Mar | Apr 2015 - International Aquafeed magazine

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Extrusion of aquafeeds - the benefits of extrusion technology over pellet milling

Wheat proteins - high quality proteins for aquaculture feeds

Immunostimulation in aquatic animals Rotifers - Exploring this important species

Fish Farming Technology supplement - Safety on aquaculture farms VOLUME 18 ISSUE 2 - MARCH | APRIL 2015

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

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Extrusion of aquafeeds

Associate Editors Dr Albert Tacon Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk Dr Yu Yu Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) Email: mai@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Dr Albert Tacon (USA) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Editorial executive Olivia Holden Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk

36 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP

30 ROTIFERS

Editorial assistance Malachi Stone Email: malachis@perendale.co.uk Editor - Asia Pacific Roy Palmer Email: royp@perendale.com Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Design Manager James Taylor Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk International marketing team (UK) Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Tom Blacker Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk Tilly Geoghegan Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk Latin America Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com Pablo Porcel de Peralta Email: pablop@perendale.com India Raj Kapoor Email: rajk@perendale.com

CONTENTS Volume 18 / Issue 2 / March-April 2015 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2015 / All rights reserved

REGULAR ITEMS 3-9 5 28 36 44 52 54 56

INDUSTRY NEWS THE AQUACULTURISTS PHOTOSHOOT EXPERT TOPIC - CARP INDUSTRY EVENTS THE MARKET PLACE THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW INDUSTRY FACES

FEATURES 10 14 18 22 30 34

Extrusion of aquafeeds Wheat proteins - high quality proteins for aquaculture feeds Immunostimulation in aquatic animals AWF at ten - gearing up for new challenges Rotifers Tour of a fish farm

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY SUPPLEMENT 002 Safety on aquaculture farms

Africa Nathan Nwosu Email: nathann@perendale.com More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Professor Simon Davies

Creoso - welcome

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am writing this editorial from Llanelli, a coastal town in South Wales on a Spring visit to my home region.

A view of the ocean provides much inspiration along with the wonderful Welsh culture, cuisine and the locally famous beer (Felinfoel), and also the heart of our rugby heritage in Wales - the famous Llanelli Scarlets team.

Fishing has always been a major recreation here and we have some of the finest beaches in Europe and water sports activities.

Aquaculture in Wales has much potential and I hope it is encouraged in future.

The magazine has always tried to bring innovations to the forefront and we always focus on the most exciting developments and technologies embracing aquafeed technology and the latest news and interviews of major figures and those making waves in this dynamic industry. After periods of uncertainty and austerity, we see encouraging trends and a surge of interest in the fish nutrition domain and applications to feed production.

As usual, we span some hot topics and articles from experts in various fields.

In our news section we report on a new generation of BioMar’s ORBIT feed concept targeting the specific challenges of the production of salmon smolt in Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS) that will become available from the beginning of April.

Our feature on extrusion of aquafeeds by Gordon

Young, Food Stream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia, outlines a number of major benefits over the more traditional pellet milling processes. But extrusion is a very complex process.

Technology is ever changing to deal with this and we report on these new developments.

Wheat proteins offer high quality proteins for aquaculture feeds, and a feature by Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc Aurélien Feneuil and Dr Frédérique Respondek of Tereos provides an interesting scope for this interesting ingredient.

Immunostimulation in Aquatic Animals by Philippe Tacon, Global Aquaculture Manager, Phileo reveals a new applied perspective on natural solutions to combat emerging diseases in aquatic farmed species.

In our Fish Farming Technology section my very good friend, Robert M Durborow, Professor and Aquaculture Specialist, Kentucky State University, and Melvin L. Myers, Associate Professor and Safety Engineer, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta review safety measures on aquaculture farms, a very important topic as the industry expands.

Our special species focus in this issue is on Carp. This feature covers specific areas: Fish and finance: How China dictates the size of your carp farm, by Malachi Stone of International Aquafeed, and Carp production in India: Present status and prospects, by Dr B. Laxmappa of the Department of Fisheries in Mahabubnagar, India.

The significance of gender in aquaculture will be addressed at the WA2015 on Jeju Island, Korea 26-30 May. Entitled ‘Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture’, it will have a particular significance to Jeju, given that historically, the role of seafood-gathering on the island has been dominated by women.

We also report on the recent Aquaculture America 2015 (AA15) in New Orleans. The Aquaculture America conference is the best place to learn about the latest aquaculture research and issues, newest technology and associated aquaculture trade show.

Our Interview section is with Nils Einar Aas, Sales Director, Aker BioMarine. He explains why krill is so beneficial, krill’s future and how Aker BioMarine is working to protect the krill resources of tomorrow.

Please enjoy the latest edition and keep sending us your views and articles for possible publication.

World Aquaculture 2015 - International Aquafeed

will be exhibiting at World Aquaculture this year!

See the latest news on this event on page 44 of this edition of International Aquafeed Meet the team and pick up a free copy of the magzine on the beutiful Jeju Island, Korea - between May 26 - 30, 2015

NEWS

Nutriad announces new Asian partnerships

Energy from salmon sperm?

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see much synergy with this association, with the depth of reach, from small to major customers that this partnership will bring.”

In the Philippines Nutriad agreed for Enovet to be the sole importer and distributor of all major product lines. Stated BK Chew: “The partnership is very timely as the market has already recognized the need to move from AGPs on which NUTRIAD products will be a perfect fit.”

Er ik Visser, CEO Nutriad: “Our new par tner ships allow Nutriad to get even more involved in the key feed markets in Erik Visser Boon Kee Chew Thailand and the In Thailand Nutriad appointed Philippines. Nutriad’s local sales Brenntag as its distributor. BK Chew, management, regional technical Regional Director APAC, high- management and global product lighted: “We are confident that the management will suppor t our Nutriad - Brenntag partnership will experienced distribution partners bring enormous benefits to both to establish product leadership in companies and our customers. We the market.” t the recent VIV Asia in Bangkok, Nutriad CEO Erik Visser formally announced new distribution par tnerships in Thailand and the Philippines: “Asia Pacific is an important region for our company…. In the coming years we aim to double our presence in this dynamic market and are therefore extremely pleased to partner with recognized companies that share our ambitions.”

New edition of AMINONews®

by Evonik is out now

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hreonine, an essential amino acid, is not only a building block in meat production but has also a key function in the metabolism of the intestine and in immune responses. The current knowledge about this subject and the consequences for an ideal amino acid profile of pigfeed is explained by Dr John Htoo in the latest edition of Evonik’s customer magazine AMINONews® for the feed industry.

Amino acid supplementation is also catching on in aquaculture.

But how to define a species’ amino acid requirements? Dr Andreas Lemme provides an insight into test approaches for tilapia feeding. As the results show, the optimum methionine concentration for this African cichlid fish is significantly above current recommendations.

New approaches to animal nutrition also come along with new findings on the topic of oxidative stress. Dr Behnam Saremi summarises the basic mechanisms for the latest AMINONews®.

Evonik is the only company in the wor ld that produces and mar kets all four essential amino acids used in advanced animal nutrition: MetAMINO ® (DL-methionine), Biolys® (L-lysine source), ThreAMINO® (L-threonine) and TrypAMINO®

(L-tryptophan). Mepron®, a rumenstable DL-methionine for highperformance dair y cows, and CreAMINO®, a creatine source for broilers complement the product portfolio. The company markets innovative products and services in more than one hundred countries and thus makes a valuable contribution to the cost-efficiency of its customers and to healthy and environment-friendly animal nutrition.

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Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, university of Athens, Greece

n aquaculture, we are looking at issues of functionality and sustainability in order to produce more fish at affordable prices to feed the World. But there are some other applications that are promising and fascinating.

For example, have you ever thought how fish and batteries are connected?

A research group in China have turned to nature to help overcome one of the key challenges facing the most probable successor to the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery by using salmon sperm!

Today, lithium–sulphur (Li–S) batteries are cheaper, more sustainable and already capable of delivering up to three times the energy density of most Li-ion cells. However, they are not stable and this is a major problem for further development.

Li–S cells typically consist of a lithium metal anode and a carbon–sulphur cathode separated by a liquid electrolyte.

Lithium ions dissolve from the anode during discharge, reacting with sulphur to form lithium polysulfides (Li2Sx) at the cathode, while the reverse occurs on charging. Some of the polysulfide intermediates are unfortunately soluble in the electrolyte and their dissolution from the cathode leads to irreversible loss of the active sulphur, adversely affecting cell performance.

Several strategies have been tested to reduce the Li2Sx dissolution problem, which often involve coating the cathode to isolate sulphur from the electrolyte, or hybridising it with third party materials that can help to anchor Li2Sx to the cathode surface through electrostatic interaction with the lithium ions.

The drawback with these approaches is that there is substitution of the active materials that can increase internal resistance or reduce capacity.

In a important development, though, Chenggang Zhou and his colleagues at the China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, have been looking for an additive that was molecularly lightweight, dispersible on the carbon–sulphur cathode material, and rich in sulphur-loving functional groups, they thought of DNA. Computational chemistry verified that functional groups common in all four of the nucleobases that comprise DNA were sulphur-loving, with phosphate groups exhibiting the strongest adsorption. Having confirmed their suspicion, the team then observed experimentally a three-fold enhancement in capacity retention after 200 discharge cycles by dispersing a small amount of DNA derived from salmon sperm onto the carbon–sulphur surface.

This development is quite exciting in terms of crossing species barriers but also on joining forces of material scientists with bioscientists.

The future is definitely holistic and “salmony”!

Further reading High-performance lithium/sulfur batteries by decorating CMK-3/S cathodes with DNA http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/TA/ c4ta06083k#!divAbstract izabet@chem.uoa.gr @yanzabet

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3

NEWS

Second edition of ‘Mycotoxins in Focus’ comes to VIV Asia 2015

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Since commencing fish-feed production 50 years ago, Aller Aqua has experienced continuous growth. Besides their factor y in Christiansfeld, Denmark, they have built a factory in Poland in 2001 and another in Germany in 2007 which integrates a modern fish-feed factor y with a facility producing protein derived from peas and broad beans.

Hans Erik Bylling, majority shareholder and managing director of

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“Aquaculture is today the fastest growing food sector – and more than half of the fish consumed globally are farmed fish. Thus we focus on growing our activities in several of the world’s emerging mar kets,” Hans Erik Bylling explains.

Get more daily industry news at the

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ation of mycotoxins in feed and feed raw materials in Asia.

Next, renowned industr y exper ts from Asia will deliver species-specific presentations.

Dr Pariwat Poolperm, from Kasetsar t Univeristy, Thailand, will discuss the economic impact of mycotoxins in swine farms. Prof Dr Charles Rangga Tabbu from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia, will present on the common pathological lesions of mycotoxicosis in poultry.

The presentations will be followed by an open Q&A session. The afternoon conference will conclude with an Austrian wine tasting.

All VIV Asia 2015 delegates are welcome to attend the conference, and to visit the Biomin booth J002 located in hall 102.

Fastest growing food sector

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he “Mycotoxins in Focus: Trends, Facts, and Effects” conference is set to provide an insight into the latest mycotoxin trends and occurences to delegates at VIV Asia 2015 in Bangkok, Thailand.

Biomin will host the second edition of the “Mycotoxins in Focus: Trends, Facts, and Effects” conference on 12 March 2015 in the afternoon of second day of VIV Asia 2015 at BITEC, in Bangkok, Thailand, in partnership with All About Feed, Pig Progress, and VIV. W i t h i t s a n nu a l B i o m i n Mycotoxin Sur vey r unning

for over a decade, Biomin has become the leading authority on mycotoxins. The second edition of the “Mycotoxins in Focus” conference builds upon the success of the inaugural edition held at VIV Europe 2014 in Utrecht, The Netherlands.

The educational presentations from Biomin exper ts and renowned academics from Asia will provide new insights into mycotoxin risk management, an over view of developments on mycotoxin occurrences in Asia over the last decade, and their effects on animal production.

The conference begins at 2pm with opening remarks from Dr. Jan Vanbrabant, Managing Director of Biomin Asia Pacific. Dr Shu Guan of Biomin Singapore will present key points from the latest mycotoxin survey, including trends in mycotoxin occurrence and the prolifer-

An expanding company

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In cooperation with the IFU (Investment Fund for Developing Countries), Aller Aqua Group bought the major ity of an Egyptian family company in 2011.

In 2014 the company finished a brand new state-of-the-ar t fish feed factory in Egypt. It is this factory – Egypt’s largest and most modern producer of environmentally friendly, extruded fish feed – which was inaugurated on 3rd March.

Aller Aqua Egypt, as the Egyptian company is called, has in this connection invested a large sum of money in the area known as ‘6th of October City’, situated a 1-hour drive from Cairo.

“The momentum we have managed to create in Egypt since

the Aller Aqua Group, explains that the company now sells its fish feed to more than 50 countries worldwide.

“We have a clear and concise strategy at Aller Aqua, designed to create further growth over the coming years – and investments like the one in Egypt is one of the tools to reach our targets, as well as the continued growth in existing and new markets.

“2014 has been a busy year for us, as we have fur ther inaugurated our new research center in Büsum, Germany. This helps bring us to the forefront in the development of new efficient types of feed – with increased focus on better utilisation of raw materials.”

The company are proud to have been awarded a German innovation award for this particular effort.

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Biggest in all of Africa

“We believe in the market and a bright future for Egypt, and the growth during the last year strengthens this belief.

“We exper ience a great interest in our project from various politicians, and thus we have had visits from both the Danish Minister for Trade and Development Cooperation, the Danish Ambassador and several local Egyptian politicians. It should come as no surprise that we with our production which helps create jobs, healthy food and a significantly better environment for our customers - experience a great deal of attention in Denmark and Egypt, as well as internationally.”

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ller Aqua Group A/S, situated by Christiansfeld in Denmark, is one of Europe’s largest producers of environmentally friendly fish feed.

The company officially inaugurated the new Egyptian factory on Tuesday 3rd March 2015.

2011 creates the basis for this extraordinary expansion, giving us the opportunity to triple sales,” explains Henrik Halken, Chairman of Aller Aqua Egypt.

“We have settled well in Egypt, where the daily management, with great experience and a huge drive, are co-owners and thereby motivated to create a success story.

“Since 2009, when we first travelled to Egypt, a great deal has happened politically in the countr y. We experience daily challenges, which we wouldn’t even contemplate in Denmark.

For the first year it could take up to 3 days to get petrol for the trucks transporting raw materials to the factory – great planning was essential for success! We have also had to accommodate all our employees at the factory during the most recent revolution, during which President Mursi was overthrown.

“Managing a company in Egypt requires that we make frequent visits, staying close to the customers and allocating the necessary resources for training and education of both our staff and our customers.

“Fur ther it is crucial to have skilled local management – which we have!

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Aller Aqua Group inaugurates its new Egyptian factory

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NEWS

BioMar launches new ORBIT diets to salmon smolt farmed in recirculation systems

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new generation of BioMar’s ORBIT feed concept targeting the specific challenges of the production of salmon smolt in Recirculation Aquaculture Systems will become available from the beginning of April.

With the rapid expansion of recirculation systems used for smolt production and even in some cases for on-growing of salmon BioMar has decided to apply the successful ORBIT concept to salmon feed and launch a new range of ORBIT products to salmon.

“BioMar’s ORBIT concept has for long been the ultimate feed for trout farming in Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS).

Fish farmers have praised it for optimal feed performance combined with optimal bio-filter performance. Both contribute to an increased biomass production in farms with RAS and as a consequence, an improved return on investment,” says BioMar’s Norwegian Product Manager

for fresh water diets Kristian Tuff Carlsen.

The new diets focus on delivering high growth and an optimal water quality with a minimal load on the biofilter. This is achieved mainly through a combination of changes in the digestible energy to protein ratio, a perfectly balanced and very precise aminoacid profile and a careful selection of raw materials.

The launch of the new product range follows three years of research and development with trials performed in laboratories and recirculation farms in places such as Norway, Denmark, and Chile.

Kristian Tuff Carlsen explains that good water quality has been a key success factor in the development of the ORBIT diet for salmon smolt and several changes have been made compared to standard diets used in the sector.

“The result is that we can both reduce the nitrogen load and the amount of organic matter in

the water column and we make the removal of faeces in sludge cones and mechanical filters easier.

This improves the growth conditions for the fish and it increases the capacity of the biofilter allowing for a larger production,” he says.

“Our researchers have refined our raw material matrix to perfection to ensure that we have the right information regards to the amino acid profile and digestibility for each raw material type. And we have identified within each raw material type the specific products which have the optimal profile with regards to these parameters, and at the same time we have identified their potential impact on the faeces’ structure.

This allows us to create a very unique diet for smolt in recirculation systems,” concludes Kristian Tuff Carlsen.

The new diets are being presented to fish farmers with recirculation systems at customer meetings during March with the par ticipation of recirculation specialists from BioMar’s global recirculation team. In September BioMar is again the main sponsor for the Nordic RAS workshop, which this year takes place in Molde, Norway. The workshop will gather recirculation exper ts from the whole world and Kristian Tuff Carlsen looks forward to an event which is an optimal forum for experience sharing and networking between farmers, researchers, and other key persons within recirculation aquaculture.

Skidmore College is the first liberal arts college in the state of New York to achieve MSC certification

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n March 12, Skidmore College became the first liberal arts college in New York to achieve Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Chain of Custody certification, the world’s leading certification program for sustainable, wild-caught seafood.

Skidmore’s Dining Services offers MSC certified sustainable seafood in the full-service Murray-Aikins Dining Hall, which serves more than 4000 meals to students, faculty and staff on a daily basis.

A variety of seafood is offered weekly on the dining hall menus and includes MSC certified haddock, pollock, and cod.

Skidmore plans to add more species of sustainable fish to the menu in the future. Starting today, MSC certified haddock and other MSC certified species will be regularly featured on the Dining Hall menu cycle.

MSC Chain of Custody certifica-

tion ensures that in every step of the chain – from the fishers, to the processor, to the distributor and the end user – MSC certified seafood is not mixed with or substituted for non-certified seafood. It also provides assurance that seafood bearing the blue MSC ecolabel can be traced back to a fishery that has been certified as sustainable and well-managed against the global, science-based MSC standard.

Commitment to sustainability initiatives is key

“Sustainability is a key theme in our dining facilities and we’re committed to reducing impact on the environment and increasing sustainable initiatives,” said Mark Miller, director of Skidmore’s Dining Services.

“MSC Chain of Custody certification is a sign of our commitment to sustainability. Skidmore’s Dining

Services believes that by obtaining MSC certification, college students and staff are able to contribute to the health of the world’s oceans by choosing seafood that can be traced back to fisheries that have achieved the MSC standard for sustainable fishing.”

Skidmore Dining introduced MSC cer tified seafood at Skidmore’s fourth annual American Culinary Federation (ACF) Conference and Competition held in January.

The three-day event offered chefs in the industr y the oppor tunity to participate in demonstrations, educational sessions, and an ACF-sanctioned culinary competition during which MSC certified sea scallop samples were served and Skidmore’s team won a gold medal.

Additional sustainability initiatives led by Skidmore Dining Ser vices include composting coffee-grounds, zero-sor t recy-

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

cling, efforts to repurpose fryer oil product as fuel, eliminating trays from the dining hall, and re-fillable water-bottle stations that have saved the equivalent of 171,816 bottles to date from being used and discarded.

