Stadium Urbanism

Matthew J. Dureiko Committee

Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D. (Lead), Jeff Kruth

urbanism

stadium

M.U.D Capstone 2014 - 2015

stadium urbanism

Stadia, Sport, and the Image of the American City

Matthew J. Dureiko Urban Design Capstone Project

Kent State University CAED _ CUDC Committee

Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D. (Lead), Jeff Kruth Blog

http://mdureiko.wordpress.com/

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“SPORT HAS THE POWER TO CHANGE THE WORLD. IT HAS THE POWER TO INSPIRE. IT HAS THE POWER TO UNITE PEOPLE IN A WAY THAT LITTLE ELSE DOES. SPORT CAN AWAKEN HOPE WHERE THERE WAS PREVIOUSLY ONLY DESPAIR.” NELSON MANDELA, 2006

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contents

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1 intro 2 narrative 3 thesis case studies 4 project case studies 5 methodology 6 site options 7 design options 8 poster session 9 semester reflection 10 schedule 11 blog 12 kent state poster symposium 13 midterm 14 final work 15 sources

stadium urbanism

“Stadia have the ability to

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reshape a city. What once

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was a place built for viewing

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an event, is now the most

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important

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piece

of

civic

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infrastructure in the city.�

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Stadia, Sport, and the Image of the American City

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1

Stadia have the ability to reshape a city.1 What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure.2 Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum and Soldier Field were built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment in society. They were spaces for the cities to meet as one, to share their views, and celebrate civic accomplishment.3 The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space? What is the role of the modern stadium today? This paper examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.

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NARRATIVE

Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American

city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service.4 The city center today turns to recreation and entertainment with

sport being the central focus.5 Today’s American city is about experience. Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience

and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.”6 Indianapolis and Phoenix have both re-imagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national

attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly,

Superior Viaduct, 1912, Cleveland, OH

Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it

is not just a city for government.7 Washington D.C.

is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the

major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major

League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of

eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does

a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and

wealth. The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.

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After the Gateway Project, Cleveland, OH

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Jessie Owens, 100m Dash, 1936 Berlin Olympics

Babe Ruth’s called shot, 1932 World Series, Wrigley Field

“Stag at Sharkey’s”, George Bellows, 1909

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2014/15 SPORT IN AMERICAN SOCIETY Sport is a democratic institution, or utopia, that judges

“solely” on the basis of talent and skill.8 Sport is a theoretical environment in which social conflict does not exist since

wealth or class does not equate to physical abilities or talent

level. The utopian of equality in sport gives its participants

hope for social change. Baseball, for example, is viewed as a force in which to passed along values such as hard work, social mobility, democracy, and teamwork.9

National elites had begun looking for a culture to better

connect America, and better project its identity to the world.10 The strength of the American image was necessary

for the country’s role in global markets.11 The elites turned to the popularity of amateur sports in order to bond the

nation together. In between all of the other conflicts that plagued America, sport seemed to be the common factor

that all citizens could relate to. Steven Pope describes, “the widespread popularity of institutionalized sport not only provided central reference points of daily conversation,

but also helped popularize an interlocking set of cultural

ideas about America and its relationship with the world”.12 Wealthy business men would soon begin to start organizing

and fielding professional teams as another type of business

venture. Before the media nationally broadcast sporting

news and events, professional sport was able to create

its own mythology that caught on in the American culture.

The tale of Babe Ruth, and the “Called Shot” still is passed down from father to son. The stories and mythology of sport are stories patriotism.

Sport is a theme used by some of America’s great artists as

and expression of American society. Ken Burns is quoted “I bleed red, white, and blue,” which is evident in many of

his works, including a documentary titled “Baseball” and

his future film, “Jackie Robinson”. The American painter, George Bellows, is famous for his boxing themed pieces

that depict the social struggles and conflicts in his New York neighborhood. Sport now takes the place of religion as a way to communicate ideologies to the masses.

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SPORT AND THE CITY

markets, like Cleveland and other Midwestern cities, are not

The City is the object that initially helped the growth of

In Cleveland, there is a negative correlation between

professional sports. At first, stadiums and arenas were located in small, residential areas of the city (i.e. League

Park in the Hough neighborhood of Cleveland). Stadiums first developed in these areas so that they would be most accessible to a majority of spectators, the white middle class

that lived outside of the city’s center. With the invention of the car and other forms of mass transportation, business owners

brought stadiums to the city center as a way to bring people

large enough to support all these types of entertainment.

the attendance of the Indians and the number of arts and

recreation establishments in the city (see Table 1). When the Indians have winning seasons, and attract more fans, the money is spent at the game instead of at other recreational

establishments. Attending a sporting event in a downtown

region only redistributes dollars that would be spent there otherwise.13

downtown to help support business interests the owners

Many stadiums are publicly owned in America. This

began to identify with the culture of the people. Team names

franchises can leverage their existence in a city in order to

were involved in. By bringing sport to the city center, teams were changed to appeal to cultural interests. Pittsburgh’s

football team was named after the industry that helped it flourish. New Orleans named its basketball team after the popular music genre that the city is identified with. Team names helped to bring social identity and social investment to an organization.

Social and emotional investment is necessary for modern

professional sports. These investments into sports teams is what keeps people coming back for the product. It

differentiates those who are spectators from those who are fans. The spectator is someone that watches the happenings

of the game and understands the game. The spectator has

no emotional investment into a team, game, or event. The fan is someone who is emotionally invested in all aspects of the game. The fan understands the impact that every play

or event has on the greater whole and the outcome of the season. “Fandom” is equated to a personal investment in

a team, and the professional teams picked up on it quickly.

The more “fans” that a team has, the more powerful the

organization. This is good for the city and for the business of sport.

Sport is one type of recreational activity in the city. It is a type of entertainment that competes for business in the city along with restaurants, clubs, and movie theaters. Most mid-

Boston Red Sox honor Boston bombing victims with 2013 World Series Trophy

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should come as no surprise in a capitalistic society, where profit. Professional sports’ franchises are commodities, and cities and the pro-sports leagues understand that. Cities must compete with each other in order to host one of these

franchises. The city needs the team more than the team needs the city. Certain teams have associated themselves

with certain cities, but it has been proven before that teams

are not bound to a city (i.e. Colts move from Baltimore to Indianapolis, the Browns from Cleveland to Baltimore). The identity of the team, however, is. When Art Modell moved the Browns to Baltimore, a civic outcry occurred. Modell moved

the team, but the “Browns” never left the city of Cleveland.

The team is not its own entity. It is a complex structure that includes the city and its fan base.

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THE STADIUM AND THE CITY The stadium has always been the most iconic building in the city. From the Colosseum in Rome, to Soldier Field in Chicago, the stadium is the urban space where cities

gather to express their civic pride. Stadia are the icon of the community that surrounds them. Wrigleyville in Chicago

would be nonexistent if it were not for Wrigley Field. No other building typology has the same effect that stadia have on a city. The stadium as a building typology can not be

understood without understanding the society in which it resides. Stadiums are the icon of the city. They represent

the culture and views of the society; the zeitgeist.14 It comes as no surprise that today’s American city wants to express the prominence of sport. The city receives instant credibility when it expresses its role in the zeitgeist. This idea is not

new to modern times. For example, Santa Maria del Fiore, in Florence was built to shift the religious focus from Rome,

and brought the first papal visit to Florence. The Duomo instantly gave Florence power and prominence in the

Christian faith. The Florentines understood that building the greatest cathedral in the world would bring people

to their city. Shortly after Santa Maria del Fiore, Rome began construction on New St. Peter’s in order to regain the Christian focus. This is very similar to sport stadia in

America today. New stadiums are built to bring attention and cultural power to the city or team. Chicago has Soldier Field, home of the Chicago Bears, because they wanted to “out-do” Paris, and Paris’s new urban plan.15

The stadium is the urban center for the celebration of the ritual that is the event. It is the place where the people gather

to rejoice as one when the team wins, and mourn when the team loses. The stadium is the most urban structure in the

city today. But the stadium is more than a place for sport.

It is a tool for revitalizing the city urbanistcally. It is a center

of economic growth. In many new stadiums, transportation

centers are also introduced alongside. This proves that the stadium grows the city center.

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STADIUM EVOLUTION Stadium evolution has taken place ever since

the Colosseum. Experts have identified five generations of stadium design, which illustrates

this evolution. The first four generations of

stadiums focused inward on the event. Stadiums in generations one through four constantly had to

evolve in order to stay in competition with the TV

(comfort of home) and amusement park (family entertainment). Stadiums in the 1990’s started to address a different type of problem. No longer

were stadiums only built to view games. They

were built as tools for urban regeneration. Public funding of stadiums became almost universal in American cities, and to sell the prospect of using

public money to fund stadia, cities would promote these structures as “cultural icons”, “job creators”, and “tourist attractions”.

The outstanding question is, what is the modern stadium? The modern stadium is no longer a

singular entity. It is a place where people gather, where people view spectacle. It is a place that

symbolizes civic pride and ideals. The stadium is not a singular structure, it is an urban space that houses the spirit of the city.

Further more, the stadium is now used as a

space that exhibits its city. Baseball stadiums

are now designed having the backdrop be the skyline. When the camera views the entire field from behind home plate, it can help but to catch

the buildings behind center field. This helps give

the stadium a sense of place. It gives the stadium a connection to the city.

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SPORT, THE MEDIA, AND THE CITY

seating options to fit their needs. Traditionalists tend to sit

Semi-monopolies that are the MLB, NBA, and NFL control

like to sit together. The spaces around the stadium are home

all aspects of professional sport. They determine which

cities can host teams, where their major events take place, the quality of the stadium, and which games are televised in

certain regions. These industries are the in the forefront of how cities and people view sport. The media has also greatly

impacted the way people choose to take in sport. Stadiums now must compete with HDTV and the comforts of home to

bring people the game. As a result, recently built stadiums now feature a wide range of ways to view the event. Some

stadiums include restaurants that overlook the playing field, seats at field level to bring the fan into the game, and even

spaces that people can view the team as the parade from the locker room to the field. But stadium communities begin

with the type of fans that attend a game. Traditionalist fans

prefer to view the game in its glory, and do not care for the distractions of in-game entertainment. Spectators view the

game almost as background music as they mingle with one another. These types of communities choose different

in the seats where they can view the entire field of play and

to each community of fan. From the luxury boxes to the bleachers, from the nose-bleeds to the center field bar, each

section has its own spirit that is unique to each seating level.

The impact of the media on sport has completely reinvented

what the stadium is. Since the Colosseum, the stadium has

been the theater in which sport takes place. Now, it is a piece of the stage set in the performance. Televised games use the stadium as a way to express to the viewer the importance

of the game. A sold out stadium shows the viewer that the game is of utmost importance. People at the game are

now performers in their own right. The cheering and towel

waving communicates to the viewer the emotion in the stadium. Without people in the stadium, the game is equal to a television drama show. Communicating the emotion

surrounding the spectacle elevates the game into something

more than just a show. The emotion is what sells the game to the audience.

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Royals’ Fans react to game winning run.

CONCLUSION Stadia are structures built around the complexities of society, sport, and economics. To say that the stadium is a singular entity underestimates the spirit of the space. It is a space for spectacle. It is a space for pride. The team that plays in the stadium is just as important to the city as the structure itself. You can not tell the story of Rome and the Roman empire without the Colosseum, or Boston without Fenway Park. These places house the identity of the city, and are expressions of the trials and tribulations that its people have experienced.

Stadia shape both the city’s ideals and urban fabric. Urban infrastructure of this magnitude is often overlooked when cities begin to plan for them. With budgets often surpassing $500 million, the city must rethink what a stadium is, how its funded, and what it means to the city. Modern stadiums often fail to successfully impact the city. Modern stadia need to revert back to the past, and become better connected and sewn into the urban fabric.

Cities must use these large investments to first, and foremost, positively impact the city, and second, to re-brand their image into a “major league” city.

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ENDNOTES 1

Sheard, Rod., “The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture,”

(Sydney: Pesaro Publishing, 2005) 8.

