Cahier Asie

Page 1

Proposé par l’AFA, MASF et APPO

Adopter un enfant en Asie Cahier de réflexion pour se préparer à l’accueil d’un enfant d’ASIE 1


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La parentalité La parentalité adoptive adoptive Üki\ gXi\ek# ZË\jk le jXmf`i$]X`i\# le jXmf`i$ ki\ hl` e\ jËXggi\e[ gXj [Xej c\j c`mi\j# dX`j hl` j\ [ Zc`e\ Xl afli c\ afli% Fe [`k hl\ ZË\jk cË\e]Xek hl` ½ ]X`k gXi\ek ¾% CË\o\iZ`Z\ [\ cX ]feZk`fe gXi\ekXc\ jËXik`Zlc\ Xlkfli [\j kif`j [`i\Zk`fej jl`mXek\j 1 (& C\j gXi\ekj fek le i c\ [\ Zfek\eXeZ\# [\ gfikX^\% :Ë\jk le\ ]feZk`fe [\ i XjjliXeZ\# dX`j Xljj` [\ ZX[iX^\# [\ i\g iX^\ gfli X`[\i cË\e]Xek ~ j\ jkilZkli\i \k hl` j\ d\k \e gcXZ\ Xlkfli [\ cX ]X fe [fek cË\e]Xek \jk gfik # Y\iZ # \em\cfgg # eflii`# ~ kiXm\ij cË Z_Xe^\ Xlkfli [l cXe^X^\ \k [l ½ YX`e [\ gXifc\j ¾ X[i\jj ~ cË\e]Xek% )& @cj fek le\ d`jj`fe hl` [\miX ^l`[\i cË\e]Xek Xl jla\k [\ jfe `[\ek`Ô ZXk`fe hl` j\ ]\iX \e gi\d`\i c`\l \e i ] i\eZ\ ~ \lo% :Ë\jk le kiXmX`c ~ [flYc\ j\ej f c\j gXi\ekj j\ i\ZfeeX kifek \e c\li \e]Xek \k f cl`$d d\ gfliiX gi\e[i\ df[ c\ jli \lo gXi cË\]]\k [Ële\ i\ZfeeX`jjXeZ\ dlkl\cc\% *& C\j gXi\ekj# \eÔ e# Xjjli\ek c\ kiXmX`c [\ cËflm\ikli\ Xlo Xlki\j% :\ ]X`jXek# `cj `ek ^i\ek c\li \e]Xek ~ le \em`ifee\d\ek ]Xd`c`Xc \k jfZ`Xc% CX gXi\ekXc`k X[fgk`m\ \jk ZfeZ\ie \ gXi Z\j ]feZk`fej m`j$~$m`j [\ cË\e]Xek# dX`j Xm\Z Z\Z` [\ gXik`Zlc`\i hlË\cc\ jË\o\iZ\ Xl i\^Xi[ [Ë\e]Xekj hl` [`jgfj\ek [Ë ½ le\ fgk`fe jlggc d\ekX`i\ ¾% C\j gXi\ekj X[fgk`]j e\ g\lm\ek gXj ]X`i\ cË Zfefd`\ [\ cË_`jkf`i\ gi $X[fgk`m\ [\ c\li \e]Xek hl` `dgXZk\ c\ gjpZ_`jd\ [\j lej \k [\j Xlki\j XYXe[fe# ilgkli\j# g\ik\j \k [\l`cj % CËX[fgk`fe [`k\ ½ kXi[`m\ ¾ [fee\ ~ cË\o\iZ`Z\ [\j ]feZk`fej gXi\ekXc\j [ Zi`k\j Z`$[\jjlj [\j ZXiXZk i`jk`hl\j jg Z`Ô hl\j hl` [\dXe[\ek ~ kflj# \e]Xek \k gXi\ekj# [\ ]X`i\ gi\lm\ [Ële\ gXik`Zlc` i\ jflgc\jj\ gjpZ_`hl\% Cfijhl\ cËX[fgkXek \ \jk Z c`YXkX`i\# cË\o\iZ`Z\ [\ cX gXi\ekXc`k \jk gclj jlYk`c \eZfi\%

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Mon adoption Mon adoption aux Philippines aux Philippines K df`^eX^\ [\ cX d i\ [Ële g\k`k ^Xi fe X[fgk ~ , Xej Xlo G_`c`gg`e\j GXiZ\ hl\ kflk X le Zfdd\eZ\d\ek# a\ [`iX`j hl\ c\ d`\e jË\jk gXjj le (0 al`e# afli f aËX` [fee cX m`\ ~ le\ g\k`k\ Ôcc\ 2 Z\ afli$c~# a\ e\ jXmX`j gXj hl\ Z\ j\iX`k cËle`hl\ ]f`j% Hl\chl\j Xee \j gclj kXi[# cX YilkXc`k [\ hl\chl\j dfkj gifefeZ j jXej d eX^\d\ek ½ AË\jg i\ hl\ mflj Xm\q [\j ^fjj\j gXiZ\ hl\ mflj eË\e Xli\q gclj ¾% Kflk [\ jl`k\ [\j Z`ZXki`Z\j ~ cË d\# Xl Zfigj \k Xl ZÅli dX`j ^Xc\d\ek c\ Y\jf`e ]XiflZ_\ [\ e\ gXj XZZ\gk\i X# [\ j\ YXkki\# [\ j\ i\Zfejkil`i\ \k [\ ]X`i\ le g`\[ [\ e\q Xl [\jk`e% Le dXk`e# le Zflii`\i gXik Xl Zfej\`c ^ e iXc 1 cËX^i d\ek Xl Yflk [\ e\l] df`j gfli le \e]Xek \eki\ q if \k kif`j Xej% DX`j mf`c~# eflj e\ Zfccfej gXj ~ cX i Xc`k # \k eflj eflj _\likfej iXg`[\d\ek Xlo \o`^\eZ\j [\j gXpj gXik\eX`i\j [\ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\% CËX^i d\ek e\ Zfcc\ gXj# fe \jk kifg m`\lo# fe e\ g\lk gXj i\jk\i kif`j df`j [Xej le gXpj# fe \jk kifg ^ifj# eflj eËXmfej gXj ]X`k Xjj\q [Ë kl[\j¿ C\j gfik\j ZcXhl\ek m`fc\dd\ek [\mXek eflj# fe j\ Zf^e\ Xlo dlij# fe j\ gi\e[ [ a~ [\j Zflgj 2 eflj e\ jfdd\j gXj gi gXi j ~ X# dX`j eflj eËXmfej gXj cË_XY`kl[\ [\ YX`jj\i c\j YiXj¿ fe c`k# fe Zflk\# fe gXic\# fe hl\jk`fee\# fe \ek\e[ kflk \k eË`dgfik\ hlf`# fe ]X`k c\ ki` \k fe i\Zfdd\eZ\% Fe i\gi\e[ i\e[\q$mflj Xm\Z c\ Zfej\`c ^ e iXc \k fe ]X`k df[`Ô\i cËX^i d\ek [\ q if ~ j\gk Xej% @c ]Xlk c\ [`i\# ~ hlXiXek\ Xej# `c e\ ]Xlk gXj i m\i 1 c\j ZflZ_\j \k c\j Y`Y\ifej# fe c\j cX`jj\ Xlo gclj a\le\j%%% Eflj mf`c~ i\gXik`j Xm\Z efki\ eflm\c X^i d\ek% G\e[Xek Z\ k\dgj eflj Xmfej \eÔe i ljj` ~ i le`i kflk\j c\j `e]fidXk`fej jli cËX[fgk`fe Xlo G_`c`gg`e\j# c\ gXpj Xlhl\c eflj Xm`fej `dd [`Xk\d\ek g\ej # Z\cl` hl` Zfii\jgfe[ ~ efki\ gXjj ]Xd`c`Xc% Hl\chl\j df`j gclj kXi[ \k Xgi j [\lo fl kif`j [fZld\ekj Zfdgc d\ekX`i\j# c\j G_`c`gg`e\j XZZ\gk\ek efki\ [fjj`\i% :Ë kX`k le (* Xf k 1 le afli# eflj [\m`\e[i`fej gXi\ekj [Ële \e]Xek \eki\ q if \k j\gk Xej# ^Xi fe fl Ôcc\% Le\ Z_fj\ kX`k Z\ikX`e\ 1 le\ ]f`j XZZ\gk j# `c eËp XmX`k gclj hlË~ Xkk\e[i\ ZXi# Xm\Z Z\ gXpj# ('' [\j [fjj`\ij XZZ\gk j jfek XggXi\ek j%

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8 j\j Z k j# [\j dXd`\j j\ [`j\ek Ô i\d\ek hl\ j` c\lij \e]Xekj XmX`\ek mflcl c\ ]X`i\ \lo$ d d\j# `c eËXliX`k gXj k j` gXi]X`k# hlË`c \jk Xljj` [`]Ô Z`c\ hl\ jfe gXgX gfli cX eflii`kli\ \k X`d\ c\j ^iXkkX^\j [\ [fj Zfdd\ jX dXdXe% 8 j\j Z k j# a\ jl`j [\m\el\# g\k`k ~ g\k`k# cX dXdXe [Ële g\k`k ^Xi fe% AËX` k\cc\d\ek Xggi`j \e le Xe 2 kflj c\j aflij `c d\ [fee\ [\ cËXdfli gXi j\j Z c`ej OOC# gXi j\j g\k`k\j Xkk\ek`fej Xl hlfk`[`\e# kflaflij le\ g\k`k\ Õ \li ~ cX dX`e fl le [\jj`e hl` i\gi j\ek\ j` Y`\e c\ Yfe_\li hl\ eflj m`mfej% @c \jk ^XcXek# X`d\ Zfdgc`d\ek\i dX Zl`j`e\ cfijhlË`c cËXggi Z`\# d\ [`k kflj c\j aflij hlË`c dËX`d\# dË\emf`\ [\j ½ jË`c k\ gcX k dXdXe [ËXdfli ¾ \k jlikflk d\ ]X`k Zfdgi\e[i\ hlË`c \jk _\li\lo Xm\Z eflj% 8 efj Z k j# `c jË gXefl`k Z_Xhl\ afli# X gi`j ZfeÔ XeZ\ \e cl` \k jËXlkfi`j\ dX`ek\eXek ~ X`d\i ~ eflm\Xl% @c X`d\ i\Z\mf`i Z\ hlËfe cl` [fee\# gi gXi\ jfe Xee`m\ijX`i\# jËXlkfi`j\ ~ eflj [`i\ Z\ hlË`c X`d\iX`k i\Z\mf`i \e ZX[\Xl# eËX aXdX`j flYc` jX EXeXp \k \e gXic\ hlfk`[`\ee\d\ek% @c X`d\ ]fcc\d\ek jX ^iXe[\ jÅli# X [\j ZfgX`ej [Ë Zfc\ X[fiXYc\j# X`d\ Xmf`i le\ ]Xd`cc\# X`d\ cfijhl\ c\j ^\ej m`\ee\ek [fid`i ~ cX dX`jfe¿ A\ Zif`j hlË`c X`d\ kflk j`dgc\d\ek cX m`\% Cfijhl\ a\ c\ i\^Xi[\# a\ d\ [`j hl\ Z\k \e]Xek X [ Xmf`i le\ afc`\ dXdXe Xm\Z le ZÅli `dd\ej\% :fdd\ek e\ gXj g\ej\i ~ \cc\ 6 :Ë\jk `dgfjj`Yc\# \cc\ cl` X [fee cX m`\ \k# aË\e jl`j Z\ikX`e\# cËX X`d efid d\ek gfli hlË~ eflm\Xl Z\ g\k`k ^Xi fe jf`k Xljj` gXefl` Xlafli[Ë_l`% ;`dXeZ_\# c\ afli [\ cX ] k\ [\j d i\j# le\ gXik`\ [\ dfe ZÅli j\iX Xlo G_`c`gg`e\j% A\ mfl[iX`j [`i\ ~ kflj hl\ cËXkk\ek\# Xljj` cfe^l\ jf`k$\cc\# X le j\ej 2 a\ mfl[iX`j f]]i`i Z\k Xee`m\ijX`i\ ~ kflj c\j ZÅlij [Ë\e]Xekj \k [\ gXi\ekj \e Xkk\ek\ [ËXdfli% D\iZ` ~ kf` dfe Ô cj [Ëf]]i`i ~ dfe ZÅli kXek [ËXdfli \k [ËX`d\i cX m`\ hl\ cËfe k\ [fee\%