Culinary leadership rewards sustainable fishing

“We congratulate Skidmore College for their leader ship and effor ts to recognize and reward sustainable fishing practices through the achievement of MSC Chain of Custody certification,” said Geoff Bolan, MSC's US program director.

“Skidmore Dining’s commitment to offer seafood that has been certified to the global, science-based MSC standard, will help to ensure sustainable seafood for this and future generations.”

NEWS

GAA signs memorandum of understanding with Vietnam Pangasius Association

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he Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Viet Nam Pangasius Association (VNPA), in which the two organisations will work collaboratively to advance responsible aquaculture in the Pangasius sector in Vietnam and globally through the exchange of information and research. GAA and VNPA agreed to the MoU after January meetings in Can Tho and Hanoi.

“We are delighted to formalise our relationship with VNPA through this MoU. We are looking forward to working together with VNPA to advance

responsible practices not only in the farming of Pangasius through VietGAP as a stepping stone to BAP cer tification, but also through the incorporation of responsible practices at the hatchery level and through responsible feed. We are also looking forward to assisting in the development of stronger market ties for BAP-certified Pangasius,” said Carson Roper, international business development manager for GAA’s Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) division.

“VNPA welcomes this MoU as a positive step toward building a more robust Vietnamese Pangasius production system,” said

Dr Vo Hung Dung, vice chairman and general secretary of VNPA. “Equally important, we welcome the collaborative support of GAA to assist in the application of VietGAP and the BAP certification program. We look forward to build stronger market ties product from VietGAP and BAP-certified Pangasius facilities.”

BAP-certified facilities

In the MoU, VNPA agreed to help identify and enrol processing plants, farms, feed mills and hatcheries in the BAP third-party certification program to increase the number of BAP-certified facilities in Vietnam. VNPA will also enlist

GAA’s assistance and exper tise in its effor ts of implementing good aquaculture practice standards in Vietnam regarding food safety, environment responsibility, social responsibility and animal welfare.

In return, GAA agreed to help identify market endorsers to fur ther promote responsibly produced Vietnamese farmed Pangasius products to retailers and foodservice operators worldwide. GAA also agreed to offer training and seminars to help Vietnamese producers to be able to apply VietGAP and the BAP standards to improve their aquaculture practices.

Book Review:

New book takes a deep look at brain health & explores the positive effects of omega-3s

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ker BioMarine’s director of scientific writing contr ibutes chapter on

krill Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline, a new book published by Elsevier under the Academic Press imprint and written by Colin Mar tin and Victor Preedy, outlines for researchers and clinicians the complex relationships between cognitive decline, dementia and diet. In addition to clinical applications and preclinical studies, various chapters explore the

evidence of how nutritional components (either in the diet or supplements) can either hinder the development to, or progression from, the onset of dementia.

Lena Bur r i, PhD, Director of Scientific Writing at Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS and a well-respected researcher and scientific writer specialising in omega-3 phospholipids, has written a chapter on krill and its positive effects on brain health.

“It was an honour to write the chapter on krill for this book,”

said Ms Burri. “As omega-3 fatty acids are crucial nutrients for brain health, krill has an important role to play here.”

Omega-3s are vital to brain development, as well as health and maintenance throughout the lifecycle. In particular, phospholipid omega-3s from krill are crucial for proper structure and function of brain cell membranes and cell signaling.

This is why the brain prefers omega-3s in phospholipid form.

The omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is the

most common fatty acid in the human brain. Supplying the brain with an ample amount of DHA can suppor t memory and may reduce the risk of many diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

“Omega-3s are very well established for heart health and their role in brain health is considered by some experts as equally impor tant,” said Nils Hoem, Chief Scientist, Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS. “Krill, especially its phospholipid omega-3s, play key roles in supporting the integrity of brain cell membranes.”

Book Review:

Marine Oils (From Sea to Pharmaceuticals) Edited by Ioannis Zabetakis (Laboratory of Food Chemistry Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Greece)

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his book is about the fish we eat, fish that not only sustains us but also provides us with pleasure and wellbeing. Fish is also a valuable source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. We follow a holistic approach in this book viewing fish in its entirety from the food that fish need in order to grow to

the pharmaceutical applications of fish oil.

2014 is a historic year; it is the first year in human history where the amount of fish we consume from aquaculture will surpass that from the wild. As it seems that aquaculture will play a vital role in the future feeding of mankind, it should be considered imperative

that it be done in a responsible and sustainable way.

Food security is both the top political and scientific priority today. With this book, we try to provoke some thoughts as to how fish is produced, how it is valorised and what could be done in the future.

We address within this book

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

the issue of resource management, fish nutritional requirements, aquatic food security, nutritional value of marine oils and fish themselves as well as to how we can fur ther exploit marine oil usage in the production of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Published by Nova Science Publishers.

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Woman of the month

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Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture without Frontiers

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NEWS

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The Aquaculturists

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry Major Korean processor gains MSC Chain of Custody certification, launches new surimi product Hansung Enterprise Co, Ltd, a seafood processor based in Busan, South Korea, has achieved Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Chain of Custody certification for sustainable, wild-caught seafood. bit.ly/18IftNr

Mexican Southern Gulf of California thread herring fishery enters MSC assessment process The Southern Gulf of California thread herring (Opisthonema liber tate, Opisthonema bulleri and Opisthonema medirastre) fisher y located in Mexican territorial waters has voluntarily entered the Marine Stewardship Council’s (MSC) full assessment process. bit.ly/1MKgnIi

www.theaquaculturists .blogspot.com

Number crunching – Carp 67lb 14oz - The weight of Two Tone, the UK’s biggest known carp who died in 2010. - http://carp-uk. net/forum/articles/carpfacts.htm 75lb - The largest reported grass carp in Florida, USA. 1972 - The year Chinese grass carp were imported and stocked into Florida lakes as an experimental effort to control hydrilla - http:// plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/controlmethods/biological-control/chinesegrass-carp 114 - The amount of calories in 100 grams of Chinese grass carp - http://www.fatsecret.com/caloriesnutrition/generic/chinese-grass-carp

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roblems with communications over the festive season meant that we had to delay our processes for our monthly award and had to miss January.

February sees another unanimous approval for Dr Anna Mercy, a professor at College of Fisheries, Panangad since 1984 and there can be no doubting that Dr Mercy has made a longstanding and significant contribution in aquaculture with over 30 years engagement in research and teaching.

Anna has spent invaluable time studying the indigenous ornamental fishes of the Western Ghats of India, originally starting her research with the blind catfish, Horaglanis krishnai (Menon) but over the years Anna is accepted as the ‘God Mother’ of Miss Kerala (Puntius denisonii), considered the most beautiful ornamental fish of the Western Ghats of India. Dr Mercy with her team showed how Miss Kerala could be successfully bred under captive conditions.

Having successfully pioneered the development of technology for raising 15 different species of ornamental fish in the Ghats region Anna then decided to initiate rural women in the breeding of these fish.

Her teaching obligations at the university did not prevent Anna from developing a highly original pioneering project to improve the living conditions of the village of Kumbalam in the State of Kerala, whose residents were daily wage earners. During lean seasons where work was not available, the families here would often struggle to even have one square meal in a day, as is the case in most circumstances.

Anna succeeded in convincing the Indian Government Department of Technology to fund five-day training to 20 women, teaching them all the different aspects of this process, from the building of aquariums to the production of food for the fish. The training continued and many hundreds of people have been able to be able to engage in this opportunity.

Anna encouraged participants to start breeding the fish in their own ponds and on their own terraces and about 20 percent of those who are trained establish aquariums in their own homes and many others have started building molded glass tanks. Aquarium keeping is a famous hobby worldwide but its popularity has still not reached the majority of households of Kerala, however, for a village such as Kumbalam where almost every other house had a natural water body, there could not have been a better area to be converted to an ornamental fish village.

A report of this training states “the majority of participants in this experiment earn an income of around USD 100 per month thanks to the sale of fish, aquariums and plants for aquariums or fish food. Shops have been opened to sell fish and accessories for aquariums, which increases local income. The project has not only had a significant financial impact, but has also had other positive side effects. For instance numerous women suffering from hypertension or asthma have acknowledged the positive effects of this activity on their health.

There has also been a drastic decrease in domestic violence and - especially important - most families now send their girls to school. To insure the continued success of the project, participants receive regular follow-up visits. Worldwide, ornamental fish breeding is worth hundreds of millions and possibly billions of US dollars and India could certainly turn this into a significant source of income both for individuals and the country.”

Through a series of popular articles, radio talks, public talks in different seminars, television programs and training programs Anna generated an interest among the rural people especially women to adopt this activity. Her work on the socio economic development of the rural population of Kumbalam Panchayat, Ernakulam District of Kerala saw her chosen as one of the eleven laureates of the world in 2010 for her creativity in rural life by World’s Women’s summit Foundation of Geneva (WWSF).

Currently Anna has retired from the service of College of Fisheries and working as a guest faculty in Sacred Heart College, Thevera, Cochin in the Department of Aquaculture and continuing her passion in the field of ornamental fishes through conducting training programs in ornamental fish culture for the rural people.

Our Executive Director, Roy Palmer, first met Anna when the APC Conference was held in Kochi in 2011 and last year he was able to listen to her in Adelaide where she made a presentation at the AwF Session ‘Finding livelihood through ornamental fish culture – a success story from Kerala, India’.

At Jeju Anna is Co-Chairing the Ornamental Fish sessions and may also be presenting a paper in the Women in Aquaculture and Fisheries session so look out for her there.

These awards are organised so that we recognise achievements such as those accomplished by Anna not only covering aquaculture through her research and technology and teaching but also in other important issues such as poverty, gender and promoting aquaculture as a solution in the world.

Congratulations Dr. T.V. Anna Mercy

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

NEWS

"Preston positive despite restructure" - Australia responds to increased national and international demand for aquaculture technology despite limited funding

D

r Nigel Preston is the Research Program Director for Aquaculture, one of eight new programs in the recently created Agriculture Flagship in the Austr alian C o m m o n w e a l t h S c i e n t i fi c Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).

The restructure of CSIRO and formation of the Agriculture Flagship followed a reduction of Aus$111 million to CSIRO in the May 2014 federal budget, with significant reduction in science and support staff.

Dr Preston acknowledges that it is always difficult to meet the challenges of funding cuts, especially the departure of close colleagues, however, he and his research team are determined to focus on responding to the increasing national and international demand for aquaculture research and development.

His research experience includes; marine biology, marine ecology, environmental management of aquaculture and the development and application of advanced genetics and nutrition technologies in aquaculture.

He is an acknowledged world

authority in aquaculture and has contributed to the sustainable growth of aquaculture industries in Australia and overseas. His proficiency in assembling multidisciplinary research teams to tackle key research issues has been invaluable in developing CSIRO’s research portfolio and delivering realised impacts to industry.

The program

T h e C S I RO A q u a c u l t u r e Research Program cover s a large area within Australia, from tropical aquaculture in the north to temperate aquaculture in the south.

The program has also established collaborative research partnerships in many other countries.

The goal of the Program is to transform the productivity, profitability and sustainability of Australian and global aquaculture industries via whole of system collaborative research. The Program integrates capabilities in applied selective breeding and quantitative genetics, molecular genetics bioinformatics and genomics virology and immunology, physiology and biology, nutrition, nutrigenomics, feed technologies, microbiology, organic

chemistry, sensor based technology and decision support systems.

At the World Aquaculture meeting in Adelaide in June 2014, Dr Preston was honoured by the World Aquaculture Society and made a Fellow of the Society. Matt West, President of the Australian Prawn Farmers Association (APFA) said that making Dr Preston a Fellow of such an important body is a welldeserved honour in recognition of his contributions to Australian and global aquaculture over the last 25 years.

"Nigel has been at the forefront of driving Australia's aquaculture industry and his decades of research work have encompassed most aspects of the industry from water quality to selecting broodstock. However the success of recent commercial trials of the new fish-meal-free feeds for farmed prawns, the result of a Aus$10 million CSIRO research program headed by Nigel is a standout achievement.”

Nigel is rightly proud of leading the CSIRO team that created the Novacq prawn feed additive. The research was a truly multidisciplinary team effort.

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

Dr Brett Glencross turbocharged the research with his comprehensive knowledge and experience of feed technologies and nutrition. Stuart Arnold and Simon Irvin played critical roles in testing the technology in China and Vietnam. Andrew Chalmers skillfully negotiated all aspects of commercialising the Novacq technology. Every other member of the team has also contributed to the success of Novacq.

After 10 years of research, the CSIRO team delivered the Novacq technology.

Prawns (shrimp) fed with Novacq grow on average 20-30 percent faster, are healthier and can be produced with no fish products in their diet, a world-first achievement in sustainability.

Major global breakthrough

Matt West considers that this achievement by Nigel’s Program in Australia is a major global breakthrough in the prawn aquafeed industr y – something which is viewed by the APFA as "a game changer” that will deliver direct benefits to the industry.

"This means that Australian

NEWS prawn aquaculture; already a world leader in sustainability and environmental management, is now set to become even better, and really solidifies aquaculture as a sustainable source of protein to help meet the ever growing demand for food."

"When we are talking about relieving pressure on our ocean stocks of fish, every little bit helps.

Novacq will mean that the prawn farming industr y could potentially no longer be reliant on wild-caught fishery products," Dr Preston said.

Novacq is an entirely natural food source based on the smallest organisms in the marine environment, the marine microbes which are the foundation of the marine food pyramid. Working on understanding the natural marine microbial processes that occur in prawn farm ponds and natural marine estuaries, and the role of microbes in prawn nutrition also won the CSIRO team the prize for the Environment, Agriculture and Food categor y in The Australian Innovation Challenge in 2014.

Natural extension

Nigel sees his work as Research Director of CSIRO’s Aquaculture Program as a natural extension of his career in science research and management, with new challenges in critical thinking and nurturing partnerships that deliver practical outcomes for aquaculture.

Research and industr y par tnerships have proven vital to Dr Preston 's research in domesticating the Black (Giant) Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) in close collaboration with industry organisations Gold Coast Marine Aquaculture, Australian Prawn Farms and Pacific Reef Fisheries, is relieving the dependency of Australian prawn farmers on wild broodstock.

Subsequent genetic improvements made through selective breeding have improved reproductive performance by 200 percent and doubled the harvest yields of domesticated farmed prawns.

Australia is a minor player in the global business of prawn production, accounting for around 4500 of the three million tonnes

produced annually. The country is a net importer of seafood (and prawns) but, looking at the bigger picture, Preston realises a rising global population and greater demand than ever for protein that can be produced sustainably, seafood is growing in importance.

“Although the Australian aquaculture industry is small by global standards it has an excellent reputation for sustainably producing high quality seafood. There is growing awareness the opportunity for a step-change in the sustainable growth of Australian aquaculture and to respond to the increasing global demand for advanced aquaculture knowledge and technology.”

Novel technology

The success of Novacq has highlighted the opportunity for the development of novel Australian aquaculture technology and products for global markets.

In responding to this oppor tunity it will be important to work with effective commercialisation partners.

An excellent example is Ridley Agri-Products, the Australian licensee for Novacq, who have already enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of the technology for Australian and global markets. Likewise, the commercialisation par tners in Vietnam, China and other major prawn farming countries are helping to obtain maximum market penetration via exclusive licenses.

Preston says “The CSIRO Aquaculture Program is currently working a portfolio of new technologies to further enhance advances in; applied selective breeding technology, reducing the impacts of disease, relieving the pressure on wild harvest fisheries and sustainably enhancing production efficiency.“ The business model that CSIRO operates in today is so very different to the old days when they were solely financed by the Australian Government.

Commentators have highlighted that prior to the latest cut-backs the CSIRO operated under a matrix management system that is overly complex. They claim it is more or less bound to maximise

both the scale of the management process and the number of its management personnel and its major characteristic is a diffusion of the lines of responsibility.

There are multiple repor ting avenues that vastly increase the time a scientist spends on bureaucracy rather than research. Whilst governance is essential much of the paperwork shuffling is not necessarily conducive to good and original research an adds to the cost burdens.

The operation of the matrix system with its inputs and outputs and themes and streams and flagships and business units and the like would be a nightmare to the CSIRO’s staff, let alone to potential clients that have to deal with and negotiate with the organisation.

Changing finances causes comments

The changing financial environment caused comments from financial media who raised the issue some time ago that CSIRO is no longer as independent and unbiased as it once was due to it having to obtain external funding and suggesting that its advice might be compromised.

Conflicts, however, are not necessary an issue as long as there is good transparency.

Whilst Australia still has good intellectual capability in its aquaculture research area the finance streams for industry to connect with are becoming drought like and when funding is available the paper war that ensues can be overly costly.

Many industry operators have indicated frustration as they say that Fisheries Research & Development Cor por ation (FRDC), a co-funded par tnership between the Australian Government and the fishing industry (commercial wild catch, aquaculture, recreational and indigenous) program is also locked down in bureaucracy and when you add the criticism mentioned above regarding CSIRO it has become very difficult for small business to get direct access to the needed expertise.

Another major complaint from business has been the overall aversion to risk.

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9

Added to all this negativity there has been a feeling in university circles that the very presence of the CSIRO was cutting them out of their natural constituency of pure research and that FRDC are controlling who is awarded the funding for various research projects.

CRC falls short on vital role outcomes

Fur thermore, The Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) which star ted in 2007 is in its last months of existence. According to documents from the Australian Government’s Senate Legislation Committee this CRC aimed to play a vital role in the seafood industry by developing technologies to improve productivity and quality in the high-end of the market, and delivering improvement the entire value-chain.

Based on the planned seven year investment of Aus$160 million which included significant industry cash contributions of Aus$37 million the CRC projected delivering a NPV of Aus$1.05 billion over 12 years.

Whilst the CRC has undertaken and suppor ted over 400 projects during its existence it will not go close to the NPV it projected.

Whilst there can be no doubt that some sectors have profited from engagement it would be taking a very long bow to suggest that is has played ‘a vital role in the seafood industry’ during its existence. At the grass roots end of the industry there has been minimal change and from a consumers perspective it would be hard to suggest any massive improvements in the offering.

So in this atmosphere there can be no doubts about Preston and the work he and his team have done at CSIRO. They have been a shining light considering the difficulties relating to funding and industry engagement have been a constant.

Dr Nigel Preston will be International Chair of the Shrimp G e n e tic s , Bro o d st ock a n d Hatchery Management Session at the World Aquaculture 2015 Conference & Trade Show in Jeju, Korea in May 2015.

FEATURE

Extrusion of aquafeeds

by Gordon Young, FoodStream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia

Extrusion technology provides a number of major benefits over the more traditional pellet milling processes commonly used for aquaculture feeds. In particular, extrusion can provide a much higher degree of control over the “cook” achieved, as well as better control of the product density (therefore controlling the floating/sinking characteristics).

B

ut extrusion is a very complex process – and we only have “indirect” control over that process. That is, we have full control over some variables – eg screw speed and amount of water added. But there are other inputs over which we have “limited” control. For example, we specify a formulation, and within limits we control the specifications of ingredients that go into it – but ingredients do vary, so our process needs to cope with “normal variation”. We set up the extruder and die to a known configuration – but the machine and the die-plate wears, so that over time the process changes.

determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the product.

