Essay About Earthquake

TheEffectsOfEarthquakesInEcuador

Devastation,massdestruction,andfeararealladjectivesassociatedwiththewordearthquake. Previouslythisyear,manywitnessedtheagonyanddestructionthepeopleinEcuadorfacedastheir countrywasdemolishedbyanaturaldisasterThiseventhasmademethinkofonequestion:Is Californiapreparedforsuchadisaster?2weeksagowewereaskifwewerepreparefor"thebig one",aquestiontowhichi'mprettysuremanyofusanswerno.Evenafterwehaveseenthe devastatingeffectsofearthquakesinothercountries,wedon'ttakeearthquakesseriously,Eventhe bigonethatispredictedtohappeninthenextcoupleofyears.Preparednessisatermwhichisoften usedtoshowthecapacityofthecommunitiestorespondtodisasters

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EarthquakeReflection

LectureReflection4

Allformsofnaturaldisasterbringdevastatingeffectsandstrikewithviciousforce,demolishing everythingaroundthem.Additionally,naturaldisasterisboundtohappen,sowhynotpreparefor theworst?In2004,thecoastalareasofsouthandsoutheastAsiawerehitwithadisastroustsunami. AreasofIndia,Indonesia,SriLanka,andThailanddidnothavetheabilitytopreparewhenthe tsunamisweptawaythousandsofciviliansandwipedoutaportionoftheirinfrastructure.Inmymy opinion,ifnaturaldisasterstrikesanarea,Iwouldrecommendmovingoutofthatarearightaway andstartconsideringanewplacetoliveCitizenswhostayinthesameareaafternaturaldisaster, haveahighprobabilityofwitnessinganother.However,manypeoplethathavebeenhitbynatural disastercommonlygobacktoliveatthedestroyedsitebecauseit'sallthattheymayhaveleft.This issadbutrealistic.

Furthermore,whennaturaldisastershitvulnerableurbanareas,effectsarecatastrophic.Some significantfactorsthatplayaroleinthesafetyofresidentsinurbanareas;rapidpopulationgrowth withinadequateplanning,ecologicalimbalance,populationdensity,compactedinfrastructure, dependencyoninfrastructure,andinappropriateconstruction.Although,theseplacesmaybemiles awayfromeachother,thereweremanysimilaritiesfoundineachofthesecases.Firstly,allofthe placeshitbythetsunamiwitnessedalossofcoastalareas

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Thedatafromnineearthquakeshappenedinwinterandsummertime,withmagnitudesrangingfrom M3.0toM5.7,wascollectedatasamplingrate200Hzandpreprocessedforthefurtheranalysis [4].Then,dynamicpropertiesofthestructurewereobtainedusingmodalpropertyidentification toolbox(MPIT2.0)developedattheUniversityofAuckland[13].Themodesweredeterminedfrom thefollowingsystemidentificationalgorithms:–Frequencydomainmethods:thepeakpicking(PP), thefrequencydomaindecomposition(FDD),theenhancedfrequencydomaindecomposition (EFDD)–Timedomainmethod:stochasticsubspaceidentification(SSI)method[14]identifying thestablepolesbygeneratingsingularvaluesaroundthemfromthesingularvalueshowmore content...

Then,themostplausiblemodeswaschosenbycomparisonofMACvaluesofeachdateforeachSI algorithm.Sincefundamentalmodeofthebridgesalwaysexcitedbythetranslationalground motionsduringearthquakes,transversecomponentsofmodeshapesonlyweredescribedinthis researchtoestimatetheinputofdifferentbridgecomponentsonthebridgedynamicresponseThe frequencyvaluesobtainedbyeachmethod,exceptofSSIforsummerdataset,ateachseasonand theirmeanandcoefficientofcorrelationareshowninTable3.1andTable3.2.Fromthisfigure,the valuesoffundamentaltransversefrequencyidentifiedbyeachmethodarehighlycorrelatedforall methods,themeancoefficientofvariationwasnomorethan0.02.Inaddition,norelationship betweenthetransversefrequencyandthedepthoffrozensoilatspecificdateswasobservedAhigh correlationbetweenmodeshapes,withMACvalue0.95orhigher,wasobservedfortwofrequency domainmethodsonly,FDDandEFDD.Therefore,theaveragevaluesofnaturaltransverse frequencycalculatedfromthevaluesidentifiedbyeachmethod,769Hzand285Hz,andmode shapesobtainedbyFDDtechnique(Figure3.1)werechosenasabaselineexperimentalvaluesfor thefurthercalibrationofthenumericalmodelsdevelopedforwinterandsummerrespectively.The bridgetransverseresponseismainlysymmetrical;thepossible

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Wehavetoknowwhatearthquakesareinorderforustobepreparedagainstthem.Earthquakesare tremorsthatmovetheearth.Theycancreatealotofdamage.Earthquakeshavehappenedaround theworld.Whatcausesearthquakestohappen?Howdoweprotectourselvesagainstthepowerful earthquakes?Earthquakescancausealotofdamagetohomesandplacessoitisimportanttoknow whereithashappenedAlsowhatcausesthemandhowdoweprotectourselvesagainstearthquakes Tobeginwithearthquakescanhappenaroundtheworld.A6.3earthquakedestroyedhistoric buildingsinItaly.OnJanuary12,2010apowerful7.0...showmorecontent...

