ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ
اﺳﺘﻤﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﻼل اﻟﺮوﻣﺎين ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ اﳌﻴﻼدي ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻃﻨﺠﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺷﻌﺐ اﻟﱪﺑﺮ اﻟﻮاﻧﺪال واﻟﺒﻴﺰﻧﻄﻴني واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺠﻮت ﻳﺒﺪو أﻧﻬﻢ اﺣﺘﻠﻮا.ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻌﺮيب ًﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻃﻨﺠﺔ وﺳﺒﺘﺔ واﻟﺼﻮﻳﺮة ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ اﳌﻴﻼدي ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻼ .وﻛﺎن اﻻﻗﻠﻴﻢﻣﻬﻴﺌﺎًﻟﻠﻔﺘﺢاﻟﻌﺮيب اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺎوم ﻟﻺﺳﻼم ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮﻧني اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ واﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ اﳌﻴﻼدي ﺳﺤﻘﺖ اﻻﻣﱪاﻃﻮرﻳﺘني ﺣامس وﻣﻬﺎرة اﻟﺸﺒﺎب اﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺷﺠﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻏﺰو ﺷامل،اﻟﻜﺒريﺗني آن ذاك وﻫام اﻟﻔﺮس واﻟﺮوم وﻗﺪ ﺟﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻌﺮيب ﻣﻮﳻ ﺑﻦ ﻧﺼري اﻹﺳﻼم إﱃ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ اﻷﻃﻠﻨﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺮن،اﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻴﻼدﻳﺔ ﻧﺰل ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ٧١١ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ وأرﺳﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﱪﺑﺮ ﻃﺎرق ﺑﻦ زﻳﺎد ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻷﻳﺒريﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎم ﺟﺒﻞ ﻃﺎرق ﺛﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻮﳻ ﺑﻦ ﻧﺼري ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ وﻗﻮاﺗﻪ أدى ﺳﻘﻮط اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺠﻮت ﰲ ﺳﻨﻮات ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ .ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﺴري ﻏﺰو وﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻷﻳﺒريﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﺘﺢ اﻣﺘﺪت اﻻﻣﱪاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻟﻌﺮيب ﺣﺘﻰ اﳌﺤﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﻨﻄﻲ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺖ .ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﻫﻴﺐ وﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻫﺎﺋﻞ دون أن ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ ﻧﺰﻋﺎت اﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﳌﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﱃ اﴎة إدرﻳﺲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﳌﺮاﺑﻄني واﳌﻮﺣﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ . وﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن١٦٦٦ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﺟﺒﻞ ﻃﺎرق اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﺖ دوﻟﺔ اﳌﺮﻳﻨﻴﻮن وﻣﻨﻬﺎ إﱃ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أواﺳﻂ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﴩ ﻓﺈن ﻧﺴﻞ اﻹﻣﺎم ﻋﲆ ﻛﺮم اﻟﻠﻪ وﺟﻬﻪ ﺣﻜﻤﻮا اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﺎﻓﻴﻼﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﻻي،١٦٦٦ وﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤني ﻗﺎم ﻣﻮﻻي ﴍﻳﻒ وﻧﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪه ﺑﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ دوﻟﺔ اﳌﻐﺮب ﰲ ﻋﺎم اﺳامﻋﻴﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺣﻈﻲ ﺑﺈﺟامع واﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﺎم ﻛﺎن ﺣﻜﻴامً ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﱰة ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﺗﻢ ﻏﺰو ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻃﻨﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ ﰲ،( وﺗﻐريت اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ إﱃ ﻣﻜﻨﺎس اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ راﺋﻌﺔ١٧٢٧ -١٦٧٢) ﻣﻊ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﳌﻬﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷﺳﺒﺎين وﻗﺪ اﻣﺘﺪ ﻧﻔﻮذه وﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل ﻣﻘﻴامً ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ١٦٨٤ﻋﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮن )اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ( ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﲆ اﻣﱪاﻃﻮرﻳﺘﻪ اﻟﻜﺒرية وﻋﲆ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺪوﱄ ﻛﺎن ﻋﲆ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻚ .ﻟﻮﻳﺲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻋﴩ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ وﺟﺎﻛﻮب اﻟﺜﺎين ﻣﻠﻚ اﻧﺠﻠﱰا ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﴩ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﳌﻐﺮب ﺟﺰءا ً ﻣﻦ اﻟﴫاع ﺑني اﻟﻘﻮى اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮة اﻋﱰﻓﺖ اﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﳌﺘﺤﺪة١٩٠٤ ﻋﲆ اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ أوﱃ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪول وﰲ ﻋﺎم ﺣﺪد ﻣﺆمتﺮ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ١٩٠٦رﺳﻤﻴﺎًﺑﻜﻮن اﳌﻐﺮب ﺟﺰءا ًﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ وﰲ ﻋﺎم أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺠﻨﻮيب واﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻐﺮب ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤامﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ١٩١٢ وأﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ اﳌﻐﺮب وﰲ ﻋﺎم ، ﰲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﱄ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ أﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺸامﱄ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﻒ،ﻇﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪة ﻓﺎس ﻛﻼ اﻟﻘﻮﺗني اﻷوروﺑﻴﺘني ﻛام ﺣﺪث ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎن ﰲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ واﺟﻬﺎ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻛﺒرية ﰲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﺒﺴﻂ .ﻧﻔﻮذﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻧﻈﺮا ًﳌﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺷﻌﺐ اﻟﱪﺑﺮ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻼل
24
CULTURE
The Roman domination lasted until the beginning of the V century AC in the area of Tangiers. Supposedly the romanized Berber population even later kept their Greco-Latin civilazation until the Arab invasion. Vandals, Byzantines and Visigoths seems to have occupied some areas, mainly Tangiers, Ceuta and Es- saouira, but in the VII century AC the decadence was total and, therefore, the región was prepared for the advent of the Arab conquest. The irresistible charge of Islam in the VII-VIII centuries AC devastated the two then ruling empires: Persia and Byzantine. The enthusiasm and skill of the young Muslim forces permitted the first Caliphs to conquer North Africa quite easily. The Arab general Moussa Ibn Noceir brought Islam to the Atlantic coasts in the beginning of the VIII century and sent Tariq Ibn Ziyad to conquer the Iberian Peninsula. In the year of 711 AC he disembarked in Djebel el-Tarik (Gibraltar) and was later followed by Moussa himself and his troups. The fall of the Visig- oths in only a few years made it possible to conquer the main part of the Iberian Peninsula. With this conquest, the Arab Empire reaches from the Persian Gulf to the Atlan- tic, resulting too extensive and, above all, too diverse not to have to face separatist tendencies. The commencement of today’s Morocco dates back to the Idrisids, continues with the Almoravid and Almohad Empires on both sides of the Sraits of Gibraltar and is definitely formed by the Merinies and consolidated along with the now ruling Alaouite dynasty from 1666 on. From the middle of the XV century on, the descendents of Ali (Mohammed’s son-in-law) reigned as independent soveregns in the region of Tafilalet. From that enclave, Mulay Sherif and his successors set out to unify Morocco in 1666. Mulay Ismail, who was endowed with an authentic national conscience, turns out to be an efficient organizer who, during his long rule (1672-1727) achieves to modernize the state. The capital is moved to Meknes and provided with a great splendour, Tangiers is reconquered from the English (1684), along with Mehdia y Larache from the Spaniards. He extends his power until Senegal constructing a chain of fortresses (kasbahs) in order to control the most distant parts of his empire. Internationally, he was in contact with Louis XIV of France, Le Roi Soleil, and Jacob II of England. During the XIX century Morocco became part of the game between great Europe- an powers in their search for power and new colonies. France was one of the first of these and in 1904, the United Kingdom officially recognized Morocco as part of France’s sphere of influence. In 1906, the Algeciras Conference established policing duties in Morocco for France and Spain, and then in 1912, the Southern and richest part of Morocco became a protectorate of France with the Treaty of Fes. Meanwhile Spain was in charge of the Northern part of the country, above all the Rif area. Both European powers, as already the Romans had learned, met great difficulties trying to establish their authority in the interior of the country due to the natural resistance of the Berbers to let themselves be subjugated by foreign powers.