12

Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation:

Sport, Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 334.

Flowers, Benjamin, Paraphrased from video “Win or Waste: Atlanta at

2

13

Odds over Stadium Proposal”.

Delaney, Kevin J. and Rick Eckstein., “Urban Power Structures and

Publicly Financed Stadiums,” Sociological Forum, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Wiley, 3

see Ford, Liam T., “Soldier Field: A Stadium and its City,” (London: The

2007) 332.

University of Chicago Press, Ltd, 2009).

14 4

Rosentraub, Mark S., “Sports Facilities, Redevelopment, and the

Sheard, Rod., “The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture,”

(Sydney: Pesaro Publishing, 2005) 20.

Centrality of Downtown Areas: Observations and Lessons From Experiences in a Rustbelt and Sunbelt City,” Marquette Sports Law Review,

Vol.

10,

Issue

2

(http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/

15

Ford, Liam T., Soldier Field: A Stadium and its City (London: The

University of Chicago Press, Ltd, 2009) 1.

sportslaw/vol10/iss2/7/) 219.

5

Rosentraub, Mark S., “Sports Facilities, Redevelopment, and the

Centrality of Downtown Areas: Observations and Lessons From Experiences in a Rustbelt and Sunbelt City,” Marquette Sports Law Review,

Vol.

10,

Issue

2

(http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/

sportslaw/vol10/iss2/7/) 220.

6

see Wolf, Michael J., “The Entertainment Economy” (Times Books,

1999).

7

Rosentraub, Mark S., “Sports Facilities, Redevelopment, and the

Centrality of Downtown Areas: Observations and Lessons From Experiences in a Rustbelt and Sunbelt City,” Marquette Sports Law Review,

Vol.

10,

Issue

2

(http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/

sportslaw/vol10/iss2/7/) 223.

8

Reiss, Steven A., “Sport and the American Dream” Journal of Social

History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Oxford University Press, 1980) 295.

9

Briley, Ronald, “Baseball and American Cultural Values” OAH

Magazine of History, Vol. 7, No. 1, History of Sport, Recreation, and Leisure (Organization of American Historians, 1992) 61.

10

Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation: Sport,

Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 328.

11

Pope, Seven W., “Negotiation the “Folk Highway” of the Nation: Sport,

Public Culture and American Identity, 1870-1940,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 27, No. 2, (Oxford University Press, 1993) 334.

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Thesis Case Studies

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3.1

EXODUS, OR THE VOLUNTARY PRISONERS OF ARCHITECTURE

Rem Koolhaas’s thesis project discusses how people

become beings of their surroundings. The architecture that surrounds them dictate how they act in a space. He begins to re-imagine how the constraints of architecture

do not have to dictate the society that inhabits it, and how they can redefine their being in a space.

This type of narrative of a culture and society is how I will form my project. Through my process and further research, I will be able to tell my own narrative of a city, how it will grow, and how society will adapt to the city.

The stadium becomes a microcosm of the city and is a direct reflection of how the city evolves over time as a result of cultural and sociological shifts.

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3.2 KOREAN DIASPORA

Carlos Zarco’s project discusses the trials and

tribulations of Korean-Americans in the United States.

His thesis uses historical context as a way to define

the problem of having a space for Korean-Americans

to socialize. The project looks at the city and defines a

space for this culture to interact together outside of the structure of the typical American city.

Although Zarco’s project deals heavily with the city, his final product is an architectural piece for the city.

He develops this microcosm of a society to explain

the cultural inhabitance in the city, not unlike how the

stadium reflects the American culture in the city. This project was used as a way to re-conceptualize what

urban design can be, and how architecture directly relates to the city and society that surrounds it.

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3.3 Salvaged Stadium

Yaohau Wang of Harvard’s GSD developed a project that looked at the stadium, and how it can serve the

community after it is no longer used for sporting events.

Wang identified the existing program of the stadium,

and how it could be reused and benefit the city. The indepth programmatic research developed the stadium as

a “miniature-city� and discusses how the infrastructure of the stadium becomes impactful for the city.

This programmatic identification is how I plan to explore the design of a stadium, however while it is in use instead of its afterlife. The program of the stadium

should enhance the city, not hinder it. My project will

continue to explore how the stadium, its design, and its program reflect, and assist the city.

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What makes a stadium a

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civic icon?

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How can a stadium reshape

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the city?

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Project Case Studies

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158 Ipswich St.

4.1

Fenway Park, Boston, MA STADIUM BUILT AROUND THE CITY

Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston.

Over time, it has grown along with the neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in

the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium,

59 Lansdowne St.

but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.

$50k

16 Van Ness St.

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

12.7k

38 Yawkey Way

PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

STOP + GO TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

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1909

1912

1928

1938

2014/15 Fenway Park is one of the most unique baseball stadiums in

America. This stadium has truly grown with the city. Fenway

is one of the only remaining stadiums that is a living entity.

It was not built to completion. It has been renovated and reconstructed, not unlike how a city grows.

59 Lansdowne St.

So what is it about this organism that makes it the perfect baseline case study? Here are three main reasons:

1.) Fenway fits into its context very well. It is not too large for the neighborhood that it is located in. Even the street sections are unique. Not many other stadiums are bound by 2-lane

roads on all sides. The width of the street and the way people

occupy the street have a relationship. Fenway’s streets are always packed and alive before, during, and after games.

2.) It is not located right downtown. Fenway is in the Back Bay neighborhood, which is mainly residential with many bars and 16 Van Ness St.

restaurants too. The thing that this area lacks is parking, yet

that does not seem to be a problem with any of the 35,000+ fans. With public transportation, you are able to come and go with little issues.

3.) It is a growing civic space. It is not overly designed so that any renovation must satisfy its aesthetic. It a space that the people of Boston can touch and leer into. Fenway is not

an enclave like so many of the stadiums today. As long as Bostonians keep going to Red Sox games, Fenway will

continue to evolve and be one of the most unique parks in baseball.

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INTERVIEW w/ CAMERON KING

Cam King is the strategic marking coordinator at Paul

Lukez Architects. I had come across Mr. King and Mr. Lukez through their blog post “Baseball Urbanism”

which focused on how the scale of Fenway Park

relates to the city of Boston. Their contention is that Fenway has become the most important civic building

in Boston due to its respectful design in its context. We

had discussed how Fenway and the Back Bay Fens had grown together, how the stadium gives the Back Bay an identity, and how the program surrounding the

stadium enhances the visitors’ experiences of attending a Red Sox game. After talking with Mr. King, the growth of Fenway Park has allowed the stadium to develop authentic idiosyncrasies that are not seen in other parks.

Fenway’s unique design creates a special relationship between the people of Boston and the stadium. This bond is what makes Fenway arguably the most iconic American stadium.

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831 3rd St.

4.2 AT&T Park,San Francisco, CA CITY BUILT AROUND THE STADIUM

AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San

Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to

improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district

136 King St.

relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

$151k

84 King St.

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

17.2k

155 Willie Mays Plaza

PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

SLOW TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

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1938

2000

2005

2012

2014/15 AT&T Park follows the model of Oriole Park at Camden Yards;

it was built to completion in order to rejuvenate the city. This model works in San Francisco’s China Basin district since the city was in need of expansion. The income of the area, along

with the needs of the city allowed this model to be successful.

Why does the design of this project work in San Francisco?

831 3rd St.

Here are three main reasons:

1.) AT&T Park fits nicely in the context. Although it is a much larger stadium than Fenway, the surrounding buildings allow for this scale to fit well. There are 4-lane streets surrounding the stadium, but are designed to the human scale.

2.) It is also located just outside of the city center, like Fenway Park. The surrounding neighborhood is a dense residential area, so the park serves as the district’s leisure space. Parking

does not surround the park, yet there are multiple public transportation stops that are near the park.

3.) It has served as a catalyst for development. As San 155 Willie Mays Plaza

Francisco tries to expand, it uses the stadium as the

centerpiece for development. Over its recent history, AT&T Park has brought many residential and commercial spaces to the China Basin, while more construction is foreseen across the bay as a direct result of its completion.

Waterfront

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1619 NW 3rd St.

4.3 Marlins’ Park, Miami, FL

STADIUM IMPOSED ON CITY

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami.

Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that

the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what

AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to

1397 NW 4th St.

public transportation.

$32k

1687 NW 7th St.

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

1.3k

630 NW 16th St.

PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE

FREEFLOW TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

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2002

2009

2010

2014

2014/15 Miami Marlins Park has state of the art design and the most extravagant “experiences� located under its roof. However, this enormous structure seems to fail not only from an attendance

standpoint, but also on the urban scale. Lets compare it to Fenway Park:

1619 NW 3rd St.

1.) It shows the lack of ability to grow. The stadium is a complete entity. There is little more that this stadium has to offer in terms

of how it can better connect within the fabric around it. There is no street edge formed, no scale consideration, and is an extremely expensive investment in an area in Little Havana that is not wealthy.

2.) It is not an authentic space. Every experience and portion of its design was created from nothing; there were no constraints

in the design. They even had to build 4 parking garages as

a way to attempt to relate the scale of the stadium with its context.

3.) Most stadium projects take advantage and exploit the city 1397 NW 4th St.

in order to fund them. However, this project had done this in

an extreme way. For the $630 million project, the city had borrowed $91 million from bonds, which will eventually cost

the city $1.2 BILLION to pay back. This stadium just seems to deflate this area and the city, and does not show any ability to help grow the district.

630 NW 16th St.

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INTERVIEW w/ ROLANDO LLANES

Rolando Llanes is the principal of CIVICA, an architecture firm from Miami. His film, White Elephant:

What is there to save?, documents the story of the Miami Baseball Stadium, which was an icon of Miami until its

demolition. Llanes is also the architect of the four (4) parking garages that surround the new Miami Marlins

Stadium. I had contacted Mr. Llanes to discuss the impact of Marlins Park. We had discussed the reasons as to why the site was selected, how the architecture of the stadium relates to the community of Little Havana,

and how it will serve the area for years to come. His

hope is that it will start to redevelop Little Havana, much like how AT&T Park helped to bring development to San

Francisco’s China Basin. The most important concept we discussed was how the program of the stadium

relates to the community. He stated that businesses such as restaurants and bars are not being established

here because people going to the game would rather

eat or drink inside the park instead of under a parking garage outside of the stadium. This relationship of the program between the city and the stadium will be a major focus of the development of this research project.

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Historical concepts integrate

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the stadium with the city.

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How can this inspire modern

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ideas of today’s stadiums?

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5

“Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials.1�

Stadiums are extremely experiential civic spaces which explains why they become some of the most iconic places in the world. The method of research must accept this, and highlight the phenomena of the stadium, and its place in the city. The qualitative research method allows for this type of study of the experience. Newspaper articles, documentaries, journals, and other writings focused on the response of the community concerning the stadium have been studied and documented. Moving forward, information from this research sets up a framework as to how to imagine and visualize the stadium through a different lens.

This research has led to help develop a generic program type for cities and stadiums. The program is not of fixed spaces and quantities, however is based on experience, culture, and society. By defining these broad categories of the program, I was able to compare the stadium to the city. What is seen, is that the distillation of both the city and the stadium reveals similar types of programmatic ingredients. This comparison helps strengthen the concept of the city-stadium, and how the two integrate with each other.

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L. Groat and D. Wang, Architectural Research Methods: Second Edition, (Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013) 224.

