COMENIUS MULTILATERAL PROJECT G.R.E.E.N Go Re-educate Earth Now!
GLOBAL WARMING Romania, september 2013
This communication reflects only the points of view of the author and the European Commission and ANPCDEFP are not responsible for any use of the information contained.
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Global Warming Myth or fact?
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• Some people think that global warming is only a myth, while other people say that they can prove the existence of global warming. • Both categories have documents to prove their claims.
VS
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Is Global Warming for Real?
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What Science Says vs Climate Myths Here is a summary of global warming and climate change myths, sorted by recent popularity vs what science says. 1) The Earth has been both much warmer and much colder in the distant past, long before the industrial age. 2) The number of sunspots is increasing. 3) The carbon dioxide and the nitric oxide are “natural thermostats�.
1)Carbon dioxide in the air has increased in the last century due to the use of fossil fuels. 2)Global average temperature has increased by 0.8 degrees F in the last century. 3) Further human addition of CO2 to the atmosphere will cause dangerous warming, and is generally harmful.
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The Science The Earth was both much warmer and much colder in the distant past, long before the industrial age.
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The number of sunspots is increasing .
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Climate Myths
Global average temperature has increased by 0.8 degrees F in the last century. Unfortunately, the temperature increase came first: most of the temperature increase was before 1940, and most of the new carbon dioxide was added after 1960.
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Further human addition of CO2 to the atmosphere will cause dangerous warming, and is generally harmful.
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Clearly, it is necessary to resist the temptation to select only data that support a hypothesis and ignore other available data.
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10 Signs Climate Change Is Already Happening 1. Carbon Dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are increasing 2. The hottest decade on record keeps changing 3. The rate of warming is unprecedented in at least 11,000 years 4. The Arctic Sea ice is in a ‘death spiral‘ 5. Greenland is losing ice at an accelerating rate 6. The Antarctic Peninsula is also losing ice at an accelerating rate 7. The oceans are warming up 8. The sea level is rising 9. The planet is accumulating more heat 10. Extreme weather is more ... extreme 11
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in the Atmosphere Are Increasing Scientists determined that over the past 650,000 years, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 varied between 180 and 300 parts per million (ppm).
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Comparison of CO2 emissions worldwide
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http://s3.amazonaws.com/mongabay/charts/C02compare.jpg
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The Hottest Decade on Record Keeps Changing Global mean temperatures have increased by approximately 1.33 degrees Fahrenheit (0.74 degrees Celsius) over the past century.
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The Rate of Warming Is Unprecedented in at Least 11,000 Years
How do we know that what is happening now is not a natural cycle?
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Heat waves, droughts, and wildfires will be more frequent.
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The Arctic Sea Ice Is in a 'Death Spiral‘ The extent of summer sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean is decreasing by a rate of about 13 percent per decade, compared to the 1979-2000 average.
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Greenland Is Losing Ice at an Accelerating Rate Evidence is mounting that Greenland - the second-largest ice sheet in the world after Antarctica - is losing mass at an accelerating rate. 20
The Antarctic Peninsula Is Also Losing Ice at an Accelerating Rate In 1995, the Larsen-A ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula collapsed. The Wordie Ice Shelf broke away from the Antarctic Peninsula and vanished in 2009.
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Seven years later, the adjoining Larsen B ice shelf followed suit.
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Blomstrandbreen ice-field
1918
2002
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PATANOGIA REGION
1928
2004 24
Erciyes Mountain, in Kayseri 25
The Ocean Is Warming
Melting polar icecaps will raise ocean levels; the Arctic Ocean could be ice free in summer by 2050. 26
The Sea Level Is Rising Multiple measurements using both satellites and tide gauges - show a rise in global sea levels. On average, since 1993, the sea has been rising by 3.18 mm per year.
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The Planet Is Accumulating More Heat
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Extreme Weather Is More ... Extreme The climate creates the conditions in which weather takes place and scientists have long suspected that a changing climate will make certain weather events more likely to occur and others more extreme.