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Introduction Introduction C\ Zfek\ok\ \k cË mfclk`fe [\ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\ \e 8j`\ I\dXihl\ c`d`eX`i\ 1 C\ Zfek\el [\ Z\ c`mi\k ZfeZ\ie\ cËX[fgk`fe \e 8j`\ \e ^ e iXc [Xej cX [ Z\ee`\ )'('# hl\ c\j ZXe[`[Xkj ~ cËX[fgk`fe jf`\ek XZZfdgX^e j gXi cË8=8# gXi le F88 fi^Xe`jd\ Xlkfi`j gfli cËX[fgk`fe fl \e [ dXiZ_\ `e[`m`[l\cc\% C\ g\k`k \e]Xek m\el [Ë8j`\ Zfejk`kl\ jflm\ek le [ j`i ki j ]fik\d\ek XeZi [Xej cË`dX^`eX`i\ [\j ZXe[`[Xkj ~ cËX[fgk`fe# \k c\ efdYi\ [\ ZXe[`[Xkj [ j`i\lo [Ëfi`\ek\i c\li [fjj`\i m\ij cË8j`\ [l Jl[$\jk e\ Z\jj\ [ËXl^d\ek\i% <e gXiXcc c\# c\j XZk\lij [\ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\ e\ g\lm\ek hl\ ZfejkXk\i le\ YX`jj\ [l efdYi\ [ËX[fgk`fej i Xc`j \j [Xej Z\j gXpj# Zi Xek le [ j hl`c`Yi\ hl` \e^\e[i\ ]iljkiXk`fej \k [`]Ô Zlck j gfli c\j ]Xd`cc\j X[fgkXek\j ]iXe X`j\j% C\ efdYi\ [ËX[fgk`fej [Xej c\j gXpj [Ë8j`\ X ]fik\d\ek [`d`el [liXek cX [\ie` i\ [ Z\ee`\% C\ M`\keXd X# X`ej`# \ei\^`jki le\ YX`jj\ [\ -( \eki\ )'', \k )''0% <e :_`e\# Z\kk\ YX`jj\ \jk [\ .. # +- gfli cX K_X cXe[\# fl \eZfi\ *) gfli c\ :XdYf[^\ \eki\ )''- \k )''0(% :\kk\ k\e[XeZ\ gif]fe[\ \k kiXej]ifekXc` i\ [ gXjj\ c\j gXik`ZlcXi`k j [\ Z_XZle [\j gXpj% ;l E gXc Xlo G_`c`gg`e\j# [l Ji` CXebX ~ cX :_`e\# cX i Xc`k \jk cX d d\ 1 `c p X Xlafli[Ë_l` [\ df`ej \e df`ej [Ë\e]Xekj gifgfj j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\% C\j iX`jfej [\ Z\ g_ efd e\ jfek [flYc\j 1 ;Ële\ gXik# c\ [ m\cfgg\d\ek [\ Z\j gXpj g\id\k ~ [\ efdYi\lj\j ]Xd`cc\j [\ e\ gclj ki\ ZfekiX`ek\j [ËXYXe[fee\i c\li \e]Xek gfli dfk`]j Zfefd`hl\j le\ [\j iX`jfej c\j gclj `emfhl \j gXi c\j d i\j XYXe[feeXek c\li \e]Xek % 8`ej`# cËXd c`fiXk`fe [\j Zfe[`k`fej [\ m`\ [\j ]Xd`cc\j df[\jk\j c\li g\id\k [Ë c\m\i \cc\j$d d\j c\lij \e]Xekj hl`# XlgXiXmXek# XliX`\ek k XYXe[fee j [l ]X`k [\ Z`iZfejkXeZ\j dXk i`\cc\j%

( $ :_`]]i\j [l J\im`Z\ [\ cË8[fgk`fe @ek\ieXk`feXc\# D`e`jk i\ [\j 8]]X`i\j <kiXe^ i\j# =iXeZ\# )'((%

14


;ËXlki\ gXik# eflj Xjj`jkfej [\gl`j gclj`\lij Xee \j ~ le\ ]fik\ Xl^d\ekXk`fe [\j X[fgk`fej eXk`feXc\j [Xej c\j gXpj [Ë8j`\% Cfe^k\dgj kXYfl\ [l gf`ek [\ ml\ Zlckli\c# cËX[fgk`fe Y e ÔZ`\ Xlafli[Ë_l` [l Z_Xe^\d\ek gif^i\jj`] [\j dÅlij Xl j\`e [\j jfZ` k j Xj`Xk`hl\j% Le [\j gXpj g_Xi\j [Xej Z\ [fdX`e\ \jk cX :_`e\# hl` X d`j \e gcXZ\ [Ë`dgfikXekj dfp\ej [\ gifdfk`fe [\ cËX[fgk`fe Xlgi j [\ j\j ZfeZ`kfp\ej# efkXdd\ek Xgi j c\ ki\dYc\d\ek [\ k\ii\ [l J`Z_lXe \e dX` )''/# \e^\e[iXek le\ ]fik\ Xl^d\ekXk`fe [\ cËX[fgk`fe eXk`feXc\% <e Zfej hl\eZ\# cfijhl\ cËfe Zflgc\ c\j g_ efd e\j [\ [`d`elk`fe [l efdYi\ [ËXYXe[fej \k cËXl^d\ekXk`fe [\j Z_`]]i\j [\ cËX[fgk`fe eXk`feXc\# `c XggXiX k hl\ cX YX`jj\ [l efdYi\ [Ë\e]Xekj gifgfj j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\ \jk `e clZkXYc\% Fe e\ g\lk hl\ j\ i afl`i [l ]X`k hl\ Z\j \e]Xekj X`\ek cX gfjj`Y`c`k [\ ^iXe[`i Xl j\`e [\ c\li ]Xd`cc\ \k hlË`cj i\jk\ek [Xej c\li gifgi\ gXpj dX`j Z\kk\ k\e[XeZ\ i\e[ cËX[fgk`fe gclj [`]ÔZ`c\ gfli c\j kiXe^\ij# Xm\Z le Xccfe^\d\ek j`^e`ÔZXk`] [\j [ cX`j \k le\ c`d`kXk`fe [l efdYi\ [\ [fjj`\ij [ gfj j gXi c\j fg iXk\lij% 8`ej`# eflj gflmfej ZfejkXk\i hl\ c\ efdYi\ [Ë\e]Xekj X[fgkXYc\j YX`jj\# dX`j eflj fYj\imfej ^Xc\d\ek le Z_Xe^\d\ek [\j ZXiXZk i`jk`hl\j [\j \e]Xekj gifgfj j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\% C\j ZXiXZk i`jk`hl\j [\j \e]Xekj gifgfj j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\ jfek [`]] i\ek\j \e ]feZk`fe [l gXpj m\ij c\hl\c fe fi`\ek\ jfe [fjj`\i# dX`j hl\chl\j k\e[XeZ\j Zfddle\j d\i^\ek% Kflk [ËXYfi[# c\ efdYi\ [Ë\e]Xekj X[fgkXYc\j [\ df`ej [\ kif`j Xej# \e Yfee\ jXek # \jk \e ]fik\ YX`jj\# \k Z\ [Xej kflj c\j gXpj% C\j XZk\lij jËXZZfi[\ek d d\ ~ [`i\ hl\# ~ cË`ejkXi [\ efdYi\lo gXpj [Ë<lifg\ [\ cË<jk# c\j g\k`kj \e]Xekj \e Yfee\ jXek e\ j\ifek gclj gifgfj j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\ ~ dfp\e k\id\# dX`j X[fgk j Xl e`m\Xl eXk`feXc% @c ]Xlk ^Xc\d\ek ^Xi[\i \e d df`i\ hl\ c\j \e]Xekj \e YXj ^\ hl` fek k X[fgk j \e )'(' \k )'(( gXi [\j ]Xd`cc\j ]iXe X`j\j cËfek k [Xej c\ ZX[i\ [\ [ dXiZ_\j [ËX[fgk`fej `e`k` \j \e )''- fl )''.# cfijhl\ cX i Xc`k [\ cËX[fgk`fe kX`k \eZfi\ kflk Xlki\% C\j [fjj`\ij [ gfj j Xlafli[Ë_l` gfli Z\ kpg\ [Ë\e]Xekj gfliifek Xmf`i gclj [\ [`]ÔZlck j ~ XYflk`i ~ cË_fi`qfe )'(,$)'(-# ZXi cX k\e[XeZ\ ~ cX YX`jj\ [l efdYi\ [Ë\e]Xekj X[fgkXYc\j [\ df`ej [\ kif`j Xej j\ j\iX \eZfi\ XZZ\ekl \% CX [\lo` d\ k\e[XeZ\ i\cXk`m\ Xlo ZXiXZk i`jk`hl\j [\j \e]Xekj gifgfj j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\ \jk cËXl^d\ekXk`fe [\ cX gifgfik`fe [Ë\e]Xekj ~ Y\jf`ej jg Z`Ôhl\j# [`kj ½ jg\Z`Xc e\\[j ¾% CX [ Ôe`k`fe [\j gXik`ZlcXi`k j mXi`\ [Ële gXpj ~ cËXlki\# dX`j c\ kifeZ Zfddle \jk `[\ek`hl\ 1 Z\ jfek [\j \e]Xekj ^iXe[j [\ gclj [\ - Xej# [\j ]iXki`\j [\ kif`j \e]Xekj \k gclj# [\j \e]Xekj XpXek le\ _`jkf`i\ cfli[\ fl jk`^dXk`jXek\# fl Xkk\`ekj [\ gXk_fcf^`\j d [`ZXc\j% 15


D d\ j` c\j Zfekflij [\ cX ^iXm`k [\j gXk_fcf^`\j d [`ZXc\j i\eZfeki \j Z_\q c\j \e]Xekj jg\Z`Xc e\\[j jfek Õ flj \k mXi`XYc\j# `c \jk `e[ e`XYc\ hl\ kflj Z\j \e]Xekj e Z\jj`k\ek jflm\ek le jl`m` d [`ZXc [ j c\li Xii`m \ \e =iXeZ\% Hl\ cË\e]Xek jfl]]i\ [\ ZXi[`fgXk_`\# [Ë_ gXk`k\ 9# [Ële Y\Z [\ c` mi\ fl [\ g`\[j Yfkj# c\j Xlkfi`k j [l gXpj ZfeZ\ie fek jflm\ek [\j [`]Ô Zlck j ~ kiflm\i [\j ]Xd`cc\j Xl j\`e [\ c\li gXpj \k Z\j \e]Xekj jfek jpjk dXk`hl\d\ek gifgfj j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\% C\j gXpj [Ëfi`^`e\ jfek kflk ~ ]X`k ZfejZ`\ekj [\ Z\k kXk [\ ]X`k \k e\ g\lm\ek hl\ ZfejkXk\i cX YX`jj\ [l efdYi\ [Ë\e]Xekj X[fgkXYc\j% 8Ô e [\ e\ gXj j\ kiflm\i jlYd\i^ \j [\ [\dXe[\j Xlohl\cc\j \cc\j e\ gfliiX`\ek i gfe[i\# c\j Xlkfi`k j [\j gXpj [Ë8j`\ c`d`k\ek c\ efdYi\ [\ [fjj`\ij hl` c\li jfek \emfp j gXi c\j fg iXk\lij% CX gclgXik ^ e iXc`j\ c\j gfc`k`hl\j [\ hlfkXj# XÔ e [\ c`d`k\i c\ efdYi\ [\ [ g kj [\ [fjj`\ij gfli c\j \e]Xekj g\k`kj \k \e Yfee\ jXek % CX :_`e\ ]X`k \oZ\gk`fe \k XZZ\gk\ \eZfi\ c\j [fjj`\ij [\j ZXe[`[Xkj jXej i\jki`Zk`fe hlXek`kXk`m\% C\j G_`c`gg`e\j lk`c`j\ek [\j dfiXkf`i\j gfli i ^lc\i c\ [ g k [\ eflm\Xlo [fjj`\ij# XÔ e hl\ c\j eflm\cc\j ZXe[`[Xkli\j jf`\ek \e X[ hlXk`fe Xm\Z c\j \e]Xekj gifgfj j% @c \jk ~ efk\i kflk\]f`j hl\ c\j [fjj`\ij gfli cËX[fgk`fe [Ë\e]Xekj jg\Z`Xc e\\[j e\ jfek gXj# \e ^ e iXc# jfld`j ~ i\jki`Zk`fej% :\kk\ \o\dgk`fe Zfejk`kl\ cX gXi]X`k\ `ccljkiXk`fe [\ cË`dgfikXeZ\ ^iXe[`jjXek\ XZZfi[ \ gXi Z\j gXpj ~ cËX[fgk`fe [\ c\lij \e]Xekj jg\Z`Xc e\\[j% <e ZfeZclj`fe# cËX[fgk`fe [Xej c\j gXpj [Ë8j`\ [\m`\ek [\ gclj \e gclj [`]Ô Z`c\ gfli c\j ZXe[`[Xkj# d d\ j` \cc\ eË\jk gfli cË`ejkXek gXj i\d`j\ \e ZXlj\% 8ljj`# c\j ]Xd`cc\j [f`m\ek$ \cc\j jËXid\i [\ gXk`\eZ\ \k [Ëflm\ikli\ [Xej c\lij [ dXiZ_\j [ËX[fgk`fe [Xej Z\j gXpj%