1

2014/15

1 social classes 1 people

2 visitors 3 residents 4 city laws 5 government branches

2 governing body

6 circulation 7 public spaces 8 civic structures 9 private development

3 built fabric

10 neighborhoods 11 zoning

13 future

16 shrinkage

4 life/society City Program

14 culture 15 expansion

City Program Distilled

12 History

1 fans 1 people

2 spectators 3 media 4 mlb

2 governing body

5 stadium management 6 event rules 7 circulation 8 public spaces 9 seating

3 built fabric

10 stadium communities 11 fan zones 12 team zones

15 future 16 culture 17 renovations

Stadium Program

14 history 4 life/society

Stadium Program Distilled

13 stadium “crust�

63

stadium urbanism

6.1 White Sox, Chicago, Ill. U.S. Cellular Field is home to the Chicago White Sox. Although this is a relatively new stadium, its site does

not allow for it to become part of Chicago’s south side communities. It is bounded by train tracks and I-90, and is located in a sea of parking. With low attendance in recent years, this stadium is not living up to its potential. Site

option 1 would be to find a new site in the South Side to move the White Sox stadium. This new stadium proposal

will be a response to Wrigley Field, home of the Cubs. The

multiple layers of social issues that revolve around this stadium can make for a very rich investigation. Further

research will be done to determine an exact site for a proposed new stadium if this option is selected.

64

< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER

ADEQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH

ESTABLISHED OR UP-ANDCOMING NEIGHBORHOOD

NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE

LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD

POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC

NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7

fall 2014

6.2 Rays, Tampa Bay, FL.

Tropicana Field is home to the Tampa Bay Rays.

This stadium is also relatively new, however, looks quite dated compared to the majority of other MLB

parks. With turmoil in the Rays organization, they are attempting to talk with the city in order to obtain

a new stadium for the team, or be forced to relocate.

Selecting this option would allow a proposal for

relocation to another city, or to relocate the stadium

in the city of Tampa or St. Petersburg. This option could allow for a more involved dialogue with both the team and the cities.

< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER

ADEQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH

ESTABLISHED OR UP-ANDCOMING NEIGHBORHOOD

NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE

LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD

POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC

NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7 65

stadium urbanism

Introducing Populous’ Living Park, an exclusive baseball stadium for the future What can baseball fans expect their stadiums to look like

new types of space. A city park overlooks rightfield—a riff on

Populous—one of the world’s most prolific stadium designers

green roof—and an enlarged berm beyond leftfield gives the

in 20 years’ time? To find out, Sports Illustrated approached and the architects behind roughly 20 MLB stadiums, including the two most recent venues in New York, Target Field in Minneapolis and Marlins Park in Miami—to look into

Fenway Park’s famed Green Monster, but this time with a stadium community-inspired life and public accessibility 365 days a year.

the future and envision a realistic design for stadiums in the

“Fields tend to be protected domains,” Sherlock said. “There

concepts, they created Living Park exclusively for SI readers,

not take advantage of that? Ultimately, that is what this is

2030s. After the Populous team brainstormed ideas and both the ones now and in 20 years.

The result: A park that doesn’t simply sink into the dense

urban fabric of a city, but merges with it, creating a completely

is an amazing feeling when you get close to the turf, so why

about, bringing on the positive pleasures of life and reducing the stress. These powerful sporting venues are amazing places for people to get lost in the daily life.”

new vision of stadium facades, community and interaction.

Getting to urban sites often proves tricky, so Populous

Mirakian and Greg Sherlock called it, creates a re-imagined

giving transit users a free look at one of the most stunning

The fresh take on a baseball home, as designers Brian communal living room with some flair, such as interactive data glass, public transit lines sweeping through the park and the city built right into the venue. This is, after all, the future.

Looking forward, there’s no need for the high-arching concrete and steel that separate today’s stadiums from the city around them. Mirakian anticipates “transformative stadiums that will really build a community.” The glass structures horseshoed

around Living Park, for example, aren’t just premium

seating, but also serve to combine the city and stadium. A street front on one side that hosts everything from offices

and apartments to retail and restaurants turns into a stadium portal on the backside, offering stellar views onto the field.

brought the public transit line straight through Living Park, views in the city. Mirakian called it a “pretty distinct” element of the design.

From the massive next-gen LED board in rightfield that allows the viewer within to see out, to Google Glass-styled windows in dugout suites behind home plate, Sherlock called

Living Park an “integrated building,” not only merging with

the city and community, but also interacting with the game.

Why not have fans in premium seating peering through glass

overlaid with real-time data? “Being able to physically embed

data into architecture is a really powerful thing,” Mirakian said, “and something we’ll definitely see in the future.”

Instead of rising out of the city, the stadium sinks into it.

Offering high-tech experiences also enables the club to create

Trending data suggested increased urban densification,

“The biggest segmentation of fans, the experiential fans, they

giving Mirakian the idea to create a linear park environment

that allows the building to play as the central theme—a place

activated during a game, but where the community can gather at any time, during either the season or offseason.

In this case, the building itself is defined by the edges of

the city, acting as a window into the building on game days.

There’s no need for fanciful facades, as the stadium instead flows with the park and city.

You’ll still find a traditional seating bowl tucked below

premium glass-enclosed spaces, but with the future of team

revenue not as reliant on gate receipts, designers can offer

66

new value in premium and enhances the traditional seats. are not here to simply spectate in the event,” Mirakian said.

“They are geared toward a participant experience and want

freedom to move about, experience technology in different ways and fundamentally take in a MLB game in different ways. The social space is changing really dramatically.”

By giving fans an in-venue encounter that not only matches the home-viewing experience, but also exceeds it, Populous expects to draw a variety of types of spectators.

“Technology is keeping people in their homes,” Sherlock

said. “We reversed that notion, and in this urban context, this

fall 2014

park-like setting is the community living room where you go to get super technology at your fingertips.”

The 37,500-seat Living Park, which grows if the park is packed, retains traditional elements and enhances them

as well. The seating berm gets magnified, and the away scoreboard is topped by a data-dripping LED board. The seating bowl rises for better views, and the suite experience

creates places to socialize in a fan-flexible way. Populous suggests opening up the dugouts, in-park batting cages and other off-limit areas to allow intersection with athletes.

Populous even modernized the mow pattern of the grass.

COMMENTS This article demonstrates the concept of a stadium as an organism. Populous theorizes the modern stadium to grow as necessary, but in terms of attendance. The

stadium also needs to grow along with the city. The

relationship of the stadium and the city should be just as important as the relationship between the stadium and the event. My capstone project will take this concept of the “living stadium” and relate it to the city as well as to the event.

Now that’s futuristic.

Article by Tim Newcomb of Sports Illustrated

http://www.si.com/mlb/strike-zone/2014/03/13/populousliving-park-baseball-stadium-for-the-future

67

In option 1, the programmatic needs of the stadium are understood and scaled to

proper proportions. Then a site is found

Stadium Program

+

Consolidate the stadium using programmatic needs of the city.

City Program

stadium urbanism

7.1

a.

that can support this program and the size

of the stadium. The end result is a stadium that rests in the urban fabric and is scaled to the human instead of disregarding

this relationship all together. This option

will focus on the design of the stadium to programmatically connect it with the city.

a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.

b. Find a site for the playing field. c. Add program onto the site to develop a

b.

civic stadium.

c.

68

fall 2014

7.2 Stadium Program

a.

City Program

+

Explode the stadium and program into the city to integrate into the context.

In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city. a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.

b.

b. Find a site for the playing field. c. Add program to the site and its context to develop a city-stadium.

c.

69

4 city laws 5 government braches

7 public spaces 8 civic structures 9 private development

43% OVER $460M

PUBLIC $ SPENT ON STADIUMS SINCE 2000

DAYS USED PER YEAR

TOPIC INTRODUCTION

City Program Distilled

11 zoning

City Program

12 History 13 future 14 culture 15 expansion 16 shrinkage

4 life/society

1 people

3 media 4 mlb 2 governing body

6 event rules 7 circulation

9 seating

Stadium Program Distilled

8 public spaces 3 built fabric

10 stadium communites

Stadium Program

11 fan zones 12 team zones

][

14 history 15 future 16 culture 17 renovations

In option 1, the of the stadium scaled to prope a site is found th program and the The end result is in the urban fab the human instead relationship all tog focus on the desi programmatically city.

2.

1 fans 2 spectators

5 stadium management

LOCATION

AVERAGE STADIUM COST

3 built fabric

10 neighborhoods

4 life/society

In option 2, the pro new civic infrastru compared to the for a new stadium. is then determined program of the cit developed, the st tool in which to l structurally and fi option will focus o grows with the ne and will try to redefi are designed in ter

DISTANCE FROM CITY CENTER < 1 mile 1.1 - 4.9 miles

> 5 miles

0

3

6

9

12

15

# of stadiums

12 a

FENWAY PARK

Stadia have the ability to reshape a city. What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure in the city. Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum was built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment for the society. It was a space for the city to meet as one, to share its views, and to celebrate civic accomplishments. The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space?

What is the role of the modern stadium today? This project examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.

Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service. The city center today turns to recreation

and entertainment with sport being the central focus. Today’s American city is about experience.

Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.” Indianapolis and Phoenix have both reimagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly, Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it is not just a city for government. Washington D.C. is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and wealth.

The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.

MIND MAP 1. Amount of good and bad traffic 2. Street width 3. How are the streets used before, during, and after games?

ADJACENT STREET TYPES

SURROUNDING TYPOLOGIES

1. What type of district is the stadium located in?

2. Does it compete with or help other establishments?

1. Does the stadium fit into the surrounding context?

2. How does it relate to the human scale?

3. Does its occupancy reflect the population?

SCALE RELATIONSHIP

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

1. Does it sprun new development?

2. What type of development occurs around it?

3. What scale is the new development?

STADIUM BUILT AROUND CITY

[

1.

2 governing body

6 circulation

13 stadium “crust”

$5 Bill. 81

$460m

1 people

2 visitors 3 residents

MATTHEW J. DUREIKO

Urban Design Capstone Proposal _ Fall 2014 Kent State University CAED _ CUDC Commitee: Adil Sharag-Eldin (Lead), Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby

DESIGN OPT

1 social classes

PROJECT SUMMARY

URBANISM

INVESTMENT

Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.

1909

Section Through Sta

AT&T PARK

IN THE URBAN FABRIC

THE STADIUM + THE CITY The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.

Cities use the stadium as a tool for urban planning and an object to plan around. Instead of planning around stadiums, how can the stadium be planned around the city?

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO THE CITY?

MASTERPLANNING

1. What else can $500m or more do for the city other than keep a team from moving?

2. How does this budget effect the city?

$500m + Budget

1. Does it spurn new development in the city?

2. What type of development occurs before and after it?

3. What type of people are attracted to the new development?

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

Population

1. How does it respond to the population of the city?

2. Static or dynamic population?

3. Is this population sustainable?

STADIUM URBANISM

1. How does the city plan around the stadium?

2. Does it serve another purpose than hosting games?

1. Does it symbolize the architecture/urban environment of the city?

2. Is it imparitive to the city?

IN THE SOCIAL FABRIC

THE CITY’S USE

THE CITY’S PUBLIC SPACE

CITY BUILT AROUND STADIUM

This project will understand the current relationship between the urban fabric and stadiums, and further question how they can better relate to the city and the surronding context.

1. What civic events take place in it?

2. The place for the city to celebrate civic accomplishments.

AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

CIVIC ICON/SYMBOL

1938

Section Through Sta

MIAMI MARLINS PARK

This project will understand how the stadium fits in the social fabric and how it can be designed to become the most important civic structure in the city/community.

THE STADIUM + SOCIETY WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY?

70

1. How often does the stadium hold civic events other than sporting events?

2. How does the city relate to the events taking place in it?

CIVIC EVENTS

1. How often does the city celebrate accomplishments in or around this space?

2. What types of accomplishments have taken place in it?

CIVIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS

SYMBOLOGY

1. Does it symbolize the community?

2. Why is it reflective of the community?

3. Does the community have a vested interest in it?

The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.

WHAT HAS IT DONE FOR THE CITY?

1. How has it redefined the image of the city and how it is portrayed to outsiders?

2. What type of social power does it demonstrate?

CIVIC IMAGE

DOES IT RESTORE THE COMMUNITY?

1. Has it brought wealth/prosperity to a lacking community?

2. Does it restore hope to a community?

STADIUM IMPOSED ON CITY

stadium urbanism

8 STADIUM

PROGRAM

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public transportation.