It'simportanttoknowthatearthquakeshappenaroundtheworldsopeoplearepreparedfor earthquakesanytimeanywheretheyare.Wealsohavetoknowwhatearthquakesaretobeprepared. Anotherexampleiswhatearthquakesare.Earthquakesarecalledtremorsandcanbetremendously destructive.Anearthquakesmagnitudeisameasuredvalueofitssizeandisthesamenomatter where.Thereisnosuchthingasearthquakeweather.Anearthquakeiswhathappenswhentwo blocksoftheearthsuddenlyslippastoneanotherThesurfacewheretheyslipiscalledthefaultor faultplane."Anearthquakeiscausedbyasuddenslipinthefault."saidatanarticlewithearthquake factsatearthquake.usg.com.Itsimportanttoknowwhatearthquakesarecausedbysowecan understandthembetter.thatwaywecanprotectourselvesagainstearthquakes.Aswellaslearning howtoprotectyourselfagainstearthquakes.Animportantthingistoduckandcover.Duringan earthquake,ifyouareindoors,itisveryimportanttostaycalmandtakecoverunderaheavyobject Ifyouareoutdoors,stayasfarawayfrombuildingsaspossible.Getawayfromshelvesorother areaswhereobjectsmayfallifinacrowdedstoreorpublicarea.Donotrunforthedoor.Crouch andcoveryourheadandneckwithyourhandsandarms"Trytogetintoanopenarea"Getting intoanopenareanot

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EarthquakeLiteratureReview

ReviewofLiterature

IntroductiontoearthquakesEarthquakesareasuddenandviolentshakingoftheground,sometimes causinggreatdestruction,asaresultofmovementswithintheEarth'scrustorvolcanicaction. Earthquakesisoneofthedangerousandlifethreateningnaturaldisasterwhichcancomeanytime andanywhereontheearthEarthquakescancausetsunami,landslides,mudslides,bigger earthquakes,andaftershocks.Thesecanallcausesignificantdamagepropertyandbuildings,death andinjurytopeopleandanimals,floods,majordisastersandemergencysituations.Earthquakesare usuallycausedwhenrockundergroundsuddenlybreaksalongafaultThissuddenreleaseofenergy causestheseismicwavesthatmakethe...showmorecontent...

IV.EarthquakeLocations

Californiaisn'ttheonlystatewithaseriousearthquakehazard.Thereareseverallesser–knownfault zoneslurkinginotherpartsofthecountrythatarejustasdangerous,ifnotmoredangerous,thanthe famedSanAndreasFaultSomeofthesefaultsarecapableofproducingquakesbiggerthanthe 1906SanFranciscoquake,butbecausethetimebetweenmajorjoltsislongerthaninCalifornia, manypeoplelivenearthesefaultsdon'tevenknowtheyarethere.Themostandlargestactive earthquakezoneisthePacificRimofFire,alsoknownasRingofFire.Thisisaroughlyhorse–shapedringaroundtheentirePacificbasinwhichischaracterisedbyfrequentseismicactivity–especiallyaroundregionssuchasCaliforniaandJapanVSeismologist Seismologistsisapersonwhostudiesearthquakes.Somegeologistsspecializeasgeophysicists,who studythephysicalpropertiesandprocessoftheEarth.Thisfieldincludesseismology,ortheof earthquakesSeismologistsstudyearthquakessopeoplecanbeawareofthemandprepare Seismologistswatchtheseismographandrecordtheinformation.

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Faultssubsiding,converging,andspreadingcanbreakfreeatanymomentcausesearthquakes. Earthquakesareunpredictabletheycancausealltypesofdamagesandcausedeathstohundredsat injustafewmoments.Whilefaultsmovementshowscientisttail–tellsignsthatsay"heyI'mready toshift"inanytimethefaultscouldslidecanslipanunknowndistanceforanunknownrange.This happeningcancauseoneormanyearthquakestohappenevenleadtovolcanoeruptions

Sowhichwouldbeaworstan8.1fromtheSaltonSeatoSanBernardinoora7.1offshoreofRose CanyontoNewportWhilemostwouldbelievethatthe81fromtheSaltonSeawouldbetheworst duetoitsmagnitudeanditslocation.Italsowillleavelargeamountsofdamage.Thebuildingsup towardtheSaltonSeatoSanBernardinoaremorestructurallysoundandcanwithwithstandamore abusiveshaking.Ithasthepossibilityofhavingmultipleearthquakeenergiesreleasedaswellall alongthefault.Ibelievethatthe7.1willactuallybetheworstforushereinSanDiegoforafew reasons