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J` c\j ZXe[`[Xkj c\ [ Z`[\ek# j`^eXkli\ [Ële gifa\k [\ d`j\ \e i\cXk`fe GDI Xm\Z cË8=8% :fddle`ZXk`fe Xlo ZXe[`[Xkj [l [fjj`\i [\ cË\e]Xek Xl j` ^\ [\ cË8=8 \e ZfeZ\ikXk`fe Xm\Z c\ i [XZk\li \e Z_Xi^\ [l [fjj`\i# c\ i ] i\ek <9J [l [fjj`\i X`ej` hl\ c\ d [\Z`e \k&fl c\ gjpZ_fcf^l\ [\ cË8=8 % ; cX` [\ i Õ \o`fe&[\dXe[\ [\ Zfdgc d\ekj Xl gXpj [Ëfi`^`e\ [\ cË\e]Xek% J` c\j ZXe[`[Xkj ZfeÔ id\ek c\li jfl_X`k [ËX[fgk\i cË\e]Xek 1 `e]fidXk`fe Zi`k\ Xl gXpj ZfeZ\ie \k Zfejk`klk`fe [l [fjj`\i Zfdgc\k [\ ZXe[`[Xkli\% J afli jli gcXZ\# Ô eXc`jXk`fe [\ cËX[fgk`fe \k jl`m` gfjk$X[fgk`fe%

J aflij [Ë k [Ë\e]Xekj ^iXe[j :\ikX`ej gXpj jfl_X`k\ek gifdflmf`i \k ]XZ`c`k\i cËX[fgk`fe [Ë\e]Xekj ^iXe[j mf`i\ ki j ^iXe[j \e d\kkXek \e gcXZ\ [\j gif^iXdd\j ki j jg Z`Ô hl\j% CX :fcfdY`\# gXi \o\dgc\# \e XZZfi[ Xm\Z c\ J\im`Z\ [\ cË8[fgk`fe @ek\ieXk`feXc\# X d`j \e gcXZ\ le gif^iXdd\ ½ MXZXZ`fe\j [\ M\iXef ¾ mXZXeZ\j [Ë k # Zfej`jkXek \e le j afli [Ë\e]Xekj ZfcfdY`\ej X[fgkXYc\j# ^ j [\ / ~ () Xej# [liXek cË k \k gfli le\ g i`f[\ [\ * j\dX`e\j% :\ gif^iXdd\# Xlhl\c X gXik`Z`g cË8=8# [fee\ cËfggfikle`k ~ hl\chl\j \e]Xekj ZfcfdY`\ej [\ ZfeeX ki\ le\ \og i`\eZ\ [\ mXZXeZ\j ~ cË kiXe^\i Xm\Z# Zfdd\ `jjl\ gfjj`Yc\# le\ X[fgk`fe Xgi j Y`\e m`[\dd\ek le [ cX` [\ i Õ \o`fe \k c\ i\Zl\`c [\j Xm`j [\ Z_XZle % ;\j gif^iXdd\j j`d`cX`i\j gfliiX`\ek# [\ cX d d\ dXe` i\# j\ [ m\cfgg\i ~ cË`e`k`Xk`m\ [\ Z\ikX`ej gXpj [Ë8j`\%

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CHAPITRE 1 : Les enfants Les enfants d’Asie d’Asie :fe[`k`fej [\ m`\ [\j \e]Xekj [Ë8j`\ 1 c\j \o\dgc\j [\ kif`j fig_\c`eXkj k_X cXe[X`j Dfe \og i`\eZ\ \e kXek hl\ Y e mfc\ ;\gl`j [\lo Xej# a\ m`j \e K_X cXe[\ ~ GXkkXpX% AËX` mflcl d\ j\ek`i lk`c\ \k aËX` [ Z`[ [\ [\m\e`i Y e mfc\ [Xej le fig_\c`eXk% ;\mXek c\ g\l [\ dfp\ej# aËX` [ Z`[ [ËX`[\i [\ dfe d`\lo c\j \e]Xekj gi j\ekj [Xej Z\k kXYc`jj\d\ek% A\ jl`j [feZ Y e mfc\ [\gl`j le Xe \k [\d` \k a\ mX`j Z_Xhl\ afli \oZ\gk c\ [`dXeZ_\ dËfZZlg\i [\ d\j ½ g\k`kj ¾% :\k fig_\c`eXk ^flm\ie\d\ekXc XZZl\`cc\ le\ jf`oXekX`e\ [Ë\e]Xekj [\ le ~ [`o$_l`k Xej% J\lc\ le\ g\k`k\ [`qX`e\ [Ë\e]Xekj jfek fig_\c`ej c\j [\lo gXi\ekj kXek [ Z [ j [\j jl`k\j [l j`[X % CX dXafi`k [\j \e]Xekj fek \eZfi\ c\li ]Xd`cc\ \k e\ jfek gXj X[fgkXYc\j 1 gfli cX gclgXik# c\j gXi\ekj jfek \e gi`jfe \k c\j ^iXe[j$gXi\ekj jfek kifg gXlmi\j gfli jlYm\e`i ~ c\lij Y\jf`ej \k&fl kifg cf`e efi[ [\ cX K_X cXe[\# fl d d\ CXfj fl :XdYf[^\ % GXi]f`j# cX ]Xd`cc\ e\ jX`k gXj hl\ c\j \e]Xekj jfek XZZl\`cc`j [Xej Z\k kXYc`jj\d\ek% 9\XlZflg [\ Z\j \e]Xekj jfek dXcX[\j _ gXk`k\j# ?@M¿ % CËfig_\c`eXk \dgcf`\ Z`eh g\ijfee\j [fek [\lo m`m\ek ~ cËfig_\c`eXk% @c p X ki j g\l [\ Y e mfc\j%

Le\ aflie \ kpg\ C\j \e]Xekj j\ c\mXek k k# aËXii`m\ [\ ki j Yfee\ _\li\ XÔ e [ËX`[\i ~ cX gi gXiXk`fe [l g\k`k [ a\le\i hl`# cX gclgXik [l k\dgj# j\ Zfdgfj\ [\ i`q 2 j\lcj c\j gclj a\le\j fek le\ Yi`hl\kk\ [\ cX`k% :\ikX`ej a\le\j \e]Xekj fek [l dXc ~ j\ i m\`cc\i# a\ c\j X`[\ ~ jfik`i [l c`k% AËX` kflaflij le g`eZ\d\ek Xl ZÅli hlXe[ aË\eki\ [Xej c\j Z_XdYi\j% M`e^k$Z`eh ~ ki\ek\ \e]Xekj [fid\ek [Xej cX d d\ Z_XdYi\# Z\ikX`ej [Xej c\ d d\ c`k# [ËXlki\j ~ d d\ c\ jfc jli [\j kXg`j% C\j Ô cc\j \k c\j ^Xi fej [fid\ek [Xej [\j Z_XdYi\j j gXi \j% 18


C\j \e]Xekj eËfek gXj c\ k\dgj [\ kiX e\i# `c ]Xlk j\ gi gXi\i iXg`[\d\ek% ;`i\Zk`fe cX [flZ_\# fl Z\ hl` j\ik [\ jXcc\ [\ YX`ej# Xm\Z le j`dgc\ klpXl [ËXiifjX^\% :\ikX`ej \e]Xekj i\Z_`^e\ek ~ j\ [flZ_\i ZXi Z\cX j\ ]X`k \e Zfcc\Zk`m`k # XlZle\ `ek`d`k eË\jk gfjj`Yc\% Le\ ]f`j cXm j# c\ i\gXj \jk gi`j# gl`j cX gclgXik [\j \e]Xekj dfek\ek [Xej c\ Ylj [`i\Zk`fe cË Zfc\% <k# ~ Z_Xhl\ ]f`j# c\ d d\ i`kl\c 1 c\j \e]Xekj d\ ]fek le Y`jfl \e dfekXek [Xej c\ Ylj% C\j gclj ^iXe[j kXek ~ cË Zfc\# a\ g\lo Xcfij dËfZZlg\i [\j gclj g\k`kj% :Ë\jk ~ eflm\Xl c\ i\gXj# gl`j cX [flZ_\# dX`j c~ jflj ]fid\ [\ a\lo 1 fe jËXdlj\ ~ j\ dfl`cc\i# fe i`k Y\XlZflg# \ejl`k\ m`\ek c\ dfd\ek [\j a\lo% Jflm\ek aËXccld\ cX iX[`f# fe Z_Xek\ \k fe [Xej\% G\e[Xek Z\ k\dgj# c\j \dgcfp \j e\ Z_ d\ek gXj ZXi \cc\j gi gXi\ek c\ i\gXj [l d`[`# ]fek c\ i\gXjjX^\ \k e\kkf`\ek c\j cfZXlo% 8 d`[`# eflj [ a\lefej kflj \ej\dYc\# jflm\ek [\ jflg\j Xm\Z Y\XlZflg [\ c ^ld\j \k g\l [\ gifk `e\j% M\ij (+ _# c\j g\k`kj i\^Xi[\ek cX k c m`j`fe \k ]fek cX j`\jk\% AË\e gifÔk\ gfli [fee\i le Zflg [\ dX`e Xlo \dgcfp \j% 8l i m\`c [\j g\k`kj cflcflj# fe ]X`k jflm\ek [\j [\jj`ej fl [\j g\`ekli\j dX`j Z\ikX`ej gi ] i\ek afl\i j\lcj% 8 (- _# c\j gclj ^iXe[j Xii`m\ek c\j lej Xgi j c\j Xlki\j ZXi cË Zfc\ \jk k\id`e \ \k c~# Ôe` c\ ZXcd\# X Zflik [Xej kflj c\j j\ej :\ikX`ej jfik\ek c\lij [\mf`ij \k \jjX`\ek [\ kiflm\i le Zf`e le g\l ZXcd\ gfli kl[`\i# dX`j Z\ eË\jk gXj ]XZ`c\¿ CX gclgXik j\dYc\ gi ] i\i afl\i# [`jZlk\i fl jËfZZlg\i [\j gclj a\le\j# ZË\jk Y\Xl [\ mf`i Z\kk\ \ekiX`[\% M\ij cX Ôe [\ cËXgi j d`[`# ZË\jk cX gi gXiXk`fe gl`j cX [`jki`Ylk`fe [l i\gXj 2 \eÔe# [flZ_\ \k d`j\ \e gpaXdX# [\j g\k`kj Z c`ej# \k dX aflie \ \jk Ôe`\¿ :_Xhl\ afli \jk Xl ÔeXc Xjj\q i g k`k`]# dX`j Zfdd\ek j\ cXjj\i [\j jfli`i\j# [\j Y`jflj [\ Z\j g\k`kj 6