2002

Section Through Sta

2014/15 SITE CHOICE CHECKLIST

DESIGN OPTIONS

ple

1.

ety

+

Stadium Program

City Program Distilled

bric

In option 1, the programmatic needs of the stadium are understood and scaled to proper proportions. Then a site is found that can support this program and the size of the stadium.

The end result is a stadium that rests in the urban fabric and is scaled to the human instead of disregarding this relationship all together. This option will focus on the design of the stadium to programmatically connect it with the city.

City Program

ody

a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.

b. Find a site for the playing field.

c. Add program onto the site to develop a civic stadium.

b. Find a site for the playing field.

c. Add program to the site and its context to develop a city-stadium.

< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER

ADAQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH

ESTABLISHED OR UP-AND-COMING NEIGHBORHOOD

NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/ NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE

LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD

POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC

NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7

San Francisco, and example of how the owntrodden space in wo have a symbiotic

wn Miami. Once the t the stadium would ark has done for San w income area of the

4. Redefine program, and blend it into the city.

$50k ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

1909

1912

1928

1938

12.7k PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

Section Through Stadium

Yawkey Way Section

Lansdowne St. Section

STOP + GO TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

$151k ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

1938

2000

2005

2012

17.2k PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

SLOW Section Through Stadium

3rd St. Section

Willie Mays Pl. Section

TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

$32k ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

2002

2009

2010

2014

1.3k PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE

FREEFLOW Section Through Stadium

NW 3rd St. Section

NW 4th St. Section

TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

HH Income

3. Determine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium and compare.

Today’s stadiums focus on the event and are objects concieved from capitalism. The city’s investment in the teams that play in these spaces goes beyond the multi-million dollar budget that they require.

The social investment is just as important to consider in these massive civic infrastructure projects.

The today’s stadium deisgn is focused on building the most advanced modern stadium. This project begins to explore how stadiums such as Fenway Park, and Wrigley Field have grown with the city, how they respond to the urban context, and relate to the society. These investments of $500m+ need to consider the city just as successfuly as they do the teams that play there. The product of this research will be a new way to idealize the modern stadium, and a design that allows the stadium to become a place for the city once again.

Population Density

5 city blocks

2. Understand how the successful stadiums fit into the city and what makes them iconic.

Traffic Flows

12 acre site

compare to stadiums that do not fit in urban

HH Income

15

Find examples of stadiums that fit in urban fabric, and fabric.

Population Density

=

CONCLUSION + PRODUCT

METHODOLOGY 1.

Ohio City (example site)

Traffic Flows

STADIUM SITE SIZE

HH Income

ER

ens of Boston. Over around it and has m in the country. The e stadium also relies

]

a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.

Population Density

+

Traffic Flows

ety

City Program

Stadium Program Distilled

bric

In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city.

Stadium Program

2.

ple

ody

71

stadium urbanism

POSTER SESSION COMMENTS _ 11/19/2014 “This is a civic proposal, not one based on finance.” Although this project is developed as a way

to help the community, finance can not be excluded. This project will not be financially driven, however it will use simple numbers to strengthen the argument.

“What is the trajectory of sport? And what does the next generation stadium look like?”

Defining how sport will change in the future will help drive design decisions as to how to incorporate it in the city, and how the city will relate to the team and the stadium.

“What about combining multiple sports into one stadium? How is it programmed for not just

one event?” Stadia in the past had used the idea to combine multiple sports into one stadium, however this led to sterile spectator environments. This project will develop a stadium for Major League Baseball as its focus, yet allow for other events to occur during off days.

“What’s the relationship between multiple stadiums in the city? Size, location, etc.?” The most

important relationship between stadiums in the city are their size. A city should have a variation of stadium capacities to allow different size events.

“What’s the relationship between the lifespan of the stadium and when development around it

occurs?” The average age of MLB stadiums is about 25 years old. When cities decide to build a new stadium in hopes of attracting development, they need to consider how long the stadium’s life-span will see the proposed development.

“Think of what the stadium could do for the city instead of just inserting a bunch of new program.” Each city will have its unique issues that a stadium can help. These social issues should

be observed on a case by case basis. Defining what a city’s needs are first will help to develop a program for the city.

“Use your case studies as a way to reverse engineer them. This will help develop a design

concept.” This project will use the concept of stadia such as Fenway or Wrigley; the stadium growing with the city. This concept will be developed to suit a modern design that will greatly impact the city.

“How does the name park evoke its being or type?” The idea of the baseball “park” leads to the

concept of leisure. Baseball stadiums are places for people to relax with friends and other fans during the game, and allows people to take a break from everyday life.

“Are there other examples such as the one in Miami that do work in that type of neighborhood?”

Although there are other successful examples of a stadium built in an area of the city to attract development (see AT&T Park), the main factor that does not bode well for Miami is that Marlins’ Park is located in a poor neighborhood, where development is unlikely to follow.

“Look into where parking is in location to the stadium.” The Gateway Project in Cleveland focused on this concept, and decided to offer very little parking. The idea was to make people park away from

the stadium, and filter through the city. This same concept is seen at Fenway Park and Wrigley Field, where access to the stadium is focused public transportation.

72

[

43% OVER $460M

CIVIC EVENTS

CIVIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS

1. How often does the city celebrate accomplishments in or around this space?

2. What types of accomplishments have taken place in it?

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

1. How often does the stadium hold civic events other than sporting events?

2. How does the city relate to the events taking place in it?

This project will understand how the stadium fits in the social fabric and how it can be designed to become the most important civic structure in the city/community.

1. Does it spurn new development in the city?

2. What type of development occurs before and after it?

3. What type of people are attracted to the new development?

1. What else can $500m or more do for the city other than keep a team from moving?

2. How does this budget effect the city?

Cities use the stadium as a tool for urban planning and an object to plan around. Instead of planning around stadiums, how can the stadium be planned around the city?

$500m + Budget

SCALE RELATIONSHIP

1. Does the stadium fit into the surrounding context?

2. How does it relate to the human scale?

3. Does its occupancy reflect the population?

This project will understand the current relationship between the urban fabric and stadiums, and further question how they can better relate to the city and the surronding context.

ADJACENT STREET TYPES

1. Amount of good and bad traffic 2. Street width 3. How are the streets used before, during, and after games?

MIND MAP

1. Does it sprun new development?

2. What type of development occurs around it?

3. What scale is the new development?

1. What type of district is the stadium located in?

2. Does it compete with or help other establishments?

1. How does it respond to the population of the city?

2. Static or dynamic population?

3. Is this population sustainable?

SYMBOLOGY

1. Does it symbolize the community?

2. Why is it reflective of the community?

3. Does the community have a vested interest in it?

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO SOCIETY?

IN THE SOCIAL FABRIC

Population

MASTERPLANNING

IN THE URBAN FABRIC

NEW DEVELOPMENT?

SURROUNDING TYPOLOGIES

DAYS USED PER YEAR

THE STADIUM + SOCIETY

STADIUM URBANISM CIVIC ICON/SYMBOL

THE CITY’S USE

1. How has it redefined the image of the city and how it is portrayed to outsiders?

2. What type of social power does it demonstrate?

CIVIC IMAGE

WHAT HAS IT DONE FOR THE CITY?

1. Does it symbolize the architecture/urban environment of the city?

2. Is it imparitive to the city?

1. How does the city plan around the stadium?

2. Does it serve another purpose than hosting games?

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO THE CITY?

DOES IT RESTORE THE COMMUNITY?

THE CITY’S PUBLIC SPACE

1. Has it brought wealth/prosperity to a lacking community?

2. Does it restore hope to a community?

The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.

1. What civic events take place in it?

2. The place for the city to celebrate civic accomplishments.

The stadium has always been the most iconic structure in the city. Futher investigation into the symbolism of the stadium will continue to illustrate its importance to the city. Also, understanding how the city has evolved around the stadium is imparitive to this questionn.

6 circulation

0

4 life/society

3 built fabric

2 governing body

1 people

4 life/society

3 built fabric

2 governing body

1 people

3

9

12

15

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public transportation.

MIAMI MARLINS PARK

AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

AT&T PARK

Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.

# of stadiums

6

DISTANCE FROM CITY CENTER

FENWAY PARK

> 5 miles

1.1 - 4.9 miles

< 1 mile

17 renovations

16 culture

15 future

14 history

13 stadium “crust”

11 fan zones 12 team zones

10 stadium communites

9 seating

8 public spaces

7 circulation

6 event rules

5 stadium management

3 media 4 mlb

2 spectators

1 fans

16 shrinkage

14 culture 15 expansion

13 future

12 History

11 zoning

10 neighborhoods

7 public spaces 8 civic structures 9 private development

][

and entertainment with sport being the central focus. Today’s American city is about experience.

Mark Rosentraub explains that “cities have capitalized on the importance of experience and entertainment consumption by providing the space in which these unique opportunities can occur.” Indianapolis and Phoenix have both reimagined their city centers for sporting events that bring national attention (i.e. NCAA Final Four, Super Bowl). Similarly, Sacramento, brought in an NBA team to show that it is not just a city for government. Washington D.C. is one of twelve cities in America to have four teams (Redskins, Nations, Wizards, and Capitals) from the major professional sports leagues (NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL). Washington D.C. is also home to the Major League Soccer team, D.C. United, making it one of eight cities in the nation to have five professional sports teams. What does this mean for cities today? Why does a city want to be viewed as a “Major League” city? The American city reflects an image of abundance and wealth.

The root of this image comes from the sports culture in American society.

PUBLIC $ SPENT ON STADIUMS SINCE 2000

THE STADIUM + THE CITY

Sport is a major aspect of the society in the American city. Previously, cities were viewed as centers for manufacturing, industry, retail, and service. The city center today turns to recreation

Stadia have the ability to reshape a city. What once was a place built for viewing an event, is now the most important piece of civic infrastructure in the city. Historically, the stadium was built as a monument to society. The Roman Colosseum was built as political gifts to the city, which symbolized the importance of recreation and entertainment for the society. It was a space for the city to meet as one, to share its views, and to celebrate civic accomplishments. The modern stadium is still a space for civic celebration, but why is it important for a city to have this space?

What is the role of the modern stadium today? This project examines the role of stadia and sport in American culture, and how it is used to help progress and strengthen a society. This progress is reflected by the cities in which these stadia are located. The American city is a city of power, abundance, and wealth. Stadia and sport help communicate this image to the world.

TOPIC INTRODUCTION

AVERAGE STADIUM COST

$460m

$5 Bill. 81

Urban Design Capstone Proposal _ Fall 2014 Kent State University CAED _ CUDC Commitee: Adil Sharag-Eldin (Lead), Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby

MATTHEW J. DUREIKO

URBANISM

2 visitors 4 city laws 5 government braches

City Program Stadium Program

3 residents

City Program Distilled Stadium Program Distilled

1 social classes

12 acre site

Section Through Stadium

2002

Section Through Stadium

1938

Section Through Stadium

1909

2.

=

2009

2000

1912

+

5 city blocks

]

a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.

+

a. Combine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium.

STADIUM SITE SIZE

In option 2, the programmatic needs for new civic infrastructure are defined and compared to the programmatic needs for a new stadium. Program that overlaps is then determined essential. Once the program of the city and the stadium are developed, the stadium will become a tool in which to link all program both structurally and financially. This design option will focus on the way the stadium grows with the neighborhood around it, and will try to redefine the ways stadiums are designed in terms of the city.

In option 1, the programmatic needs of the stadium are understood and scaled to proper proportions. Then a site is found that can support this program and the size of the stadium.

The end result is a stadium that rests in the urban fabric and is scaled to the human instead of disregarding this relationship all together. This option will focus on the design of the stadium to programmatically connect it with the city.

1.

