193
M. Tran (2011) ‘Main points from the meeting of G20 agriculture ministers, The Guardian, 23 June 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jun/23/g20-agriculture-summit-main-points
194
Oxfam (2008) ‘Another Inconvenient Truth: How biofuels policies are deepening poverty and accelerating climate change’, Oxfam Briefing Paper, June 2008, p.21.
195
Greenpeace International (2003) ‘Soya blazes a trail through the Amazon’, 2 December 2003. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/soya-blazes-through-the-amazon/
196
http://www.cargill.com/corporate-responsibility/pov/soy-production/responsible-soy-productionamazon/index.jsp
197
www.abiove.com.br
198
Inter-Agency Press News Service (2011) ‘Family farms fight for survival in sea of soy’, 2 August 2011. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=56705
199
M. Osava (2011) ‘Brazil to expand palm oil plantations on 32 million acres of degraded land’, Deforestation Watch, 25 January 2011. http://deforestationwatch.org/index.php/Key-Papers/Brazil-toexpand-palm-oil-plantations-on-32-million-acres-of-degraded-land.html
200
Any attempt by an ABCD company to buy into an IPO by El Tejar or any of the other mega-farm companies would be further driven by the suggestion from the chief financial officer of El Tejar, Mario Lorencatto, that the company could use part of the proceeds from the IPO ‘to set up a trading company’ of its own. This is a real possibility, given that a number of new trading companies have been established in recent years, and which may come to offer a challenge to the ABCD traders. Bloomberg Businessweek (2011) ‘Hedge-fund backed El Tejar to test IPO market on bond sale’, 9 May 2011. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-05-09/hedge-fund-backed-el-tejar-to-test-ipo-market-onbond-sale.html
201
LDPI, International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, April 2011. http://www.futureagricultures.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=1547&Itemid=978
202
The Economist (2011) ‘The surge in land deals: When others are grabbing their land’, 5 May 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/18648855?story_id=18648855
203
For example, J. Wilkinson (2009) ‘Globalization of agribusiness and developing world food systems’, Monthly Review, USA. http://monthlyreview.org/2009/09/01/globalization-of-agribusiness-anddeveloping-world-food-systems
204
For many countries, though not Brazil, this was more precisely their immediate post-independence experience, which for Mozambique came relatively late, in 1975.
205
UNCTAD (1999) ‘The Impact Of Changing Supply-And-Demand Market Structures On Commodity Prices And Exports Of Major Interest To Developing Countries’, Report by the UNCTAD Secretariat to the Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities, 7–9 July 1999, Geneva. Document reference: UNCTAD/COM.1/EM/2. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/c1em10d2.en.pdf
206
Ibid.
207
There is a large literature on this problem. For example, Oxfam documented the dumping of a variety of commodities from the launch of its trade campaign and into the 2000s. IATP tracked the dumping of five major US commodities (wheat, soy, maize, rice, and cotton) over a period stretching from 1995 to 2004.
208
A number of NGOs, and FAO, documented the problem in 2004–06. http://www.fao.org/ES/ESC/common/ecg/19/en/Surge7Import.pdf provides an overview of the FAO work.
209
See L.N. Traub, R.J. Myers, T.S. Jayne, and F.H. Meyer (2010) ‘Measuring Integration and Efficiency in Maize Grain Markets: The Case of South Africa and Mozambique’, conference paper, South Africa. http://www.namc.co.za/dnn/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=8zXPMgL852s=&tabid=116&mid=550
210
LDCs also import over 90 per cent of the agrochemicals they use. UNCTAD estimates that the four largest firms control 60 per cent of global agro-chemical supply and one-third of the commercial seed market. Cargill and Bunge have both operated fertilizer businesses; Bunge supplies the Americas, while Cargill sold its Mosaic business earlier in 2011 in order to realize some capital. Neither is thought to be among the four biggest suppliers.
211
T. Reardon, C.B. Barrett, J.A. Berdegué, and J.F.M. Swinnen (2009) ‘Agrifood Industry Transformation and Small Farmers in Developing Countries’, World Development, Volume 37, Issue 11, pp.1717-1820.
212
GAP stands for Good Agricultural Practice. See: http://www.globalgap.org
213
Based on discussions with staff involved in facilitating Ruggie’s work and a scan of the Special Representative’s extensive website.
214
T. Reardon et al. (2009) op. cit.
215
S. Murphy (2010) ‘Changing Perspectives: Small-scale farmers, markets and globalization’, International Institute for Environment and Development (UK) and Hivos (Netherlands); also Dr S. Sharma (2010) ‘Making Markets Work for the Poor: a critical view on value chain initiatives,’ ENRAP.
Cereal Secrets: The world’s largest commodity traders and global trends in agriculture
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