A7.1magnitudeearthquakehereatrosecanyonwouldbeworstforus,duetothefactthatour buildingarenotbuilttowithstandtheshakingofanearthquakeofthatmagnitude.Justlikean8.1 earthquake,a7.1canalsotriggermultipleearthquakesonotherfaults.Ourbuildingarenottheonly problemwehavealotofareasinSanDiegolikeMissionBay,Coronado,PointLoma,andfew otherplacesheavilysaturatedsands.Thisisbecausetheseareasaremadeofsanddepositsfrom alongtheCoast.Soifanearthquakeweretoshakethatarealiquefactionwouldhappencausing sewageissuesduetothelocationofthesewerplantsandtheirlinesAlso,therewouldbedamageto waterlinesandgaslines.Thebuildingswouldalsosinkintothegroundduetoitssoftsaturated sandycomposition.Apossibleloweringofthegroundleveloncesettled.Letusjustrememberthe earthquakedoesn'tkillthepeople.It'stheenvironmentandbuildingsthatkillthepeople.

Whenpreparingforanearthquaketherearethingsyoumustdoinordertoprotectyourselfandyour family.Firstoffyouneedtomakesureyouhavefoodandwater.Ifyouknowyou

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NaturalDisastersResearchProjectEarthquake:SanFrancisco,California

EarthquakeAnearthquakeiscausedbyasuddensliponafault.Weknowthattectonicplatesmove slowlytowards,awayfromorpasteachother.Continentsarepartsoftheseplateswhichmeansthey movetooaftertimeAnearthquakeoccurswhentherocksbreakandmoveasaresultstresses causedbyplatetectonics.butsometimestheygetstuckattheiredgesduetofriction.Whenthe edgesovercomeEarthquakesarethemostdeadlyofallnaturaldisasters.Whenanearthquake strikes,itcanmakeadifferencebetweenlifeanddeathIfyousurviveanearthquakeit'ssomething you'llneverforget.Mostofthetimeit'snotthequakethatkillspeoplebutthebuildingandthe thingsinsideitthatfalldown.Itcandestroypipelines,gaslinesthatcancausefireandzero electricity.Usuallythereareaftershocksforweeksormonths.Forexample,theearthquakethat happenedinSanFrancisco,CaliforniaonOctober17,1989.Itwasareallydestructiveearthquake thatkilledpeopleandbillionsofdollarsindamages

DescriptionofTheEventTheearthquakethathappenedinSanFrancisco,Californiain1989wasan earthquakethatwastriggeredbyaslipalongtheSanAndreasfault."ThefocuswasintheForestof NiseneMarksStatePark,nearLomaPrietapeakintheSantaCruzmountains.NortheastofSanta Cruzandapproximately60milessouthofSanFranciscoSeismicity

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OnJanuary12/2010,everyonewakesupdoingtheirdailyrootingaseveryotherdaybutnoone wouldofthoughtofwhatmothernaturegotonherfitsforthemexactly.January12/2010at4:53 wasthetimeanddatewhentheunforgettableearthquakehappened.Itwasatotalchaosforthelittle islandofHaitiwhenitwashitwithamagnitudeof7.0earthquake.Aroundthattime,Iwas12years oldlivinginPort–au–PrinceinHaitiwhichisthecapitalOnthatdaypeoplewerelikechildrenthat werelearninghowtowalkanddidn'thavethebalancetosupporttheirbodyweight,atthattime; nobodycouldseeclearlyeveniftheyhada20/20visionbecausetherewassomuchdustaround fromthehousesthatwerealreadycollapsedpeopleweresmackingintoeachotherasiftheywere childrenplayinginfrontofamirrorwiththeirreflection,atthatmoment,everyonethoughthere wouldbenomoreHaiti.

AssomeofyoumayheardthatHaitiisatropicalisland,butonJanuary12,2010,Ididn'tsmellany freshairorfreshwaterrunning,insteadIsmelledfreshbloodrunningbecausemanypeoplehaddied becauseofbricksfallingonthemandsomeevenlostalegoranarm,andthereweresomethat unfortunateandlosebothhandsandlegs.Onthatday,anybodycouldhavediedbecausenature didn'tknowwho'sanadultorchildrichorpoor.Onthatday,everyoneincludinglittlekidswaslike asongcomposer,anditwaslikeeveryonebringwasunitedasoneandhowallofthemwere