So to use extrusion effectively – and take full advantage of the opportunities offered by the technology – the extrusion process needs to be properly understood. This article discusses just a couple of the issues relating to successful extrusion of aquafeeds.

Extrusion chemistry & aquafeed ingredients

In the area of ingredients, the aquafeeds industry faces a series of contradictions.

In addition, we never get just one parameter changing during extrusion – if ingredients vary, it doesn’t just change the final product composition – it changes the rheology of the mix and therefore changes how the melt moves through the extruder and the die, which in turn affects the residence time and temperature developed in the melt, which changes degree of cook and expansion – and therefore affects digestibility and floating/sinking characteristics. Within this complex relationship, we need to achieve consistency – of nutrition, of digestibility, of physical characteristics. It is the cumulative effect of these parameters which ultimately

Marine meals provide the best nutritional basis, but are increasingly difficult to obtain and are therefore expensive. Selected plant sources of protein can provide required proteins, but tend to come with fibre and starch which can interfere with the extrusion process and affect digestibility. We generally require very high fat (energy) contents in the feeds – but high fat levels are a problem in extrusion. Following are some basics of “extrusion chemistry” that relate to the way we design aquafeed extrusion processes:

Figure 1

10 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

FEATURE Starch

Many fish species do not tolerate starch – especially uncooked starch. But starch comes with many of the alternative plant-based protein ingredients. Also starch can be an important “binder” to help achieve pellet durability.

Firstly, realise that starch does not truly “gelatinise” during extrusion – there is not enough water present for the swelling and unravelling of granules that characterise the gelatinisation reaction. In addition, the starch is easily damaged by excessive “shear” during extrusion. So we promote conditions that will “cook” the starch – achieving sufficient temperature with sufficient water, and with sufficient time, but without excessive shear – therefore use of a preconditioner can be a major advantage.

Another option – if we require starch for pellet binding – is to choose a starch that cooks and binds more effectively at a lower temperature – such as use of tuber starches instead of grain starches. Therefore effective selection of both the source and the amount of starch can be used to optimise the processing and nutritional characteristics of the product formulation.

Protein

During extrusion, the protein dena-

Effect of Density on Sink / Float Pellet Behaviour

Sea Water (3% Salt)

Fresh Water

Fast Sinking

640 g/L

> 600 g/L

Slow Sinking

580 to 600 g/L

540 to560 g/L

Neutral Bouyancy

520 to 540 g/L

480 to 520 g/L

Floating

< 480 g/L

< 440 g/L

Figure 2 turation reaction is not unlike that of starch – that is, with respect to good “functional” protein (here referring to protein functionality from a physical, rather than nutritional, perspective). The globular proteins unravel and, under the right conditions (optimal moisture content and temperature), can cross-link. Therefore “functional” protein contributes to binding and pellet durability. But many of the traditional fish meals, while good nutritionally,

contain denatured protein, and contribute little to the “binding” function.

So while the scarcity of traditional marine proteins (eg fish meals) is an issue for nutritional balance, the substitution of “functional” plant proteins can have the added benefit of assisting pellet durability – as long as the process promotes rather than destroys that functionality (temperature and shear not excessive).

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FEATURE of the melt. Figure 1 shows some measured results of bulk density vs SME. The SME is influenced by process parameters, most significantly the melt moisture content (used to manipulate the melt rheology), the screw profile design, and the screw speed.

Aquafeed specifications – not the full story

Fat

Fat under normal extrusion conditions is stable – it does not itself change and “cook” as starches and proteins do. But it does have a major effect on the extrusion process – increasing “slip” and effectively lowering viscosity, and therefore affecting expansion/density, extruder backfill/ degree of cook, and pellet durability. An increase in fat content of the mix of only two percent (which can happen due to raw material variations) has a similar effect on the effective viscosity of the melt as a five percent increase in moisture content.

Therefore control of fat content can be a major issue.

At the same time, for most species, as high a fat content as possible is required for nutrition (feed energy). This is where one of the tensions lie – the challenge of achieving good stable pellets at sufficiently high fat content.

Strategies to achieve this balance include the use of appropriate extrusion systems (twin screw extruders can operate in a more stable manner to higher fat levels than single screw extruders), and methods to maximise post-process addition of oil, such as vacuum infusion.

There are of course many other aspects of ingredients that also need to be balanced in successful feed extrusion.

Density control

The finished product bulk density is one of the key product quality attributes, as it directly influences the sink / float behaviour of the finished product. Note, however, that this does not only relate to the extrusion process – eg drying also affects pellet density. In fact, drying under inappropriate

conditions can result in drying and shrinkage of the outside layers, increasing overall density so the pellet sinks (eg as required).

Then, over time in storage, moisture redistributes within the pellet, the outside layers relax and expand, and the feed turns from floating to sinking.

The bulk density is the result of the balance between the expansion (influenced by the process conditions and the amount and type of starch) and elastic collapse (influenced by the amount and type of protein). That is, again there is a complexity in the extrusion process which makes it inherently difficult to predict and control. Under the correct conditions: • Higher amylose starch content makes the extrudate expand more at the time of exiting the die • Higher “functional” protein makes the melt more elastic, so it recoils after the initial expansion and starts to collapse • Higher amylopectin starch increases the “solidification” temperature of the melt, which determines how far the melt recoils before the structure hardens.

So the final pellet size – and therefore density – is the result of the interaction of all these effects (Figure 2).

In addition: Degree of Expansion = f { Melt Temperature (TM), Die Pressure Drop (DPd) }, with the Melt Rheology and the Die Geometry greatly affecting DPd. The product bulk density is also significantly influenced by the Specific Mechanical Energy (SME), since the SME directly affects TM and also affects the molecular degradation of the starch and the proteins – which changes the viscosity and elasticity 12 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

Final product nutrition (and FCR) is not just due to the composition of the formulation ingredients – though that is what feed specifications almost exclusively (along with density) often dictate.

The manufacture of a feed should be considered as Formulation + Process ----> Product The ingredient source (and the order of addition) have a significant impact upon the product nutrition. For example, the effect of oil added during the process is not the same as oil added via external coating – complexes formed during extrusion can change the nutritional effect of the oil.

Energy inputs also have a major role in final nutrition of the feed. Energy may be added via Convective Energy (steam injection), Thermal Energy (barrel heating) and Mechanical Energy (viscous dissipation or SME). The comparative balance of these energy inputs affect nutrition by changing the conversion and break-down of proteins and starches, changing their nutritional contribution. In extreme cases, it can even form fat complexes that are toxic to fish.

When considering Convective Energy, the role of process time is also critical. This is the basis of preconditioning, which allows extended time to initiate the cooking of starches and proteins.

Conclusion

Extrusion is not a simple process. The interactions that occur in process parameters, along with variations in raw materials and changes over time due to extruder and die wear, makes it a difficult process to control.

And these variations can have “invisible” effects – because nutritional content of the formulation does not fully define the nutritional performance of the feed. Variations in the extrusion process do not only affect physical changes in the product such as density and size/shape, it also affects the way in which the fish will digest the ingredients. A good understanding of the extrusion process – and well-defined process parameters to guide operators – is required for reliable and consistent feed production.

The authors are presenting a short course on Aquafeed Extrusion Technology at Centre for Feed Technology, FôrTek, Norway, from 25 to 27 March 2015 (www.foodstream.com.au/events)

FEATURE

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FEATURE

Wheat proteins

high quality proteins for aquaculture feeds

by Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc Aurélien Feneuil, Dr Frédérique Respondek Tereos, Innovation department

M

any fish feed producers now formulate low fishmeal diets. To ensure high growth performance, the use of high quality alternative protein is then required. Both Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten are high quality proteins. While they don’t exhibit the same behaviour at extrusion, they can both ensure good physical quality of pellets and high level of growth performance with high nitrogen and energy retention.

Additionally, Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten may have some functional health benefits at gut level, especially by stimulating gut cell proliferation and antioxidative system without damaging gut structure.

as good water stability. Moreover, increased VWG inclusion rate in replacement of soy protein concentrate results in decreasing extruder motor load. Indeed, extrusion behaviour of 2 commercial salmon feed diets has been explored both at small scale (Application Centre, Tereos, Marckolsheim, France) and at a fish feed Technology Centre (scale-up; Nofima, Fana, Norway). One diet contained 10 percent VWG and the other 20 VWG. The two diets were extruded in the same processing conditions. This resulted in a lower motor load (i.e. torque) for 20 percent VWG compared to 10 percent VWG (36 percent versus 41 percent motor load). Higher inclusion of VWG in formulation leads to a decrease in motor load due to the lower water holding capacity of VWG compared to soy protein concentrate (Draganovic et al., 2011).

The technological properties of HWG had not yet been reported in the literature while VWG and HWG have different impacts on extruder system parameters, especially on motor load and pressure at the die. Indeed, replacing 25 percent of Crude Protein (CP) of a FM diet by either VWG or HWG (Voller et al., in preparation) results in lower motor load with HWG (283 and 376 Nm with HWG and VWG respectively). The higher effect of VWG on the motor load

Intensive production of farmed fish fed with compound feeds has increased greatly, mainly due to the growth of aquaculture production, but also because it is the most efficient way of production (Olsen and Hasan, 2012). In such feeds, Fish Meal (FM) used to be the major source of proteins, especially for marine fish and salmonids (Tacon et al., 2011). Nevertheless, because of the limited amount of available FM on the market, its impact on the environment and marine diversity, and its increasing price, its utilisation has been progressively reduced in the formulation of diets.

In order to achieve a low FM incorporaTable 1: Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of different vegetable proteins tion (below 10 percent in formula) without impairing growth performance, active Soy Protein Amytex® (VWG) Solpro 508® (HWG) Concentrate (Imcosoy research was conducted on plant proteins 62, Imcopa) (PP), which represent an interesting alternaWHC in g of water/g of tive to FM. In this context, many studies commercial product (Mean 1,5 +/- 0,0 0,6 +/- 0,0 3,0 +/- 0,0 were undertaken to evaluate the effects +/- Standard Deviation) of replacing FM with different types of PP, tested one by one or in mixture, on fish growth and health. Among the tested PP being considered to replace FM, Wheat Proteins (WP), including Vital can be attributed to the higher water holding capacity (table 1) of this Wheat Gluten (VWG) and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten (HWG) are ingredient (1.5 g of water/g) compared to HWG (0.6 g of water/g). easily available PP sources that have given very promising results from The reduction in motor load can be seen as a direct process advantage allowing reduction of energy consumption during extrusion (Specific technological, nutritional and health points of view.

Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten exhibit different behaviour in Mechanical Energy reduced from 65 to 50 Wh/kg). An alternative is to extrusion and both proteins allow obtaining pellets of high physical run the HWG diet at the same motor load as the VWG diet with the potential to increase the extrusion capacity. quality VWG has already been described elsewhere (Apper-Bossard et al., 2013) as an effective binder in fish feed, imparting good mechanical Wheat Proteins: Amino acid profile properties (i.e. durability and hardness) to the fish feed pellets as well Wheat proteins are a source of functional amino acids, especially 14 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

FEATURE

Effects of wheat proteins on growth performance

Because of its high digestibility and its absence of anti-nutritional factors, replacement of a large proportion of FM with VWG results in similar growth performance and fish composition whatever the species are. The apparent CP digestibility of VWG is high, between

Advanced Feature Extrusion

15.00 [381]

Ă12.00 [305]

36.91 [937]

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sulphur amino acids and leucine. They contain rather low levels of lysine, tryptophan, and arginine meaning that they should be complemented with these amino acids when used at high level in formulae.

Several experiments showed WP can successfully replace a large part of FM when diets are supplemented with free lysine in salmonids (Davies et al., 1997).

WPs contain a relatively high concentration of sulphur-containing amino acids, due to the numerous di-sulphur bonds (1.8 percent CP of methionine and 2.6 percent CP of cysteine), whereas PP sources are generally low in sulphur-containing amino acids. For instance, soybean meal and soy protein concentrate respectively contain 1.4 and 1.3 g/100 g CP of methionine and 1.3 and 1.4 g/100 g CP of cysteine.

Furthermore, WPs are high in leucine, with about 7.9 g/100 g CP. Leucine is considered as the main amino acid triggering muscle protein synthesis and inhibiting proteolysis in mammals (Li et al., 2009) and probably in fish. Indeed, in different species, amino acids regulate the TOR signalling pathway (Seilliez et al., 2008). Furthermore, supplementing media containing 0.6 mM leucine with an additional 2.5 mM leucine reduced rates of protein degradation in rainbow trout primary myocytes by 8 percent (Cleveland, 2010).

WPs are also rich in glutamine: from 35 to 40 percent CP. Glutamine is a major substrate for all rapidly proliferating cells and plays an important role in maintaining intestinal trophicity (VerlhacTrichet, 2010). In addition, glutamine is one of the most important energy substrates of enterocytes. Free glutamine significantly increases enterocyte and microvilli length in catfish gut (Pohlenz et al., 2012), hybrid striped bass (Cheng et al., 2012), and juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Zhu et al., 2011). Glutamine also constitutes a major substrate for immune cells, thus modulating immune response (Verlhac-Trichet, 2010; Zhu et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2012). Moreover, glutamine plays a role in eliminating free radicals as it acts as a precursor for glutathione synthesis (Wu, 1998). Such effects are reported for juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Zhu et al., 2011) and hybrid striped bass (Cheng et al., 2012). Glutamine has proven to stimulate muscle synthesis in terrestrial vertebrates but such results are not available for fish. However, dietary glutamine supplementation increases growth performance in juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Qiyou et al., 2011) and in hybrid striped bass (Cheng et al., 2012).

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Figure 1: Nitrogen apparent digestibility of a fish-meal based diet where fish meal is replaced from 0 to 75% by hydrolysed wheat gluten (HWG), on a Crude Protein basis. Nitrogen apparent digestibility curvilinearly increases with increasing HWG in diet.

ET-261A.indd 1AQUAFEED | 15 March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL

P.O. Box 8 100 Airport Road Sabetha, KS 66534, USA Phone: 785-284-2153 Fax: 785-284-3143 extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com www.extru-techinc.com

2/12/15 4:52 PM

FEATURE

Figure 2. Posterior intestine of rainbow trout fed with a diet containing only fish meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysed wheat gluten, 50% vital wheat gluten, or a blend of hydrolysed and vital wheat gluten, on a crude protein basis (electronic microscopy, Ă&#x2014; 900). No large areas of necrosis whatever the treatment. Enterocytes appear uniform, regular and healthy.

92 and 98.5 percent (Apper-Bossard et al., 2013). In rainbow trout, VWG successfully substitutes more than 50 percent FM providing diets supplemented with lysine without affecting protein and lipid composition of the carcasses (Davies et al., 1997). Furthermore, the inclusion of 14.5 percent VWG in diets does not adversely affect the flavour of fillets (Skonberg et al., 1998). In Atlantic salmon, the replacement of 35 percent FM with VWG without supplementing by lysine results in similar final body weight and growth (Storebakken et al., 2000). These authors estimate the replacement of FM with VWG without amino acid supplementation can go up to 50 percent based on the amount and the availability of lysine in VWG and on the requirement of fish.

In European sea bass, substituting more than 50 percent FM with VWG does not impair palatability, growth performance, and nitrogenenergy retention (Tibaldi et al., 2003). In gilthead sea bream, the use of 88 percent CP from VWG not only successfully replaced FM but also produced better growth and feed conversion ratio, probably related to higher protein and energy intake of fish (Allan et al., 2000). In Nile tilapia fed with diets differing in their protein sources, the highest growth is reported for VWG, FM, and soybean extract diet. In shrimp, results are scarce but the replacement of up to 20 percent marine protein with VWG does not significantly affect feed efficiency and growth performance (Molina-Povida et al., 2004; Tereos i nternal data).

HWG also seems promising in aquaculture feeds as it results in high growth performance. CP digestibility of HWG has recently been measured. It is very high and further increases with higher HWG inclusion rate in FM-diet for rainbow trout (figure 1; Apper et al., 2014). Recent studies on juvenile hybrid sturgeon show that the replacement of 1 to 5 percent of soy protein concentrate by 1 to 5 percent of HWG in a diet containing animal and plant proteins significantly increases growth performance (Qiyou, 2011). The use of 12.5 to 50 percent CP of HWG to replace high quality FM does not modify growth performance and feed efficiency in rainbow trout (Apper et al., 2014). In the same experiment, authors compared energy and nitrogen retention obtained with either VWG or HWG. Nitrogen retention was similar for the 2 protein sources, with very low metabolic losses of nitrogen (35.1 and 43.4 kg/ton of fish produced for HWG and VWG respectively). Energy retention was higher with HWG than with VWG.

Figure 3. Microvilli of posterior intestine of rainbow trout fed with a diet containing only fish meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysed wheat gluteTable 1Formulation and compositions of experimental diets (%).tein basis (electronic microscopy, Ă&#x2014; 20 000). Microvilli are uniform and densely packed for all treatments.

Effects of wheat proteins on gut health and microbiota

Compared to a fishmeal-based diet, the use of Wheat Proteins does not damage gut morphology and microbiota. In Rainbow trout, the replacement of up to 50 percent high quality FM by either VWG or HWG results in no modification of gut structure (figures 2 and 3; Apper et al., 2014). Indeed, no areas of necrosis were observed in enterocytes, all appearing uniform, regular, and healthy. Microvilli observations confirmed such results, all microvilli being packed and showing the same density. Similarly, in the same study, microbiota was not significantly different between FM, HWG and VWG diets, with a predominance of Firmicutes. Richness, OTUs, and diversity of microbiota were not different across treatments, suggesting that replacing up to 50 percent of high quality FM by WP is without consequence for gut health. Such results are typical of wheat proteins as soy-proteins or pea proteins have been demonstrated to impair gut morphology or microbiota at high inclusion rates (Mc Kellep Bakke et al., 2007; Penn et al., 2011).

In soy-based diets, the inclusion of hydrolysed wheat proteins modulates gut function and morphology, the anti-oxidative system, and the non-specific immune system. The replacement from 1 to 5 percent of soy protein concentrate in a diet based on 20 percent FM, 20 percent soybean meal, eight percent corn gluten meal and 10 percent blood meal increased digestive enzyme activities and fold heights, modulated non-specific immune response and stimulated anti-oxidative status (Qiyou et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2011). Interestingly, in these studies, the results of 3 percent of HWG inclusion were equivalent to results obtained when authors added one percent free glutamine in the soy protein concentrate diet. Such results suggest that HWG may have a bioactive role, by acting on highly proliferative cells or by saving energy as a glucose precursor.

Due to their technological and nutritional properties, Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten already appear as high value protein sources for fish feeds. Furthermore, new insights on gut morphology, microbiota and health highlight a potential functional role of these proteins on the antioxidative system and on digestive enzyme activity and reveal that wheat proteins do not disturb carnivorous fish microbiota significantly. Further research is needed to confirm these functional benefits and to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.