Dfe \og i`\eZ\ [Xej le fig_\c`eXk [\ 9Xe^bfb >i Z\ ~ ½ FiZ_`[ \ =Xd`cc\j ¾# aËX` \l cËfZZXj`fe# [liXek cË k )''-# [\ kiXmX`cc\i g\e[Xek kif`j df`j \e K_X cXe[\ \e kXek hl\ mfcfekX`i\% :Ë\jk [Xej c\j fig_\c`eXkj \k [Xej [`]] i\ekj Z\eki\j jg Z`Xc`j j# \e g i`g_ i`\ [\ 9Xe^bfb# hl\ aËX` \ej\`^e cËXe^cX`j \k gi`j jf`e [\ Y Y j% AËX` \o\iZ dfe XZk`m`k [Xej j`o Z\eki\j j`kl j [Xej cX ZXg`kXc\ 1 [\lo ?fd\ =fi 9fpj# [\lo 9XY`\j ?fd\ \k [\lo Z\eki\j gfli a\le\j ]\dd\j% ;Xej cX gifm`eZ\ [\ EXZbfe$J`$KXdXiXk# Xl jl[ [\ cX K_X cXe[\ f aËX` j aflie g\e[Xek le\ j\dX`e\# aËX` gi`j jf`e [\ Y Y j Xl Z\eki\ [l 9XY`\j ?fd\%

19


D\j Zflij [ËXe^cX`j jËX[i\jjX`\ek ~ hl\chl\j d\dYi\j [l g\ijfee\c \k ~ [\j ^iflg\j [Ë\e]Xekj [\ kif`j ~ [`o$_l`k Xej% Dfe i c\ Xlgi j [\j Y Y j Zfej`jkX`k ~ c\j Z_Xe^\i# c\j eflii`i# ~ ]X`i\ c\li kf`c\kk\ \k# Y`\e j i# ~ afl\i Xm\Z \lo \k c\j Z c`e\i% D d\ j` dfe Zlijlj jZfcX`i\ e\ dËX gXj gi gXi ~ Z\ ^\ei\ [\ kiXmX`c# Z\ j afli X k gfli df` ki j \ei`Z_`jjXek% @c dËXliX j\ej`Y`c`j ~ [\j gifYc d\j [fek a\ eË mXclX`j gXj kflk\ cX ^iXm`k # ]X`k [ Zflmi`i le\ eflm\cc\ Zlckli\# le\ eflm\cc\ cXe^l\# \k [\ eflm\cc\j ZfeeX`jjXeZ\j% :\kk\ \og i`\eZ\ dËXliX g\id`j [\ d\ j\ek`i lk`c\# [\ i\gfj`k`fee\i hl\chl\j$le\j [\ d\j mXc\lij% AËX` ^Xc\d\ek \l [\j Z_Xe^\j ki j `ek i\jjXekj Xm\Z c\ g\ijfee\c [\j [`]] i\ekj Z\eki\j% AËX` \l cËfZZXj`fe [\ ½ m`mi\ ¾ gclj`\lij X[fgk`fej# j`klXk`fej hl` dË`ek i\jj\ek [`i\Zk\d\ek# kXek df`$d d\ [Ëfi`^`e\ Zfi \ee\ \k X[fgk gXi le\ ]Xd`cc\ ]iXe X`j\% G\ijfee\cc\d\ek# c\ ]X`k [Ë ki\ X[fgk e\ dËX aXdX`j i \cc\d\ek X]]\Zk % A\ gXic\ gXi]X`k\d\ek c\ ]iXe X`j# aËX` i\ l le\ [lZXk`fe ]iXe X`j\ 2 cX gclgXik [\ d\j Xd`j jfek ]iXe X`j# \k a\ eËX` aXdX`j \l [\ gifYc d\j [Ë`ek ^iXk`fe% A\ d\ Zfej`[ i\ =iXe X`j ~ gXik \ek` i\% :\g\e[Xek# a\ [f`j Xmfl\i hl\ Z\ mfpX^\ \e K_X cXe[\ e\ dËX gXj cX`jj `e[`]] i\ek 1 `c dËX iXggifZ_ [Ële\ 8j`\ gfli cXhl\cc\ a\ eËXmX`j gXj# aljhlË`Z`# [ËX]Ô e`k j\ek`d\ekXc\ gXik`Zlc` i\%

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33


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C\j Zfe[`k`fej [\ m`\ [\j \e]Xekj \e `ejk`klk`fe Xl M`\keXd :fdd\ Y\XlZflg [ËX[fgkXekj# XmXek [\ gXik`i Xl M`\keXd# eflj Xm`fej k\ek [ËXmf`i le dXo`dld [Ë`e]fidXk`fej jli cËfig_\c`eXk \k c\j Zfe[`k`fej [\ m`\ [\ efki\ \e]Xek% Eflj \e Xm`fej fYk\el# dX`j c\j `e]fidXk`fej i\Zl\`cc`\j gifm\eX`\ek [ËX[fgkXekj [Xej [ËXlki\j gifm`eZ\j fl [fek cX i\eZfeki\ Xm\Z c\li \e]Xek [XkX`k [ a~ le g\l% Kflk Z\cX gfli [`i\ hl\ Z_Xhl\ gifm`eZ\# mf`i\ Z_Xhl\ fig_\c`eXk# ]feZk`fee\ Xlafli[Ë_l` [`]] i\dd\ek Xl M`\keXd% Eflj jfdd\j Xcc j Z_\iZ_\i efki\ \e]Xek [Xej le Z\eki\ jfZ`Xc [\ cX m`cc\ [\ :Xf CXe [Xej cX Gifm`eZ\ [\ ;fe^ K_Xg% :\ Z\eki\ jfZ`Xc \jk m\i[fpXek \k Zfdgfj [\ hl\chl\j Y k`d\ekj \e i\q$[\$Z_Xljj \% :_Xhl\ Y k`d\ek _ Y\i^\ le glYc`Z [`]] i\ek 1 c\j Y Y j# c\j \e]Xekj jZfcXi`j j# c\j _Xe[`ZXg j# c\j m`\`ccXi[j¿ \k# Xl d`c`\l# c\ Y k`d\ek X[d`e`jkiXk`] f c\ [`i\Zk\li ]X`k le [`jZflij \e gi j\eZ\ [\j eflii`Z\j cfijhl\ c\j \e]Xekj gXik\ek Xm\Z c\j ]Xd`cc\j gfli cX i\d`j\ f]Ô Z`\cc\% C\ Y k`d\ek [\j Y Y j \jk Zfdgfj [\ kif`j [fikf`ij Xm\Z le\ g\k`k\ [`qX`e\ [\ c`kj cfijhl\ c\j Y Y j eËfek hl\ hl\chl\j df`j# `cj jfek ZflZ_ j [Xej [\j _XdXZj# \lo$d d\j jljg\e[lj [Xej c\j c`kj # le\ g` Z\ ~ cXe^\i# le\ Zl`j`e\ \k le\ jXcc\ [\ [ k\ek\ Xm\Z hl\chl\j afl\kj% C\j c`\lo jfek gifgi\j dX`j le g\l m kljk\j% 8l ]li \k ~ d\jli\ [\j X[fgk`fej# c\j Zfe[`k`fej [\ m`\ [\j \e]Xekj jËXd c`fi\ek% ;\j dfljk`hlX`i\j fek k XZ_\k \j% 8l dfd\ek [\ efki\ m\el\# cËXZ_Xk [Ële\ mf`kli\ kX`k gi ml gfli \dd\e\i c\j \e]Xekj cfijhl\ Z\lo$Z` kX`\ek dXcX[\j% <e \]]\k# `cj e\ gflmX`\ek Zfdgk\i aljhlË~ gi j\ek hl\ jli cX m\el\ Y`d\ejl\cc\ [Ële\ `eÔ id` i\ hl` j\ [ gcX X`k ~ m cf% Cfijhl\ eflj p k`fej# `c p XmX`k le\ m`e^kX`e\ [Ë\e]Xekj [\ df`ej [\ hlXki\ Xej \ekfli j gXi hlXki\ eflii`Z\j# \cc\j$d d\j \eZX[i \j gXi le\ eflii`Z\ i\jgfejXYc\% Eflj Xmfej gl ZfejkXk\i hlË\cc\j kX`\ek XkkXZ_ \j Xlo \e]Xekj [fek \cc\j jËfZZlgX`\ek ZXi# Xl dfd\ek [\ cX j gXiXk`fe [ËXm\Z c\j \e]Xekj# \cc\j kX`\ek ki j dl\j% C\j \e]Xekj kX`\ek gifgi\j# Xm\Z [\ afc`\j g\Xlo p Zfdgi`j c\j ]\jj\j \k X gi`fi` _XY`cc j Xm\Z c\j [fej [\ m k\d\ekj%

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CHAPITRE 2 : LaLasanté des santé des enfants en Asie enfants en Asie Le\ mfclk`fe j\ej`Yc\ XggXiX k \e 8j`\# Xm\Z le efdYi\ Zif`jjXek [Ë\e]Xekj ~ Y\jf`ej jg Z`Ôhl\j ZfeÔ j ~ cËX[fgk`fe `ek\ieXk`feXc\ gXi c\j [`]] i\ekj gXpj% CX dXafi`k [\j [fjj`\ij [\j \e]Xekj gifgfj j g\lk ki\ Zfej`[ i \ Zfdd\ ÔXYc\# d d\ j` Z\j [fjj`\ij jfek gclj fl df`ej Zfdgc\kj j\cfe c\j gXpj% CX [ Zflm\ik\ [\ gXk_fcf^`\j efe mfhl \j [Xej c\ [fjj`\i \jk iXi\ dX`j g\lk kflk\]f`j \o`jk\i 1 c\j k df`^eX^\j jl`mXekj g\id\kkifek Xlo ]Xd`cc\j [Ë\e gi\e[i\ ZfejZ`\eZ\ \k [\ j\ gi gXi\i ~ Z\kk\ m\eklXc`k %

Hl\chl\j k df`^eX^\j ; Zflm\ik\ [Ële gifYc d\ [\ jXek ]fikl`k Eflj jfdd\j c\j gXi\ekj c\j gclj _\li\lo ZXi eflj Xmfej \l cX Z_XeZ\ [ËX[fgk\i Xl M`\keXd# `c p X le Xe [ a~# le Y\Xl Y Y [\ ki\`q\ df`j% DX`j eflj Xmfej [ Zflm\ik c\ afli [\ cX i\d`j\ f]ÔZ`\cc\ hl\ efki\ Y Y XmX`k le g`\[ mXilj# jXej p ki\ gi gXi j ZXi g\ijfee\ eËXmX`k i`\e ml 8lafli[Ë_l`# efki\ \e]Xek ^ [\ [\lo Xej \k [\d` \jk \e Yfee\ jXek \k X ]X`k [Ë efid\j gif^i j# `c dXiZ_\ \k Zflik efidXc\d\ek# ]X`k [\ cX kifkk`e\kk\ \k [l ki`ZpZc\% Efki\ Y Y XmX`k m Zl le Xe [Ëfig_\c`eXk# kX`k dXcelki`# eË kX`k aXdX`j jfik` [\ jX Z_XdYi\ \k X [ Zflm\ik [Ële j\lc Zflg c\ dfe[\ \ok i`\li% Hl\ [ËXe^f`jj\j c\ d d\ afli gfli le Y Y =XZ\ ~ Z\kk\ j`klXk`fe `eXkk\e[l\# eflj Xmfej k ki j Zfek\ekj [ËXmf`i k XZZfdgX^e j gXi cË8=8 g\e[Xek kflk\ cX gifZ [li\ \k jlikflk hlXe[ eflj k`fej Xl M`\keXd% Mf`Z` c\j [`]ÔZlck j hl\ eflj Xmfej i\eZfeki \j% C\ jf`i# ~ efki\ _ k\c Xm\Z efki\ Y Y # eflj k`fej hl\chl\ g\l Xe^f`jj j ZXi g\ijfee\ eËXmX`k i\dXihl Z\ _Xe[`ZXg XlgXiXmXek# gXj d d\ cX Zc`e`hl\ hl` XmX`k ml c\ Y Y ~ gclj`\lij i\gi`j\j gfli ]X`i\ c\j mXZZ`ej \k c\ Y`cXe [\ jXek %