DESIGN OPTIONS

Stadium Program Stadium Program

City Program City Program

STADIUM

INVESTMENT

PROJECT SUMMARY

LOCATION

STADIUM BUILT AROUND CITY CITY BUILT AROUND STADIUM STADIUM IMPOSED ON CITY

NW 3rd St. Section

2010

3rd St. Section

2005

Yawkey Way Section

1928

4. Redefine program, and blend it into the city.

NW 4th St. Section

2014

Willie Mays Pl. Section

2012

Lansdowne St. Section

1938

3. Determine programmatic needs of the city and the stadium and compare.

2. Understand how the successful stadiums fit into the city and what makes them iconic.

compare to stadiums that do not fit in urban

c. Add program to the site and its context to develop a city-stadium.

c. Add program onto the site to develop a civic stadium.

1. Find examples of stadiums that fit in urban fabric, and fabric.

METHODOLOGY

b. Find a site for the playing field.

b. Find a site for the playing field.

LITTLE TO NO OTHER ENTERTAINMENT OPTIONS IN NEIGHBORHOOD NEIGHBORHOOD IS OCCUPIED 24/7

NEIGHBORHOOD NEEDS MORE/ NEW CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE EXISTING HOLE IN THE URBAN FABRIC

ESTABLISHED OR UP-AND-COMING NEIGHBORHOOD

POP. DENSITY > 8,000 PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

FREEFLOW

PEOPLE PER SQ, MILE

1.3k

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$32k

TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

SLOW

PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

17.2k

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$151k

TRAFFIC FLOW AROUND STADIUM

STOP + GO

12.7k PEOPLE PER SQ. MILE

ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$50k

Today’s stadiums focus on the event and are objects concieved from capitalism. The city’s investment in the teams that play in these spaces goes beyond the multi-million dollar budget that they require.

The social investment is just as important to consider in these massive civic infrastructure projects.

The today’s stadium deisgn is focused on building the most advanced modern stadium. This project begins to explore how stadiums such as Fenway Park, and Wrigley Field have grown with the city, how they respond to the urban context, and relate to the society. These investments of $500m+ need to consider the city just as successfuly as they do the teams that play there. The product of this research will be a new way to idealize the modern stadium, and a design that allows the stadium to become a place for the city once again.

CONCLUSION + PRODUCT

Ohio City (example site)

ABILITY FOR NEIGHBORHOOD GROWTH

ADAQUATE ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

< 5 MILES FROM CITY CENTER

SITE CHOICE CHECKLIST

HH Income Population Density Traffic Flows HH Income Population Density Traffic Flows HH Income Population Density Traffic Flows

PROGRAM

fall 2014

stadium urbanism

9

74

WELL BEING + THE CITY

fall 2014

The theme of this semester has been WELL BEING AND THE CITY. What does it mean for the city to “be well”, and further, what is the “city”? Our course has tried to discover this theme from week one, and this is my personal interpretation as to what BEING WELL in the city means:

BEING WELL is a positive emotion. It is an emotion and a feeling that allows the individual to connect with the physical city. It allows the individual to feel as others around them feel. BEING WELL in the city is when you give to the city and it gives back to you. It is a special relationship that is defined, rather ever-changing. It is not a universal feeling. It can not be quantified, rather only expressed.

This semester has demonstrated that BEING WELL in the city is an individual emotion. The broad range of projects that this class has produced expresses just that. Observing my classmates’ work has allowed me to see the many different layers that make up the city; the same layers that make the city so rich. It has shown me that the “city” is whatever you define it as: it’s not just the buildings, or the people, or the location of the place. This semester has helped me understand that the city is the relationship between the people, the communities, and the environment. The relationships are what define the city.

My personal relationship with sports has allowed me to exploit my views of the city through the medium of professional sport. “Stadium Urbanism” is not about the stadium itself. It is about the realtionship between the place and the people, and how sport socially connects the entire city. Social connections allow the city to BE WELL.

75

wk 1

wk 2

wk 3*

wk 4*

wk 5

wk 6

wk 7*

wk 8*

wk 9*

wk 10

wk 11

1/11 - 1/17

1/18 - 1/24

1/25 - 1/31

76

2/1 - 2/7

2/8 - 2/14

2/15 - 2/21

2/22 - 2/28

3/1 - 3/7

3/8 - 3/14

3/15 - 3/21

3/29 - 4/4

11 analyze design + document

10 second review

9 cont. phase 3

8 cont. phase two / develop phase three

7 cont. phanse one / develop phase two

6 develop phase one

5 first review

4 finish masterplan + define concept

3 develop design values/masterplan

1 + 2 uli competition

stadium urbanism

10 spring semester schedule

“developing a base / the master plan” “expanding an idea”

spring 2015 semester = 15 weeks

final review 15

14 final production

13 final production

12 cont. documentation + final production

11 analyze design + document

10 second review

2014/15

final product = re-coceptulize the baseball stadium typology to better integrate into the urban fabric expressed through drawings, models, and writing.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;expressing the conceptâ&#x20AC;?

s

wk 10

wk 11*

wk 12*

wk 13

wk 14*

wk 15

3/15 - 3/21

3/29 - 4/4

4/5 - 4/11

4/12 - 4/18

4/19 - 4/25

4/26 - 5/2

semester starts 1/12 and ends 5/1 * denotes scheduled meeting with advisor(s), with other meetings set as needed.

77

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Blog: Stadium Urbanism

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11.1

Is stadium design architecture or urban design?

During my first three semesters of graduate school studying architecture and urban design at the CUDC, community has been a major theme. We have discussed different types of communities, and what their needs are. The main difference I have observed is that urban design requires design flexibility for multiple communities while architecture is design for a specific community in mind. So how does this relate to stadium design? The modern stadium is built to service one type of event. However, the best stadiums are designed to relate to the many different types of people that come to the game. For example, Progressive Field in Cleveland serves as the home to the Cleveland Indians. Here, you have of course, the loge and club seats for the season ticket holders. There’s the “Subway Fan Zone” who want to be in a designed community, the “Budweiser Patio” for a party atmosphere, the “Kids Zone” for families with small children, the “Social Media Suite” for young professionals that can’t get off of their cell phones, the bleachers for a casual fan, and a bar in center field for another type of party. These sections directly express the different way fans choose to watch a baseball game. No longer are stadiums designed like Fenway or Wrigley where there is the same type of seating that revolves around the playing field. So if stadiums are designed for these many unique communities, should we consider them as a type of urban design? I think the answer is yes.

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11.2

Sport and public theater.

The popularity of soccer in Britain has lead to a new identity for public theater. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Playing Fieldâ&#x20AC;?, by Assemble, is a temporary outdoor theater designed like a stadium, in hopes that it would attract a different culture to see theatrical performances. Since the stage is not raised from the existing square, while there are no performances occurring, the structure can be used by the public.

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11.3

Mapping America by favorite professional sports teams.

I had come across these maps the other day and found them to be extremely representative of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and society. Now, in a global society, state boarders really have little meaning other than for jurisdiction purposes. Team pride now trumps civic or state pride in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mainstream culture. Remapping the United States by most popular NFL and MLB team really shows how we associate ourselves with our territory. It is especially interesting for me looking at the favorite NFL teams map. In the coming years, the Cleveland Browns are considering moving their training camp to Columbus in hopes of expanding their fan base in the state. It is very similar to when a nation may push their boundaries in order to gain more power, although power in the NFLâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case is fan support, which in turn equals dollars.

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11.4

The media and the creation of “fans”.

In reading Understanding Sports Culture, by Tony Schirato, he identifies that there are two communities that watch sport. There is the spectator. The spectator enjoys to find out what happens in the game. They read the internet, turn on ESPN, or flip on the game to see the outcome of their favorite team. There is also the fan. The fan is someone that is emotionally invested to a team, athlete, event, ect. This person feels the pain of losing and the high of winning. The fan is not satisfied with only the outcome, but want to understand the story and process behind it. They need the full narrative instead of just a summary or the final score. Schirato argues that fandom is learned, and for parts of the early 20th century, it was the media that had taught society to be “fans”. Sport was an event for spectators. Most people did not know when or where events took place. They did not even know who was on a team. It was not until the newspapers started to advertise for games that people became more interested in sport. When events started to attract large amounts of fans, newspapers responded by giving more credence to covering sport. When the media realized that money could be made off of sport, they began to create an “insatiable thirst for sports news” (Understanding Sports Culture, P. 84). Newspapers no longer only printed the final scores of contests. They came up with the “box score” which gave a detailed summary of the stanzas of the game. They began to write more about what happened during the game and the time leading up to the game. The media understood that they would be able to make more money if they were able to get their readers emotionally invested in a commodity. The media taught us to be fans.

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11.5

Why is sport important to people and society?

I was watching a lecture given by Simon Sinek today and he asked the question what is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;cultureâ&#x20AC;?? It as a social bond of people with a common sense of values and beliefs. He talks about the relationships in a culture and how they make you feel wanted and appreciated.

They make you feel safe. It is this feeling of appreciation and being part of a collective whole that makes sport an identity of the American culture. Too often we walk into work or school and do not feel appreciated. We feel anxious about getting our work done or finding the correct solution to a problem. Sport gives society an escape from the anxiousness of our daily lives and routines. Sport gives people a way to bond together for one reason: to support a team, to support the collective whole. And when the team wins, we feel like ALL win. Sport is extremely important to a fragmented American society.

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stadium urbanism

11.6

Sport as utopia.

Sport is a utopian institution in which one is theoretically judged based only on physical talent and skill. I had come across this piece titled “A Meaning of Sports” (Nanda). The first thing that came to mind when looking at this piece was that it so closely resembled the structure of “The Ideal City” by Piero della Francesca. ” The architecture in both works represent the structure and formality of governing bodies (rules and laws), and the use of perspective gives each work a foundation. However, the most glaring, and obvious difference between the two is that “A Meaning of Sports” is filled with people in the foreground while the “Ideal City” lacks any human figures. In the “Ideal City”, people are left out as a way to symbolize that no human is perfect. Yet in “A Meaning of Sports”, people (all women) fill the image. Is the artist suggesting that sport is a place where imperfection (the people) seek idealism? I find the image very interesting and hope you will have your own interpretations of it.

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11.7

Repost: “October in Kansas City: using sports to tell a community’s story”.

How does a city project their image to the rest of the nation? For cities in the midwest like Cleveland, or Kansas City, this image is best represented and communicated by professional sports. For Cleveland, it has been the return of LeBron James that has made the city “cool” and the place to be. For Kansas City, it is the World Series that is projecting its image to the country. In cities such as these, the fan base is so invested in their teams, that these teams represent and reflect the city. John Shreve of the sports architecture firm, Populous (based in Kansas City), discusses how the Royals first trip to the postseason after 29 years is helping to tell the story of their city to the nation on one of the brightest and biggest stages.

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11.8

Wrigley rooftops.

You can think of Wrigley Field extending â&#x20AC;&#x153;outsideâ&#x20AC;? of the stadium itself. Seats to watch the game are found on town-homes across the street from the stadium. These seats are a unique way to view the games, since they offer amenities such as indoor bars and full service dining. What if stadium seats located outside of the confines could be used to better connect the city with the stadium?

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11.9

Atlanta Falcons stadium discussion.

There was much discussion in 2012 about the Atlanta Falcons proposed stadium. Dr. Benjamin Flowers, of Georgia Tech, speaks to the public about what they should expect from a hundred million dollar project. He suggests that asking the design to accommodate other civic functions would help the new stadium integrate better with the community. To see Dr. Flowers speak, skip to 52:30.

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11.10

Sport and the identity of the city.

While reading Mark Rosentraubâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s article about sportsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; facilities and the city center, he discussed that sport is the identity of our culture. He made a point in that Sacramento, the capital of California, brought in an NBA team in order to redefine the city as not only a place for governance. It is similar to Washington D.C. and the fact that they are home to 5 professional sports teams (NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, and MLS). It is very significant for these capital cities to understand that their people enjoy sport. It showcases the citizens interests so that visitors can better understand the people of the state and the country. It reminds me of my time in Europe and learning that cities built great cathedrals to express the power of religion.

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11.11

Repost: “Baseball urbanism”.