16 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

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Immunostimulation in aquatic animals

by Philippe Tacon, global aquaculture manager, Phileo

A

survey made at the end of an aqua industry forum meeting in Vietnam last year has shown that for 63 percent of the participants, the most limiting challenge for developing aquaculture was health and disease management. Indeed, in recent years, we have seen numerous diseases appearing and impacting aquaculture production, such as WSSV and EMS in shrimp, or Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) in salmonids. Working around the classic Host-PathogenEnvironment triad, new technologies and management techniques have been developed to better control diseases in aquatic animals: vaccination, which has led to the decrease of antibiotic use in salmonids; biosecurity procedures in hatcheries and in farms; biofloc technology. All of these technologies have proven successful. Their further development and expanded use will certainly improve the way aquatic animals are farmed.

Another strategy is to increase the health of the animal through feeding, and this magazine might be a good place to discuss it. Well balanced diets can certainly improve the health status of a fish or a shrimp, but in some challenging conditions, like a pathogen infection, the use of immune stimulants can be required to enhance the response of the immune system.

When studying immune stimulation, it is important to understand that the immune system of aquatic animals differs not only between theirs and the mammalian one but also between teleost and crustacean. Fish are the first group in which a specific immune system appears in the evolutionary tree. The fish immune system therefore has a greatly inferior performance to that of mammals (see Tort et al 2003). It is less specific, less sensitive and has only oneclass of antibodies (IgM). Fish being poikilothermic animals, it is highly dependent on temperature, low temperature slowing down the immune response up to 10 to 12 weeks. Fish rely by then more on their non-specific immune system (also called innate immunity) to fight against pathogens. The innate immune system recognises nonself molecules that could be of foreign origin - also called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) - and molecular patterns exposed though damage to the host. These patterns are recognised by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) or pattern

recognition proteins (PRP). These molecular patterns can be for example peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides from bacteria cell walls, fungal b1, 3-glucan, viral double-stranded RNA and bacterial DNA (see Magnadottir 2006 for an overview of fish innate immunity).

Fish innate immunity starts with first barrier defences such as mucus; it traps pathogens and includes lysozymes, antibacterial peptides which can eliminate pathogens. Neutrophils and macrophages are key cells of the innate immune complex as they can phagocytose pathogens (a mechanism which is not temperature dependent) and release Reactive Oxygen species, which are toxic to pathogens.

Completing this cellular response, the humoral response implicates the synthesis and release of antimicrobial components.

In shrimp, where the picture is even simpler as they rely only on innate immunity, we find the same type of mechanisms in place as in fish with phagocytosis performed by granulocytes (a specific form of the blood hemocyte cells) and humoral response. However the most effective mechanism of invertebrates (as arthropods) is cellular melanotic encapsulation. This requires the combination of circulating hemocytes and several associated proteins of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system. Recognition of PAMPs such as LPS and β-1, 3 glucans by PRPs is an essential step for the activation of the proPO cascade (Amparyup et al 2013).

Stimulation of the innate immune system, which would enhance the speed and the effect of the immune response, is therefore possible by mimicking the effect of PAMP on PRR and PRP. In that regard, beta glucans have been studied for a long time in aquaculture and seem ‘the ideal’ immune stimulant in aquaculture (see Meena et al 2013 and Ringo et al 2012) as they can specifically activate macrophages in fish and the proPO cascade in shrimp.

Parietal fractions, such as Safmannan® are extracted from a selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain respecting strict EU manufacturing control standards. They contain beta glucans, mannan oligosaccharides that are all activators of the immune system (Song et al 2014).

Earlier internal trials have shown that yeast cell walls and parietal fractions have different effects in mycotoxin binding and immunity in aquatic animals. Indeed several trials done at the Hellenic Center for Marine Research in Greece have shown that yeast fraction

18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

FEATURE products with similar manna/ glucan ratios from Phileo, Lesaffre Table 1: Formulation and compositions of experimental diets (%).

Animal Care Business Unit, have Ingredients very different effects in the stimulation of immune parameters Fishmeal 38.5 25 25 25 25 25 and in survival following challenge Soybean protein concentrate 20 20 20 20 20 20 in Vibrio anguillarum. It looks like Soybean meal 0 21 21 21 21 21 not only the mannan and glucan Wheat flour 21 21 21 21 21 21 content is of importance, but the strain and the drying processes Fish oil 6 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 are also key parameters to ensure Monocalcium 1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 a good effect in aquatic animals. phosphate(Ca(H2PO4)2) Another concept that came out Microcrystalline cellulose 10.1 1 0.975 0.95 0.9 0.8 of these trials was that there is a Phospholipid (93%) 2 2 2 2 2 2 threshold of yeast material to be Choline chloride(50%) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 ingested before it starts to kick in and improve the immune system.

Vitamin and mineral Premixa 1 1 1 1 1 1 Product origin, quality, dosages Methionine hydroxy analog-Ca(98%) 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 and duration of treatment are all Safmannan (mg/kg) 0 0 250 500 1000 2000 clearly linked.

Analyzed chemical compositions(dry matter basis %) A trial has been undertaken to further study a dose response of Crude protein 47.6 48.2 48.7 47.9 48.4 48.5 Safmannan® in a marine species.

Crude lipid 12.1 12.0 11.7 11.6 11.8 11.6 The objective was twofold: Crude ash 7.86 8.51 8.46 8.52 8.59 8.41 investigate the influence of parietal fractions in diets with a Gross energy(MJ/kg) 21.5 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.4 21.6 reduced amount of fishmeal, and determine the dosage needed for diets were supplemented with 0 (SBM), 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 an optimum immune response (Yu et al 2014).

Six diets were designed (see table 1): a high fishmeal diet with g/T of Safmannan®. Juvenile Japanese seabass (18 g) were selected 38.5 percent fish meal inclusion and no soybean meal (HFM) and 5 and distributed into 280 L tanks after 24 h starvation with 30 fish diets with 25 percent fishmeal and 20 percent soybean meal. These per tank, and six tanks per treatment. The water temperature was

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FEATURE

maintained. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily at 08:00 and 15:00 for 72 days.

At the end of the treatment period fish were anesthetsed, weighed and viscera and blood were sampled. Intestine samples from the FM, Y0, Y4 and Y5 groups were removed from 2 fish in each replicate tank at the end of trial (12 fish per treatment) and processed for histology analysis (H & E staining). Morphological parameters associated with SBM-induced enteritis of anterior and distal intestines, including the height of mucosal folds (HMF), width of mucosal folds, lamina propria and connective tissue were quantified.

After all samples were taken, 40 fish of each treatment (6–7 fish per tank) were divided into 2 groups and transferred into a still water system with temperature at 26 ± 1 °C. The fish were fed as before and recovered from weighing and sampling stress by a 2-week acclimation.

Then they were challenged by intramuscular injection with Aeromonas veronii (CGMCC No. 4274) at 8 × 104 cells/100 g body weight. Ten fish from each tank were sampled for plasma immune parameters two days after challenge and the others (20 fish per treatment) were recorded for 7-day cumulative survival rate without any food.

This study showed a lower growth of SBM diets as expected compared to HFM diets, but an even lower growth with the 500g/T treatment, and a much better growth at 2000 g/T (Fig1). These results can be correlated to a wider width of mucosal folds in anterior and distal intestinal in SBM diets compared to HFM diets suggesting a negative effect of these diet on intestinal health, and also to a higher height of mucosal folds in the 2000 g/T group (Fig1). This suggests that Safmannan® at 2000 g/T was able to compensate the negative effect of soybean meal and increase gut health leading to a better growth.

The study also shows that IgM levels were significantly elevated after the bacterial challenge in the diet containing parietal fractions at 500g/T (Fig2) indicating a strong immune stimulation. The levels decrease as the yeast parietal fraction concentration is increased showing a potential fatigue of the immune system. This is confirmed by the survival of the fish after the challenge. The optimum dosage was 500g/T of Safmannan®, whereas higher dosage did not improve survival. Remarkably, we can see this optimum dosage for immune stimulation was also the one giving the lowest growth, confirming hypothesis that the strong stimulation of the immune system is at the expense of the growth potential of the fish.

This study highlights the duality of role of parietal fractions in fish depending on the dosage and feed composition: they can be used either as gut health enhancer (high dosage) or immune enhancer (low dosage).

Formulators and farmers can benefit from using this efficient and sustainable solution against pathogens but they need to choose quality products and work with proper (and proven) dosages and administration durations.

Figure 1 growth and intestinal health parameters in Japanese seabass following a treatment with yeast parietal fractions. Values with different subscripts are significantly different (P<0.05) (Yu et al 2014)

Figure 2 immune parameters and cumulative mortality following treatment with parietal fractions.

Values with different subscripts are significantly different (P<0.05) between treatments, asterisks show a different between time. For the bacterial challenge, Safmannan 500 is different than control at P<0.05 (Yu et al 2014)

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by Roy Palmer, Aquaculture Without Frontiers, Australia

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orn and bred from the Aquaculture sector in order to create a voluntary organisation to contribute to the alleviation of poverty through small-scale aquaculture, Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF), recently celebrated its 10th birthday with an updated vision and strategy.

Beginnings

AwF was formed by Michael New OBE, having been encouraged by colleagues after delivering a keynote paper at the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) conference in Salvador, Brazil in 2003 (New 2003).

Michael’s idea was stimulated by reading about the activities of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and two articles published in The Economist (Anonymous 2003a, b). He ventured the idea that people who had retired from a career in aquaculture might wish to volunteer their experience to help those less fortunate than themselves. In fact, Michael found that the idea of voluntary service in aquaculture appealed to a wide spectrum of individuals, from students to retirees.

A gem, run on a shoestring

The board was a veritable ‘who’s who’ of aquaculture and it ran then, as it does now, on a shoestring. AwF is not an organisation built around creating a massive bank of donated funds, creating overheads and paying high salaries to staff but on actually working with the great goodwill of aquaculture people and doing things that create positive outcomes for the poor and hungry of the world. It is the real meaning of what a charity is all about – people give what they can, whether that is a few dollars, or more importantly their time, knowledge and experience. It is a real gem in today’s world of professional NGOs and it is a credit to its founder and all that have or are still serving its needs.

Having said that, there was the need to modify some of the organisation and during these changes there can be no question that we lost some momentum. John Forster, Dave Conley and Cormac O’Sullivan have greatly assisted the organisation with constant input and wise council and have been a strength on the board. It felt like we were going backwards, but sometimes in life these changes need to be made in order to take stock and move forward with greater and stronger steps. Hopefully, that is what we are doing!

Establishing sustainable networks

First was the creation of a strategy and a vision and mission, and clearly the people engaged at the time saw Aquaculture Learning Centres (ALCs) as a major key in the future of AwF. That means we have eased back on chasing smaller projects and are trying to create a more sustainable model for wherever we tread. It means we are building capability and capacity in one area at a time so that when we leave, essential networks of people are well established and can communicate internally and externally.

Additionally, we also have taken a broader brush to aquaculture.

Education on nutrition (both human and animal) is essential – people need to know why seafood is important in their diet and how feeding their fish the right mixes helps deliver not only excellent fish health but also connects to human health.

Entrepreneurial activities are also essential and encouraged, as we need to encourage people to want to get out of the poverty trap.

Clearly, not everyone can run their own fish farm; there will always be people who are prepared to take the extra calculated risks and who are leaders. As long as they are building enterprises which are employing people and paying them a fair wage for a fair day’s work, and are transparent in their activities, then they are helping improve the world, and need to be encouraged and supported.

Our incredible volunteers

Of course, our business model means we are reliant on our incredible volunteers, and we needed to review our processes on how we manage and work with these fantastic individuals. Slowly and surely, we have built a committee and secretariat which now manage the Volunteer Program. What used to be done ‘with a nod and a wink’ in the old days is not possible today, and our Volunteer Committee - consisting of Cormac O’Sullivan, Ignacio Llorente and Stacey Clarke, with Paul Liew running the secretariat - are working hard on ensuring we have an efficient databank of all the volunteers, and that we are in regular contact, keeping them up to date about activities and opportunities.

We are always seeking new volunteers, so anyone that is interested in assisting us on the journey we are taking, please complete the form at http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org/volunteers/

Learning centres are key

Our strategic plan is based around building Aquaculture Learning Centres (ALCs), and our first ALC is in Tancol, a suburb of Tampico in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, in collaboration with Universidad Tecnológica del Mar de Tamaulipas Bicentenario (UTMarT). Whilst the main centre for UTMarT is at Soto La Marina - La Pesca, about 4 hours’ drive north of Tampico, near to Laguna Morales, this new centre in Tancol will be used to educate students and industry on aquaculture and hospitality, and will have connections to both the Mexican Federal Government (SAGARPA) and the State Government.

All of these ALCs need strong, passionate leaders and, in the case of Tancol, this has definitely been UTMarT’s Director de Vinculación, MC. Héctor Hugo Gójon Báez, who has been supported by the Rector, Dr. Guadalupe Acosta Villarreal, and the Director Académico, MC. Tonatiuh Carrillo Lammens.

Fresh water is in abundance at the Tancol site and, being an old water plant, there are some excellent - albeit old but well-constructed - inbuilt large tanks. Some of these are being used ‘as is’, but others

22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

FEATURE are being converted, with sailing cloth roof-coverings, to smaller areas, which will be able to be used in research projects for the students.

Government funding

Funding from the Mexican Federal Government has enabled the building of a brand new education centre that will accommodate 200 students, but unfortunately the funds did not stretch to finishing the important hatchery area. Efforts are being made now to find the extra pesos to finish the hatchery area and, importantly, to have it housed in a solidly constructed building.

Through the great assistance of Kevin Fitzsimmons (ex-AwF President) and the US Aid Farmer to Farmer program, AwF were able to invite Scott Lindell and Rick Karney to visit Tamaulipas and conduct a survey of facilities as well as have discussions at UTMarT with staff and students, meet industry people and offer some training about shellfish and microalgae aquaculture. This visit was followed up quickly

by Daniel Herman and Imad Saoud, who were looking at other aspects and challenges for the ALC.

Prospects for expansion

were had with business people of the area and education institutions, and hopefully this will see AwF have operations on both sides of Mexico in the near future.

AwF are also very excited about the prospects of two other important ALC centres. One is based in the United Kingdom, and will be a major connection for our plans in the African continent. The other, in Sarawak, Malaysia, could be our first ALC in Asia.

In Malaysia, AwF have a Memorandum of Understanding with the Association of International Seafood Professionals and STEM States Incorporated, both of which are not-for-profit associations and incorporated in Australia. The latter acts as a forum through which industry, associations, academia and government can come together to discuss

"Our strategic plan is based around building Aquaculture Learning Centres (ALCs), and our first ALC is in Tancol, a suburb of Tampico in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, in collaboration with Universidad Tecnológica

The opportunity became available at the end of 2014 for a meeting at La Pesca to consider what has been achieved and what the next major steps are in the arrangement. A report is currently being prepared for further actions during 2015.

The oyster aquaculture prospects to replace the fishing methods currently adopted in Laguna Morales are a key ingredient to the potential success of the plans. The early work done by AwF volunteers has paved the way for some excited fisher folk, as they can see a future for their business with a more sustainable model than was originally the case.

At the same time, during the visit to Mexico AwF had the opportunity to visit another potential site for an ALC in Sonora. Discussions

del Mar de Tamaulipas Bicentenario (UTMarT)" Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education and innovation, and the role it plays in the needs of industry, export, trade and development.

STEM states

The background to the 'Global STEM States' is as a grassroots movement, with a medley of not-for-profit, academic, industry and government organisations entering into dialogue over the role STEM education plays in a state's future human resource needs, and how this should be implemented.

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FEATURE ment of the Aquaculture industry in Malaysia and AwF will be creating some guidance for that.

Biotech

STEM States hosts conferences and events around the world every year, and each one plays a role in bringing the international community to the host city, and leaving tangible benefits to the host city. Upon launching in September 2013, five states took up full membership: • Western Australia (Led by Murdoch University and the AsiaPacific Society for Solar and Hybrid Technologies) • New York, USA (Led by the Global Industry Development Network; AwF also is a member of this network) • Sarawak, Malaysia (Led by STEM States Malaysia and the Department for Advanced Education) • Saskatchewan, Canada (Led by Tourism Saskatoon, Innovation Saskatchewan and the University of Saskatchewan) • Nova Scotia, Canada (Led by the Department of Education and the Halifax Convention Centre) The United Arab Emirates, China, India, Russia, Germany, South Africa, Tanzania and Brazil have also applied to become members at different levels, and the potential for AwF through this association could lead to activities in all those countries.

The Aquaculture Borneo connection sees AwF possibly involved in working collaboratively on the formation of an Aqua Learning Centre within Malaysia, with the purpose of educating and upskilling locals and people from around the region, and the establishment or introduction of aqua training programs within technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and science, technology, engineering and mathematics education (STEM). Additionally, a conference that will take place in Malaysia in 2015 that will have specific track dedicated to the develop-

In the UK, a project called REFARM (Research and Education in Foods, Aqua-foods and Renewable Materials) has been started between the Global Biotechnology Transfer Foundation (GBTF), Seafox Management Consultants Ltd (SMCL) and AwF. GBTF is an international, not-for-profit organisation whose mission is to promote awareness of the potential for biotechnology to support sustainable, long-term, socio-economic development. It aims to achieve its mission through three platforms: education, demonstration and implementation.

SMCL is based in Grimsby, working closely with the Grimsby and Humber regional seafood processing sector. The business is at the forefront of the seafood cluster and works closely with local groups such as the Grimsby Fish Merchants association, Seafood Grimsby and the Humber Cluster Group, the Seafish Authority and private-sector seafood businesses. It works internationally too with supply-chain support and also represents the North Atlantic Seafood Conference in the UK. Additionally, the business has a particular skill-set towards accessing funding and grants for major projects.

GBTF has acquired a brown-field site at Brookenby, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire which includes buildings and 4 hectares (10 acres) of open land, which provides for significant expansion as well as access to a 130-hectare farm which will be used for crop trial and field demonstrations.

There are many aspects to this partnership, but in summary we want to link developed-world infrastructure with developing-world needs for education, training and technology transfer to develop grassroots entrepreneurs. At the same time, the aim is to be producing a highly nutritious protein for the local market, and by taking an open and transparent path could open the door for the UK to become food-secure on seafood.

The connection to biotech adds dimensions that are not currently happening on any major scale. Given the interactions between Europe and Africa regarding food production and technology transfer, our approach will hopefully be seen as a catalyst for collaboration on the future. If successful, this approach can be copied in other parts of the world using an eco-cluster model.

Networks: gender, students and indigenous people

We are making an effort to broaden the base for AwF to maximise our reach and engage more people in networks. From an internal perspective, initially we have established a Women/Gender Network and have plans to establish a Schools/Students Network and an Indigenous Network.

Establishing such networks is no easy feat, and takes time and patience to organise well. With members at all ends of the earth, it is always difficult to find the right time and means of communication.

Eventually, there is belief that these networks will be a driving force for AwF, so the time and effort put in by all will definitely be worthwhile.

There is always the pressure within the groups to set lofty agendas which might be too difficult to achieve in the early days, so tempering expectations and keeping the aims/outcomes on the low side to start is essential until we find our feet.

It has been an excellent start with the Women/Gender network,

24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

FEATURE and some of the leadership group were able to meet in November 2014 at GAF5 in Lucknow, India.