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C\ afli [\ cX i\d`j\ f]Ô Z`\cc\# aËXmX`j i\dXihl hlËle [\j g`\[j kX`k [ ]fid # dX`j kflk jË\jk gXjj k\cc\d\ek m`k\ df`ej [Ële\ _\li\ Eflj eËXmfej gl i\eZfeki\i cX eflefl hl` jËfZZlgX`k [\ efki\ Y Y # e` mf`i jX Z_XdYi\ XÔ e [\ ZfeeX ki\ jfe le`m\ij# j\j g\k`k\j _XY`kl[\j# jfe kXk [\ jXek # j\j g\lij¿ i`\e [\ kflk Z\cX% CX i\d`j\ f]Ô Z`\cc\ e\ Zfii\jgfe[X`k gXj [l kflk ~ Z\ hl\ eflj Xli`fej jfl_X`k # ZXi eflj Xmfej ml efki\ Y Y gfli cX gi\d` i\ ]f`j ~ g\`e\ le\ [\d`$_\li\ XlgXiXmXek 2 _\li\lj\d\ek# cX g\ijfee\ \e Z_Xi^\ [\ efki\ [fjj`\i ~ cË8=8 eflj XmX`k gi m\elj hl\ Z\cX gflmX`k j\ gXjj\i X`ej`% C\ d [\Z`e [\ cË8=8 eflj X k c g_fe ~ gclj`\lij i\gi`j\j [\ =iXeZ\ XÔ e [\ eflj [fee\i c\j Zffi[fee \j [\ jg Z`Xc`jk\j \e fik_fg [`\ [Xej efki\ i ^`fe# \k eflj Xmfej i ljj` ~ i\eZfeki\i le gif]\jj\li ~ g\`e\ le df`j Xgi j efki\ i\kfli \e =iXeZ\# hl` cËX fg i gXi cX jl`k\% Kflj c\j [\lo# X`ej` hl\ c\ Zfii\jgfe[Xek cfZXc [\ cË8=8 Xl M`\keXd# fek k ~ efki\ Zflk\ g\e[Xek kflk\ cX [li \ [\ efki\ j afli [Xej Z\ gXpj \k ~ efki\ i\kfli \e =iXeZ\ Gflmf`i Z_Xe^\i Xm\Z \lo eflj X Y\XlZflg X`[ j \k eflj X Zfe]fik j [Xej efki\ Z_f`o [\ ^Xi[\i efki\ Y Y \k [\ gi\e[i\ kflk [\ jl`k\ [\j [`jgfj`k`fej gfli c\ jf`^e\i [ j efki\ i\kfli \e =iXeZ\% 8l M`\keXd# efki\ Y Y XmX`k ^Xc\d\ek le\ ^Xc\ [\ ]X fe Xjj\q `dgfikXek\ Xl e`m\Xl [l Zfl# [\j YiXj \k [\j aXdY\j% ?\li\lj\d\ek# eflj Xm`fej \dd\e [`m\ij d [`ZXd\ekj gfli Y Y \k [\ cX cfk`fe Zfeki\ cX ^Xc\ hl\ eflj Xmfej Xggc`hl \ c\ jf`i d d\ XmXek c\ ZflZ_\i ~ cË\e]Xek# gl`j ~ dfe dXi` \k df`% Efki\ Y Y gc\liX`k ZXi c\ gif[l`k \jk Xjj\q ]fik \k g\lk [ dXe^\i jli c\j gXik`\j j\ej`Yc\j# ^ e`kXc\j# \k c~ f cË\e]Xek jË\jk ^iXkk % Eflj cl` Xmfej \dd`kflÕ c\j dX`ej [Xej le\ g\k`k\ jfZhl\kk\ \e Zfkfe gfli cl` m`k\i [\ d\kki\ j\j [f`^kj [Xej cX YflZ_\ \k [\ j\ ^iXkk\i c\ Zfigj% 8 g\`e\ k`fej$eflj i\m\elj \e =iXeZ\ hl\ cX ^Xc\ i\m\eX`k Xgi j kif`j j\dX`e\j [Ë`eZlYXk`fe :Ë\jk le [\idXkfcf^l\ [\ cË_ g`kXc# hl` ZfeeX`jjX`k Y`\e c\ jla\k gfli Xmf`i jf`^e [\j \e]Xekj \e 8]i`hl\# hl` eflj X \ogc`hl hl\ eflj Xli`fej [ d\kki\ cX cfk`fe jli c\ Zl`i Z_\m\cl [l Y Y d d\ j` cX efk`Z\ [l ]XYi`ZXek c\ [ Zfej\`cc\% C\ d [\Z`e eflj X [fee ^Xc\d\ek le gifkfZfc\ ~ i\jg\Zk\i Zfeki\ cX ^Xc\ \k eflj X gi\jZi`k [\j Zfdgi`d j ~ kflj c\j kif`j le [\d`$Zfdgi`d gfli Y Y % :\ ]lk g`hl\ g\e[Xek gi\jhl\ le df`j# ZXi eflj [\m`fej kflj c\j aflij cXm\i c\ c`e^\ [\ kf`c\kk\# efj m k\d\ekj# [ j`e]\Zk\i cX dfhl\kk\# c\ ZXeXg ¿ :Ë\jk iXi`jj`d\ hl\ cX ^Xc\ j\ gifgX^\ jli c\ Zl`i Z_\m\cl dX`j Z\cX g\lk Xii`m\i%

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8lki\ `ehl` kl[\ 1 efki\ Y Y j\ Zf^eX`k cX k k\ jli c\ jfc fl Zfeki\ c\ dli [\ cX Z_XdYi\ [Ë_ k\c Xl M`\keXd# \eZfi\ le g\l \e =iXeZ\ Zfeki\ c\j YXii\Xlo [\ jfe c`k# \k kXgX`k ]XZ`c\d\ek [ j cX df`e[i\ ZfekiXi` k % Eflj Xmfej Zfejlck le g [fgjpZ_`Xki\ Xjj\q iXg`[\d\ek gfli [\dXe[\i Zfej\`c# \k `c eflj X iXjjli j 2 `c XmX`k iX`jfe# Xl Ô c [\j df`j cX ZfeÔ XeZ\ jË`ejkXcc\# cË\e]Xek j\ j\ek X`d # [ficfk # `c kiflm\ le eflm\c hl`c`Yi\ \k g\l ~ g\l flYc`\ j\j Xe^f`jj\j \k j\j ZiX`ek\j% 8lki\j g\k`kj [ kX`cj# efki\ Y Y XmX`k g\li [\ dXiZ_\i [Xej cË_\iY\# g\li [\j dflZ_\j fl [Ë ki\ [Xej cX gfljj\kk\ jXej eflj mf`i# e\ mflcX`k gXj i\jk\i [Xej c\ j` ^\ Xlkf Eflj Xmfej [ XZ_\k\i le\ [\lo` d\ gfljj\kk\ XÔ e hlË`c gl`jj\ eflj mf`i% 8lki\ iX`jfe [\ efki\ ]Xk`^l\# eflj Xm`fej XkkiXg [\j Xd`Y\j [Xej c\j `ek\jk`ej% @c e\ ]Xlk gXj kifg `[ Xc`j\i cËXii`m \ [\ cË\e]Xek# ZXi \e ]feZk`fe [\ Z\ hlË`c X m Zl ~ cËfig_\c`eXk \k&fl Xlgi j [\j g\ijfee\j hl` j\ jfek fZZlg \j [\ cl` c\j gi\d`\ij df`j [\ jX m`\# cË\e]Xek XliX Y\jf`e [\ gclj fl df`ej [\ k\dgj gfli jËX[Xgk\i ~ jfe eflm\c \em`ifee\d\ek ki j [`]] i\ek [\ Z\ hlË`c X Zfeel XlgXiXmXek% C\j gXi\ekj [f`m\ek ^Xc\d\ek jËX[Xgk\i ~ Y Y # hl` jX`k ki\ le g\k`k Xe^\ dX`j Xljj` le g\k`k [`XYcfk`e% C\j Zfe^ j jfek miX`d\ek c\j Y`\em\elj Eflj mflj jfl_X`kfej Yfe ZfliX^\ ~ mflj kflj hl` Xkk\e[\q Z\ ^iXe[ dfd\ek Xm\Z `dgXk`\eZ\% CËXkk\ek\ \jk gXi]f`j cfe^l\ gfli eflj gclj [\ Z`eh Xej % J\ii\i jfe \e]Xek [Xej j\j YiXj \jk j` ]fik \e dfk`fe# \k c\ mf`i \ejl`k\ ^iXe[`i _\li\lo \k gXefl` mXlk kflk cËfi [l dfe[\ :Ë\jk cX gclj Y\cc\ Xm\ekli\ [\ efki\ m`\% E Xedf`ej# d`\lo mXlk j\ gi gXi\i gjpZ_fcf^`hl\d\ek ~ Z\ hl\ cX m`\ e\ jf`k gXj le cfe^ Õ \lm\ kiXehl`cc\ dX`j gXi]f`j le il`jj\Xl kldlckl\lo¿ @c e\ ]Xlk gXj kifg `[ Xc`j\i cX gi\d` i\ i\eZfeki\# e` cX i\d`j\ f]Ô Z`\cc\# e` c\j gi\d` i\j j\dX`e\j \k c\j gi\d`\ij df`j [\ Z\kk\ eflm\cc\ m`\ \e ]Xd`cc\%

M@<KE8D [`m\ij ml\j

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43


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44


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<eÔ e# ~ gXik`i [\ cX DX`jfe [\ cË8[fgk`fe \k Xgi j gclj`\lij i le`fej Xm\Z kflj c\j giXk`Z`\ej _fjg`kXc`\ij [l [ gXik\d\ek# [\j d [\Z`ej [\ GD@# <=8 \k Z\ikX`ej F88# le Zfej\ejlj Xm\Z cË cXYfiXk`fe [Ële ZX_`\i [\j Z_Xi^\j X gl j\ [ ^X^\i \k g\id\kki\ cX Zi Xk`fe [\ cX gi\d` i\ :F:8 jli DXij\`cc\% :\Z` X ^Xc\d\ek g\id`j [Ëfi^Xe`j\i Xm\Z c\ d [\Z`e [\ cX :F:8 [\j jf`i \j jli cX jXek [\j \e]Xekj X[fgk j% >cfYXc\d\ek# Z\kk\ \og i`\eZ\ \jk cXi^\d\ek gc Y`jZ`k \ gXi c\j X[fgkXekj \k [f`k gflmf`i j\ gflijl`mi\ fl j\ Zi \i j` \cc\ eË\o`jk\ gXj# hl`kk\ ~ dlklXc`j\i \eki\ [ gXik\d\ekj# Z\ hl\ eflj Xmfej ]X`k \e XZZl\`ccXek [\j X[fgkXekj [\ [ gXik\d\ekj c`d`kifg_\j MXi# 8cg\j¿ % ;ËX`cc\lij# d d\ [\ ]lklij ^iXe[j$gXi\ekj _XY`kXek DXij\`cc\ jfek m\elj Xlo i le`fej gfli c\li Ô cc\ hl` _XY`kX`k [Xej le [ gXik\d\ek f Z\cX eË\o`jkX`k gXj% DXik`e\ 98M@FLC 8eZ`\ee\ Z_\] [\ j\im`Z\# 8eZ`\ee\ i\jgfejXYc\ [\ cX DX`jfe [\ cËX[fgk`fe [\j 9flZ_\jÆ[l$I_ e\