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Catastrophic weather such as hurricanes will increase. • • • •
The winters are warmer The summers are hotter The weather conditions are very extreme Climate Change was not very obvious in Germany this year • We had very bad weather, ice and snow in May 2013. This is unusual and definitely does not feel like global warming 30
Global warming Noun an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere and oceans, especially a sustained increase sufficient to cause climatic change. 31
Global Warming in Sibiu • Temperature data was collected from the Regional Meteorological Center Transylvania – Sibiu – shown in the following charts:
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The Average Annual Temperature From 1972 to 2012
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The Lowest and Highest Average Temperatures From 1851 to 2012
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The Highest Temperatures from 1980 to 2012
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Warming in Spain • Spain is already the EU country that is most affected by global warming. • The climate of the southern peninsula is becoming more "African" and the north more "Mediterranean“. • That climate change has serious consequences on the fauna, flora and Spanish productive sectors. 36
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Warming in Andalusia • Andalusia is the Spanish autonomous community that emits more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. • The main reasons for this are the high levels of traffic on the roads in the community and farming activities. • This results in concentrations of more than 700 million tons of carbon monoxide per year . • These emissions are those that produce the so-called 'greenhouse effect' and climate change on the planet . • High temperatures cause fires in the forests of Andalusia.
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Global warming causes fires in the forest.
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Warming in Córdoba • In 2004 there was an increase of 1.2 degrees in the province of Córdoba. • In recent months we have noticed significant temperature variations. • Last spring we have had changeable days within the same week: from a really sunny day to a windy and rainy day. • Last summer was really hot. We reached a maximum temperature of 53 ºC on 17th August. Two weeks after this we had a storm and the temperature fell to 23 ºC • In these pictures you can see the different levels of the water on the river Guadalquivir.
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Rising of the sea level
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Rising of the sea level • The sea level is rising 3.2 mm per year on average • Reason: glaciers melt because of warmer temperatures • The heating of the oceans leads to a thermal expansion of the water • The ice is melting → more water in the oceans • Experts forecast a rise of sea levels of two or three metres until 2100 43
Rising of the sea level in Germany • The sea level is rising in Germany as well • The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are predicted to flood the north of the country • One third of Germany will be flooded
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The Reasons of Global Warming • Direct Effects - The increase of greenhouse gases • Indirect Effects - Deforestation - The destruction of plant plankton - Urbanization - Industrialization 45
The Greenhouse Effect
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Between 1970 and 2004 global greenhouse gas emissions have increased by 70 %
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Carbon dioxide and methane levels are at their highest levels in the past 420,000 years.
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Emissions increased by over 16 times between 1900 and 2008 and by about 1.5 times between 1990 51 and 2008.
Amount of CO2 – emissions in Germany
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A Tree
A tree takes 2,3 kg CO2 and release 1,7 kg O2. 53
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• Although the majority of greenhouse gas emissions are carbon dioxide, non-CO2 greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated greenhouse gases contribute significantly to climate change. These greenhouse gases have more significant climate change effects than carbon dioxide on a per-ton basis, and many have greater short term impacts than CO2. 55
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• Nitrous oxide (N2O) Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use, are the primary source of N2O emissions.
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Other Causes Deforestation • The use of forests for fuel (both wood and for charcoal) is one cause of deforestation. • Forests remove and store 40% of man-made carbon dioxide.
Natural Causes • Natural causes are causes that are created by nature. • The earth goes through a cycle of climate change which lasts about 40,000 years.
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) • A scientific body formed in 1988 to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity.
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Tradable Pollution Quotas • A country that wants to exceed its quota of greenhouse emissions can buy part of another country’s quota of polluting gases.
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Kyoto Protocol • A 1997 international treaty designed to limit global greenhouse gas emissions during the years 2008 - 2012. • Goal: to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions 5% below 1990 levels.
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Kyoto Protocol • The United States and Australia have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. • The U.S. is responsible for about a quarter of the emissions that have been blamed for global warming.