Our Women/Gender network believes there is insufficient awareness, information and action for gender issues in aquaculture.

As one of the group, Chloe English said, “This deficit is not due to an absence of concerned people, or an absence of potential strategies and policies. As a woman passionate about aquaculture, I identify one key barrier to ‘change-making’ is our capacity to effectively ‘join the dots’ between people and strategy. Change for women working in aquaculture will gain momentum once we have united an engaged network of people and adapted existing tactics.”

AwF Women and Gender Network could potentially be the podium needed to bring together the tools and people for meaningful change. AwF Women and Gender network hopes to connect women and men in new and diverse ways to find intelligent solutions for gender issues in aquaculture.

We will start our Indigenous Network through the arrangements in Australia which are outlined below, and the Schools/Students Network which has in one sense started (events in Marine Science Magnet H.S., Groton, CT, USA and Huon Valley Trade Training Centre, Huonville, Tasmania, Australia) yet not been finalised and that will be an important 2015 activity.

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Also to that end, we have established Aquaculture without Frontiers (Australia) Limited and are open to establish other such AwFs in other countries. The strong aim is to build around the central model that is established in the USA, but to enable the organisation/ brand to be built in other countries. With all such activities there are pluses and minuses, but it is thought that, if there is the opportunity to

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Externally, we have joined the Volunteers for Economic Growth Alliance (VEGA), which is strongly aligned with the US AID organisation. VEGA’s 36 programs are located in 28 countries and we hope to continue working with Kevin and the University of Arizona on the Farmer to Farmer programs that they have funded.

At VEGA we are a non-voting member at this time, primarily to see all Bierhefe how this might work for us. AwF are making a presentation toBeta-S Mannan® W60 the VEGA connections at their next meeting in Washington DC in early March. We are the only identity that is specifically involved in aquaculture and believe we will be able to create linkages with some of their larger members who implement programs on their own, and other times in partnership with other members. VEGA’s overall focus for all programs is to build sustainable enterprises that contribute to prosperous economies, so we are all ‘on the same page’ there.

We are also members of the ‘Alliance Against Hunger and Malnutrition’, which is based at the FAO Headquarters in Rome, and they have a global group of partners with whom we have communication. We are having a meeting with the ‘US Alliance Against Hunger and Malnutrition’ whilst in Washington DC, to see if there are any mutual opportunities for collaboration. With the recent news that the number of children in the United States relying on food stamps for a meal spiked to 16 million (20 percent of all children in the US) last year, perhaps there are ways for AwF to assist.

Naturally, we are a strong affiliate of WAS, and we highly regard that connection. We are starting to plan more for the WAS meetings, organising sessions on Development, Welfare and Poverty Alleviation, and encouraging our volunteers to engage and put their names forward to put a program together for the regular meetings.

The connection to all of these will enable us to continue to expand our horizons, to engage with more people and to ensure we have a sustainable long-term organisation.

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New student HQ in Tancol

expand with everyone being aware of the strategy, it will be interesting to see how it all grows and what the outcomes are.

AwF Australia is registered as a business, and it is waiting for its approval from the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission, which registers organisations as charities. Whilst registration as a charity is voluntary, each organisation must be registered with the ACNC to access any charity tax concessions from the Australian Taxation Office.

The board of AwF Australia is (in alphabetical order): Norman Grant, Katherine Hawes (Chair), Mark Oliver, David (DOS) O’Sullivan, Roy Palmer (Executive Director), Emma Thomson and Meryl Williams; they met for the inaugural meeting in Sydney on 15 December 2014.

The aim is to connect Australia’s aquaculture skills and latent resources, along with enthusiastic volunteers, to opportunities to make a difference in the lives of disadvantaged people both here and abroad.

One of its first tasks will be to create awareness of the organisation and to engage with like-minded enterprises and individuals to create projects and programs that will assist in improving the nutrition and

The Board acknowledged that there is much to be done in the areas of indigenous and Pacific Islands aquaculture, boosting the status of women in aquaculture and engaging with schools and students in the region, and will be working to roll out plans on these issues in the future; to that end, in January 2015 we signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Deakin University.

Deakin University will partner with AwF Australia to improve outcomes in disadvantaged communities using sustainable aquaculture farming. Plans are also being put in place to look at incoming training or short course workshops at Warrnambool, utilising Deakin and AwF networks.

Deakin Associate Head of School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Associate Professor Giovanni Turchini said, “We are excited to partner with AwF, which supports responsible and sustainable aquaculture to alleviate poverty and malnutrition and to enhance food security for disadvantaged people. The partnership will also provide a platform for aquaculture professionals to come together and volunteer their services to achieve these objectives.

We are keenly anticipating the opportunities this will provide for Deakin students to undertake student placements and research projects with the support of AwF around the world.”

Deakin’s main aquaculture activities are in Warrnambool, Victoria, and are very close to the birthplace of aquaculture, by indigenous Australians many thousands of years ago. We aim to kick off the partnership with an Indigenous Symposium in the first semester of 2015 as it is important to know how we can assist Australian indigenous people in today’s environment with aquaculture activities.

Worthy work

Fundraising is never easy. The competition is immense, and there are very many worthy causes, so the competition is tough. We strongly hope that the seafood industry and particularly the aquaculture sector will continue to be a strong supporter, and we welcome all and any ideas to assist our great cause. Our work is worthy, not only because of the great outcomes we can give regarding nutrition, food security, alleviating poverty and hunger, but also because it promotes aquaculture as being a force for the future.

Where we are today is far from the original ideas that our founder had all those years ago, but hopefully it is taking AwF into an exciting and sustainable era. Of course, this will not be possible unless we continue to get support from as many people and organisations in the aquaculture industry, so we continue to seek your support, your ideas and your contributions - whether that be through donating funds or donating valuable time, experience and know-how.

26 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

PHOTOSHOOT University of Southern Mississippi's Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Tom Blacker from International Aquafeed travelled with a group from Aquaculture America 2015 to Cedar Point, MS, USA to visit the University of Southern Mississippi's Gulf Coast Research Laboratory - the Thad Cochran Marine Aquaculture Centre. Founded in 2006, the $25 million Centre aims to promote the development of technology for production of commercially and recreationally important marine organisms. This includes a staff of 20 leading researchers of aquaculture technology and methodology.

Investigations focus on the production of species of economic importance in the Gulf of Mexico region in closed, recirculating systems. The Centre is located on a 225-acre site with some buildings (part financed by Qatari investment funds) and consists of approximately 100,000 squared feet of culture and research space devoted to live feed, broodstock, hatchery, and nursery/ growout systems. On-going projects focus primarily on blue crabs, marine shrimp, spotted seatrout, and red snapper in joint projects with federal and state agencies. The Centre's research capabilities include state-of-the-art laboratories conducting research in nutrition, genetics, disease, and reproductive physiology of aquaculture species.

See more information at: http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/cmac/

28 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

TECHNOLOGY

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING

Safety

on Aquaculture Farms

SUPPLEMENT

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

SAFETY Figure 1: Feed trucks eliminate the need for handling feed.

on aquaculture farms

by Robert M Durborow, Professor and Aquaculture Specialist, Kentucky State University, and Melvin L. Myers, Associate Professor and Safety Engineer, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta

A

quaculture has many hazards that are expected when agriculture in an aquatic environment is performed.

Avoiding injury maintains aquaculturists’ health and quality of life as well as their economic security. Injury can be costly due to lost work hours, medical expenses and possible lawsuits, so maintaining safe working conditions on fish farms has multiple benefits.

Figure 2: This hydraulic feeding system runs feed from the feed bin through a pipe out to chambers located above the raceway water. This feeding mechanization eliminates much of the labour, repetitive motion and muscle strain involved when feeding is done manually.

Occupational safety survey research performed in the US (Melvin Myers, Robert Durborow, Henry Cole, Tiffany Ogunsanya, et al. from 1997 to 2012 – see below) and the U.K. (Durborow and Gomelsky, unpublished, presented at the U.S. Trout Farmers Association annual meeting, Denver, Colorado in September 2012) identified twelve potential hazard categories present on aquaculture farms: muscle strains, falls, entanglement, drowning, electrocutions, working in confined spaces, equipment overturns, chemical exposures, impalement, self-injections, dark working conditions and lack of emergency communication.

In safety studies, the old adage of “being careful” is considered the least advanced of injury prevention intervention, avoiding the hazardous behavior is a bit more advanced while engineering the work environment to eliminate the hazard is considered the most advanced intervention.

Muscle strains

Figure 3: The two pulleys above this dip net reduce the load weight by a half, and the whole net system can slide on a metal track (where the blue scale is) to the end of the tank for unloading.

A common muscle strain occurs in the lower back region, often caused by lifting and carrying heavy loads. Leg muscles rather than back muscles should be used primarily to lift heavy weights and twisting (turning the upper body independent of the lower body) while holding a heavy load should be avoided.

A fish production facility in the US found that if workers carry smaller, more manageable loads of fish in nets, they avoid muscle strains, increase the speed of transferring fish between tanks, and avoid inadvertently dropping fish out of overloaded nets onto the floor (which not only stresses the fish but slows down the fishmoving process). In the effort to increase fish farm safety, one could

002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish Farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

"Injury can be costly due to lost work hours, medical expenses and possible lawsuits, so maintaining safe working conditions on fish farms has multiple benefits"

“be careful” while carrying feed bags around a farm or, better yet, one could use a truck or utility vehicle to transport the bags, but the best option for avoiding muscle strain during feeding is to fill a bin on a feeding truck and mechanically blow the feed from the bin through a pipe to dispense it into the ponds or raceways (an engineering intervention; Figure 1).

A large trout farm in the US eliminates the truck and simply augers the feed from a stationary feed storage bin through a pipe that has discharge ports over each raceway receiving a pre-determined amount of feed programmed by computer (Figure 2). Other interventions designed to reduce muscle strains include keeping the fish tank loading dock at the same level as the fish hauling truck bed to avoid having to step up and down while carrying heavy loads; constructing fish hauling tanks to be waist-high so heavy loads of fish in a dip net do not have to be hoisted chest-high; using metal chutes at the hauling tank discharge ports to allow for quick and easy stocking of fish; using dip nets attached to pulleys for easy lifting and a track for sliding (done manually in Figure 3 and mechanically in Figure 4); and using cranes and forklifts for all general lifting activities on the farm (Figure 5). Water pumps (Figure 6) and fish pumps (Figure 7) save time and prevent muscle strain.

Figure 4: The overhead crane in this photograph can move heavy loads of minnows between tanks and onto live haul trucks.

Figure 5: Oxygenated fish-holding buckets are carried and elevated by forklifts to load baitfish on this Arkansas minnow farm’s live haul truck.

Fall prevention

Settings with water, and possibly ice, have the inherent hazard of potential slips, trips, and falls (which includes the obvious risk of drowning after a fall). Walking on trout raceway crosswalks or on the narrow raceway walls themselves involves risks especially if the crosswalks are broken, rusty or splayed and the raceway walls are crumbling or simply very narrow. Metal crosswalks in good condition with traction/ grip (‘grip-strut’) and widened raceway walls (wide concrete in Figure 8 and wide metal ‘grip-strut’ attachments in Figure 9) reduce falling risk. Wooden surfaces can be given more traction even when wet by veneering with rough, unfinished lumber or attaching chicken wire to the surface (commonly seen in the U.K.). Newly poured cement surfaces can be given a rough texture by a coarse broom before the cement dries completely (Figure 10); this helps to avoid the extremely slippery wet smooth cement that poses an extreme falling hazard. Slips

Figure 6: Water is pumped into tanks conveniently as the hauling truck drives underneath the water supply pipe. This alleviates the need for filling up tanks manually bucket-bybucket.

Fish Farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Figure 7: In the back of the truck is a fish pump mounted to the right of the oxygen cylinder. Pumping fish onto the truck during loading is more efficient and safer than dipnetting or using a crane to move them.

Figure 10. Rough concrete floors, providing traction even when wet, can be created with a coarse broom when the newly-poured drying concrete is still wet.

Figure 8: The tops of the raceway walls at this federal facility are wider (14 inches wide) than the walls themselves (about 10 inches wide). This width is noticeably wider than the top of most raceway walls. The U.S. governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspects this hatchery because it is a federal facility.

Figure 9: Raceway walls can have a metal crosswalk bolted onto the top; the extra width is just at the top where the worker must walk, while the raceway wall itself is fairly narrow.

This allows for a maximum amount of water for the fish and a minimum amount of cement to pour the wall (thereby conserving costs).

Figure 11: The red pipe on this feed bin extends up to the bin top allowing feed trucks to fill the bin from ground level. This intervention engineers the falling hazard out of this farm task.

004 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish Farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Figure 15: Those working near or on equipment must take precautions to assure that the power in the breaker box is turned off and locked. The Lock Outâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Tag Out system should be practiced; a worker doing equipment repairs locks the breaker box in the off position and a second worker working on another piece of equipment coming off of the same breaker box also locks the breaker box switch so that one worker does not complete his job and then return to the breaker box to turn it back on while the other worker is still working on his piece of equipment.

Figure 12: The side-mounted walkway on this fish hauling truck is swung down to be used as a walking and standing platform during loading and unloading of fish. Most live haul trucks have this hinged platform, but the unique feature on this truck is the retractable guardrail that rolls out from the tanks.

Figure 16: This ground fault interrupter (GFI, also called a ground fault circuit interrupter, GFCI) is used in the power box of a permanent electric paddlewheel aerator. On this farm, two workers were in the pond rewiring a paddlewheel aerator (all power was turned off while they were working on the wiring). After they finished the rewiring, a third worker turned the aerator on prematurely while they were still in the water (one waistdeep and the other ankle-deep). Both men received heavy electrical jolts, especially the worker who was waist-deep.

The shock occurred because the workers had erroneously connected the ground wire to the hot, and the hot wire to the ground.

Figure 13: The netting mounted on the wooden frames keeps birds and other predators out of the trout raceways and can also break workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; falls, preventing possible drowning.

The neat mounting of the netting also helps to prevent entanglement that may occur if it were loosely draped over the raceways.

Figure 14: This PTO shield is cut near the tractor to allow for lubrication to be applied. The farm owner recommended that PTO shield manufacturers provide a way to lubricate the PTO shaft without having to remove the shield. PTO shields protect farm workers from getting caught and entangled in this rapidly spinning tractor part.

Figure 17: Trout farm waste in North Carolina is collected in concrete reservoirs where it is held until it can be used for things such as agricultural field fertilization. Drowning and exposure to toxic fumes are potential hazards in these concrete tanks. Geo-tubes are an alternative waste collection method. Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are decomposition products from fish waste. Both gases are heavier than air (i.e., have a higher specific gravity) and both can accumulate, even in an open topped tank.

Even when tanks are empty or nearly empty, workers entering tanks for cleaning and maintenance can be overcome by harmful gases. Unconsciousness can result in a few seconds and death shortly thereafter. Even worse is that approximately one third of such deaths are to other workers who entered such structures to rescue a colleague and, as a result, also died.

Fish Farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 005

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Figure 18: This confined space used to collect fish waste has pump controls that have been moved to the pit’s surface eliminating the need for workers to go down into the pit/ confined space. Previously this hole was covered with a metal lid with a manhole in it. A tripod had to be used on top of the hole with a tether attached to a worker in a harness.

can occur when walking from a rough to smooth surface, and conversely, trips can occur when walking from a smooth to rough surface.

Falls from high places like the tops of feed bins can be avoided by active safety measures such as enclosed metal guards surrounding the metal ladder on the feed bin sides. Active safety measures require the person to play a role in their safety such as catching oneself on the metal guard in the event of falling. An engineered safety intervention of having a cable attached to the feed bin lid that can be pulled from ground level to open the lid eliminates the need to climb to the top, and an even better engineering intervention is having a pipe extend from the feed bin top to ground level where a feed tanker truck can attach to the pipe and blow feed into the top of the feed bin (Figure 11).

In cases, however, when someone needs to climb ladders, a harness attached to a cable paralleling the ladder can be worn by the worker. Usually when a worker is on a hauling truck side platform, the potential fall is only three or four feet unless the truck is parked on a ledge or steep levee; under this scenario, falls could exceed 20 feet.

To safeguard against such hazards, an Idaho trout farm has engineered retractable guard rails for the side of their hauling trucks (Figure 12).

Under icy conditions (on hauling trucks or elsewhere on the farm), salt can be applied to melt ice or prevent it from forming. To increase traction, one Kentucky operation surfaced their trucks with SlipNOT® high traction metal plating (“pepper plate”) that is also used on battleship decks.

Entanglement, drowning and electrocution

Figure 19: The dual tires in the rear of this tractor and the wide-set front tires help to keep this tractor from rolling over when on steep terrain including pond banks. The cab acts to protect the driver from injury in the event of a roll-over and maintains a controlled temperature to prevent hyper- or hypo-thermia. The side of the cab with the door (left side in this picture) should always face away from the pond water when driving on the levee top (the driver could easily exit the cab if the tractor landed in the pond on its right side).

Modern tractors with cabs have breakout panels at the rear for a second exit, and tractors in Scandinavian countries have an escape hatch at the top of the cab.

Loose and random placement of bird netting around raceways and ponds can present an entanglement hazard that can lead to drowning. Using a more rigid netting material fastened to wooden frames is effective in excluding bird predators without posing a drowning hazard; additionally, workers falling into these structures will likely have their fall broken, reducing the chance of injury (Figure 13).

Drowning can also be prevented by having anchored rope ‘lifelines’ extending into ponds, especially ponds with slippery rubberized pond liners on the levees. Aquaculturists should also be aware of a rare drowning threat present at wastewater treatment facilities; fish are sometimes produced in decommissioned (retired) concrete tanks at wastewater treatment plants. Some bodies of water at these plants are aerated so intensively that the water loses its buoyancy friction, making it impossible to swim in the “foamy” water.

Another type of entanglement that can occur on fish farms is being caught in a tractor’s power take-off (PTO) while aerating a pond or being caught and traumatized in a paddlewheel aerator. PTOs should have a protective guard to prevent workers from having their clothing

Figure 20: A safety precaution commonly practiced in the coal mining industry is to construct an earthen berm on the edge of the road to deflect truck or tractor tires away from the drop-off.

006 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish Farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY caught in it and being spun and beaten to death on the ground (Figure 14). Likewise, aquaculturists working near or on a paddlewheel aerator must take precautions to assure that the main breaker box as well as individual aerator switches in the breaker box are turned off.

The Lock Out – Tag Out system of breaker box locking should be practiced (Figure 15); a worker doing electrical repairs on an aerator, for example, locks the breaker box in the off position and a second worker working on equipment coming off of the same breaker box also locks the breaker box so that the first worker does not complete his job and then return to the breaker box to turn it back on while the second worker is still working on his or her piece of equipment. This prevents both workers from being exposed to entanglement trauma as well as electrocution hazards.

Also in the realm of electrocution prevention, ground fault interruptors should be used around outlets and on breaker boxes (Figure 16). A farm in North Carolina raised their overhead electrical wires from their original 30 foot height up to 45 feet to prevent cranes from contacting the wires when moving trout between raceways. Another precaution taken by a fish farm in Arkansas is to use only gasolinepowered power washers; one of the farm owners was killed using an electric-powered washer when the plastic insulation on some internal wires eroded away allowing the metal wires to come into contact with the metal casing of the washer.

