Introduction The UNESCO Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century has proposed that the learning process should be based on four pillars of education: learning to know; learning to do; learning to live together and learning to be. “Learning to Know, by combining a sufficiently broad general knowledge with the opportunity to work in depth on a small number of subjects; this also means learning to learn… “Learning to Do, in order to acquire not only an occupational skill but also, more broadly, the competence to deal with many situations and work in teams. “Learning to Live Together, by developing an understanding of other people and an appreciation of interdependence – carrying out joint projects and learning to manage conflicts – in a spirit of pluralism, mutual understanding and peace. “Learning to Be, so as to better develop one’s personality and be able to act with ever greater autonomy, judgment and personal responsibility The Four Pillars of education is in essence a theme that has been very popular to the education bodies. It serves as a guiding principle on how education should be delivered.
These four pillars of learning provided the rationale for the technical
vocational educational program in the country, particularly, “Learning to Do” as a mandate of all technical vocational high schools. The Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVE) has generally been acknowledged as the key to the promotion of one’s productivity, self-esteem and the economic development of the country. TVE
is well geared towards the
development of productive citizens ready for local as well as international labor market. It is concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and skills in preparation for work. However, recent criticisms have been voiced out on the state of technical vocational education and training in many countries of the world. The World Bank (World Bank, 1992 Cousing, 1992, Moura Castro, 1999) reported that technical