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Consequences of global warming
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Ozone Hole • The ozone layer thins out and a hole above the poles originates • Reasons: mainly chlorine atoms • This causes higher solar and ultra violet radiation • This is dangerous for all living beings • From time to time the ozone hole gets bigger 65
Effects on the atmosphere: •increased rainfall •generating storms •desertification
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Effects on the hydrosphere: -Retreat and disappearance of glaciers, snowmelt -Sea level rise, ocean acidification, slowing of ocean currents
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Effects on the lithosphere: •increase in soil temperature leading to dryness •forest fires
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Climate Change in Turkey
2030
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In 2030, water supply of Turkey will decrease more than 40 %
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The snow layer on the peak of mountains in the east of Turkey will get thinner between 10-30 cm.
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Biological diversity under the extinction
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More than a million species worldwide could be extinct by 2050.
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Endangered
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The diseases will increase, and new ones will appear 77
Botulism will increase
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The rate of skin cancer will 79increase
Up to 300,000 people a year will die – partly from the spread of tropical diseases. 80
The sea level will raise
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Global sea levels could rise by more than 20 feet, devastating coastal areas worldwide.
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The future of our coastal cities? 83
The sea water will be more polluted and fish dead will increase
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Cosequences of Global Warmig in İskenderun
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038,5 %
039,5 %
The rate of salinity in eastern Mediterranean Sea whose normal percentage was 038,5 % has increased up to 039,5 % 86
Poisionous Tick After 2002, in Tokat, Sivas and Yozgat provinces, a new kind of tick has been appeared. It caused some people to die. 1930-2004,it was recorded that the warmth of that region increased nearly 5 째C. Some scientists of Turkey estimate that this increasing warmth caused that insect appeared in that region.
Sivas, Tokat, Yozgat provinces
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According to Prof. Dr. Nihat AKBAŞ who has been searching «Dorylus» ants in İskenderun declared that Dorylus ants have continuously migrated towards the north. He states that this is the sign of the climate change and approaching desertification. These ants which live as a colony and do not have stable anthills have not passed the Bolkar Mountains until 2012, but, this year, they have been seen in the north of Bolkar mountains.
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Some species of fish have migrated to Mediterranean from Red Sea through Suez Canal.
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New Species Appeared in İskenderun Bay • Between September 2010 and May 2012 gillnets, purse seine, and trawl boats data obtained from the Gulf of Iskenderun and Mersin from the year 2012 as the number of alien fish species belonging to 30 families, 43 respectively. Of these; Nemipterus randalli, Pomadasys stridens species are gaining economic importance in fish market.
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The distribution of fish which migrated to Turkey between 1940-2012 91
Global Warming in Romania ď‚—The effects of global warming
are felt in most countries in the world including Romania. ď‚—In Romania the most important effects are: -floods -desertification -diseases -deforestation 92
Floods •The biggest floods in our country were in 2005, when 93 persons died because of this. The most affected counties were Argeş, Bacău, Brăila .
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Desertification Desertification is the destruction of soil layers, followed by the loss of its ability to sustain crops, livestock or other human activities. The most affected areas of the country are Oltenia, Dobrogea and Banat.
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Deforestation • In the early 19th century, Romania had a 80% forest coverage, and now we only have 26.7% forests. Romania has become a giant source of logs, the data says it all: 350 thousand hectares of forest were razed to the ground illegally.
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Diseases • It is expected that in a few years in our country malaria and cholera will be a huge problem.
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Floods in Germany • In June there were serious floods in Germany
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Floods in Germany • The German government pays 1.5 Billion € and the Federal States pay 3.5 Billion € to remove the damages • There were also floods in 6 other countries • At least 25 people died
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Climate change & Environmental protection • The issues of climate change and environmental protection are among the most important of our time. We will explain what contribution you can make to protect the environment by solar energy and how much emission can be saved annually.