I came across a blog post by Paul Lukez and Cameron King, of Paul Lukez Architecture in Boston, that talked about how the city and Fenway Park are integrated. Much of what they talk about is Fenway’s integration into the urban fabric, its scale, and its history. The issue with today’s modern stadia is that they are poorly designed in terms of their relationship with the human, the street, and the rest of the urban fabric. Miami Marlins Park is a prime example of a new stadium overtaking a neighborhood community. My observation is that these new mega-stadiums are built to benefit the team and its business interests. The historic stadiums like Fenway and Wrigley Field better connect with their communities, and are the icons of the city. An investment by the city and through public dollars should better consider the city and its people, and not only the teams.

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11.12

New Buffalo Billsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stadium.

Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stadium planning always seems to include possible development. This image of a proposed stadium for the Buffalo Bills is a good example of a city idealizing the how the stadium will generate new development in an industrial area of the city. This idea works when a city does not have room for a new stadium and must find another site. However, in the case of Buffalo, new development outside of the downtown could be detrimental to its current situation. The city should focus more on what is existing, and use its new investment into a stadium to assist in filling in its downtown. Their minor league baseball stadium seems to do this well. In order for Buffalo to develop all of the proposed plan will take years and a lot of money to develop, and in many cases, plans like this are not followed through. For example, Cleveland imagined that by building the Brownsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stadium on the lake would bring waterfront development. After about 15 years, there has not been any of the proposed development that the city envisioned. So why do cities look at stadiums as a way to develop other areas while their city centers remain incomplete?

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11.13

The “five generations” theory

I found it interesting while reading “The Stadium”, by Rod Sheard, that stadium design can theoretically be broken down into five generations:

1. The first stadiums were basically just a field that people would crowd around. Teams would build stands out of wood to accommodate the spectators, but the quality of facilities were not a priority, and people often would watch from places of higher elevation such as hills or rooftops. (1. Villa Park in Birmingham England)

2. The next generation of stadia had to respond to television. Now, fans could watch the games in their own homes and did not have to feel crowded at the event. Stadia began to include better accommodations for fans so that the in stadium experience was more enjoyable than at home. (2. Houston Astrodome)

3. Theme parks became a new form of competition beginning with the opening of Disney World in the 1970’s. Stadiums had to become places for family entertainment. Stadiums started to focus on how to make spaces for the entire family, as well as to make the structure safer. (3. Angels Stadium in Anaheim)

4. As television exploded and started generating more money for the sports teams, the stadium was re-imagined again. This time, it was viewed as a revenue generating machine.

Teams were no longer worried about packing in as many fans as possible. They wanted the stadium to make as much money as possible for them, both in its physical presence as well as its digital presence on TV. It had to attract people to the games from their TV’s at home,

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1.

but it also had to make a statement to people watching away from the game. The 2.

Cowboyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stadium in Dallas (4.) was built to host football games, as well as many other types of events, from basketball games to concerts and more.

5. Finally, the stadium has now become a 3.

tool for urban regeneration. Stadia are now seen as ways to help start development and grow cities. With the costs of a new stadium exceeding $500 million, a city needs to understand how that investment

4.

can work for them as well as for the team.

Many of the stadiums in the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s planned well and have seen their stadium(s) work for them (ie. Baltimore, Cleveland, Denver, Minneapolis, and Pittsburgh). (5. Oriole

5.

Park at Camden Yards).

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11.14

Stadiums after people.

What happens to stadiums once their live is over? The History Channel’s special “Life After People: America’s Pastime” considers this idea. The problem already exists as cities shut down old stadiums and do not have a plan for how they can be used after they become obsolete for sporting events. Should cities, architects, and urban designers take more interest in how these stadiums grow and deteriorate? The stadium is a living structure, no different from the city itself. With more study on the life and death of stadiums, cities and planners can use these spaces to strengthen the city. An example that comes to mind is Piazza Navona in Rome. It is one of the most important public spaces in the city, but was once a stadium for athletics. Can this be a model for the after life of stadiums?

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11.15

What makes a stadium iconic?

Incredible amounts of money go into the design of today’s stadiums. With cities and teams spending nearly $1 billion on new facilities, we would expect them to be around for a long time, but that is not the case in today’s society. So my question is what makes a stadium so iconic that it should not be torn down. Is it because the stadium is an engineering first, such as the Cowboys’ stadium and its arches? Is it because a team that had played there won a championship and it should be considered hallowed grounds? I think it is something else entirely. Wrigley field is one of the most iconic stadiums in all of the U.S. It is perhaps one of the stadiums with the least amenities for fans and players. Sure it has the famous ivy outfield walls, but ivy on walls can’t make a stadium iconic. It is the relationship between the residents and the stadium that make Wrigley Field Iconic. It is the identity of their community, Wrigleyville. It is what brings people to the shops and restaurants in the area.

It is so iconic that baseball fans will take a pilgrimage just to see Wrigley. Without Wrigley Field, Wrigleyville would not be Wrigleyville. The stadium is much more than a structure. It is the symbol of its community.

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Design Process + Presentation

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stadium urbanism

12 Our first review of our design concept took place at Kent Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Graduate Research Symposium, which included research from all colleges in the university. 10 minute presentations were given to selected judges, not necessarily from each presenters background.

To present my research using a more scientific approach, I seperated my data into catagories such as historical analysis, site observations, relevance of the topic, and design proposal. It was my goal to present this design based project in a rational manner, that used the scientific method to outline my project. This was quite difficult, seeing as design is a subjective field, while science is completely objective. The biggest issue that I had during this poster session was just that; to present a subjective project in an objective way.

I think that my use of breaking down my theory into these catagories helped the judges understand that I am not just giving a design idea for the site, rather, I was attempting to quantify a problem, and give an experimental solution as to how to solve it.

This process was extremely helpful for me, in that it requried me to go back, and focus my concept and theory in a way that is a-typical in the design field. We usually present beautiful drawings, and give our best guesses as to how a design might work or function.

Presenting the work that leads up to the final design allowed me to subjectively present this project.

112

[

=

5 city blocks

43% of stadia >$460m

9

1

2

3

10

11

13

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

to public transportation.

2010

2014

does not address any real social or urban problems.

9

as their design, will have to be re-imagined. (Source: Wall Street Journal)

8

congestion. Although the concept of integrating the stadium with an adjacent community was attempted, it

7

such as roads, highways or sewers. With President Obama’s new proposal, financing for stadiums, as well

6

8

7

6

for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access

5

1

3

4

5

does not create a holistic, sustainable community, and poses other implications to the region, such as traffic

4

2

billion - tax free - to teams to assist them in constructing new stadia, which are intended for infrastructure

Relevance

light use

medium use

heavy use

Daily Use

typical site usage

8 Wentworth Garden Apartments

7 Progressive Baptist Church

6 McCormick Tribune Campus Center

5 Crown Hall

4 Red Line

3 w. 35th St.

2 Armour Square Park

1 US Cellular Field

KEY

pollination of program.

stadium will become a tool to allow for the cross

does not offer the linkage that the site needs. The

through each of these bands is under utilized and

between regions. The lone element that cuts

bands of unique program creates a disconnect

cross pollination between program. The vertical

The orthogonal grid system of Chicago limits the

Observations

the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done

15

create a new lifestyle community to surround the stadium to capture more revenue. This “instant urbanism”

12

Residential

exempt bonds to help finance pro-sports facilities. During the last 30 years, these bonds have given $17

2009

2012

2000

1938

1912

6

# of stadiums

ability for urban/economic/population/ect. growth

other development occurring

need for the city to expand

district lacking entertainment options

household income > $50,000

population density > 8,000 ppl./per sq. mile

district lacks a landmark

neighborhood occupied 24/7

existing hole in the urban fabric

Rail

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana,

3

] 1 or more major road adjacent to site

street access on all sides of site

8 - 12 acre parcel

Vehicular

Atlanta’s new stadium proposal takes the Braves 30 miles outside of downtown Atlanta. They are proposing to

2002

2005

1938

1928

1909

0

Days used per year

81

district is in need of more civic infrastructure

existing civic/social infrastructure

access to highway

adequate access to public transportation

established neighborhood

University

In February, President Barack Obama’s 2016 budget was presented to Congress. It calls for barring tax-

Marlins’ Park: Miami, FL

space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

the area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden

AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop

AT&T Stadium: San Francisco, CA

around it.

The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric

neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country.

Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the

Fenway Park: Boston, MA

> 5 miles

1.1 - 4.9 miles

< 1 mile

Dist. to City Center

Public $ spent on stadiums since 2000

$5 Bill.

Committee: Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D., Jeff Kruth, William Willoughby

3 City-Stadium Relationship Types:

12 acre site

Stadium Site Size

Average Stadium Cost

$460m

Matthew J. Dureiko

< 5 miles from city center

Park

Site Selection Criteria

Vehicular

urbanism the city.

Rail Vehicular Rail

game, you may choose to watch it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s culture, the game has become

Residential

itself is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. When you go to a baseball will conceptualize the modern stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built over time, collaging itself with

this country has. It is played in unique spaces such as backyards, parks, or other public spaces. The game the most important concept that links Fenway Park to Boston is its growth along with the city. This project

stadium is the perfect typology for this new concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is the most urban sport stadium bars is from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing in relation to the community it is located. But

Rail

stadium city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park. Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into the city. Its gates

communities and neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how stadiums are designed. The American baseball are located in the streets, the teamshop is located across the street from the stadium, and access to the

sport and civic events to happen. With many failures in recent stadium design to address the surrounding

The modern stadium has become a place solely for profit maximization. It has become a sterile space for a backdrop for social events. You now go to a game to meet friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in the

University

Investment

stadium built around city

city built around stadium

stadium imposed on city

50 ft.

100 ft.

themselves into the city.

a different way to view a Cubs’ game. Both stadia extend

roofs of v across the street from the stadium, and offer

off days; Wrigley Rooftops are bleachers located on the

down Yawkey Way during game days, and opens it on

the fact that they rely so heavily on the city: Boston shuts

Field are the two most iconic stadia in America due to

teams would build stadia. Fenway Park, and Wrigley

1900’s, when baseball had first become popular, and

of stadium design. It is a concept seen first in the early

The city - stadium is a response to the present theory

The City - Stadium

create the stadium.

a need for negotiation between the city and the team to

large, and take over the neighborhood. This also creates

parcels, it ensures that one entity can not grow too

back to the community. By controlling the size of the

The existing 88 acre site is parcelled equally, and given

Parcels

the neighborhood.

views of the stadium, allowing it to seamlessly fit into

size with the neighborhood around it. This will limit the

the builds up toward the stadium will help to connect its

leads to the overwhelming feeling at the site. Sloping

and out of place. Seeing the massive structure all at once

As you approach the existing stadium, it feels massive,

Building Topography

stadium benefits from the neighborhood.

the neighborhood to benefit from the stadium, while the

the facility, they are distributed into the context to allow

stands, ticket booths, advertisements, and amenities in

placed into the surroundings. Instead of having all of the

The program is exploded from the stadium confines, and

Exploded Program

Design Proposal

w. pershing rd.

w. 35th st.

s. wells st.

s. shields ave.

Site Details

BLDG

Abstract - 88 total acres - Stadium is on 14 acres - Armour Square Park is 9.5 acres - On-site public transportation stops - 1 metro - 8 bus

- Adjacent public transportation stops - 1 metro - 8 bus -Highway access every 1/2 miles -No designated bike lanes

2014/15

113

A Prototype For a City - Stadium Relationship

[

Investment

symbiotic stadium

$460m

43% Over $460m

Average Stadium Cost

Stadium Site Size

$5 Bill.

81

Public $ spent on stadiums since 2000

Days used per year

]

Site Selection Site Photos

Distance to City Center

=

Less than 1 mile

S. Princeton Ave. + W. 33rd St.

1.1 - 4.9 miles

More than 5

Program Stratificati

miles

0 12 acre site

3

6

9

12

15

# of stadiums

5 city blocks

Matthew J. Dureiko Urban Design Capstone Project _ Spring 2015 M.U.D. Final Capstone Review

Abstract

Baseball in the City

The modern stadium has become a place solely

friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in

for profit maximization. It has become a sterile

the city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park.

space for sport and civic events to happen.

Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into

With many failures in recent stadium design

the city. Its gates are located in the streets,

to address the surrounding communities and

the teamshop is located across the street from

neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how

the stadium, and access to the stadium bars is

stadiums are designed. The American baseball

from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing

stadium is the perfect typology for this new

in relation to the community it is located. But

concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is

the most important concept that links Fenway

the most urban sport this country has. It is

Park to Boston is its growth along with the city.

played in unique spaces such as backyards,

This project will conceptualize the modern

parks, or other public spaces. The game itself

stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built

is leisurely. It is an escape from the hustle

over time, collaging itself with the city.

S. Shields Ave. + W. 35th St.

n

and bustle of everyday life. When you go to a baseball game, you may choose to watch it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s

S. Wells St. + W. 35th St.

culture, the game has become a backdrop for

Site Assessment

social events. You now go to a game to meet Baseball in the Street

League Park

Shibe Park

Forbes Field

Site History

less than 5 miles from city center established neighborhood

Why is This Relevant?

Relevant Examples replicated the stadia of old.

to play in the most modern, technologically

But this problem is not only seen in the new

advanced facility they can. This leaves the city

proposal in Atlanta. Many cities decide that

with a difficult decision: either renovate or

they plan to develop the community around a

build a new stadium, or allow the team to find

new stadium. The question is will the stadium

another venue else where.

attract development? And can the stadium sustain it. Cleveland, for example, has done

In Atlanta, the Braves are beginning work on

a great job with the Gateway Complex.

Sun Trust Park, a new mixed use neighborhood

Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena

with the stadium as its anchor. Although the

were sited well, and the programming allowed

team and the architects are thinking along

for development to follow. Now the city’s

the lines of community integration, the design

entertainment districts rely on the stadiums

results in a restrictive neighborhood. All of

and their location. However, when Cleveland

the shops, restaurants, and apartments are

proposed to build First Energy Field on the

Braves themed, creating a space like Disney

shores of Lake Eire, the city sold it to the

World. This instant urbanism is not beneficial

community by telling them that it would bring

to the surrounding neighborhood, or the new

development with it. It has been 16 years since

development. The project removes itself from

this project was completed, and the proposed

the city of Atlanta completely, so that it does

development has not followed. Understanding

not have to deal with the city’s existing urban

that stadia today have a life of about 25 to 30

issues. And when it comes down to the new

years, cities must ask themselves if future

“urban stadium”, Sun Trust Park is of the

development can occur during that timespan.

same model that has been built for the last 25

And if development has followed a stadium,

years; a standard seating bowl and concourse,

can it sustain itself after the stadium is gone?

existing civic/social infrastructure district is in need of more civic infrastructure 8 - 12 acre parcel

sun trust park - atlanta

constructed with false idiosyncrasies to

everyday, even though the average age of a MLB stadium is 25 years old. Teams want

access to highway

street access on all sides of site 1 or more major road adjacent to site existing hole in the urban fabric neighborhood occupied 24/7 district lacks a landmark population density more than 8,000 ppl./per sq. mile

Residential

household income more than $50,000 Old Comiskey Park composed of multiple structures

district lacking entertainment options need for the city to expand Site prep. + construction

New plan

Insular Stadium Neighborhood

Typical stadium design

typical site usage

Daily Usage

other development occurring ability for urban/economic/population/ect. growth

Observation Questions other examples

New stadium projects are discussed almost

adequate access to public transportation

heavy use

1. What role does the stadium have in the community? medium use

2. How is it accepted within the city/community?

3. What are its constraints?

4. What does it attract?

light use

Patriot Place

Buffalo Bills new stadium

LA City of Champions

Historic Figure Ground

Cleveland Lakefront Redevelopment

Stadium Typologies

Old Comiskey Park filled in as a singular structure

1

2

3

2D Spatial Analysis Loop

stadium built around city

Fenway Park - Boston, MA

North Side

Wrigleyville

The grid in downtown Chicago is dense, and

On the north side, main diagonal roads cut through

In Wrigleyville, Wrigley Field is the ce

compressed. This allows for maximum density in the

the rectilinear grid. The residential blocks begin to

formation. The residential blocks s

Loop. Here, the buildings grow taller, to compensate

reshape, and acknowledge the diagonals that bisect

field begin to break up, as morph betw

with the smaller blocks.

them. They begin to warp between the diagonal and the vertical streets.

Warping the Grid Fenway Park was developed in the Back Bay Fens of Boston. Over time, it has grown along with the

1909

1912

1928

Grid Hierarchy

Resultant Grid Form

1938

neighborhood around it and has become arguably the most iconic baseball stadium in the country. The neighborhood is now defined by the stadium, but the stadium also relies on the urban fabric around it.

AT&T Park - San Francisco, CA The large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents The original grid relates to the context

the mega-block of Chicago. This grid will

around the site. It is pulled into the site

see the heaviest amount of vehicular

to set up a foundation for the rest of the

traffic through the site. It separates the

design.

car away from the neighborhood blocks.

The stadium is located on the site of the

The warped grid slows through traffic,

existing US Cellular Field.

and forms the pocket for the stadium.

city built around stadium AT&T Park was built in the China Basin district of San Francisco, and since, has begun to redevelop the

1909

1912

1928

1938

area. This is an example of how the stadium attracts development to improve a once downtrodden space in the city. Since the district relies on the stadium, the two have a symbiotic relationship.

Miami Marlins Park - Miami, FL

stadium imposed on city

stadium urbanism

13

Miami Marlins Park was to be located in downtown Miami. Once the site was moved to Little Havana, the hope was that the stadium would help to redevelop the area, similar to what AT&T Park has done for San Francisco. However, this stadium is located in a low income area of the city with little access to public transportation.

114

1909

1912

1928

The stadium acts as a gravitational force,

Community blocks are regulated by a

and the grid warps around it accordingly.

200 ft x 600 ft block size.

The warped grid is trimmed at the site

The pedestrian grid is rotated toward

boundary, and then reverts to its original

the view of downtown Chicago and is

1938

self outside of the site. This defines the

perpendicular to the stadium. A view of

district that the stadium resides in.

either always occurs.

2014/15

Plan Diagram

3D Spatial Analysis

Program Stratification

6 2

5

4 Surface Formation

3

1 n

7

The flat surface is grided to define the space for

The surface then extrudes along the grid to form

The program is then pushed and pulled along the

the program to sit.

space for the program.

grid to reconfigure the space on the site.

The pocket for the stadium to rest in is formed.

Massing The forms flow through the site and connect with the context that surrounds the site. As they move from north to south, they interact with each,

8

moving closer and farther to create unique spaces, as well as a place for the stadium. The stadium is what formed the city, and now the city forms the stadium. This unique approach is what develops the symbiotic relationship between the city and the stadium. It is much like the relationship that Fenway Park has with the Back Bay, and the relationship

Rail

University

Vehicular

Daily Usage

University

Rail

Rail

typical site usage

Park

Vehicular

posed of multiple structures

Rail

Vehicular

that Wrigley Field has with Wrigleyville.

Residential

Residential

heavy use

medium use

light use

in as a singular structure

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Stadium Program Wrigleyville

IIT Campus

The #SoxSocial Lounge is a place for fans to charge phones, use the internet, or watch the game on tv.

Is there a better way to be social than by sitting on Twitter while in a room with 20 other people?

In Wrigleyville, Wrigley Field is the center of the block

Illinois Institute of Technology uses blocks that are

formation. The residential blocks surrounding the

quite large. These begin to pull the traffic away from

field begin to break up, as morph between block types.

campus buildings, with pedestrian paths inside these

Resultant Grid Form

Street Usage

blocks.

The parking lots are used before the game for tailgating and playing games with friends. Who needs a baseball game, when you can

The streets are a vital space surrounding the stadium. They shape the stadium, and are filled with activity before and after a game. The stadium and the streets are not seen as two separate things, but are to be used in conjunction with each other; they have symbiotic relationship.

The X-Finity zone was developed in the left field section of the stadium, where fans can order food, watch sports on a HDTVs, and demo some of X-Finity’s products. What could be better than watching a game on a big screen at the ballpark?

he large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents

e mega-block of Chicago. This grid will

e the heaviest amount of vehicular

affic through the site. It separates the

r away from the neighborhood blocks.

White Sox legend’s are honored in statues that are distributed around the ballpark. So for only the cost of a ticket, and parking, and gas, and a hot dog, and beer, you can worship your favorite baseball hero.

The Fan Deck overlooks center field at US Cellular, and is built on a concession stand. So for those that

he warped grid slows through traffic,

When there is no game, the stadium is bounded by the adjacent streets. As people on the site use

nd forms the pocket for the stadium.

the streets, they see into the stadium, forming a visual relationship.

can’t get enough of that fried food smell, this is the spot for you.

The Chicago Sports Depot is a retail and restaurant space that also includes vertical circulation for fans to the upper deck; all of your conveniences packed into 300 feet!

ommunity blocks are regulated by a

0 ft x 600 ft block size.

Fundamentals is a kid zone for children where they are able to play a game or two with others. At least its not video games...

The Plumbers Union Local 130 UA shower is an

he pedestrian grid is rotated toward

On game day, the stadium expands into the streets. They close down to vehicular traffic, and are

actual working shower, which was carried over

e view of downtown Chicago and is

used for access into the stadium. This allows for the stadium to have a more appropriate scale

from Old Comiskey. So if you worked up a sweat

erpendicular to the stadium. A view of

ther always occurs.

within its context.

cheering on the team, you can take a shower in front of 40,000 fans before you head home.

115

symbiotic stadium

Chicago Grid Analysis

Site Selection

Site Photos

New Development

S. Princeton Ave. + W. 33rd St.

Loop

A Stadium Composed of the City Matthew J. Dureiko

Urban Design Capstone Project _ Spring 2015 M.U.D. Final Capstone Review

The grid in downtown Chicago is dense, and compressed. This allows for maximum density in the Loop. Here, the buildings grow taller, to compensate

Baseball in the City S. Shields Ave. + W. 35th St.

with the smaller blocks.

League Park

Baseball at the factory

Abstract The modern stadium has become a place solely for profit maximization. It has become a sterile space for sport and civic events to happen. With many failures in recent stadium design to address the surrounding communities and neighborhoods, it is time to re-think how stadiums are designed. The American baseball stadium is the perfect typology for this new concept of stadium to happen. Baseball is the most urban sport this country has. It is played in unique spaces such as backyards, parks, or other public spaces. The game itself is leisurely.

It is an escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. When you go to a baseball game, you may choose to watch it pitch by pitch, inning by inning. In today’s culture, the game has become a backdrop for social events. You now go to a game to meet friends, have a beer, and just enjoy being in the city. This is portrayed best in Fenway Park.

Fenway was built to fit into the site, and into

Shibe Park

Why is This Relevant? the city. Its gates are located in the streets, the teamshop is located across the street from the stadium, and access to the stadium bars is from the sidewalks. It has a humble massing in relation to the community it is located. But the most important concept that links Fenway Park to Boston is its growth along with the city. This project will conceptualize the modern stadium in the way that Fenway Park was built over time, collaging itself with the city.

New stadium projects are discussed almost everyday, even though the average age of a MLB stadium is 25 years old. Teams want to play in the most modern, technologically advanced facility they can. This leaves the city with a difficult decision: either renovate or build a new stadium, or allow the team to find another venue else where.

In Atlanta, the Braves are beginning work on Sun Trust Park, a new mixed use neighborhood with the stadium as its anchor. Although the team and the architects are thinking along the lines of community integration, the design results in a restrictive neighborhood.

