whj_iji ZedÊj [Whd W b_l_d] Wi Whj_iji" Xkj j^[o ki[ j^[_h `eXi WdZ j^[ h[iekhY[i \eh j^[_h meha$ =J0 J^[ ?97 _i fWYa[Z m_j^ f[efb[ fh[jjo ckY^ Ze_d] j^Wj Ì BC0 8kj \ebbem_d] j^[ WffheWY^ e\ 9^je Z[bWj5" YWd Whj fbWo W feb_j_YWb heb[ _d Z_iYbei_d] j^[ ifh[WZ e\ c_Yhe#Yecfkbi_edi WdZ c_Yhe#h[i_i# jWdY[i ikhhekdZ_d] j^[ d[m [Yedeco Å e\ Ô[n# _Xb[ meha_d]" eh]Wd_iWj_edWb Ô[n_X_b_jo" WYY[fj_d] fWo Ykji" Zed] fWhj j_c[ ikX#YedjhWYj[Z meha [jY5 ?i j^[h[ W d[m ]hekdZ \eh Whj je Xh_Z][ j^[i[ b[l[bi" Xkj _d W ceh[ fhe\ekdZ mWo j^Wd i_cfbo cWha[j_d] je _Z[dj_\o d[m WkZ_[dY[i5 9Wd j^[i[ c_Yhe#_dj[hl[dj_edi X[ Yedd[Yj[Z kf5 ?i j^[h[ Wd effehjkd_jo je h[l_l[ W kjef_Wd" ieY_Wb WdZ feb_j_# YWb [Z][5 A0 9edd[Yj_d] j^[ cWYhe WdZ c_Yhe b[l[bi _i _cfehjWdj$ 8kj ? ZedÊj j^_da _jÊi j^[ heb[ e\ Whj# _iji `kij je cWa[ ijWj[c[dji$ M^Wj m[ jho je Ze _i je Yh[Wj[ i_jkWj_edi m^[h[ iec[j^_d] YWd ^Wff[d" m^[h[ f[efb[ YWd Z[l[bef j^[_h emd f[h\ehcWdY[ ijhWj[]_[i$ J^_i _i m^o m[ ki[ dW l[j Wi W ijWhj# _d] fe_dj$ ?d j^Wj mWo _jÊi dej Wdj_#j^[eho" Xkj j^[ j^[eho Yec[i ekj e\ j^[ WYj_edi m[ Yh[Wj[$