Figure 21: Mounting a metal screen on the tractor ROPS can block debris (rocks, logs, etc.) propelled toward the driver.

Confined spaces

Toxic gases that are heavier than air (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) can accumulate in deep confined spaces including inground manure collection tanks on trout farms (Figure 17). Calibrated multi-gas monitors should be lowered into confined spaces to test air quality before workers descend into them, and in all cases these workers should wear harnesses and be observed/assisted by a co-worker at ground level. As with other safety issues, engineering the hazard out of the procedure is the best approach; figure 18 shows a confined space at an Idaho trout farm where the controls have been moved to where workers at ground level can make adjustments without entering the space.

Figure 22: Workers should protect their arms and hands by wearing long rubber gloves when using chemicals such as formalin for treating fish pathogens.

Equipment overturns

Farm equipment (notoriously tractors) can roll over and crush the driver unless a proper rollover protection structure (ROPS) is used.

A combination of a roll bar or enclosed cab with a seatbelt keeps the driver in a protected zone of the equipment. Using dual tires on tractors adds to their stability (Figure 19). Proper management of the farm’s roadways, especially on levees, can also help to prevent rollovers. Maintaining an adequate gravel surface and repairing areas

Figure 23: Locking hinges on hauling tank lids prevent them from being blown closed onto workers’ hands.

Other techniques for keeping tank lids open include using wedges, bungee cords and screw-down clamps.

Fish Farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 007

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Figure 24: Trout are held securely on this vaccination table for injection. The corrugated surface prevents the fish from moving or slipping, reducing the chances of self-injection. Severe anaphylactic shock can occur when workers are injected with trout vaccines, especially if they had been accidentally injected previously. Consult a physician to see if carrying an EpiPen® would reduce workers’ risks. where the road has eroded (or at least keeping grass mowed so any washed-out areas can be seen and avoided more easily) can keep a vehicle from sliding or rolling off the road and into a pond.

Additionally, the water in a pond can erode the levee causing a cavity into the levee in which the under-cut can give way from the weight of equipment on the levee. This erosion can be mitigated with aggregate at the interface between the levee and water. A safety precaution commonly practiced in the coal mining industry is to construct an earthen berm on the edge of the road to deflect the truck or tractor tires away from the drop-off (Figure 20). An additional safety intervention is to mount a metal screen on the tractor ROPS to block debris (rocks, logs, etc.) propelled toward the driver (Figure 21).

Chemical exposures, impalement, falling hauling tank lids, and self injection

In a somewhat miscellaneous listing of potential hazards in aquaculture, respiratory, eye and skin protection (Figure 22) should be worn when applying chemical treatments including fertilizers, disease therapeutants and herbicides. Protruding rebars used to enforce the strength of concrete should either be capped with plastic protectors or bent to a horizontal position to prevent impalement. Bruises and cuts can also occur from falling hauling tank lids; hands have been broken and fingers can be severed. This can be prevented by installing locking hinges (Figure 23) or even by using lightweight lids (e.g., sheet metal).

When injecting trout with vaccines, corrugated fiberglass roofing material (Figure 24) can help to stabilize the trout to prevent them from making sudden movements that could lead to self-injection by the worker. Accidental injections of fish vaccines into people can cause a strong inflammatory response or even anaphylactic shock (if the person had a previous accidental injection of the vaccine). If previously injected with a fish vaccine, a person should consult a physician about keeping an EpiPen® injection kit handy in the event of another inadvertent vaccine injection. Moreover, automatic fish vaccination machines have

been produced in Norway and Denmark that eliminate manual vaccination of fish.

Dark working conditions and lack of communication

Much work on fish farms takes place at night, a time when visibility is compromised. Being visually restricted makes it more likely for farm workers to experience injury; sufficient lighting can help to reduce this risk. Aquaculture ponds often require aeration at night when respiration is at its peak and fish experience low oxygen stress. Working in a hurried fashion in an attempt to save as many hypoxic fish as possible while not being able to see very well can result in serious injury; a catfish farm manager in Alabama had electric cables powering pond aerators get tangled under his truck in the middle of the night – his attempts to free the wires resulted in his electrocution. Similarly, on a North Carolina trout farm in the middle of the night during the winter, the water intake to the trout raceways was frozen and clogged; a farm manager died during his attempt to clear the intake and restore the water supply. In both cases lighting was inadequate. Installing bright overhead lights on utility poles and on pickup trucks can provide increased visibility to make the nighttime tasks less risky.

Having adequate communication during emergencies can help to avoid tragedy. Mobile telephone service in remote locations (typical of many fish farm settings) is often unreliable. Fish farmers in rural Alabama often rely on two-way radios to reach co-workers or family members during such emergencies.

The objective of presenting this aquaculture occupational safety information is to make aquaculturists aware of potential hazards in the fish farm workplace and provide ideas on how to avoid or eliminate them. The text should be helpful in explaining these ideas, but the photos and captions may even be more helpful by triggering the thought process involving circumstances that are similar to those on the reader’s farm. For more detailed information and references, please contact robert.durborow@kysu.edu .

008 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish Farming Technology

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 29

FEATURE

They often evoke a love-hate relationship, but you just canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get away from them

by Rohan Mak, ZM Systems

T

he green water encouraged by the traditional carp farmers in the Far East and then Europe would be rich with live infusoria including cilates and freshwater rotifers for first feeding.

The marine fish industry has had to look at marine rotifers and recreating the plankton soup as many larval species are too small to take newly hatched Artemia. The leading research labs using fish in medical and ecotoxicology projects that have relied upon lab-grown Paramecia cultures are revisiting rotifer culture to maximise fry survival rates.

Whilst attempts have been made to replace livefoods with artificial diets, the protocol of co-feeding live and processed diets cannot be ignored. Through careful enrichment, rotifers can be used as a smart nutritional package to aid the development of gut bacteria, boost health and support early larval development.

Do your research and plan ahead

The Plankton Culture Manual by Frank Hoff of Florida Aqua Farms is an invaluable introduction to live food culture including microalgae, rotifers, and Artemia culture. The practical examples shown in this book are based on the experience gained from the creation and development of Instant Ocean Hatcheries and operating a commercially viable marine fish hatchery. The biggest mis-

take we have seen customers make is not planning ahead and not having well-managed cultures in place.

Where to get rotifers from

Live resting rotifer cysts are available to establish cultures and can be shipped internationally by courier or airmail service. Two rotifer species are normally available: Brachionus plicatilis (L-strain) for brackish-marine work

ZM live rotifers and live microalgae

The smaller marine S-strain Brachionus rotundiformis is sometimes available for specialist projects where a smaller prey item is required.

How to view rotifers

A basic binocular dissecting microscope with at least 20x magnification is an essential tool in managing rotifer cultures and even monitoring the density of any live microalgae

FAF resting rotifer cysts being hydrated for hatching

and Brachionus calyciflorus, used for freshwater cultures. The resting cysts are stored in vials and may be frozen for long-term storage and may be stored until you are ready to inoculate a starter culture. The dehydrated cysts will first need to hydrate in a Petri dish before completing the incubation process and hatching 48 plus hours later.

For the UK market we can supply live B.plicatilis starter cultures at different salinities for different applications.

30 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

present. Right from resting cysts to adult rotifers the behaviour, feeding and breeding condition of a culture can be observed. Once the rotifer culture has been transferred to a larger vessel, a simple torch can often be used to illuminate and monitor culture densities.

Rotifer management and harvesting

Under optimal conditions rotifer cultures breed asexually with daughter cells produced.

FEATURE

The life cycle is normally 6-8 days; L-strain rotifers are most prolific with a salinity at "Single vessel culture 22ppt and at optimal temperatures of 25 setups with pH, degrees Celsius. Only light aeration is normally applied to avoid fast water movement that ammonia control and may strip the daughter cells off the adult rotifers. biological filtration Batch culturing rotifers in four to can operate within a five vessels has proved a straightforward protocol and allows a culture to develop compact area, yield over four to five days with one vessel harvested each day. Normally two thirds high rotifer densities and of a mature culture is harvested for feedallow daily harvesting" ing and one third retained to establish a new culture. This culture setup limits water quality becoming an issue, the vessels are cleaned between uses, and any background build-up in ciliate populations that may compromise the rotifers can be kept in check.

ZM live adult rotifer and daughter cell Single vessel culture setups with pH, ammonia control and biological filtration can operate within a compact area, yield high be at risk if the culture does crash and need from microalgae plates that can be stored lture | 2015 Hatchery Ad Campaign | Theme: Ad-1 Conal True | Design: A | Version: 1 rotifer densities and allow daily harvesting. replacing. in the fridge and shipped internationally by ernationalCareful Aquafeed | Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm X 132mm management of single vessel cultures courier. Normally Nannochloropsis and/or is still required to avoid ciliate population build Food options for rotifers: Tetraselmis is used for a day-to-day rotifer up and water parameters being exceeded Live microalgae have traditionally been feed and Isochrysis used as a DHA enrichthrough laziness. This setup will represent ‘all cultured for feeding and enriching rotifer ment just prior to using the rotifers as a larval your eggs in one basket’ so your hatchery will cultures. Starter cultures can be established feed. Microalgae culture technique remains

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March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 31

DANIE

FEATURE

ZM live paramecia

ZM live rotifer sample in beaker

Biosecurity:

Inve sparkle invert feed

a useful skill to know and may be applied to other specialist livefood cultures including copepods.

The use of marine algae concentrates and prepared solutions have proved convenient and have aided the design of high-density rotifer rearing systems. The ability to coldstore concentrates and feed by peristaltic pump on a timer leads to regular feeding, a more stable culture and a major laboursaver.

The development of formulated dry yeast invert feeds was the next progressive step and these can be mixed daily and fed in the same way as algae solutions. In their nature

53-micron nylon mesh strainers, smaller than the standard 120-micron used for newly hatched Artemia. For breeding projects requiring specifically small rotifers a 25-micron mesh strainer can be used to grade out the smallest individuals.

When harvesting rotifers it is important to limit physical damage; for example, when using a strainer to harvest rotifers, aim to have the mesh submerged as long as possible. When siphoning a rotifer culture from one tank to another, limit the head difference so water velocity is reduced.

prepared algae solutions have a lower percent dry matter nutritional content, making it easier for the new dry diets to offer a higher contribution and cost savings.

INVE Aquaculture’s latest S.parkle product is an evolution of the Culture Selco range based on deactivated yeast. As a separate development S.presso is the latest HUAF emulsion/suspension enrichment product to evolve from the Easy DHA Selco range and now has protocols for both Artemia and rotifers.

Harvesting rotifers:

Rotifers are normally harvested with

Rotifers, like Artemia cysts, can get everywhere and cross contaminate cultures including microalgae cultures if you are not careful. Ideally rotifers and microalgae should be maintained in separate rooms and staff should thoroughly wash and dry their hands in between any maintenance work.

If you wish to be ultra-careful start the day with water quality work on reservoir water stocks, follow with microalgae work, and then follow with live rotifer or copepod work with hand-washing in between each session. When working with both S-strain and L-strain rotifer cultures cross contamination may be reduced by running S-strain cultures at higher salinity and temperatures to L-strain cultures. www.zmsystems.co.uk

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32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

FEATURE

FAF plankton strainers for rotifer and artemia collection

FAF microalgae disk and micro algae grow F2 fertiliser

FAF rotifer cysts strainer rotirich

About the author

Rohan Mak has 27 years’ experience in aquaculture, aquatics, biotechnology, research holding systems, specialising in early feeding, live-food and microalgae culture. He trained at Sparsholt College, Hampshire and the University of Plymouth for his M.Sc. in Applied Fish Biology. He was subsequently employed at the University of Southampton on transgenic Nile tilapia and at Kings College, London and University College, London on zebrafish for developmental biology and medical research studies.

ZM Systems are ZM fish-food and fishroom equipment UK distributors for INVE products including Sep-Art Polarised Artemia, S.parkle, S.presso enrichments, Florida Aqua Farms microalgae culture plates and fertilisers, resting rotifer cysts and the Plankton Culture Manual.

Their customers include developmental biology, biomedical and ecotoxicology research laboratories, government and commercial fish hatcheries and public aquaria.

In 2015 they are due to sponsor the first UK Artemia Workshop at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, currently being planned by John Rundle.

ZM rotifer culture station

World Aquaculture 2015 AquaForum Jeju Island, Korea May 26-29, 2015

forum

WAS aqua

WORKING TO IMPROVE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMPOUND FEED PRODUCTION

The International conference and trade show on Aquaculture, World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju, Korea, will enhance industry participation by incorporating the newly organized WA15 AquaForum.

www.globalgap.org/cfm

The WA15 AquaForum has been created to benefit industry professionals during the WA15 conference and exhibition. The organizing committee invites Asian farmers, suppliers, and other industry professionals to Jeju, Korea to attend this forum. Activities will include specific topical industry sessions, facilitated workshops, round table discussions, simultaneous translations, designated meeting spaces, farm tours, etc. The focus of the WA15 AquaForum is targeted towards the most important industry issues affecting key Asia Pacific aquaculture producing countries.

It is a true Industry forum whereby timely topical and regionally relevant sessions are tailored to enhance industrial representation and participation. Session topics will include Flatfish Health, Shrimp Health, Aqua Feed technologies, Marine Finfish Technologies, Enhancing Shellfish Production and Integrated Aquaculture.

VISIT US AT SEAFOOD EXPO GLOBAL 21-23 April 2015, Brussels, Belgium Booth 4026 in Hall 9

GLOBALG.A.P. News Conference at Seafood Expo Global in Brussels 22 April 2015, 2.30 - 3.30 p.m.

Hall 11, Room 1122, 3rd Floor

www.globalgap.org/events

2015

Updated information on: www.was.org and Linked-in group ‘World Aquaculture 2015 AquaForum’

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 33

FEATURE

Day-tripping across the Gulf

- 25,000 farmed Sea Trout on the move and copepod feed research

by Tom Blacker, International Aquafeed Tom (right) with a fish farmer at the reed beds

The trout transport tank on the back of a trailer

On Monday 24th February 2015, Tom Blacker of IAF visited two special scientific research sites for aquaculture. He followed the journey of 25,000 trout from the University of Southern Mississippi’s (USM) Gulf Coast Research Laboratory – The Thad Cochran Marine Aquaculture Centre’s RAS system near Gulfport and Biloxi - to the Lyman Fish Hatchery. He reports below on copepods, trout and more from Mississippi, USA

T

ravelling from New Orleans with a group of around 40 delegates from the Aquaculture America 2015 conference, the first faces welcoming our group on one of six mini tours of the Thad Cochran Marine Aquaculture Centre were researchers Michael and Adam.

Adam was a leading researcher of copepods and actively works with Dr Eric Henry from Reed Mariculture in using their InstantAlgae products.

Adam explained that non-algal live diets are his research area of specialism at the moment and he is looking to produce around 500,000,000 (that’s half a billion) copepods per week. He admits to an ambition of being part of the Centre’s goal to be the world leader in copepod production. These will be used for feed trials. After a stint researching many different aquaculture species in Hawaii he prefers now to work with slightly looser regulations on imports and exports of fish and supplies in Mississippi.

He explained in detail that feeding sea

trout (Cynoscion nebulosus) rotifers result in unpredictable outcomes whereas copepods are better, after much hard work to develop it fully. Also red snappers are efficient consumers of copepods.

There were many buildings at the Centre over its 20ha (45 acres) of space for aquaculture, each housing different species and for different research experiments.

There were some Integrated Recycling System raceways for shrimp, RAS tanks for red snapper and trout as well in the Centre’s complex.

An outside greenhouse in the centre cultivates and fixes waste-water produced by the site. Water reeds were growing for both marsh research into environmentally friendlier aquaponics for the Centre and beyond. They hope to expand aquaponics to fix water for use on the water produced from the shrimp raceways as well as being sustainable.

Following the tour bus

At around mid-morning of the tour, the 25,000 trout were counted by hand and

then pumped into the stainless steel trailer on the back of a USM truck. The truck then followed the tour’s bus from Jackson County to Harrison County to the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources (DMR), Lyman Fish Hatchery Centre which is located 30 miles north-west on Fish Hatchery Road, just off the Little Bilox River and Interstate 10.

The leader at the Lyman Fish Hatchery is Dr Kelly Lucas, the Chief Scientific Director of the DMR. Dr Lucas gave a brief history of his 113ha (280 acre) site: the Hatchery began in the early 1930s and transferred to the DMR in 2007.

From 2008 they have broadened their remit into both freshwater and saltwater species for research and commercial partners.

First, we visited a new building at the western end of the site, which is being converted from a veterinary centre to a new visitor’s centre. After this the tour went around the large lakes on the eastern side. The lakes are saltwater and are manually salinated with salt purchased in large quantities and at a large expense for the hatchery and stored in large blue upright tanks.

The dramatic action of the day was the pumping out of the 25,000 trout into one of the 0.2ha (half-acre) lined ponds.

Michael from the GCRL held the pump.

With a continually fast rate of pumping, he

The hatchery RAS system with the trout waiting to be moved to the ponds

Leading the tour at the Lyman fish hatchery was Dr Kelly Lucas, Chief Scientific Officer of the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources 34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

FEATURE

Michael from the GCRL pumping the trout into their new home

Close up of the trout being pumped from the tank

times, an indoor crab hatchery was added for development of the farmed blue crab species that are held in the RAS tanks here. Blue crabs can be grown in just nine months and tests in the R&D stages are experimenting with diets and solitary living conditions to maximise the rate of growth.

The current batch that I saw were at the end of their life and are likely to move on to be used for other purposes soon.

As bluecrabfarms.com citing William McLarney shows, the Gulf of Mexico coastline is a part of the US that can support all types of extensive and intensive crab farming.

Marine farming of crabs can be achieved in theory around this rather wooded and lagoon-stricken region.

took around 10 minutes to pump all the trout into the pond when at which point he said that they will look dizzy or even floating like they have perished in the process, but they will all be absolutely fine. Sure enough, visible fish gradually disappeared towards the centre of the pond and then down into the darker water.

In this hatchery’s site there are 14 modern, purpose-built outdoor pools with a capacity of each being 25-cubic metres and three much older, manually-dug pools further to the south of the newer ponds.

The older ponds were the first ponds at the complex in the 1930s.

Today, one of these older ponds holds an outdoor crab hatchery. In more recent

The crabs were in freshwater tanks alone, apparently because of their carnivorous behaviour patterns that amused the entire group!

With that the tour was over and we all returned to the Aquaculture America Conference hotel in central New Orleans.

We look forward to hearing more and keeping in touch with these organisations that are striving to build an aquaculture ecosystem for all in the Gulf of Mexico.

The Thad Cochran Marine Aquaculture Centre Website: http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/cmac Mississippi Department of Marine Resources Website: http://www.dmr.ms.gov

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March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

EXPERT TOPIC

CARP Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

36 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

Fish and finance: How China dictates the size of your carp farm

by Malachi Stone, International Aquafeed

A

bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish?

Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.

Now, imagine you are a carp-farmer in India. You are well aware that the cheaper carp is for the consumer, the less lucrative it is for you, the producer. And therefore, the fewer production costs you can meet.