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Whatwouldyoudoinasituationofanaturaldisasterwithnoresources,alonewithnohope?Alot ofpeoplearescaredfromallofthiscommotions,fearingofnohope,losinglivesevenlovedones. Therewasadeadlymagnitudeearthquakeof7.2thatstruckthecentralphilippinesonanational holiday.Anestimated43,000peopleexperiencedsevereshaking.Anotherearthquakehitwitha magnitudeof6inthefaultof1990caused$154indamageThetembloristhestrongesttoocomein 23years.(Backgroundessay)

Peoplehavehadmanydisastershappentohomesandpeoplearegettingaffectedbyallofthe commotionInteriorsecretaryMarRotasinastatementsaidhehadorderedthenationalpoliceto checkonreportsthatsomelocalofficialshadbeen"hoarding"reliefgoodsanddistributedthe selectivitysupporters.Peoplehavethereownstuffandtheydon'twanttooletitgooftherestuffso theywillneedhelp.Sincetheearthquake,thePhilippineredcross,withthesupportsofinternational federationofredcrossandredcrescentsocietiesorIFRChasprovidedatleast10,000familieswith essentialhouseholditemsincludingblankets,watercontainers,personalhygieneitems,mosquito netsandtarpaulins.(DocumentsC,A)...showmorecontent...

OnOctober15thanearthquakekillednearly90people.InthePhilippineskillednearly200and displacingtensofthousandsofdollars.Thequakewreckedaboutmorethan45,000homes.These earthquakeshaveaffectedmanypeople,damaginghomesandevenlivesandcausesmillionsof dollarsforrepairsThequake,thestrongesttohitthedisaster–pronecountryinrecentyears,struck BoholonOctober15th.Feltacrossseveralneighbouringprovinces,morethan2,500aftershockhave rippledthroughtheregionsince.(Documents

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Iwillbediscussingtheneedsofabudgetandwhatsupplieswillbeinthebudgetplan.Thenyou willreadsomeabouttheshelterprovided,populationofthecommunity,anddamagescausedby earthquakesTherewillbeinformationaboutthepolicyandprocedurestofollowforanearthquake andwhatchallengeswehavetoface.Theconclusionwillbecompletedinthenextphase.|

EarthquakePreparedness Budget

Therearethreemajorconsequencesofanearthquake:injurytoemployees,customersandvisitors; damagetoproperty,theinfrastructureofthearea,andlifelines;anddisruptionofbusiness operations(Crook,1999).Thisis...showmorecontent...

DamagesCausedbyEarthquakes

PastRecordsofEarthquakeDamagesTherearemanydifferenttypesofdamagesthatcanbecaused byearthquakes.Peoplelosetheirhomes,businessesaredestroyed,andmuchmore.Statisticsshows theeconomicdamagecausedbyearthquakesbetween1900'sandpresenthereintheUnitedStates are41.04billionsofdollars(EconomicDamageCausedByEarthquakesByCountyUpTo2012, 2012)Betweentheyears2006to2012therewas7,340earthquakeswithamagnitudeof40to49 (EarthquakesWorldwideByRichterScaleGradationUpTo2012,2012).Manylivesaretakenfrom theeffectsofanearthquake.

OtherDepartmentInvolvementOtherorganizationspulltogetherandhelpwiththedisastersacross theworld.Hereisalistofafeworganizationsandtheservicestheyoffer:AmericanRedCross| Fixed/mobilefeedingstations,shelter,cleaningsupplies,comfortkits,firstaid,blood,food, clothing,emergencytransportationandmuchmore.|FriendsDisasterService|Providesclean–up andrebuildingassistancetotheelderly,disabled,lowincome,oruninsuredsurvivorsofdisasters.| SalvationArmy|Massandmobilefeeding,temporaryshelter,medicalassistance,anddistribution ofdonatedgoodssuchasfood,clothes,andhouseholditems.|VolunteersofAmerica|Making vehiclesavailablefortransportingvictimsandsuppliestodesignate

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WhatisanEarthquake?

AnEarthquakeistheshakingoftheearth'ssurfacecausedbyrapidmovementoftheearth'srocky outerlayer.Thesuddenshakingofthegroundthatoccurswhenmassesofrockchangeposition belowtheEarth'ssurfaceiscalledanearthquakeTheshiftingmassessendoutshockwavesthat maybepowerfulenoughtoalterthesurfaceoftheEarth,thrustingupcliffsandopeninggreat cracksintheground.

Earthquakes,calledtemblorsbyscientists,occuralmostcontinuouslyFortunately,mostofthemcan bedetectedonlybysensitiveinstrumentscalledseismographs.Othersarefeltassmalltremors. Someoftherest,however,causemajorcatastrophes.They

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AlthoughitiscertainthatviolentEarthtremorsinthemselvesaredestructive,thereareoftenother kindsofEarthmovementsthataretriggeredbyearthquakeshockwaves.Thus,theviolentshaking thataccompaniesmanyearthquakesoftencausesrockslides,snowavalanches,andlandslidesIn someareastheseeventsarefrequentlymoredevastatingthantheEarthtremoritself.