All of the shops, restaurants, and apartments are Braves themed, creating a space like Disney World. This instant urbanism is not beneficial to the surrounding neighborhood, or the new development. The project removes itself from the city of Atlanta completely, so that it does not have to deal with the city’s existing urban issues. And when it comes down to the new “urban stadium”, Sun Trust

Park is of the same model that has been built for the last 25 years; a standard seating bowl and concourse, constructed with false idiosyncrasies to replicated the stadia of old.

today have a life of about 25 to 30 years, cities must ask themselves if future development can occur during that timespan. And if development has followed a stadium, can it sustain itself after the stadium is gone?

But this problem is not only seen in the new proposal in Atlanta. Many cities decide that they plan to develop the community around a new stadium. The question is will the stadium attract development? And can the stadium sustain it. Cleveland, for example, has done a great job with the Gateway Complex. Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena were sited well, and the programming allowed for development to follow. Now the city’s entertainment districts rely on the stadiums and their location.

However, when Cleveland proposed to build First Energy Field on the shores of Lake Eire, the city sold it to the community by telling them that it would bring development with it. It has been 16 years since this project was completed, and the proposed development has not followed. Understanding that stadia

North Side

S. Wells St. + W. 35th St.

stadium urbanism

14

n

On the north side, main diagonal roads cut through the rectilinear grid. The residential blocks begin to reshape, and acknowledge the diagonals that bisect them. They begin to warp between the diagonal and

Site Assessment

the vertical streets.

Program Stratification

less than 5 miles from city center 6

established neighborhood adequate access to public transportation

2

access to highway

Wrigleyville

5

existing civic/social infrastructure district is in need of more civic infrastructure

4

8 - 12 acre parcel

3

street access on all sides of site 1 or more major road adjacent to site

1

existing hole in the urban fabric neighborhood occupied 24/7 district lacks a landmark

7

population density more than 8,000 ppl./per sq. mile

Stakeholders

household income more than $50,000 district lacking entertainment options

8

In Wrigleyville, Wrigley Field is the center of the block

need for the city to expand

formation. The residential blocks surrounding the

other development occurring

field begin to break up, as morph between block types.

ability for urban/economic/population/ect. growth

Patriot Place

Buffalo Bills new stadium

LA City of Champions

typical site usage Daily Usage

IIT Campus

of CityCity of Chicago Chicago

White White Sox Sox

Residential Residential

Park Service Park Service

heavy use

medium use

light use

City of Chicago

White Sox

Illinois Institute of Technology uses blocks that are quite large. These begin to pull the traffic away from campus buildings, with pedestrian paths inside these Site prep. + construction

New plan

Insular Stadium Neighborhood

Historical Analysis Fenway Park

1

2

3

4

5

6

Previous Work AT&T Park

Miami Marlins Park

7

8

9

10

11

Warped Grid

Layered Grids

The original grid relates to the context around the

13

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

3D Grids

The large grid, 1300 ft x 1300 ft represents the mega-

The flat surface is grided to define the space for the program

site. It is pulled into the site to set up a foundation for

block of Chicago. This grid will see the heaviest amount

to sit.

the rest of the design.

of vehicular traffic through the site. It separates the car away from the neighborhood blocks.

1909

1912

116

1938

2000

2002

The stadium is located on the site of the existing US

The warped grid slows through traffic, and forms the

The surface then extrudes along the grid to form space for the

Cellular Field.

pocket for the stadium.

program.

The stadium acts as a gravitational force, and the grid

Community blocks are regulated by a 200 ft x 600 ft

The program is then pushed and pulled along the grid to

warps around it accordingly.

block size.

reconfigure the space on the site.

The warped grid is trimmed at the site boundary, and

The pedestrian grid is rotated toward the view of

The pocket for the stadium to rest in is formed.

then reverts to its original self outside of the site. This

downtown Chicago and is perpendicular to the

defines the district that the stadium resides in.

stadium. A view of either always occurs.

2009

1928

2005

2010

1938

2012

2014

blocks.

Residential

Park Service

Retail Retail

Entertainment Entertainment

Hotel Hotel

Parking Parking

Retail

Entertainment

2014/15

Program Program Ratios Typical Stadium Typical Program Stadium Mix Program Mix

m calMix Stadium Program Mix

Program Mix

Program Mix

Program Mix Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 8% Civic: 7%

Program Mix

Program Mix

Residential: 50%

Residential: 50%

Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10% Civic: 5%

Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10% Civic: 5%

Program Mix

Residential: 50% Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10%Public Space: 10% Civic: 5% Civic: 5%

Residential: 50% Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 8% Public Space: 8% Civic: 7% Civic: 7%

Mix

Proposed Stadium Proposed Program Stadium Mix Program Retail: 20% Retail: Mix 20%

Proposed Stadium Proposed Program Stadium Distribution Program Distribution

Stadium Stadium SiteSite

Program Combo Program TypesCombo Types

Civic, Retail, Entertainment Civic, Retail, Entertainment

Retail, Entertainment Retail, Entertainment

tadium x Program Mix

al: 55% % ment: 10% ace: 15% %

Typical Stadium Program TypicalDistribution Stadium Program Distribution

Program Mix

al: 50% % ment: 15% ace: 8%

Mix

Zoning Typical Dist.

Typical Stadium Typical Program Stadium Distribution Program Distribution

Proposed Dist.

Proposed Stadium Program ProposedDistribution Stadium Program Distribution

Program Combos Program Combo Types Program Combo Types

Stadium, Civic, Retail, Stadium, Entertainment Civic, Retail, Entertainment

Civic, Retail, Entertainment Civic, Retail, Entertainment Civic +Retail + Entertainment

Park, Retail, Entertainment Park, Retail, Entertainment Retail, Entertainment Retail, Entertainment Retail + Entertainment

Program Mix

Program Mix

Residential: 55% Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15%Public Space: 15% Civic: 10% Civic: 10%

Program Mix

Program Mix

Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment

Stadium + Civic + Retail + Retail: 10% Retail: 10% Entertainment

Residential: 55% Residential: 55% Entertainment Stadium, Civic, Retail, Entertainment Stadium, Civic, Retail, Entertainment: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15%Public Space: 15% Civic: 10% Civic: 10%

Stadium, Park, Residential Stadium, Park, Residential

Park, Retail,+Entertainment Park, Retail, Entertainment Park Retail + Entertainment

Program Mix

Program Mix

Program Mix

Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment Park, Civic, Retail, Entertainment

Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%

Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%

Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%

Stadium, Park, Residential Stadium, Park, Residential

Park + Civic + Retail + Entertainment

Stadium + Park + Residential

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

“The Tilted Sock”

“The Residence in Right Field”

“Left Hotel” LeftOut Out Hotel

Program Combo

Negotiation

Program Combo

Stadium + Residential + Retail

Negotiation

Program Combo

Stadium + Residential + Retail + Entertainment

City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

Retail developer sells roof and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.

Residential developer sells bottom 2 floors to parking service to lift apartments up to view in the stadium.

Residential developer sells rooftop to team to build sky deck and lights.

Negotiation

Stadium + Retail + Entertainment

City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

Retail developer sells rooftop and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.

Residential developer sells rooftop to team to add seats and advertisements.

City sells parcels to entertainment group to build establishments.

Entertainment group sells rooftop and air rights to hotel company to build hotel.

Hotel sells rooftop to team to build stands, lights, and advertisements.

117

stadium urbanism

The final iteration of this project develops the stadium typology through the collaging of the urban context. The stadium itself is the the visual and the spacial negotiation that occurs over time between the city, the team, and other stakeholders. By using the concept of negotiation, the stadium begins to blend itself with the city, creating a relationship between the stadium and the city that is necessary for eaches well being. This begins to

118

conteract the modern stadium model of building the stadium all at once, only to adjust it

2014/15

over time, costing both the city and the team more money. What is further expressed, is the concept of democracy, in which all parties involved are allowed input to the growth of the stadium, the district, and the city. It is this idea that bringing many parties to the table at the beginning will allow for solutions that are rooted in the community. The following work describes the neogtiation of space in the urban sense, and how a city and stadium can grow over time to work with each other.

119

stadium urbanism

Typical Program Mix Typical Stadium Program Mix Typical Typical Stadium Stadium Program Program Distribution Distribution

Typical Program Distribution Typical Stadium Program Distribution

Program Mix Program Program Mix Mix

Program Mix

Residential: 50% Residential: Residential: 50% 50% Retail: 20% Retail: Retail: 20% 20% Entertainment: 15% Entertainment: Entertainment: 15% 15% Public Space: 8% Public Public Space: Space: 10% 10% Civic: 7% Civic: Civic: 5%5%

Residential: 50% Retail: 20% Entertainment: 15% Public Space: 10% Civic: 5%

Proposed Stadium Program Mix Proposed Proposed Stadium Stadium Program Program Distribution Distribution Proposed Distribution

Proposed Stadium Program Distribution Program Program Combo Combo Types Types Programmatic Combinations Civic, Civic, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment

Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment

Stadium, Stadium, Civic, Civic, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment

Park, Park, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment

Program Mix Program Program Mix Mix Residential: 55% Residential: Residential: 55% 55% Retail: 10% Retail: Retail: 10% 10% Entertainment: 10% Entertainment: Entertainment: 10% 10% Public Space: 15% Public Public Space: Space: 15% 15% Civic: 10% Civic: Civic: 10% 10%

120

Program Mix Park, Park, Civic, Civic, Retail, Retail, Entertainment Entertainment Residential: 55% Retail: 10% Entertainment: 10% Public Space: 15% Civic: 10%

Stadium, Stadium, Park, Park, Residential Residential

2014/15

Program Typically, the mix surrounding baseball stadiums includes residential, retail, entertainment, public parks, and civic spaces. These program types are distributed economically; entertainment and retail rings around the stadium, residentail out further, and parks and civic spaces are pushed to the outskirts. This lacks the overlap and mixing of program, and creates a stratified neighborhood. Instead, each program type should be distributed evenly throughout the district, so that each has an equal opportunity to use the stadium to their advantage. By using a simple formula to distribute the program, that is exactly what happens. As well, program starts to overlap, and unique programmatic combinations are revealed. It is where these combonations happen that the negotiations take place, and begin to form the city.

121

stadium urbanism

Zoning The site is then zoned according to the program distribution. In doing so, this gives the site a framework in which to grow from. The parceling of the site is equally important, so that one entitiy can not take over control of the entire site, much like what is happening today. What makes a neighborhood a community is the many people and stakeholders involved that each have a say in what happens to their space. It is important to retain this

122

concept.

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Stadium Site

123

124

stadium urbanism

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p.1

p.2

126

p.3

stadium urbanism

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Phasing The modern stadium, as mentioned before, is built all at once. This leaves very little room for neighborhood growth, and does not allow the city to absorb the stadium.

The neighborhood is just as important as the stadium, and each should be planned to maximize eaches maximum potential. The phasing diagrams show that it is important to bring in as much development first to the site (phase 1 = 50% parcels developed; phase 2 = 95% parcels developed). Once most of the parecels are developed, stakeholders can begin to sell their land or negotiate with other stakeholders in order to maximize their assets (phase 3 = stakeholder negotiation and combination of parcels). This will allow for an explosion of new buildings and space to be introduced to the site, so that over time, development does not come to a hault.

127

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stadium urbanism

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stadium urbanism

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Left Out Hotelâ&#x20AC;?

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2014/15

Negotiation

1

2

3

1. City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

2. Retail developer sells rooftop and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.

3. Residential developer sells rooftop to team to add seats and advertisements.

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stadium urbanism

“The Tilted Sock”

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Negotiation

1

2

3 4

1. City sells parcels to retail developer to build neighborhood shops.

2. Retail developer sells roof and air rights to residential developer to build apartments.

3. Residential developer sells bottom 2 floors to parking service to lift apartments up to view in the stadium.

4. Residential developer sells rooftop to team to build sky deck and lights.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Left Out Hotelâ&#x20AC;?

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Negotiation

1

2

3

1. City sells parcels to entertainment group to build establishments.

2. Entertainment group sells rooftop and air rights to hotel company to build hotel.

3. Hotel sells rooftop to team to build stands, lights, and advertisements.

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15 BOOKS

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www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140731-eerie-abandoned-

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