Production costs such as the price of speciallyformulated fish feeds.

Without such feeds, you are forced to rely on whatever protein sources you can gather

from the surrounding countryside: snails, worms, clams and insects. But even if you had all day free to gather it, such a supply has its limits. There's only so many bugs and slugs an area can produce every twenty-four hours.

And so, you are caught in a classic catch22 situation: you will only be able to feed, and thus produce, more carp per unit area of your pondage should the price of carp go up significantly, providing you with a comfortable profit-margin from which to spend on specialised feeds. But such a price-hike will tend to happen only if fewer carp are being produced.

Unless, of course, the Chinese oblige you by doing something to significantly strengthen their own currency and so drive carp prices up that way. Which isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t terribly likely.

Small wonder, then, that only about 3 percent of carp are currently farmed intensively in tanks or cages.

Nevertheless, the common carp is still one of the most widely cultured freshwater fish in the world, accounting for about eight or nine percent of global aquaculture production. This percentage has remained constant over the last few years: carp aquaculture has increased in direct proportion to the growth in aquaculture of all species worldwide.

Most carp are farmed on a less intensive scale, in ponds in polyculture with a variety of other fish species. The ratio of carp to other fish can vary hugely, from a few percent to almost all the individuals in a pond.

When it comes to breeding, the farmer can let the fish just 'do their thing' and spawn when they feel the urge, depositing their

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 37

fertilised eggs on artificial substrates which are then removed to another pond before the forgetful parents eat their own offspring (alternatively it is the adult fish who are transferred).

But to maximise production, a little ingenuity is called for. The following 'recipe' gives a general outline of the usual practice: 1. Take a female fish - the bigger the better.

2. Inject her with hormones to induce ovulation artificially and on a larger scale than would occur naturally (Alternatively, the hormone can be administered in little balls put into the water).

3. When she's fat with eggs, scoop her out of the water, hold her over a bucket and give her belly a gentle squeeze.

4. Take the eggs thus collected, mix them with sperm (likewise produced by injecting hormones into one or more males) and allow fertilisation to take place.

5. Incubate the fertilised eggs for 3 to 5 days at at least 20 degrees Celsius.

Being poikilotherms (ie, 'cold-blooded'), carp do best in warmer climes. The eggs hatch quicker, the juveniles and adults feed more actively, food is converted more efficiently to body-mass and, as a result, the fish grow more rapidly.

Optimum growth and propagation seem to occur between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius.

Widely distributed across the globe, this is nonetheless a fish that does best in and around the tropics.

Source: FAO

EXPERT T●PIC

Carp production in India: Present status and prospects

By Dr B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries, Mahabubnagar, India

W

orld freshwater fish farming produced a total of about 50 million tonnes in 2012. The main fish family in production was the Cyprinidae (carp family). India is the second largest producer in the world, a long way behind to China. Inland fish production in India has increased at a higher rate since 1980.

Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. Cyprinids particularly the wide variety of carp species, represent a cheap source of protein for subsistence aquaculture in “warm” temperate and subtropical countries.

Present status

In India carp production is coming from both the systems of inland resources i.e. capture and aquaculture.

Inland capture fisheries: The inland water resources of the country are in terms of 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.19 million ha of backwaters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands and 0.72 million ha of upland lakes, which contributes about 1.05 million tonnes of fish annually. The 14 major, 44 medium and innumerable small rivers of the country provide for one of the richest inland fish faunal resources of the world. The principal rivers of India as Yamuna, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanandi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery including their main tributaries and distributaries harbors about 11.5 percent of the fish fauna so far know in the world.

Freshwater aquaculture: Ponds and tanks are the prime resources for freshwater aquaculture; however, only about 40 percent of the

available area is used for aquaculture currently. Ponds in eastern India are typically homestead ponds of less than 1 ha in size, while the watersheds in western India are larger covering expanses of between 15–25 ha each. In northern India, open waters with in-flows are common, while southern India has watersheds, termed as tanks, largely used for crop irrigation along with carp fish culture.

Carp culture forms the backbone to freshwater aquaculture practice in India. India, as the second largest aquaculture producer in the world, has the major contribution from freshwater aquaculture, whose share in inland fisheries has gone up from 46 percent in the 1980s to over 85 percent in the recent years. Carp production is increasing tremendously throughout the India since 1991 and caters to the tastes of all classes of people ranging from aristocratic urban consumers to the rural poor (Table: 1 & Image: 1). Carp form the mainstay of aquaculture practice in India contributing over 85 percent of the total aquaculture production. The three Indian major carps, viz. catla (Catla catla) rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) contribute bulk of the production in the country, whereas the three Table 1: Carp production in India from 1991 domesticated exotic to 2010 carp such as silver carp Inland fish Carp (Hypophthalmichthys production production Carp fish molitrix), grass carp Year (in tonnes) (in tonnes) percent (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common 1991 1655407 1140693 69% crap (Cyprinus car2000 2828106 2008412 71% pio) from the second 2010 5077200 4073322 80% important group.

38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

To incorporate several other medium and minor carps into the carp polyculture systems, several methods were used because of their religion-specific consumer preference and higher market demand besides their growth potential. Some of these included kalbasu (Labeo calbasu), fringe-lipped carp (L. fimbriatus), bata (L. bata), Malabar labeo (L. dussumieri), olive barb (Puntius sarana), Jerdonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s barb (P. jerdoni), Cauvery carp (Cirrhinus cirrhosa) etc. Out of 266 carp species available in Indian region, about 34 carp species are economical and which are produced mainly from capture fishery, and less than 10 carp species are produced from both the aquaculture and capture fishery in the country (Table: 2).

The research and development efforts during last six decades have placed the carps farming as an importance economic enterprise revolutionised the fresh water aquaculture section to the level of a

Table 3: Commercially cultured Carp species in India Category Indian Major Carp

Common Name Scientific Name 1. Catla Catla catla 2. Rohu Labeo rohita

fast growing industry. The nation mean the production levels from still-water ponds as gone up from about 600 Kg/ha/year in 1974 to over 2.5 tonnes /ha /year at present, and several farmers are even demonstrating higher production levels of eight to 12 tonnes / ha / year. Carp culture, expanded its dimensions from 1984 in terms of area coverage and intensity of operation, with Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, etc. taking of fish culture as a commercial farming enterprise.

Chinese hatchery introduction in the country in the year 1980s led to the large-scale production of carp seed in the country and the spread of carp culture technology. The carp culture technology has been popularised throughout the country and the average productivity levels are reported to around 2200 kg/ha/year in the polyculture systems of carp.

Seed raring and grow-out cultures are the two main components of carp culture technology, which have undergone several modifications and refinements over the years to evolve to the present day package of farming

3. Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala 1. Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys malitrix

Exotic Carp

2. Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella 3. Common carp Cyprinus carpio

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39

EXPERT T●PIC Table 2: Important commercial Carp species and source of production in India Sl. No. 16.Mrigala

Common name Scientific name Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Bleeker, 1853) Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, Mola caplet 1822) Barred baril Barilius barilius (Hamilton, 1822)

1

Indian carplet

2 3 4 18.Silver carp

19.High –backed Mahseer

Catla Catla catla (Hamilton,1822)

5

Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigal (Hamilton,1822)

6

Cauvery white carp Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch, 1795)

7

Reba carp Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822)

8

Grass carp

9

Common carp

10

12 13 14 15 16

Malabar labeo Fringe-lipped carp Deccan labeo Pigmouth carp

24.Labeo bata

Labeo dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1842) Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch, 1795) Labeo kawrus (Sykes, 1839) Labeo kontius (Jerdon, 1849)

Rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton,1822)

24 Bheema osteobrama 25 Jerdon’s barb 26 Olive barb 27 Spot fin barb 28 Kooli barb 29 Black line rasbora 30 Large minnow 31 Deccan Mahseer 32 Tor Mahseer 33 Golden Mahseer 34 High –backed Mahseer

23.Cirrhinus reba

Capture Capture & Aquaculture Capture & Aquaculture Capture Capture & Aquaculture Aquaculture & Capture Aquaculture & Capture Capture

Kalbasu Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

23 22.Cirrhinus cirrhosa

Capture

Boggut labeo Labeo boggut (Sykes, 1839)

18 19 20 21 22

Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Capture

Bata labeo Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822)

17 21.Puntius sarana

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes,1844)

Gotyla Garra gotyla (Gray, 1830) Gonoproktopterus curmuca (Hamilton, Cumuca barb 1807) Nilgiris barb Gonoproktopterus dubius (Day, 1867) Kolus Gonoproktopterus kolus (Sykes, 1839) Gonoproktopterus micropogon Korhi barb (Valenciennes, 1842) Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp (Valenciennes,1844)

11

20.Puntius jerdoni

Source of production

Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) Puntius jerdoni (Jerdon, 1849) Puntius sarana (Hamilton,1822) Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822) Puntius vittatus Day, 1865 Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton, 1822) Salmostoma bacaila (Hamilton, 1822) Tor khudree (Sykes, 1839) Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822 ) Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822) Tor mussullah (Sykes, 1839)

Capture Capture Capture Capture Aquaculture Capture & Aquaculture Capture Capture & Aquaculture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture & Aquaculture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture Capture

Table 4: Carp culture system levels in India Sl. Culture No. System

Seed stocking Level

Management Level

Fish Production Level

1

Low - input system (Extensive)

No supplementary feeding 2500-3000/ Use of low cost fertilisers for 2-3 tonnes ha development of natural food forms / ha/ year Less care on health and growth of fish

2

Medium input system (semiintensive)

Medium supplementary feeding Aeration very rare 4000-5000/ Use of medium fertilisers ha Normal care on health and growth of fish

3

High - input system (Intensive)

25.Labeo dussumieri

26.Labeo calbasu

800010,000/ha

27.Labeo fimbriatus 40 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

Higher supplementary feeding Intensive aeration Use of high fertilisers Intensive care on health and growth of fish

4-6 tonnes / ha/ year

10-15 tonnes / ha/ year

EXPERT T●PIC

practices. Culture systems, from extensive to intensive, have been developed depending on the varied input use. The technologies of seed rearing, comprising rearing spawn to fry in nursery and farther fried to fingerlings in rearing ponds have been accepted as economically viable activities farmer’s level throughout the country. Indian freshwater aquaculture is

mostly based on few species e.g. about 90 percent of production is contributed by Indian major carp viz., Catla, Rohu and Mrigala and exotic carp viz., Silver carp, Grass carp and Common carp (Table: 3).

Carp culture is undertaken mostly in earthen ponds, irrigational tanks, reservoirs etc of varying dimensions. Over the years, several

t qualathcyuPelopuler,ePla2n015 A et an ld He dP otrure for rofi Wcul t

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www.was.org

WA2015 - Jeju Island Korea May 26-30, 2015 March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 41

culture practices were evolved in the country for different water resources utilising a wide spectrum of fish species, fertilisers and feed resources as main inputs. The standardised packages of practices for carp polyculture include pond preparation, liming, fertilisation, stocking management, supplementary feeding, water quality management, health management etc. With an understanding of the biological basis of fish production, a series of systems are available with varying levels of inputs and outputs (Table: 4).

Farmers of Andhra Pradesh, particularly in the Krishna, East Godavari and West Godavari Districts has innovated several new techniques of carp culture and those have contributed to increase the carp culture productivity in the country substantially.

Farmers in this state are now able to get an average production of 8000 kg/ha/year with Rohu as the most dominant species in the culture system. This impressive production has been made possible by adapting the following various techniques in culture system: • Stocking of stunted fingerlings of larger initial weight.

EXPERT T●PIC

• Regular feeding with farm made feed consisting largely of rice bran mixed with different types of oil cakes and mineral mixtures.

• Heavy fertilisation with both organic manures and inorganic fertilisers.

• Proper tank / pond management from stocking to harvesting time Similar spectacular developments in carp culture have taken place in the state of Punjab and the farmers have modified the technology to suit their areas and obtain an average production of more than 5000 kg/ha/year. Besides these two states, West Bengal on Eastern part of the country not only produces significant amount of carp, but also most of the production from the states like Andhra Pradesh have been reaching fish markets in West Bengal and other Eastern States.

Constraints

Though the country is producing significant level of carp production still there is a scope to enhance the carp production further.

Seed: The country is self sufficient for fry production at present but non – availability of quality fingerlings of desired species and size has been a major constraint over the years in carp farming. The fingerling rearing process is often ignored due to shortage of rearing space in carp farming. Higher cost involvement and cumbersome process of long distance transportation of fingerlings also forces the farmers resorting to stocking their tanks/ponds with fry, often in irrational quantity, which leads to poor survival and low production. The culture technology recommends different species ratios of the carp species depending on their combination; the farmers do not have any choice but to depend on the seed supply by the seed farm/vendors. Such a situation often leads to irrational stocking and this failing to harvest at potential level.

Feed and manures: In many tanks / ponds in the country though continue carp culture activity, productivity levels in small ponds have declined since most farmers resort to stocking large number of fish seed without providing any other inputs like feed and manures in significant quantities. Feed costs are also increased significantly in the market and fish cost was not enhanced proportionately.

Prospects

Keeping in view of these constraints, there is a large yield gap between potential production and actual productions obtained. For example, the research and farmers in Andhra Pradesh have demonstrated the potential for obtaining over 15 tones / ha production in carp culture and, the national average presently is around 2.20 tonnes / ha and in some states it is much lower. Hence it is necessary to reassess the methods being followed for transfer of research outputs to the farming community.

Carp culture in India, during the last five decades, has grown in geographical coverage with diverse systems, besides intensification of farming practices. A concern however is with regard to species diversification, in spite of the fact that the country possesses several other potential and cultivable medium and minor carp species having a high region demand, viz. Labeo calbasu, L.fimbriatns, L. gonius, L. dussumeieri, L. bata, Cirrhinus cirrhosa, C. reba, Puntius sarana, P. jerdoni (Figure 20-27) etc. Presently, efforts are being made for mass-scale seed production of these species and their inclusion as a component of conventional carp polyculture, based on their regional importance.

References available upon request

42 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

DIRECTORY & BUYERSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; GUIDE 2015/16 The International Aquafeed Directory was launched in 1997 as an easy-to-use publication for manufacturers of fish feed to source suppliers. It evolved to become a practical guide to plant and materials available throughout the world.

The International Aquafeed Directory continues to maintain its unique position. It is one of the most comprehensive directories specifically designed to identify all aquafeed ingredients, raw material feedstuffs, feed additive micro-ingredients, production machinery, plant and equipment available on the world market.

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THE INTERNATIONAL RESOURCE GUIDE

INDUSTRY EVENTS EVENT LISTINGS 11 - 13 March 2015

VIV Asia 2015 www.vivasia.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx

16 - 18 March 2015

AquaME 2015 www.agramiddleeast.com/en/Aqua

25 - 27 March 2015

Aquafeed Extrusion Technology short course www.foodstream.com.au/events

05 - 07 April 2015

Middle East Aquaculture Forum 2015 www.meaf.ae

21 - 23 April 2015

Seafood Expo www.seafoodexpo.com/global

22 - 23 April 2015

European Algae Biomass http://v11.vuturevx.com/exchange-sites/ Whitmore%20Group/59/events-pdfs-eu/ eal5-mktg-agenda.pdf

22 April 2015

GLOBALG.A.P. at Seafood Global Brussels www.globalgap.org

18 - 21 May 2015

VIV Russia 2015 www.vivrussia.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx

26 - 30 May 2015

World Aquaculture 2015 www.was.org

09 - 11 June 2015

FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS INTERNATIONAL 2015 www.victam.com

29 - 31 July 2015

Indo Livestock 2015 Expo & Forum Indonesia www.indolivestock.com

24 - 26 June 2015

Livestock Philippines 2015 Expo www.livestockphilippines.com

Find more event stories at the

Aquaculturists NEWS SERVICE

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www.theaquaculturists .blogspot.com

World Aquaculture 2015 Women in Aquaculture – Jeju significance

O

ne of the important sessions at the WA2015 in Jeju, Korea 26-30 May will be ‘Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture’ which has a particular significance to the island of Jeju.

As one of travel guides to Jeju states ‘The local traditional culture stands in stark contrast to the mainland (and much of Asia) as being matriarchal. Stemming from this basis the role of seafood gathering on the island has been dominated by women. As such, a common sight around Jeju’s coastline is that of the “haenyo” or “woman diver”, a figure that has become somewhat iconic of the island.’

The session will welcome researchers and development experts on the gender research in fisheries and aquaculture following up on other recent sessions from World Aquaculture Society meetings and it will include four themes: (1) Gender equality and the position of women in aquaculture and fisheries; (2) New technologies accessible to fisherwomen; (3) Case studies on the women participation March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 44

to the regional fisheries and aquaculture; (4) Networks (GAF & Aquaculture without Frontiers) will update their information and participants can share their own experiences and future plans in the session.

‘Everyone is welcome to put in abstracts and/ or posters to the session as gender issues will only be resolved if we all share information and continue to raise the profile’ said Joint Chairs of the Women in Fisheries & Aquaculture Session, Karolina Kwasek (WorldFish, Penang) and Jin Yong Kim (Gyeong Nam development Institute, Korea).

Whilst in Jeju a visit to Haenyeo Museum which exhibits various photos of haenyeo female divers and their activities is a must.

Abstracts (Orals and Posters) for this and all sessions can still be posted at https://www.was.org/ meetings/Abstracts/default.aspx?Code=WA2015 and ‘Early Bird’ online registration is still available till 26 March for the event is available at https://www.was.org/meetings/Registration/Default. aspx?code=WA2015 . Registration by March 26 - $435; by April 26 - $535; and after April 26 $635.

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INDUSTRY EVENTS

Aquatic at VIV Asia 2015: focus on sustainable aquaculture

A

quaculture’s impor tant role in the For health management Asian animal proteins market will GeneReach Biotechnology is introducing new receive special recognition at the VIV diagnostic products for industries such as aquaAsia 2015 trade show in Thailand from March culture to manage health by the application of 11 - 13. Aquatic is a Special Event at VIV Asia nucleic acid detection technology in detecting for the aquaculture sector, featuring exhibitors diseases. Also on managing health, Axcentive is who have developed innovative products for presenting its Halamid universal disinfectant for the sustainable farming of fish and shrimp. The shrimp and fish farming applications which, in Aquatic Conference highlights sustainable aqua- Asia, include high value fish such as grouper, sea culture. bass and barramundi; usage can be at concenThe Aquatic Pavilion will be prominently trations that kill vibrio and other pathogens and located in the Welcome Hall of VIV Asia. Feeds, the disinfectant has a prolonged activity, even in feed ingredients and health management will be waters rich in organic matter. leading topics. Sustainable aquaculture, driven by consumer demand, is a central topic in the Advanced technology Aquatic Conference. Blue Aqua International Additionally, aquaculture operators visiting F/Vaqua(A4):2015 19/9/14 09:15 Page 1 will organise a conference on March 11, ADDCON is hosting a topical program on March 12.

