ISSUE 2019
MAY/JUNE
CARIBBEAN ENERGY UPDATE A Publication of the Caribbean Energy Information System on Petroleum and Renewable Energy ©CEIS 2019
+1-876-927-1779 www.src.gov.jm www.cipore.org www.ceis-caribenergy.org
Contents
Page
PETROLEUM UPDATE • Gas Turbines & How they work
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• Combined Cycle Power Generation
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• Petroleum Energy Highlights
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• Average Retail Prices
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• WTI Crude Oil Prices
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CARIBBEAN
ENERGY MINISTERS’ BULLETIN • BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY
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Climates and Passive Cooling Technologies The Heat is On over the Climate Crisis
• Country Happenings Anguilla: New Sustainable Energy Project Trinidad & Tobago: US$3 Million for Energy Project Upcoming Energy Events
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PETROLEUM 3
The Caribbean Energy Update
Energy
Power Generation Gas Turbines and how they work
The use of gas turbines for generating electricity dates back to 1939. Today, gas turbines are one of the most widely-used power generating technologies. Gas turbines are a type of internal combustion (IC) engine in which burning of an air-fuel mixture produces hot gases that spin a turbine to produce power. It is the production of hot gas during fuel combustion, not the fuel itself that the gives gas turbines the name. Gas turbines can utilize a variety of fuels, including natural gas, fuel oils, and synthetic fuels. Combustion occurs continuously in gas turbines, as opposed to reciprocating IC engines, in which combustion occurs intermittently. Gas turbines are comprised of three primary sections mounted on the same shaft: the compressor, the combustion chamber (or combustor) and
the turbine. The compressor can be either axial flow or centrifugal flow. Axial flow compressors are more common in power generation because they have higher flow rates and efficiencies. Axial flow compressors are comprised of multiple stages of rotating and stationary blades (or stators) through which air is drawn in parallel to the axis of rotation and incrementally compressed as it passes through each stage. The acceleration of the air through the rotating blades and diffusion by the stators increases the pressure and reduces the volume of the air. Although no heat is added, the compression of the air also causes the temperature to increase. The compressed air is mixed with fuel injected through nozzles. Source: Wartsila.com
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Combined Cycle Power Generation The process for converting the energy in a fuel into electric power involves the creation of mechanical work, which is then transformed into electric power by a generator. Depending on the fuel type and thermodynamic process, the overall efficiency of this conversion can be as low as 30 percent. This means that two-thirds of the latent energy of the fuel ends up wasted.
For example, steam electric power plants which utilize boilers to combust a fossil fuel average 33 percent efficiency. Simple cycle gas turbine (GTs) plants average just under 30 percent efficiency on natural gas, and around 25 percent on fuel oil. Much of this wasted energy ends up as thermal energy in the hot exhaust gases from the combustion process. Source: Wartsila.com
Image: Power-technology.com
The gas turbine combined cycle power plant system will consist of three CGTs, each producing 250MVA with a 18/230kV step-up transformer, and one SGT producing 623MVA with a 19/230kV step-up transformer.
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CARIBBEAN
Petroleum Energy Highlights May/June 2019
• • • • • • • •
Strong interest in Guyana at Houston oil conference ....Read More Schlumberger Guyana expanding horizons for youth ....Read More British High Commissioner invites Guyana to Aberdeen ...Read More Nogeothermal gas tax rollback project in St. Vincent and Exploratory drilling starts• for the Grenadines ....Read More $4.2 Billion for oil & gas governance....Read More Oil rush in northwest Belize?....Read More Tethys Petroleum: Update on Scheme of Arrangement ....Read More 2019 licensing round – offshore blocks in the Cuban....Read More
• • • • •
Trinidad Petroleum gets US$720m loan deal ....Read More Staatsolie, TT oil company enter production sharing....Read More Former sugar workers among 120 to undergo Oil and Gas....Read More Govt readies for oil sector with Urban Development....Read More Rubis Launches New Lubricants Blended In Jamaica ....Read More
• PCJ, JCF Eye Savings From Energy Efficiency Partnership....Read More • Guyana listed as world’s fastest growing economy....Read More • Diversification through energy service exports....Read More
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The Caribbean Energy Update
Regular Unleaded Gasoline Average Retail Price (US$/Litre) May/June 2019 MAY
JUNE
$1.31
Bahamas
$1.31
$1.93
Barbados
$1.96
$1.40
Belize
$1.34
$1.19
Cayman Islands
$1.21
$1.30
Grenada
$1.29
$1.07
Guyana
$1.02
$1.19
Jamaica
$1.16
$1.14 $0.74
St.Lucia Trinidad&Tobago
$1.14 $0.74
At the end of June 2019, retail prices for Regular Unleaded Gasoline increased in Barbados, Cayman Islands and Monsterrat between 1.1% and 3.1%. Prices decreased in Belize, Grenada, Guyana and Jamaica between 0.9% and 4.5% while prices remained stable in St.Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago over the period.