Floodsandfiresarealsocausedbyearthquakes.Floodsarisefromtsunamisalongcoastlines,from large–scaleseichesinenclosedbodiesofwatersuchaslakesandcanals,andfromthefailureof dams.Fireproducedthegreatestpropertylossfollowingthe1906SanFranciscoearthquake,when 521blocksinthecitycenterburneduncontrollablyforthreedaysFirealsofollowedthe1923 Tokyoearthquake,causingmuchdamageandhardshipforthecitizens.

Causes

MostoftheworstearthquakesareassociatedwithchangesintheshapeoftheEarth'soutermost shell,particularlythecrust.Thesesocalledtectonicearthquakesaregeneratedbytherapidrelease ofstrainenergythatisstoredwithintherocksofthecrust,whichoncontinentsisabout22miles thickAsmallproportionofearthquakesareassociatedwithhumanactivityDynamiteoratomic explosions,forexample,cansometimescausemildquakes.Theinjectionofliquidwastesdeepinto theEarthandthepressures

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Haveyoueverwokenuptoseehalfyourhousegone?Oreverythinginyourhousedestroyed?I have.I'mJoseage15andIliveinMexico.Thatdaywasn'tlikearegularday.Weheardtherewas goingtobeahugeearthquakeandthateveryonehadtoleave.Althoughalotofpeoplewere leaving,myfamilydidn'thaveenoughmoneytoleave.ThatdayIwoketoeverythingshaking,Iwas confusedIjumpedoutofbedandrantogetmysister7yearsoldandmymomMydadhaddied whenIwastwo.Mymomsaidhehaddiedinacarcrash.But,Icantellthatshewaslying.Inever questionedher.SoIrantomysister'sroomavoidingfallingthings.Iranintoherroomandpicked herupanddidn'tbothertowakeherIranwithheronmyshoulderstomymom'sroomIwokeup mymombecauseIcouldn'tcarry."Mom,wakeup,"Isaidshakingher.Shewokeupconfused.SoI pulledheralong.Weranoutsideintochaos.Peoplerunningaroundallcrazy.Afterafewminutes, theearthquakestopped.Iaskedmymomifshewasok."Yes,Jose.Thankyouforgettingyoursister andactingsoquickly."Mymomreplied.Ilookbackatthedestroyedhouse."Mama,I'mgoingto checkontheotherpeople"andIwenttotheoldladyCoco'shousedownthestreettocheckonher "Coco!Coco!"Iyelled.Inaraspyvoice,Iheartheoldwomanreply"Here,here."Igothroughthe emptydoorwaywiththedoorontheground.Inthehouse,Isawherpicturesonthegroundandthe wallscrumbled

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Earthquakes:ANaturalHazard IntroductiontoEarthquakes

Anearthquakeisanaturalhazardthatcausesdeathanddestruction.Earthquakesmainlyoccuron theboundaryoftwotectonicplates,knownasfaultlines,astheplatesmoveagainsteachotherand getstuckwhichcreatesastrainandresultsinrocksbreakingThisreleasesenergyintothe lithosphere(crustanduppermantle)causingshakingoftheearth'ssurface.Theenergyreleasedis calledseismicwavesandthesearemeasuredonalogarithmicscalecalledtheRichterscale.

EffectsofEarthquakes(humanorphysical)

Groundshakingandunstablebuildingsaresomeoftheshort–termphysicaleffectsthatarecaused byseismicwavesFirescanbecreatedwhenashowmorecontent

Aswellasthattheyshouldtrytofindaplacethatissafe;suppliessuchasbottledwaterandcanned foodshouldbeeasytoreach.Communicationsystemscanbeaffectedsomostwillsetupplansfor contactingfriendsandfamily.

Immediatelyafteranearthquakelootingoftenhappensasmanywillbewithoutsupplieshowever somepeoplereactverydifferentlyandtrytohelpasmanypeopleastheycanCountriesaroundthe worldwillsendmoneyandfood;somemayevensendvolunteerstohelpandadministerfirstaid. Therubblewillbeclearedtofreethepeopletrapped.Buildingsbeingmadesafeisanotherwaythey wouldhelpbutdependingonthecountry'sfundingitdoesn'talwayshappenimmediatelyTourism maydecreaseasthetouristscouldbescaredofanotherearthquakeoraftershockoccurring. Long–termresponseswouldbethingslikebuildingrestorationbecauseaftershocksarenotunusual. Beforeorafterrestorationbeginsaninvestigationmayberequiredtofigureoutwhythebuilding collapsedandiftherewereanyfaultsinconstruction.Theeconomywillbenegativelyaffectedas rebuildingiscostlyandnormalworkispreventedfromhappeningforquiteawhileWhilstthereare investmentsmadeforrebuildingandaidissentintheimmediateaftermath,familiesmaystruggle withreducedincomesandreplacementofclothingandhouseholditems.