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@c `dgfik\ kflk\]f`j [\ e\ gXj kifg jË ZXik\i [\j c`d`k\j hl\ cËfe jË\jk Ôo j\lc fl \e Zflgc\# \k hl` jfek gifgi\j ~ Z_XZle% <cc\j jfek ]feZk`fe [\ Z\ hl\ Z_XZle j\ j\ek \e d\jli\ fl efe [\ gflmf`i XZZ\gk\i \k jlggfik\i Xl hlfk`[`\e 1 le\ _`jkf`i\ [\ dXckiX`kXeZ\ hl` m`\ek ]X`i\ Z_f ~ le\ _`jkf`i\ g\ijfee\cc\ dXc Z`ZXki`j \ 2 [\j Zfe[`k`fej [\ m`\ jfi[`[\j m Zl\j gXi le \e]Xek# `ejlggfikXYc\j gfli Z\ikX`ej X[fgkXekj kXe[`j hl\ [ËXlki\j p jfek ]Xd`c`Xi`j j gXi c\li d k`\i gXi \o\dgc\ 2 le kiflYc\ [\ jXek gclj fl df`ej j m i\ fl [Ë mfclk`fe dXc Zfeel\ 2 [\j Y\jf`ej [\ gi`j\j \e Z_Xi^\ [`]ÔZ`c\j ~ Xjjld\i gfli le\ g\ijfee\ Z c`YXkX`i\ 2 le\ e Z\jj`k [\ [`jgfe`Y`c`k `eZfdgXk`Yc\ Xm\Z cX gif]\jj`fe \o\iZ \ 2 [\j [`]ÔZlck j [ËXZZ j ~ [\j jf`ej jg Z`Xc`j j \e iX`jfe [\ cX [fd`Z`c`Xk`fe iliXc\ [\j X[fgkXekj 2 \eÔe# le\ ½ XdY`k`fe ¾ gfli cË\e]Xek `eZfdgXk`Yc\ Xm\Z j\j gfjj`Y`c`k j jZfcX`i\j# kXe[`j hl\ [ËXlki\j X[fgkXekj eËXjg`i\ek gfli cl` hlË~ le\ Yfee\ Xlkfefd`\ ~ cË ^\ X[lck\% :\ g\lk Xljj` ki\ le\ [`m\i^\eZ\ [\ e`m\Xl [ËXZZ\gkXk`fe Xl j\`e [Ële Zflgc\ fl# kflk j`dgc\d\ek# le\ Xgk`kl[\ fl efe ~ XZZ\gk\i le\ Z\ikX`e\ gi`j\ [\ i`jhl\ cfijhl\ jlYj`jk\ le\ gXik [Ë`eZfeel%

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Gi gXi\i jX m\el\ 1 C\ gi efd [\ cË\e]Xek C\j ]lklij gXi\ekj j\ gfj\ek jflm\ek cX hl\jk`fe [l Z_Xe^\d\ek m\ekl\c [l gi efd [\ c\li \e]Xek% @c eËp X [\ i gfej\j hl\ [ËXlki\j hl\jk`fej \k cËfe j\ ^Xi[\iX [\ kflk\ gfj`k`fe XiY`kiX`i\ [Xej Z\ [fdX`e\% <e \]]\k# c\ gi efd# Zfdd\ cË\e]Xek hl` c\ gfik\# X le\ _`jkf`i\ c` \ Xlo m e\d\ekj hl` fek XZZfdgX^e fl jl`m` cX eX`jjXeZ\% Hl` cl` X [fee jfe fl j\j gi efdj 6 CX ]\dd\ hl` cËX d`j Xl dfe[\# cX g\ijfee\ hl` cËX kiflm # cX Yi`^X[\ [\ gfc`Z\# c\ Z_\] [l m`ccX^\ fl cX [`i\Zki`Z\ [\ cËfig_\c`eXk f `c X k gcXZ 6 HlXe[ 6 ykX`k$Z\ ~ jX eX`jjXeZ\ fl gclj kXi[ cfij [\ jfe gcXZ\d\ek \e `ejk`klk`fe 6 <jk$Z\ jfe gi efd ljl\c 6 :fdd\ek cËXgg\cc\$k$fe Xl hlfk`[`\e 6 GXi jfe gi\d`\i fl jfe [\lo` d\ gi efd Zfdd\ Z\cX j\ mf`k [Xej Z\ikX`ej gXpj 6 8$k$`c le jliefd hl`# [\ ]X`k# \jk Z\cl` Xlhl\c `c i gfe[ [\gl`j kflaflij 6 J\cfe Z\j [`]] i\ekj ZXj [\ Ô ^li\# c\ gi efd eËXliX gXj cX d d\ mXc\li Xlo p\lo [\ cË\e]Xek \k Xlo m ki\j% Jfe Xm`j# Y`\e j i# jË`c \jk [ a~ ^iXe[# X jfe `dgfikXeZ\% DX`j `c ]Xlk ^Xc\d\ek k\e`i Zfdgk\ [\ cX ZfejfeXeZ\ [l gi efd j` \cc\ i`jhl\ [\ [ Zc\eZ_\i [\j Zfdd\ekX`i\j mf`i\ cË_`cXi`k # ~ cË Zfc\ \k gclj kXi[% C\ i\jg\Zk [\ jX Zlckli\ 6 Hl\chl\j c d\ekj [Ë`e]fidXk`fe jli Z\ gf`ek 1 [Xej le Z\ikX`e efdYi\ [\ gXpj [l Jl[$\jk \k [\ cË<jk Xj`Xk`hl\j# `c eË\o`jk\ gXj [\ ½ jkfZb ¾ [\ gi efdj kXYc`j G`\ii\# GXlc¿ Zfdd\ [Xej c\j gXpj fZZ`[\ekXlo% <e :_`e\# gXi \o\dgc\# fe lk`c`j\ eË`dgfik\ hl\c efd Zfddle [\ jfe Z_f`o gfli \e ]X`i\ le gi efd% :\cX i\jk\ k_ fi`hl\ ZXi# \e giXk`hl\# Z\ikX`ej [Ë\eki\ \lo 72


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Hl\chl\j \o\dgc\j gfli \k Zfeki\ c\ Z_Xe^\d\ek [\ gi efdj [Ë\e]Xekj X[fgk j [\m\elj X[lck\j A\ cËXgg\cc\¿ CfijhlËle Zflgc\ X c\ gifa\k [ËX[fgk\i le \e]Xek# ZË\jk le cfe^ Z_\d`e hl` [ Ylk\% ;\ cË\e]Xek ]XekXjd ~ cË\e]Xek i \c# gclj`\lij Xee \j jË Zflc\ifek XmXek hl\ Z\ gifa\k j\ ZfeZi k`j\% Fe gi gXi\ jX m\el\# efkXdd\ek \e i Õ Z_`jjXek# Zfdd\ kflk gXi\ek# Xl Z_f`o [l gi efd% AËX` df`$d d\ k X[fgk \ ~ cË ^\ [\ [`o df`j# [Xej le\ c\ Xl Yflk [l GXZ`Ôhl\% D\j gXi\ekj ½ X[fgk`]j ¾ fek [ j`i Z_Xe^\i dfe gi efd [Ëfi`^`e\ \k dËf]]i`i le gi efd ]iXe X`j% :\cX kX`k# gfli \lo# le Z_f`o m`[\ek% CË\em`\ [\ dË`ej i\i [Xej cË_`jkf`i\ ]Xd`c`Xc\ \k [Xej c\li [ j`i gXi\ekXc% AËX` ki j Y`\e m Zl Xm\Z dfe gi efd ]iXe X`j e\ d\ gfjXek XlZle\ hl\jk`fe gXik`Zlc` i\% Le\ ]f`j X[lck\ \k dXdXe# a\ jl`j i\kflie \ m\ij d\j iXZ`e\j# ]X`i\ dfe ½ kiXmX`c ¾ [\ i\Z_\iZ_\# [\ i $Xggifgi`Xk`fe [\ dfe _`jkf`i\¿ AËX` i\eZfeki kflk\ dX ]Xd`cc\ Y`fcf^`hl\ \k Zfdgi`j c\j Z`iZfejkXeZ\j [\ dfe XYXe[fe% Hl\cc\ jklg\li cfijhl\ aËX` [ Zflm\ik hl\ Z\kk\ ]Xd`cc\# ½ dX ¾ ]Xd`cc\# efe j\lc\d\ek e\ dËXmX`k gXj flYc` \ dX`j XmX`k \eki\k\el dfe jflm\e`i¿ 73


;liXek kflk dfe j afli# fe jË\jk X[i\jj ~ df` gXi dfe gi efd gfcpe j`\e hl\ aËXmX`j# Zfdd\ kflj c\j [\lo` d\j gi efdj# d`j [Xej le Zf`e [\ dfe _`jkf`i\ \k flYc` % ;liXek Z\ Z_fZ Zlckli\c# dfk`fee\c# a\ jl`j ½ i\m\el\ ¾ ~ df`# ~ dfe _`jkf`i\# ~ d\j iXZ`e\j% AËX` i Xc`j hl\ aËXmX`j [ a~ \l le\ i Xc`k # le\ m`\ XmXek dfe X[fgk`fe% <k [\ Z\kk\ gXik`\ [\ dX m`\# `c e\ d\ i\jkX`k Zfdd\ kiXZ\ hl\ Z\ gi efd¿ AËX` kflaflij ^Xi[ le i\^i\k gif]fe[ [\ e\ gXj Xmf`i gl ^Xi[\i dfe gi efd [Ëfi`^`e\# [fek cX mXc\li jpdYfc`hl\ e\ dË\jk XggXil\ hl\ kXi[ [Xej dfe _`jkf`i\ [\ m`\% DX`j a\ eË\e eËX` aXdX`j mflcl ~ d\j gXi\ekj ½ X[fgk`]j ¾ [ËXmf`i ]X`k Z\ Z_f`o# hl` XmX`k k ]X`k [\ c\li Z k # Xm\Z Y\XlZflg [ËXdfli¿ AËXliX`j aljk\ X`d hl\ cËfe eËflYc`\ gXj Z\kk\ gXik`\ [\ df` \k hl\ cËfe d\ g\id\kk\ [\ ^Xi[\i Z\ c`\e# d d\ jpdYfc`hl\# Xm\Z dfe [ Ylk [\ m`\% CX m`\ dËX f]]\ik c\ gi`m`c ^\ [\ m`mi\ [\lo ^ifjj\jj\j Y`fcf^`hl\j \k le\ ^ifjj\jj\ X[fgk`m\% A\ jl`j# \e \]]\k# cX dXdXe [Ële g\k`k ^Xi fe g_`c`gg`e [\ Z`eh Xej# Xii`m gXid` eflj [\gl`j [`o df`j ~ gi j\ek% :\ g\k`k ^Xi fe XmX`k Y`\e j i le gi efd g_`c`gg`e# ~ ZfejfeXeZ\ ki j _`jgXe`hl\ \k hl\ eflj Xmfej kiflm ki j afc`% Ml dfe \og i`\eZ\ g\ijfee\cc\ gXi iXggfik Xl gi efd [Ëfi`^`e\# [\ cË ^\ [\ efki\ \e]Xek# eflj Xmfej [ Z`[ [\ cl` cX`jj\i jfe gi efd g_`c`gg`e% C\ _XjXi[ X mflcl hl\ [\lo [\ j\j Xd`j jf`\ek X[fgk j gXi [\lo ]Xd`cc\j ]iXe X`j\j hl\ eflj ZfeeX`jj`fej% CËle\ [\j ]Xd`cc\j X Z_Xe^ c\ gi efd [\ jfe g\k`k ZfgX`e gi efd fl gclk k jliefd# hl` XliX`k k ki j [`]Ô Z`c\ ~ ½ m`mi\ ¾ \e =iXeZ\ [Xej jX m`\ ]lkli\ %Efki\ Ô cj# ki j `eki`^l gXi Z\ Z_Xe^\d\ek# eflj X kflk [\ jl`k\ [\dXe[ j` cl` Xljj` XmX`k le gi efd ]iXe X`j% HlË\cc\ eËX gXj k jX af`\ [ËXggi\e[i\ hlË`c XmX`k le gi efd ]iXe X`j \e ) d\ gfj`k`fe \k le gi efd gfcpe j`\e \e * d\ gfj`k`fe @c X ]Xccl g\e[Xek le\ g i`f[\ cËXgg\c\i gXi jfe gi efd ]iXe X`j# gl`j jfe gi efd gfcpe j`\e# gl`j le d cXe^\ [\j kif`j¿ :fdd\ jË`c XmX`k Y\jf`e [\ jËXggifgi`\i jfe eflm\c ½ _ i`kX^\ ¾% Eflj cl` Xmfej \ogc`hl # hl\ j` k\c kX`k jfe Z_f`o# cl` Xljj` gflmX`k Z_Xe^\i [\ gi efd \k Z_f`j`i Z\cl` hlË`c gi ] iX`k% :\kk\ [ ZcXiXk`fe X \l cËX`i [\ c\ jXk`j]X`i\ gl`jhl\ [\gl`j# eflj jfdd\j gXjj j ½ ~ Xlki\ Z_fj\ ¾% Eflj Xgg\cfej efki\ Ô cj gXi jfe gi efd g_`c`gg`e# gl`jhlË`c cËX i\[\dXe[ # \k jXmfej hl\ eflj i XYfi[\ifej kiXehl`cc\d\ek cX hl\jk`fe cfijhl\ cË kXg\ [\ cËX[fgk`fe gc e` i\ Xii`m\iX% Eflj i\jg\Zk\ifej jX [\dXe[\ \k cËXZZfdgX^e\ifej [Xej jfe Z_f`o kflk j`dgc\d\ek%