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The Caribbean Energy Update
PRICES
International Crude Oil Prices from April to June 2019 trended downwards over the three months period. The average price recorded in June 2019 was US$54.66/ bbl. This average price was 14.4% lower than the average price seen in April 2019 and 11.7% lower than the average price reflected in May 2019. The highest price for the commodity over the period was US$65.28 /bbl recorded in week four of April 2019 while the lowest price US$52.52/bbl was reflected in week two of June 2019. Average Weekly Oil Prices April - June 2019 70.00
65.28
62.36
60.00 58.38
US$/Bbl
50.00
52.52
40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Pe riod
WK1
WK2
US$/Bbl
Apr-19
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
WK3 May-19
WK4
MTH AVG
Jun-19
Average Monthly Crude Oil Prices 2016-2018 65.02 50.80 43.10
2016
2017
2018
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CARIBBEAN
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ENERGY MINISTERS’
Bulletin Renewable Resources
Scientific Developments
• •
Which climates are best for passive cooling technologies? Researchers recently set out to gain a better understanding of the thermal balance of power plants and surfaces, but quickly realized that they would need to determine what roles cloud cover and relative humidity play in the transparency of the atmosphere to radiatio. The group presents detailed radiative cooling resource maps they created to help determine the best climates for large-scale deployment of passive cooling technologies.
solar (shortwave) and atmospheric (longwave) radiation. They quickly realized that they would first need to determine what roles cloud cover and relative humidity play in the transparency of the atmosphere to radiation at temperatures common on Earth.
Determining how much heat can be rejected to outer space and how much is radiated back by the atmosphere to the surface is important when it comes to A group of University of California, San identifying the exact role water plays. It Diego researchers set out to gain a better turns out water, which is present in gaseous, understanding of the thermal balance of liquid and solid phases within the atmosphere, power plants and surfaces, like heliostat is not only the main player but also the only A R I B B E A N E N E R G Y I N F O R M AT I O N S Y S T E M ( C E I S ) | 2 0 1 9 mirrors or solar Cpanels, when exposed to both atmospheric element that varies rapidly in
The Caribbean Energy Update
concentration and isn’t mixed well vertically. In the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, from AIP Publishing, the group presents detailed radiative cooling resource maps they created to help determine the best climates for large-scale deployment of passive cooling technologies, which rely on daily changes in temperature and humidity. “We used recently calibrated correlations,
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experimental data and models for ground values of water vapor and temperature with sky emissivities to map out the places in the U.S. where we can most effectively reject heat from the ground toouter space,” said Carlos F.M. Coimbra, chair of the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. “Because of the physical processes involved, ...... Source: American Institute of Physics, Science Daily
The heat is on over the climate crisis. Only radical measures will work. Experts agree that global heating of 40C by 2100 is a real possibility. The effects of such a rise will be extreme and require a drastic shift in the way we live. Drowned cities; stagnant seas; intolerable heatwaves; entire nations uninhabitable and more than 11 billion humans. A four-degree-warmer world is the stuff of nightmares and yet that’s where we are heading in just decades. While governments mull various carbon targets aimed at keeping human-induced global heating within safe levels – including new ambitions to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 – it is worth looking ahead pragmati-
cally at what happens if we fail. After all, many scientists think it’s highly unlikely that we will stay below 20C (above pre-industrial levels) by the end of the century, let alone 1.50C. Most countries are not making anywhere near enough progress to meet these internationally agreed targets. Climate models predict we are currently on track for a heating of somewhere between 30 C and 40 C for 2100, although bear in mind that these are global average temperatures – at the poles and over land (where people live), the increase may be double that. Source: Gaia Vince, The Guardian
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Country Happenings ANGUILLA
Anguilla resort unveils a new sustainable energy project The Frangipani Beach Resort will be tapping into Anguilla’s most abundant resource – the sun. The luxury Caribbean locale recently completed the installation of 800 photovoltaic solar panels which, when fully operational, is projected to power 70% of the resort.......
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
US$3 million for renewable energy Trinidad & Tobago has received US$3 million from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) for renewable energy projects. Parliamentary Secretary in the Energy Ministry Nicole Olivierre made this disclosure on Tuesday at the Energy Chamber’s 2019 Renewable Energy Conference .......
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