CaseStudien Japan

TheTōhokuearthquakeisaprimeexampleofanearthquakecreatingatsunamiWithamagnitude

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ReflectionOfTheEarthquake

1.Introduction

InAprilof2016,amassiveearthquakestruckthecoastofEcuador,thuscausingmanytolosetheir lives,homes,lovedones,andsufferfromdisplacement.InOctoberof2016,ateamfromNOBTS travelledtoPedernales,Ecuador–theepicenteroftheearthquake.Iwasprivilegedtobeapartofthat teamIntheweekspriortoourtravels,localpastorsbriefedusregardingthenumberofliveslost andthelivingconditionsofthoseleftbehind.However,ourbriefingfailedtoprepareusforthe devastationweencountered.OncewearrivedinPedernales,wesawbuildingstoppledandacity lyingbarrenMoreimportantly,outsideofthecity,weencounteredanunengagedpeoplegroup strickenbypoverty.Thisgroupofpeoplelivedinthecityduringtheearthquake,mostofthemlost lovedones,alllosttheirhomesandpossessions.

Earlierinthesemester,IsharedChristian'sstory.Christianisayoungchildinarefugeecampin outsideofPedernales;hewasborntwomonthsbeforetheearthquakehit.Followingtheearthquake, thecitysufferedashortageofwaterandfoodAsaresult,youngChristianwentdayswithout eating.WhenChristianfinallyreceivedfood,thequantitythereofwasnotthatwhichaninfant requiresforproperhealth.Consequently,Christiansufferedpermanentbraindamage;thoughhis bodywillgrow,hismindwillnot–hewillremainaninfant(mentally)untildeath.Thedoctorsin Americacouldworkwithhimandprovideamoreproductive

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Flame"Chace!Comehereforaminute.I'dlikeawordwithyou.""Comingsir.Whatwouldyou liketotalkabout?""Chacewhatisyourupdateontheexperiment?""Wellsir,I'malmostdone creatingtheElementProject.""Hurryup!Ineedtoexamineitsoon.""Yessir,I'llbegoingnow." *stormsin*"Chace,what'sthematter?Whydidyoubargeinlikethat?""SorryMags,Ineedto finishmyexperiment"Andwiththat,ChaceslamsthedoorAbriefcasefelloutofthetopshelf "What'sthis"Withaconfusedlook,Chaceopensthecase.*EGSParticle*"Perfect!"Chacemixed theEGSingredienttohissolidcontainer.Heputthefinishedmixtureinasyringe.Chacedidn't knowwhatwouldhappenifheinjectedtheliquidintohisbodyHedidn'tshowmorecontent LabCorphadbeentakendownforgood,leavingtheyoungscientiststofindanewjob.Chaceleft thesuperheroworld,constructinghisowncompany,ChaceIndustries.Rightnow,heteachesas headscientistathiscompany.Hevisitshissister'sgraveeveryafternoon.Chacemarried3years afterhisbattlewithEarthquake,Hehasa2yearoldchildandanotheroneontheway.Theurgeof goingbackasFlamehasbeencrossinghismindashemakesanewlife"Cananyoneanswerthis question?"*Silencehitstheclass*"SirChace!Iknowtheanswer.Ifcombiningelementmolecules withEGS,itispossibletocreatealivingelementorganism."Chacesmiles."You'reright,Randy. GoodJob."ThoughtsofFlameracedbacktohismind."Mr.Bryan,doyouthinkFlamedidthe exactsameproceduretocreatehisfirepower?""WellyoucouldsaythatMichael.Let'sgetbackto thelessonshallwe?"*afterthedayisover*Chaceentershismansion,Greetinghislovelywife "Jane!I'mhome."Awomanwalksoutofthekitchenwearinganapron."Hilove,howwasyour day?"Shehadasked."Itwasfine,dear.Where'sJace?"His2yearoldboycameoutoftheliving room"Daddy!"Chacepicksuptheboy"Thereyouare,buddyLove,Ihavetodosomeworkin myoffice.I'llbeoutbeforedinner."HeputsJacedown."Son,stayherewithmommy,I'llberight

4.EXPLAINTHERISKANDNATURALHAZARDSEARTHQUAKESANDVOLCANIC ACTIVITIES.HOWCANWEPLANTOCONTROLTHESERISKS?