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DX`j Xljj` Xm\Z Y\XlZflg [\ hl\jk`fej 1 Zfdd\ek jXmf`i jË`cj j\ifek gi kj ~ Z_Xe^\i 6 J` Z\ eË\jk gXj le Z_Xe^\d\ek [\ gclj ~ XYjfiY\i 6 <jk$Z\ hl\ Z\cX g\lk Xmf`i le `dgXZk e ^Xk`] 6 Eflj Xmfej [feZ Xgg\c efj \e]Xekj# Xii`m j ~ * Xej \k [\d`# ~ , Xej [\ [`jkXeZ\# gXi c\lij [\lo gi efdj [ j c\ [ Ylk# \e c\j XZZfcXek gl`j# g\k`k ~ g\k`k# le`hl\d\ek gXi Z\cl` hl\ eflj Xm`fej Z_f`j`% Gfli cËX e # Xl Yflk [\ * aflij# `c e\ i gfe[X`k gclj hlË~ jfe eflm\Xl gi efd \k ½ eË\ek\e[X`k ¾ gXj j` fe lk`c`jX`k jfe gi efd [\ eX`jjXeZ\# `c eËlk`c`jX`k hl\ jfe eflm\Xl gi efd% Eflj Xmfej [l cl` [`i\ hl\ c\j [\lo gi efdj i\jkX`\ek c\j j`\ej% 8lafli[Ë_l`# `c \jk Zfek\ek [ËXmf`i j\j [\lo gi efdj \k [\ jXmf`i hlË`c gfliiX lk`c`j\i cËle fl cËXlki\ hlXe[ `c j\iX gclj ^iXe[# Zfdd\ `c c\ jfl_X`k\iX% :fdd\ jflm\ek Xm\Z c\j \e]Xekj# c\j d d\j ZXlj\j e\ gif[l`j\ek gXj c\j d d\j \]]\kj Gfli c\ gclj a\le\# eflj Xmfej gifZ [ [\ cX d d\ ]X fe% G\e[Xek c\j hlXki\ gi\d`\ij df`j# `c X kflaflij i gfe[l ~ jfe eflm\Xl gi efd# dX`j hlXe[ fe cl` [\dXe[X`k jfe gi efd# `c [feeX`k [\ gi ] i\eZ\ jfe gi efd [\ eX`jjXeZ\# fl XZZfcX`k c\j [\lo% 8l Yflk [\ hlX[i\ df`j# Z\ g\k`k ^Xi fe ki j `e[ g\e[Xek# jË\jk cX`jj Xcc\i ~ i ^i\jj\i# afl\i Xl Y Y # \k ZË\jk ~ Z\ dfd\ek$c~ hlË`c eËX gclj lk`c`j hl\ c\ gi efd hl\ eflj cl` Xm`fej f]]\ik% ;Xej efki\ ZXj# `c d\ j\dYc\ hlË`c p XmX`k [\j j`d`c`kl[\j \eki\ c\lij i gfej\j ~ Z\ eflm\Xl gi efd \k cX ]X fe [fek `cj fek i X^` Xl hlfk`[`\e 1 cËX`e j\dYc\ jË ki\ \dgXi [\ Z\ gi efd [\ cX d d\ ]X fe hlË`c X i\]lj [ j c\j gi\d`\ij aflij [\ Yf`i\ c\ d d\ cX`k hl\ Z\cl` hlË`c YlmX`k ~ cËfig_\c`eXk% C\ gclj a\le\ \jk i\jk g\e[Xek + df`j [Xej [\j Xcc\ij i\kflij `eZ\jjXekj \eki\ ½ aËp mX`j ¾ \k ½ a\ i j`jk\ ¾# \k ZË\jk hlXe[ `c jË\jk Xlkfi`j ~ i ^i\jj\i hlË`c X Xljj` Z_f`j` [Ëlk`c`j\i Z\ gi efd% Eflj c\li Xmfej [fee \e gi\d`\i gi efd# Z\cl` hl\ eflj Xmfej Z_f`j`# \e j\Zfe[ c\li gi efd [\ eX`jjXeZ\# \e kif`j` d\ c\li efd [\ ]Xd`cc\ [\ eX`jjXeZ\ hl` [`jgXiX`k [\ kflk gXg`\i f]ÔZ`\c Xgi j cËX[fgk`fe gc e` i\ # gl`j c\j gi efdj [\ c\lij ^iXe[j$g i\j# Zfdd\ XlkXek [\ Ôc ~ k`jj\i gfli Zfejkil`i\ c\li gifgi\ _`jkf`i\% 8cfij Yfee\ fl dXlmX`j\ [ Z`j`fe 6 A\ e\ g\ej\ gXj hlË`c ]X`cc\ gi\e[i\ Z\kk\ hl\jk`fe jflj Z\k Xe^c\% A\ d\ [`j hlË\e kXek hl\ gXi\ekj# eflj gXjjfej efki\ k\dgj ~ gi\e[i\ [\j [ Z`j`fej hl` eflj j\dYc\ek c\j gclj aljk\j# c\j gclj X[Xgk \j% :Ë\jk miX` gfli c\ gi efd Zfdd\ gfli c\ i\jk\¿ Xcfij¿ g\lk ki\ hl\ cËle fl cËXlki\# fl c\j [\lo# eflj i\gifZ_\ifek Z\ Z_f`o% :\ [fek a\ jl`j j i\# ZË\jk hl\ Z\kk\ [ Z`j`fe \jk miX`d\ek le XZk\ [\ gXi\ek# le [\j gi\d`\ij hl\ cËfe gfj\# XmXek d d\ hl\ cË\e]Xek e\ jf`k Xm\Z eflj% @c \jk `e[`jg\ejXYc\ [Ëp i Õ Z_`i XmXek cX gifgfj`k`fe [ËXggXi\ek\d\ek# `e[ g\e[Xdd\ek [\ jfe gi efd Xl dfd\ek [\ cX gifgfj`k`fe# XÔe [\ gflmf`i \ogc`hl\i ~ cË\e]Xek gflihlf` fe X ]X`k Z\ Z_f`o%

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CHAPITRE 4 : La proposition La proposition d’enfant d’enfant 8`[\ ~ cX [ Z`j`fe CfijhlËXii`m\ \eÔe cX gifgfj`k`fe [Ë\e]Xek# cX gi`j\ [\ [ Z`j`fe \jk le\ kXg\ Zc\]% <cc\ g\lk Xljj`# [Xej Z\ikX`ej ZXj# ki\ [flcfli\lj\ gfli c\j ]Xd`cc\j Xd\e \j ~ i\]lj\i le\ gifgfj`k`fe# hl\ cË\e]Xek jf`k i\eZfeki [\ dXe` i\ m`ikl\cc\ gXi cË`ek\id [`X`i\ [Ële\ g_fkf \k [Ële [fjj`\i# fl hlË`c jf`k i\eZfeki g_pj`hl\d\ek% :\kk\ g i`f[\ kXek Xkk\e[l\ \jk gXi]f`j [`]ÔZ`c\ ~ m`mi\% <cc\ g\lk Xd\e\i Z\ikX`e\j g\ijfee\j hl` p jfek Zfe]ifek \j ~ Xmf`i Y\jf`e [\ jË`jfc\i# mf`i\ ~ j\ i\gc`\i% :\ dflm\d\ek [\ i\gc` g\lk ki\ e Z\jjX`i\ \k lk`c\ gfli c\j ]Xd`cc\j [liXek le k\dgj% :\g\e[Xek# `c \jk `dgfikXek gfli \cc\j [\ i\jk\i \ekfli \j gXi [\j g\ijfee\j i\jjfliZ\j hl` jXlifek c\j XZZfdgX^e\i \k c\j jflk\e`i [Xej c\li gi`j\ [\ [ Z`j`fe lck i`\li\% :Ë\jk gflihlf` `c \jk i\ZfddXe[ Xlo gfjklcXekj [Ë`[\ek`Ô\i Z\j g\ijfee\j i\jjfliZ\j# Xl Zflij [\ c\li [ dXiZ_\# \k XmXek d d\ cX gifgfj`k`fe [Ë\e]Xek \k cX i\eZfeki\% 8`ej`# `cj Xlifek gclj [\ ]XZ`c`k ~ jfcc`Z`k\i Z\j g\ijfee\j [\ ZfeÔXeZ\ jË`cj jfek# le afli# Zfe]ifek j ~ [\ k\cc\j j`klXk`fej% :\j g\ijfee\j i\jjfliZ\j g\lm\ek ki\ 1 c\li d [\Z`e kiX`kXek hl` ZfeeX k cX ]Xd`cc\ \k g\lk$ ki\ Xljj` c\j c`d`k\j hlË\cc\ jË kX`k Ôo \ # c\j gif]\jj`fee\cj [\ cË8=8 fl [\ cËF88 # efkXdd\ek jfe d [\Z`e \k jX gjpZ_fcf^l\# c\j ZfejlckXk`fej X[fgk`fe g [`Xki`hl\j ½ :F:8 ¾ \k gjp# [Xej Z\ikX`ej ZXj gclj iXi\j# c\ jg Z`Xc`jk\ d [`ZXc [\ cËX]]\Zk`fe [fek cË\e]Xek gfliiX`k ki\ gfik\li# gfli X]Ôe\i c\ [`X^efjk`Z \k c\j gfjj`Y`c`k j [\ gi`j\ \e Z_Xi^\# c\j XjjfZ`Xk`fej [\ ]Xd`cc\j X[fgk`m\j \e iX`jfe [\ c\li \oZ\cc\ek\ ZfeeX`jjXeZ\ [\j gifYc dXk`hl\j [\ cËX[fgk`fe \k [\j gXik`ZlcXi`k j [\j gXpj# Z\ikX`ej d\dYi\j [\ cX ]Xd`cc\# [\j Xd`j gifZ_\j hl` g\lm\ek Xggfik\i le kXpX^\ [liXek c\j g i`f[\j [`]ÔZ`c\j% 77