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Environmental protection by solar energy • Solar energy is a renewable and clean energy. • More and more solar and thermal systems and photovoltaic systems are being installed, for example the increase from 2007 to 2008 was 100 percent in Germany
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Solar systems reduce carbon emissions • A conventional heating causes 603 grams of climate-damaging carbon dioxide per kilowatt hour. • This gas is responsible for among other things • As for the use of solar energy no substances are burned, this technology saves a large amount of emissions and protects the environment. • The amount depends on the type of solar collector and the solar system. 101
Polluter of climate change
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summary Traditional energy generation in Germany Co2 emissions of fossil fuels Share of energy generation Energy turnaround since 2011 (fukushima) “Garzweiler 2” (lignite mine) Co2 emissions per head in Germany
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Energy generation in Germany The electricity mix in Germany consists of very different energy sources: coal, nuclear and renewable energy are the most important. In industrialized countries, is a life without electricity hardly conceivable. Electricity is usually generated in power plants, power generation in Germany is now privatized. Electricity is generated by energy forms such as heat or kinetic energy which are converted into electrical energy. Coal has the largest share of electricity generation. http://www.strom-magazin.de/stromerzeugung/
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• Germany is one of the leading industrial nations!
co2 emissions of fossil fuels
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http://www.gasag.de/SiteCollectionImages/Unternehmen/F%25C3%25BCr%2520Berlin/CO2-Emisssionen-fossiler-energietraeger.jpg
• Share of energy generation in 2012
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http://
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Nuclear and - renewable energy
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http://www.aktion-ee.de/home/home_bilder/strom_aus_ee.jpg
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Share of gross electricity consumption
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ng_erneuerbare_Energien19902007.png&docid=mPy81rr3llsJhM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Stromerzeugung_erneuerbare_Energien_seit_1990.png&w=924&h=464&ei=i49UvTJGMGf0QWR7IG4Bg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=280&dur=875&hovh=159&hovw=317&tx=190&ty=104&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=285&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0, i:84
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The energy turnaround since 2011 • A shift away from nuclear energy and towards green energy. This is the principle of German energy policy following the nuclear disaster in Fukushima. • In Germany, energy turnaround is the new buzzword for the nuclear phase-out in politics and in the media. It is to be facilitated by the development of renewable energy. • The term energy turnaround has been around longer and it actually refers to a complete transition to sustainable energy. Not only nuclear, but also the fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) should be replaced by renewable energies (wind energy, hydropower, solar energy, bio-energy and geo-thermal energy). •
http://www.lpb-bw.de/energiewende.html
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Garzweiler • The lignite mine Garzweiler, is an open pit of RWE Power in the Rhenish lignite mining area in North Rhine-Westphalia and was named after the village in the municipality of Garzweiler Juechen.
Positive Side No nuclear energy is needed Negative Side Co2 emission
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http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagebau_Garzweiler
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Environmental Protection in Hungary Our power-supply system
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• Environmental protection is very important in our country – A lot of projects – Activists – Laws
• From 2010 July – Ministry of Rural Development coordinate the environment protection • Our collective aim: to stop the global warming and its effects 112
By 2030… • Build more wind powerplants • Decrease CO2 emission • Use more renewable energy – Water, wind, geothermal
• Treat hazardous wastes carefully • Promote recycling system
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And nowadays… • Nuclear-powerhouse in Paks – 45% of our electricity production
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• Thermal power station in Visonta – 13% of our electricity production
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โ ข Water power station in Kiskรถre 7% of our electricity production
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Wind power-plants 3% of our electricity production – increase, develope
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What can we do?
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Preventative Measures Energy Savings
Adoption of technologies that are not energy-intensive Reducing energy consumption by reducing artificial lighting. Transport efficiency using hydrogen as fuel instead of oil, using biodiesel as renewable fuel and transporting goods by rail rather than by trucks 119
At home and at school:
·Replace a conventional flush for a dual flush or flush interruption. ·Do not waste water unnecessarily in the kitchen, remember you do not need to wash the vegetables under the tap. ·Do not let water run unnecesarily when you´re washing your teeth, hands or doing the washing up. ·Take a shower instead of a bath. ·Do not use the toilet as a wastebasket. Do not throw paper, cigarette butts, cotton, paint or oil.
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Unless your clothes are very dirty, do not use hot water in your washing machines.
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Use your washing machine less and dry your clothes without drying in the summer.
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• Be sure that your lamps are clean. Clean lamps light us 40 % brighter. 124
Install lamps with sensor in your halls.