Earthquakesandvolcanoeshavedisastrouseffectsonhumansandproperties,it'salsoveryharmful fortheenvironmentoverallincludingwildlifeEarthquakescausealotofdamageduetheirshaking nature,theycanfurtherleadtotsunamisandmostcommonhazardrelatedtoearthquakesis landsliding.Theearthquakeintensityiswhatmeasurestheeffectsithasonlandsurface,andthis dependsontherocktypesandactualgrounddisplacements,it'smeasuredbytheMercalliscaleand basesonhumanreportsofdamageexperienced.It'sinterestingthatearthquakesofthesame magnitudecancausedifferentamountsofdamageshowmorecontent

Platetectonicactivityisrelatedtomanyotherthingslike,volcanoesandearthquakes.Thesenatural hazardscanbefoundinlinearbeltsaroundtheglobe.Therearesevenlargeplatesandmanysmall ones,themaintypesofplatesincludethedivergentplateboundary(pullsaway),convergentplate boundary(movetowardseachother)andtransformplateboundary(slidepast).Ocean–continent boundariescreateearthquakesup700kmdeepandformsseafloortrenches,itleadstoandesitic volcanoesinmountainranges.Yellowstoneisa'hotspot'thisiswhereheatingandigneousactivity occurswithincrust.Although,notallplatesmoveatthesamerate,theyarerelativetoeachother. Continent–continentboundarieswithdivergentcanformriftvalleys,earthquakeslessthan100km deep,andbasaltic/rhyoliticvolcanoes.AtConvergenttheyhaveyoungmountainrange,300km deepearthquakes,andnovolcanoes.Attransform,theyhaveafaultzone,lessthan100kmdeep earthquakesandagainnovolcanoesWithocean–oceanboundariesthereisoceanicridgeswithrift valley,lessthan100kmearthquakes,andbasalticpillowlavasatdivergent.Onconvergentthereare seafloortrenches,700kmearthquakesandandesiticvolcanoesinislandarc.Withtransformyou haveridgesandvalleysinoceaniccrust,lessthan100kmearthquakes,andsomebasalt.Platesare drivenbytheconvectioninthemantleandmovementofthelithosphere.

6.WHATAREHURRICANES?EXPLAINTHE ...Getmorecontent...

Writeaninformativeprocessanalysisaboutanotherdramaticactofnature;forexample,an earthquake,tornado,tsunami,orhurricane.

ManinderdeepSinghGrantMacEwanuniversity

23–OCT–2017

AuthorNote

ThispaperwaspreparedforEnglish111,taughtbyProfessorValentynaKennedy

Abstract

Therearealotofdisasters,butearthquakeistheworstoutofall.InthisResearchwecanfindout howanearthquakehappens,themainreasonsofwhyithappensandmeasureshowapersoncanget outofsuchasituation.Earthquakesaretheshockwaveswhichhappenforapproximatelyhalfa minuteTakingreferencesfrombooksandjournalsitcanbeseenwhatapersonshoulddoduringan earthquakeandhowthisnaturalcalamitycanbemeasuredandstepsthatgovernmenttakestofind outwherewillthisdisastershowitspowerthenexttime.

Expositoryessayonearthquake

EarthquakeisaTremblingorshakingalterationofearth'ssurfaceItisasuddenbrutalshakingof theearth'ssurfaceoccurringnaturallyandcausegreatmassacrewithitsstrongmovementsinthe earth'scrustoractionofvolcano.Itisnaturallyoccurringdisturbancewhichcanbecharacterizeas anabnormalviolentandinvoluntarycontractionorseriesofcontractionsofthegrounditoriginate anytimeinsidetheearth'scrustandpushabulkofrocktosliprapidly.Ahugeamountofenergy getsreleasedandtravelthroughrocksandwaves,whichcausetremorsandtremblingof

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Earthquakes,alsoreferredtoastemblors,areoneoftheworld'smostpowerfuloccurrences.The Earthhasfourlayers:thecrust,mantle,innerandoutercore.Earthquakesoccurinthecrustand uppermantle(RefertoFigure1).Themantleismadeupofsemi–moltenrockcalledmagma.The uppermantlerockishard.Thecrustistheouterlayeroftheearth.Together,thecrustandupper mantlemakeupthelithosphereThelithosphereis20–50kmthickandiscrackedThe asthenospheresitsbelowthelithosphere.Thelithosphereconsistsoftectonicplates(lithospheric plates).TectonicplatesisthetheorythattheEarth'soutershellisdividedbyslabsofsolidrock. Whenthesetwotectonicplatesmakefrictionalcontacttheoutcomemaybedeadly

Sometimestherecanbesmallershocksthatoccur,one'sbeforecalledtheforeshock,andone'safter calledtheaftershockandthemainearthquakecalledthemainshock.