Efkfej# gXi X`cc\lij# cË`dgfikXeZ\ [Ële c`\e [\ ZfeÔ XeZ\ \eki\ c\j gfjklcXekj# cËfi^Xe`jd\ XZZfdgX^eXk\li \k c\j Xlkfi`k j cfZXc\j% :\kk\ Xcc`XeZ\ [\ hlXc`k \jk le\ Zfe[`k`fe ]fe[Xd\ekXc\ ~ le\ gi`j\ [\ [ Z`j`fe cX gclj j\i\`e\ gfjj`Yc\% ;\ ]X fe gclj ^ e iXc\ 1 @c `dgfik\ [\ iXgg\c\i hl\ cX :fem\ek`fe [\ CX ?Xp\ [\ (00* gi mf`k \e jfe Xik`Zc\ (- c\ Zfek\el$ kpg\ [l iXggfik i\cXk`] ~ cË\e]Xek hl` [f`k ki\ kXYc` gXi cË8lkfi`k Z\ekiXc\ fl j\j fi^Xe`jd\j X^i j# ZXi e Z\jjX`i\ ~ le\ [ Z`j`fe ZcX`i \ [\j X[fgkXekj 1 ½ [\j i\ej\`^e\d\ekj jli cË`[\ek`k [\ cË\e]Xek# jfe X[fgkXY`c`k # jfe d`c`\l jfZ`Xc# jfe mfclk`fe g\ijfee\cc\ \k ]Xd`c`Xc\# jfe gXjj d [`ZXc \k Z\cl` [\ jX ]Xd`cc\# j\j Y\jf`ej gXik`Zlc`\ij ¾% :\ iXggfik [\miX`k g\id\kki\ Xlo X[fgkXekj [\ gi\e[i\ c\li [ Z`j`fe# \e kflk\ ZfeeX`jjXeZ\ [\ ZXlj\# [ËXcc\i i\eZfeki\i cË\e]Xek fl [\ i\]lj\i cX gifgfj`k`fe [ËXggXi\ek\d\ek ~ gXik`i [\ 1 jfe _`jkf`i\ \k j\j Zfe[`k`fej [\ m`\ Xek i`\li\# hl` [f`m\ek ki\ Zf_ i\ek\j Z_ifefcf^`\ [\j [Xk\j# [ m\cfgg\d\ek gjpZ_fdfk\li \k jkXklif$gfe[ iXc # le\ mXclXk`fe [\j i`jhl\j hlXek ~ cX jXek g_pj`hl\# d\ekXc\# `ek\cc\Zkl\cc\# dfk`fee\cc\ \k i\cXk`fee\cc\ \k Xlo gfjj`Y`c`k j [\ gi`j\ \e Z_Xi^\ [\j kiflYc\j m\ekl\cj i [lZXk`fe# kiX`k\d\ek d [`ZXd\ek\lo fl Z_`ili^`ZXc# gifk_ j\ # c\j g\ijg\Zk`m\j [Ë mfclk`fe [\ cË kXk [\ jXek [\ cË\e]Xek# jfe c`mi\k [\ m`\# j\j ^f kj \k g\k`k\j _XY`kl[\j% CX c\Zkli\ [l iXggfik [f`k [feZ ki\ ½ XZZfdgX^e \ ¾ gXi c\j gif]\jj`fee\cj gi Z`k j [l Z_f`o [\j X[fgkXekj# XÔ e [\ c\li g\id\kki\ [\ [ gXjj\i c\lij dfk`fej# [\ Zfdgi\e[i\ \k [Ë`ek ^i\i Z\ hl` p \jk Zi`k dXc^i cX kiX[lZk`fe# c\j k\id\j jflm\ek `dgi Z`j# le\ _`jkf`i\ efe fl dXc Zfeel\# [\j k\id`efcf^`\j d [`ZXc\j \k [\j giXk`hl\j [`]] i\ek\j j\cfe c\j gXpj hlXc`Ô ZXk`fe [\ cX g\ijfee\ i [XZki`Z\ [l iXggfik jli cË\e]Xek# dfp\ej [`X^efjk`hl\j [`jgfe`Yc\j cfZXc\d\ek# Ô XY`c`k [\j \oXd\ej Zfdgc d\ekX`i\j % @c `dgfik\ Xljj` [Ë ki\ ZfejZ`\ek [l ]X`k hl\ Z\ iXggfik eË\jk aXdX`j \o_Xljk`]# hlË`c i\Õ k\ cË kXk [\ cË\e]Xek Xl dfd\ek [\ jX i [XZk`fe \k e\ g\lk `e[`hl\i hl\ c\j X]]\Zk`fej i\g iXYc\j Xl dfd\ek [\ cË\oXd\e j\cfe cË ^\ \k cË_`jkf`i\ [\ cË\e]Xek# cX ^ifjj\jj\# cËXZZflZ_\d\ek# c\j Xek Z [\ekj XmXek \k Xgi j jfe i\Zl\`c# cË\ogi\jj`fe [\ cX dXcX[`\ fl [l _Xe[`ZXg ¿ \k hl\ cËfe e\ g\lk kflk [ g`jk\i% 8 Z\ jkX[\# [Xej Z\ikX`ej gXpj G_`c`gg`e\j# M`\keXd# :XdYf[^\# :_`e\¿ # `c \jk gXi]f`j gfjj`Yc\ [\ [\dXe[\i le Zfdgc d\ek [Ë`e]fidXk`fej m`X [\j \oXd\ej Zfdgc d\ekX`i\j Xlo ]iX`j [\j ]Xd`cc\j %

78


;8EJ CË8KK<EK< ;L ;<G8IK <eki\ cËXZZ\gkXk`fe \k cX i\eZfeki\ Xm\Z cË\e]Xek# `c g\lk jË Zflc\i gclj`\lij df`j¿ @c jËX^`k [Ële\ g i`f[\ [liXek cXhl\cc\ g\lm\ek jlim\e`i [`m\ij m e\d\ekj 1 Xc Xj Zc`dXk`hl\j# `ejkXY`c`k j gfc`k`hl\j# _fjg`kXc`jXk`fej \k# Y\XlZflg gclj iXi\d\ek# c\ [ Z j [\ cË\e]Xek% :\j j`klXk`fej i\jk\ek Z\g\e[Xek \oZ\gk`fee\cc\j%

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79


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81


CHAPITRE 5: Rencontre et Préparation à la rencontre séjour sur place et séjour sur place CX i\eZfeki\ Mflj cX i m\q \k mflj cËXggi _\e[\q kflk ~ cX ]f`j Z\kk\ i\eZfeki\% :\k \e]Xek hl` Xii`m\ Yc\jj \k kiXldXk`j # Zfdd\ek mX$k$`c dËXZZ\gk\i 6 :fdd\ek gl`j$a\ cËXZZl\`cc`i# Xcfij hl\ aËX` k df`$d d\ kiXldXk`j gXi cËXkk\ek\# c\j dlck`gc\j Xc Xj [\j [ dXiZ_\j# c\j Xe^f`jj\j [\ e\ gXj mf`i XYflk`i dfe gifa\k 6 8ggfik\q$cl` hl\chl\ Z_fj\ gfli Yf`i\ \k dXe^\i gclk k hlËle ^ifj efleflij fl le Y\Xl afl\k% Jfp\q jfli`Xek# Xkk\ek`fee \k gi m\eXek dX`j e\ cË\emX_`jj\q gXj [Ë dfk`fej [ Yfi[Xek\j# cX`jj\q$c\ m\e`i ~ mflj% J` mflj Xcc\q c\ Z_\iZ_\i ~ cËX ifgfik# e\ jfp\q gXj kifg efdYi\lo gfli cËXZZl\`cc`i j\lc\d\ek cX ]Xd`cc\ elZc X`i\ gifZ_\# gXj cX ]Xd`cc\ cXi^`\ e` c\j Xd`j [Xej le gi\d`\i k\dgj \k \jjXp\q [\ c\ gi j\im\i c\ gclj gfjj`Yc\ [\ cX Zli`fj`k [\ kflj Z\lo hl` mfl[ifek mf`i le g\k`k ½ i\jZXg ¾% CX i\eZfeki\ g\lk ki\ `[pcc`hl\ Zflg [\ ]fl[i\ i Z`gifhl\ fl kiXldXk`jXek\ gc\lij# Zi`j# i\]lj [\ cX gXik [\ cË\e]Xek 2 dXc$ ki\# Zfe]lj`fe# Xe^f`jj\# j\ek`d\ek [Ë`eZXgXZ`k [\ cX gXik [\j gXi\ekj % :\kk\ i\eZfeki\ j\iX# [\ kflk\ ]X fe# Z_Xi^ \ [Ë dfk`fej `ek\ej\j [\ gXik \k [ËXlki\% IXjjli\q$mflj 1 cX gi\d` i\ i\eZfeki\ e\ g\lk \e i`\e gi jX^\i [\ cËXm\e`i% CX ZfejkilZk`fe [Ële c`\e j\ ]X`k g\k`k ~ g\k`k [Xej c\j Z_Xe^\j \k c\j `ek\iXZk`fej i Z`gifhl\j% Fe [\m`\ek gXi\ek Xl Ô c [\j aflij# ZË\jk le\ ZfejkilZk`fe [Xej c\ k\dgj% ;i% 9cXe[`e\ ?8DFE D [\Z`e [\ cË<=8 -+

82


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83


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84


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85


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86


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88


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89


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90


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92


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98


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100


◆ 8 cX i\eZfeki\ [\ 1 M`eZ\ek

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101


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103


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104


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105


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108


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109


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CHAPITRE 7 : L’adaptation L’adaptation de l’enfant de l’enfant 8ZZl\`cc`i jfe \e]Xek X 8ggfik\i c\j gi\d`\ij jf`ej :Ë\jk \]]\Zk`m\d\ek cX gi`fi`k XYjfcl\# jlikflk jli c\ gcXe [\ cX jXek % ; j cX gi\d` i\ i\eZfeki\ \k [liXek cX g_Xj\ [ËXggi`mf`j\d\ek [\ cË\e]Xek# cX gi`fi`k \jk [\ i gfe[i\ Xlo Y\jf`ej g_pj`fcf^`hl\j [\ cË\e]Xek dXe^\i# Yf`i\# [fid`i# ki\ jf`^e \k [\ cl` dfeki\i hlË`c \jk \e j Zli`k Z_\q mflj% Gfli Z\cX# X[fgk\q le ipk_d\ [\ m`\ c\ gclj ZXcd\ gfjj`Yc\ Xm\Z [\j _fiX`i\j i ^lc`\ij# e\ gXik\q gXj kflk [\ jl`k\ \e m`j`k\ fl \e mfpX^\% CX`jj\q mfki\ \e]Xek j\ gfj\i# gi\e[i\ ZfeÔXeZ\ [Xej cX ZfejkXeZ\ \k cX ÔXY`c`k [l eflm\Xl e`[ hl` cl` \jk gifgfj % @c X Zfeel kifg [\ Yflc\m\ij\d\ekj \k [\ Z_Xe^\d\ekj XlgXiXmXek% 8ljj` X$k$`c Y\jf`e [\ Zfdg\ej\i j\j ZXi\eZ\j [Xej c\ ZXcd\% Mflj k\j mflj$d d\ [Xej le kXk [Ë dfk`m`k `ek\ej\ 1 mfki\ gifa\k j\ i Xc`j\ \eÔe# mflj Xm\q m Zl cË`eZ\ik`kl[\ [\j [ dXiZ_\j \k kflk\j Z\j Xee \j [ËXkk\ek\ [\ii` i\ mflj Mflj Xljj` Xm\q Y\jf`e [\ i\gfj# [\ i\kiflm\i le Zflij [\ m`\ gX`j`Yc\% Mfki\ \e]Xek X Y\jf`e [\ gXi\ekj j\i\`ej hl` Xjjli\ek c\ hlfk`[`\e jXej dfk`fej \oZ\jj`m\j% E\ Z_\iZ_\q gXj kifg m`k\ ~ c\ Zflmi`i [ËX]]\Zk`fe dX`j ~ cl` dfeki\i hlË`c \jk \e j Zli`k \k hl\ mflj k\j [`^e\j [\ ZfeÔXeZ\% C\ j\ek`d\ek [\ j Zli`k \jk c\ gi\d`\i gXj [\ cX i\cXk`fe X]]\Zk`m\ hl` mX g\id\kki\ cËXkkXZ_\d\ek% J` cË\e]Xek i\]lj\ c\j Y`jflj \k c\j Z c`ej# e\ mflj j\ek\q gXj i\a\k % Jfp\q gXk`\ek \k Zfek`el\q ~ Xjjli\i j\j Y\jf`ej [\ YXj\% C\ c`\e gXi\ek&\e]Xek `e[\jkilZk`Yc\ eX k [\ Z\j `ek\iXZk`fej ZfejkXek\j \k hlfk`[`\ee\j [Xej cX i gfej\ Xlo Y\jf`ej [\ YXj\ [\ cË\e]Xek%

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