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When you leave the rooms, be sure that you switch off the light.
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-Try to use daylight as soon as possible and use transparent curtains in your houses during the day.
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Do not increase the heat of heaters. 128
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In the classroom:
路Submit the work in digital form, not on paper. 路Use recycled paper. 路Use the school paper containers for recycling. 路Use both sides of paper when writing or making photocopies.
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Shopping:
路Buy fair trade products. 路Reuse your shopping bags and use one made of cloth or use a shopping cart. 路Labels: Look for the flower. The ecolabel is a voluntary program of the EU created in 1992 to promote the production and comercialization of organic products. 路Pay attention to the energy efficiency label for electrical applicances. Search for food products labeled with the stamp of organic farming.
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Buy things in the bottle or packets which are possible to be recycled.
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Unplanned urbanization must not be permitted. permitted
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Insulate your houses
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Be sure that your doors, windows are well-fixed; do not let cold air blow through the aperture of them. So you can keep your rooms warmer.
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Install double glazing windows
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If possible, plant trees next to your houses; they protect you from heat in the summer and cold in 139 the winter
Paint your outer walls of your houses with dark colours; it absorbs the heat.
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When you paint your house, prefer painting the walls with lighter colours.
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Measures against floods • Flooding areas are built to reduce the damage • Several dykes are built Dams
Flood protection Important measures to ward off floods
Sandbags
Retention basins
Mobile barriers
Flooding areas
Less sealed areas
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pro / con
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The big debate is political:
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Global warming's harmful potential has been proved; now we must prevent it from getting worse.
OR The evidence is inconclusive; trying to prevent global warming could destroy the economy. 145
Who is responsible for slowing global warming, and at what cost? 146
Industrialization is the primary cause of global warming.
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Are alternative sources of energy the answer?
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The Kyoto Protocol – effective or not?
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Industries should cut greenhouse gas emissions now. 150
What are the costs of slowing global warming?
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Can you have economic growth and protect the earth at the same time?
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Emissions quota trading
Will it work? 153
Is unlimited economic growth really desirable?
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practice debate
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Topic 1: Industrial growth should be slowed or limited in order to curb global warming.
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Topic 2: Do newly-developed economies, like India and China, have a right to increase their industrial emissions? 157
Something to think about:
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• Climate change may just be too big and too vague a problem for people to want to invest in trying to solve. People like to fund things they know will work.
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• It will be the political process and fear of the unknown that will generate the needed response by developed countries to mitigate carbon emissions worldwide, if this response is generated at all. 160
Global warming in papers
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Gossip about global warming?
„The predictions about global warming didn't come true, the Arctic ice didn't disappear; it has grown with +60%.” 2011, June
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Lost village ?
Rub ico n
„ In
th e n ex t de ca d e, a li tt le v il la g e ca ll ed K iv a li n a, m ig h t b e lo st fo re v er . T h e es k im o s w il l be th e fi rs t 'c li m a te -r ef u g ee s. ”
2 0 12 , M ar ch
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The W or d o Na ti o f t he n
Effects? What do you mean?
„We have 100% facts now. Maybe this will be enough scary to make people take climate changes serious. According to skeptics, the warming-up started slowing down. That's definitely false”- said Brigitta Bozsó from the Hungarian Greenpeace.
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e h ☼T n u S
It's all your fault!
,, The rising number of fat people was yesterday blamed
for global warming and other problems. Scientist warned that the increase in big-eaters means more food production- a major cause of CO2
gas emissions warming the planet.”
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2009, July
an inconvenient truth
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• Al Gore • 2007 Nobel Peace Prize • Former Vice President of the United States 168
1973
CONFLICTING INFORMATION
2005
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Is it already too late?
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Materials prepared for the Romanian meeting in Sibiu, at National College Octavian Goga Designed by Chirila Diana, ITC teacher 171
Bibliography: • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect • http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/envi ronment/global-warming/gw-causes/ • http://planetsave.com/2009/06/07/globalwarming-effects-and-causes-a-top-10-list/ • http://library.thinkquest.org/J003411/causes.ht m • http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/fgas/index_en.htm 172