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Megathrustearthquakesarethemostpowerfulearthquakesintheworldandcanproducetsunamis throughavarietyofstructures.TheValdiviaearthquake,intheory,isaconvergenttheearthquake wascausedbytheNazcaplatereleasingtensionanddescendingunderneaththeSouthAmerican Plate.TheGreatAlaskaearthquakealsoappearstobeaconvergentboundaryearthquakeasthe PacificPlatelurchedunderneaththeNorthAmericanPlatecausingtheearthquake

SeismicwavesarewavesofenergythattravelthroughtheEarth'slayersasaresultofearthquakes. Duringanearthquake,thewavesreleasedmaybe"P"or"S"dependingonthewayandspeedofthe wave(RefertoFigure3and4).P–waves,orprimarywavesarelongitudinalwaves.Theirvibrations arealongthesamedirectionasthedirectionoftravel.P–wavesarefasterthanS–waves.S–waves, orsecondarywavesaretransversewaves.Theytravelatrightanglestothedirectionof

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Earthquakescandevastateacity.Theyareaforceofnaturethatcandestroyanystructure.Theearth ismadeupofmovingtectonicplates.Earthquakesoccuralongorneartectonicplateboundaries wheretwoplatesmeet.Theseplatesaresolidrockandsitonthemantlewhichisalayerofmolten rock.Thismoltenrockisconstantlymovinginaconvectioncurrent.Theearth'scoreiswhat generatestheheatThehotterrockrisesawayfromthecoreandpushesupagainstthecrustHereit coolsandthenmovesawayonbothsides.Thenowcooledrocksinksbacktotaketheplaceofthe hotterrockthathasrisenasshowninthediagramontheright.Whentherockpushesagainstthe crustitmovessidewaysThismovesthetectonicplatesshowmorecontent

Asshowninthediagramontheright,thefaultrunsstraightthroughSanFranciscoandrightalong thecoast.Whenthetwoplatesslidealongtheycreatehugequakesthatshaketheground.There havebeenmanyearthquakesgeneratedfromthisfaultlinebuttheworstonewasin1906. At5:12amonthe18thofApril1906inSanFranciscotheforeshockhittheslumberingcity.The forceoftheearthquakewassogreatthatthetremorswerefeltrightthroughouttheSanFrancisco anditreachedasfarinlandasNevada(500kmaway).AlongtheSanAndreasfaulttheplateslipped upto21feet.20secondsaftertheinitialforeshockthemainearthquakehit,lastingforabout1 minute.Althoughitlastedformerelyaminuteitwreckedmassdestruction.Afterthequakepeople walkedthestreetsconfused.Somepeoplehadnoideahowmuchdamagehadbeendone.Some peoplewalkedtoworkasperusualonlytofindthebuildingsonaleanorfallenNotonlywasthere structuraldamagetothecitybuttherewasasignificantlossoflife.Manypeopleweretrappedunder buildingandcriesofhelpcouldbeheardcomingfromthepilesofrubble.Thosethatsurvivedcould notbetakentothehospitalsastheyhadsustainedmajordamageTheinjuredweretakentothe dancehall.

Whatnoonerealisedthattheworstwasyettocome.Thegreatesttragedyhadnotyetunfolded.The earthquakehadseveredgasmainsand

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Earthquakes

Earthquakes,oneofthemostdestructivenaturalphenomena,consistofrapidvibrationsofrocknear theearth'ssurface.Becauseoftheirunpredictableoccurrenceandenormouscapacityofdestruction, theyhavebroughtfeartomankindsinceancienttimesAsingleshockusuallylastsnomorethana fewseconds,butaseriesofsmallerquakesmaylastforaslongasfiveminutes.Thequakefelton thesurfaceisalwaystheresult,notthecauseofsomeundergroundgeologicprocess,andinmany casesthedamagedoneisimmenseTheGreekwordforshaking,and(whenappliedtotheearth) earthquake,isseismos.Therefore,thescienceofearthquakesiscalledseismology(WorldBook Dictionaryshowmorecontent

Fires,landslides,tsunami,fallingrock,damagedbuildings,anddamagedgaslinesarejustafew resultsofsecondaryshocks.Theseconditionsreekhavoconearthquakecorruptedareas,andin 1934,Bihar–NepalwitnessedthisfirsthandDuringalandslide,"anobserverreportedthat hiscarsanktotheaxles".In1946offthecoastoftheAleutians,thebaseofalighthouseended up45feetbelowsealevelafteratsunamiwaveover100feetcrashedonshore(Watkins,Bottino, Morisawa51,53–54).

Anearthquakeisanaturaloccurrence;aphenomenajustlikerainTheyhaveoccurredforbillions ofyearsanddescriptionsasoldasrecordedhistoryshowstheireffectsonpeople'slives.Long beforescientificexplanationsmankindcreatedfolkloretoexplainthem.Wehavecomealongway forspinningyarnsaroundthecampfire,butthereisstillnowaytopreventearthquakesAllinallit doesn'thurttolearnasmuchasonecan,butjustliketaxesandpokemonearthquakesaresomething wehavetolivewith.

EARTHQUAKEREFERENCEFILESEarthquake,shakingoftheearth'ssurfacecausedbyrapid movementoftheearth'srockyouterlayerEarthquakesoccurwhenenergystoredwithintheearth, usuallyintheformofstraininrocks,suddenlyreleases.Thisenergyistransmittedtothesurfaceof the

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