VIV Asia can find details of other technology such as the patented Mixotrophic system from Blue Aqua International. The protocol provides guidelines on how to successfully manage and balance of nutrient cycles and micro-organisms in the pond in different stages during the culture for super-intensive and intensive culture. The natural emulsifier Verolec HE-60 from Lasenor Charbhuja Foods gives polyunsaturated fatty acids, choline, inositol, and organic phosphorus in feeds for shrimp and tilapia. Guabi Nutrition & Animal Health offers a wide range of floating and sinking extruded aqua feeds.

IDAH presents advanced shrimp feed pelleting equipment.

Focus on feed

INVE Aquaculture will promote its principle of the Best Balance between live feed and dr y diets in rearing Pangasius, based on research and experience with large commercial runs of Vannamei shrimp in countries such as Vietnam. It demonstrated a significantly reduced larval production cost without adversely affecting the quality of the lar vae at har vest. Among aqua feed products processed from brewer’s yeast that will be on Leiber’s display in Aquatic is Leiber Beta-S, described as a highly purified beta-glucan for strong, immunocompetent fish.

THE WORLD’S FOREMOST INGREDIENT & PRODUCTION EVENT FOR AQUACULTURE FEEDS 9 – 11 JUNE 2015 • COLOGNE EXHIBITION HALLS, COLOGNE, GERMANY

Ingredients and additives

The Aliphos feed ingredients division of Ecophos Group is bringing details of Windmill Monamphos, a feed phosphate promoted to be especially suitable for aqua feed production.

Darling Ingredients repor ts that its Sonac brand will present Phosterol, a natural source of cholesterol and phospholipids for aqua feed.

Norel Animal Nutrition brings Gustor BP70 alongside commercial shrimp farm results from using the protected sodium butyrate feed additive, showing enhanced performance when supplementing butyric acid in its sodium salt form. Included in the Soleval feed ingredients from rendered animal by-products being highlighted by the Akiolis subsidiary of Tessenderlo is Hypro, a special hydrolysed feather meal with very high digestibility.

Ingredients Nutrition • Additives Specialist conferences: Aquafeed Horizons International 2015 The FIAAP Conference 2015 Petfood Forum Europe 2015 The IFF Feed Conference 2015 Global Milling Conference with GRAPAS INTERNATIONAL 2015 Biomass & Biomass Pelleting 2015 GMP+ International 2015 Co-located with:

The flour milling and grain processing equipment show Please contact your local consultant:

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 45

Feed Production Machinery Ancillary Equipment • Formulation For further information please contact: Victam International BV PO Box 197, 3860 AD Nijkerk, The Netherlands T: ++31 (0)33 246 4404 F: ++31 (0)33 246 4706 E: expo@victam.com Free online visitor registration is available from 1st January 2015 at:

www.fiaap.com www.victam.com

See us on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and Google+ or scan the QR codes:

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Aquaculture America 20 5

by Tom Blacker, International Aquafeed

D

Tom Blacker, International Aquafeed magazine with Dr Craig Browdy, Director of Research & Development at Zeigler Bros.

Inc

own by the busy Mississippi River, New Orleans once again hosted Aquaculture America which focused on ‘Aquaculture – Centre of the Plate.’ The event ran from February 19-22.

Hosted by the local chapter of the WAS – including the US Aquaculture Society, the National Aquaculture Association and the Aquaculture Suppliers Association – the event took over the top three floors of the Marriott Hotel on Canal Street.

Official media partners, International Aquafeed, exhibited and attended the entire exhibition and conference and also attended the Industry Tour Day that travelled out to the Mississippi after the final day. (We carry a report elsewhere in this magazine about the research and development happening in and around Mississippian aquaculture.)

Beginning at the Opening Ceremony and Plenary Session, Kathleen H. Har tman, outgoing President of the US Aquaculture Society, welcomed all to New Orleans and this year’s Aquaculture America conference and exhibition.

Other speakers from the seafood restaurant and distributor parts of the value chain were great in promoting aquaculture from their perspective. The common thread of the conference this year was ‘Centre of the Plate’. This meant that each speaker described what is the priority on the plate, how it reaches it and how consuming aquatic products is better for our society, our planet and us as humankind.

Both the market and the public’s perception of aquaculture is changing and becoming more appreciative of our products.

We were all told that we have to believe in aquaculture in order to change the tide and agenda of, in this case, the American consumer and the anti-aquaculture movement.

On this note, the meeting of Federal Regulators came to the conference’s second day. No meaningful outcomes were achieved to the disappointment of attendees. The US aquaculture industry was said by many throughout the conference to be languishing and in need of developing larger economies of scale.

Examples, such as the way that regulations for aquaculture differ greatly between states, the changing climate, the difficulty of raising capital and investment to start up, reinvest and grow and also how the cottage industry still sits alongside the developed industry were mentioned with room for improvement.

At one conference session on US tilapia and soybean feed, a great ‘Aquaculture Handbook – Fish Farming and Nutrition in Pakistan’ produced by the American Soybean Association (ASA), the World Initiative for Soy in Human

Visitors to Rangen Inc's stand

Kristina Macias, Inside Sales Manager at Waterloo USA, Inc

Left to right: Dr Kevin Fitzsimmons, Aquaculture Researcher at Arizona University presenting the WISHH, USDA and ASA's 'Aquaculture Handbook—Fish Farming and Nutrition in Pakistan' to Dr RSN Janjua and a Tilapia Fish Famer.

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 46

INDUSTRY EVENTS Health (WISHH) and with funds from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), was distributed.

The handbook will help all tilapia farmers. Professor Kevin Fitzsimmons, extension specialist and research scientist in aquaculture, freshwater and marine algae and aquatic biology from the University of Arizona chaired the session with Dr R.S.N. Janjua, country representative for the USDA, ASA and WISHH in Pakistan. They were joined by an audience of many tilapia farmers from countries such as Uganda, Ghana and the US. In fact there is a good recent eight-minute video documentary about Feeding Pakistan online at: https://youtu.be/r4B7xpN9riU. As well as joining the many exhibitors (of which the statistics are above), the large numbers of visitors to the conference made this year a very memorable one indeed.

Mario Stael and John Cooksey, joint lead organisers of this year’s events, said that the exhibition was in fact so popular for exhibitors that the academic poster boards - which included Dr John E Ewart’s stand for the aquaculture career/resumés of students seeking aquaculture careers and the stand for the next WAS conference and exhibition in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea - had to be moved out of the exhibition hall area due to the demand for exhibitor space from both US companies and those from outside the US wanting to take more space than initially expected!

For next year, Aquaculture America will be held in Las Vegas, Nevada, from February 22-26, 2016. We will be looking forward to seeing you all there again.

AlgaeTec Ltd

AwF Board Meeting: (L-R): Gorjan Nikolik, Senior Analyst at Rabobank International and Financial Advisor to AwF; Roy Palmer, Director of AwF and Dr Charles Bai, Undergraduate and Graduate Faculty Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Republic of Korea

VIV Russia 2015 May 18, 2015 SUMMIT | May 19 - 21, 2015 EXPO | Moscow, Russia

REGISTER NOW for FREE entrance at www.viv.net

Special Events

The international Feed-to-Meat platform for Russia and the surrounding CIS region

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 48

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Canal Street in New Orleans, outside the conference's hotel door

David Calitri, Sales Manager, Calitri Technology

A vibrant and busy exhibition hall

Tori Sorensen, Marketing Manager, InstaPro International

perendale IDL 15 1-2 hal cetak.pdf

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March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 49

INDUSTRY EVENTS Aquaculture America a success A report from the World Aquaculture Society

T

he United States Aquaculture Society (chapter of the World Aquaculture Society, USAS/WAS), the National Aquaculture Association (NAA) and the Aquaculture Suppliers Association (ASA) hosted Aquaculture America 2015 (AA15) in New Orleans, LA, February 19-22, 2015. The Aquaculture America conference is the best place to learn about the latest aquaculture research and issues, newest technology and visit the largest aquaculture trade show. The AA15 conference attendees included 1894 registered participants from 58 countries. The conference offered 59 sessions, both technical and industry sponsored, with 626 oral presentations and 121 posters.

The tradeshow featured 142 booths with lots of hands-on exhibits. This year’s conference theme, Aquaculture – Center of the Plate, spotlighted the significance of aquaculture in global seafood production and celebrated aquaculture products as the centerpiece of a delicious, nutritious meal.

“The theme of this year’s conference provided a common thread through many of the sessions, from the characteristics of the millennial generation as ‘locavores’ to the production of healthy aquatic animals with a story to which consumers can connect,” said Kathleen Hartman, USAS Past President. Aquaculture America Conferences provide an opportunity for everyone in the business of aquaculture to come together to network and unify behind a common goal of increasing seafood production and consumption as well as support all the varies types and purposes of aquaculture.

Sponsors of the conference wish to thank the city of New Orleans for its unparalleled fun and hospitality. Aquaculture 2016, a triennial international conference and exposition will be in Las Vegas, NV February 22-26, 2016. Aquaculture America 2017 will be hosted in San Antonio, Texas, February 19-22, 2017.

Academic poster presentations

Exhibition hall

Tom (right) meeting with a commercial supplier from Canada

AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2015 IN NUMBERS Participants Booths Countries Abstracts Oral Presentations Poster presentations Sessions

1894 142 58 718 626 121 59

(Left to Right): Mark Occhipinti, Manager pet meals and fat sales - Animal Nutrition Group; Mike Blanchard, Director Science and Technology and Kiah Gardner, Sales Manager - feed ingredients, poultry and prepared foods at Tyson Foods Inc

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 50

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Aquaneering Inc's exhibition stand Joe Kearns, vice president aqua-feeds division and Doug Baldwin, director of business development at Wenger Manufacturing

Tim Reed, Founder and Director of Reed Mariculture Inc

Patrick (left) and colleague from YSI, a Xylem brand

AE2015 JOIN US IN THE NETHERLANDS

Images courtesy of Rotterdam Marketing, the Dutch Mussel Promotion Board and Holland Aqua B.V.

THE INTERNATIONAL PLATFORM FROM FEED TO FOOD

VIV MEA 2016

easonline.org

FEBRUARY 16-18, ABU DHABI, U.A.E

Organised by the European Aquaculture Society in cooperation with IMARES Wageningen UR AE2015 Gold Sponsor

WWW.VIV.NET March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 51

STIF +33 2 41 72 16 80 www.stifnet.com

Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group)

VAV +31 71 4023701 www.vav.nl

Elevator & Conveyor Components 4B Braime

Additives

+44 113 246 1800

TSC Silos +31 543 473979

Chemoforma

www.tsc-silos.com

+41 61 8113355 www.chemoforma.com Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com

Ab Vista

+1 204 233 7133

+44 1672 517 650

www.westeel.com

www.abvista.com

+31703074120

www.liptosa.com

www.sonac.biz

Westeel

JEFO +1 450 799 2000

GMP+ International

+34 902 157711

+31 499 364800

Enzymes

Certification

Liptosa

Sonac

www.go4b.com

www.gmpplus.org

www.jefo.com

Equipment for sale

Conveyors

ExtruTech Inc +1 785 284 2153

Vigan Enginnering

www.extru-techinc.com

+32 67 89 50 41

Analysis R-Biopharm +44 141 945 2924 www.r-biopharm.com

www.vigan.com

Event organisers

Colour sorters

VIV

B端hler AG

+31 30 295 2772

Romer Labs

+41 71 955 11 11

www.viv.net

+43 2272 6153310

www.buhlergroup.com

www.romerlabs.com

Amino acids Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com

Animal Health & Nutrition

Satake +81 82 420 8560 www.satake-group.com

Computer software Adifo NV +32 50 303 211

Extruders Almex +31 575 572666 www.almex.nl Amandus Kahl +49 40 727 710 www.akahl.de

Cenzone

www.adifo.com

+1 760 736 9901

Format International Ltd

Andritz

www.cenzone.com

+44 1483 726081

+45 72 160300

www.formatinternational.com

www.andritz.com

Bags Mondi Group

Colour sorters

Brabender

+43 1 79013 4917

SEA S.r.l.

+49 203 7788 0

www.mondigroup.com

+39 054 2361423

www.brabender.com

Bin dischargers Denis +33 2 37 97 66 11 www.denis.fr

www.seasort.com

Coolers & driers Consergra s.l

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

+34 938 772207

Coperion GmbH

www.consergra.com

+49 711 897 0

Bentall Rowlands

FrigorTec GmbH

www.coperion.com

+44 1724 282828

+49 7520 91482-0

www.bentallrowlands.com

www.frigortec.com

Chief Industries UK Ltd

Geelen Counterflow

+44 1621 868944

+31 475 592315

www.chief.co.uk

www.geelencounterflow.com

Insta-Pro International

Croston Engineering

Muyang Group

+44 1829 741119

+86 514 87848880

www.insta-pro.com

www.croston-engineering.co.uk

www.muyang.com

Silo Construction Engineers

Wenger Manufacturing

+32 51723128

+1 785-284-2133

www.sce.be

www.wenger.com

Bulk storage

Silos Cordoba +34 957 325 165 www.siloscordoba.com Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com 52 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

Dinnissen BV +31 77 467 3555 www.dinnissen.nl

+1 515 254 1260

Ottevanger +31 79 593 22 21 www.ottevanger.com Zheng Chang +86 21 64188282 www.zhengchang.com

Feed

Palletisers Aller Aqua +45 70 22 19 10 www.aller-aqua.com SPAROS Tel.: +351 249 435 145 Website: www.sparos.pt Wynveen International B.V.

Obial +90 382 2662120

Ehcolo A/S +45 75 398411

www.obial.com.tr

www.ehcolo.com

MYSILO

PAYPER, S.A.

+90 382 266 2245

+34 973 21 60 40

www.mysilo.com

www.payper.com

Symaga

Pellet binders

+34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Akzo Nobel

+31 26 47 90 699

+46 303 850 00

www.wynveen.com

Tornum AB

www.bredol.com

Hatchery products

+46 512 29100

Borregaard LignoTech

Reed Mariculture

+47 69 11 80 00

www.tornum.com

Sensors

+1 877 732 3276

www.lignotechfeed.com

www.reed-mariculture.com

PellTech

Aqualabo

+47 69 11 80 00

+33 2 97 89 25 30

www.pelltech.org

www.aqualabo.fr

Laboratory equipment Bastak +90 312 395 67 87

Pest control

www.bastak.com.tr

Level measurement BinMaster Level Controls +1 402 434 9102

Agromatic

Rentokil Pest Control

+41 55 2562100

+44 0800 917 1987

www.agromatic.com

www.rentokil.co.uk

Dol Sensors

Pipe systems

+45 721 755 55

+49 571 9580 FineTek Co., Ltd +886 2226 96789 www.fine-tek.com

www.dol-sensors.com

Jacob Sohne

www.binmaster.com

Shrimp feed additives

www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Dishman

Used around

all industrial Plants sectors.

+31 318 545 754 www.dishman-netherlands.com

Andritz

Vega

Fr. Jacob Sรถhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45

+44 1444 870055 www.vega.com/uk

Moisture analyzers

72 160300

Aqua TT

Buhler AG

+353 1 644 9008

+41 71 955 11 11

www.aquatt.ie/aquatt-services

www.buhlergroup.com

CHOPIN Technologies

Training

www.andritz.com

Vaccines

+33 14 1475045

FAMSUN

www.chopin.fr

Ridgeway Biologicals

+86 514 87848880

+44 1635 579516

www.muyang.com

www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Doescher & Doescher GmbH +49 4087976770

Probiotics

www.doescher.com

Biomin +43 2782 803 0

Hydronix +44 1483 468900 www.hydronix.com

www.biomin.net

Rolls Leonhard Brietenbach

Seedburo

+49 271 3758 0

+1 312 738 3700

www.breitenbach.de

www.seedburo.com

OJ Hojtryk

NIR systems

+45 7514 2255

NIR-Online +49 6227 732668 www.nir-online.de

www.oj-hojtryk.dk

Safety equipment

Packaging CB Packaging +44 7805 092067 www.cbpackaging.com

www.wynveen.com

Weighing equipment Parkerfarm Weighing Systems +44 1246 456729 www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products Leiber GmbH +49 5461 93030 www.leibergmbh.de Phileo (Lesaffre animal care)

www.rembe.com

Second hand equipment Sanderson Weatherall +44 161 259 7054

www.mondigroup.com

www.sw.co.uk

www.ugurmakina.com

+31 26 47 90 699

+49 2961 740 50

+43 1 79013 4917

+90 (364) 235 00 26

Wynveen International B.V.

Rembe

Mondi Group

Ugur Makina

Vacuum

Silos

+33 3 20 81 61 00 www.lesaffre.fr

To include your company in the International Aquafeed market place in print, and a company page on our website contact Tom Blacker.

Kepler Weber Group +55 11 4873-0300 www.kepler.com.br

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 53

+44 1242 267700 โ ข tomb@perendale.co.uk

The aquafeed

interview

Aas, Nils Einar 1966, born in Oslo, Norway, Norwegian citizen. International sales and marketing executive, from the beginning of 2014 Sales Director at Aker BioMarine, responsible for sales and marketing of Qrill, Antarctic krill meal, to aquaculture applications across the Asian continent.

Mr Aas holds a master¹s degree in business administration from the Norwegian School of Management, and has an additional executive education from IMD in Lausanne, Switzerland. After working as a sales manager for industrial alginates in Europe and Asia, he was sales director and vice president in Norske Skog, a world leader in publication paper. Following this he worked for the French industrial company Veolia, as managing director for their Norwegian subsidiary for sanitary cleaning and waste treatment.

Aas was junior national skating champion twice in the eighties and a member of the national speed skating team until 1989. From 2010 through 2013 he served as secretary-general of the Norwegian Skating Association.

There are substantial health benefits derived from krill products. Can you tell us about the range of krill based products that Aker BioMarine offers and any latest scientific innovations?

Antarctic krill lives in the coldest and most pristine waters on Earth, free of contaminants and environmental pollution. And did you know that krill is one of the largest biomasses in the world? We harvest krill and use it to produce krill meal and krill oil as an ingredient for aquaculture feeds, pet food and for human consumption with great health benefits.

There are three of our products I’d like to highlight. Firstly, Superba is our product for human consumption. The red krill oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). In studies, Superba increases the Omega-3 Index faster and more efficiently compared to other marine sources. Krill oil has well documented healthpromoting properties within heart, brain, joint, and inflammation.

I actually have Superba with every meal in the office, and so do my colleagues.

Secondly, Qrill Aqua is our krill meal product for fish- and shrimp feed. Krill meal is dried Antarctic krill. Just like for humans, the highly bioavailable phospholipid Omega 3 fatty acids, the powerful antioxidant astaxanthin and high quality proteins speed up growth, improve filet yield and quality, as well as the fish’s heart health. The product has become an increasing relevant ingredient as the industry faces scarcity of fishmeal and fish oil. This is the product that I am personally responsible for across the Asian market. Qrill Aqua contains a range of essential nutrients for shrimp and fish, including essential amino acids, feed attractants, phospholipid fatty acid, astaxanthin and cholesterol. Numerous studies document increased growth and higher efficiency with diets that contain krill.

Thirdly, Qrill Pet provides all the listed health benefits to our dogs. We have launched Qrill Pet in Europe and it will soon also become available in the US and other markets. Just like krill has numerous health benefits for humans fish, and shrimp, research indicates health benefits for pets’ vision, brain, cardiovascular, coat, liver, and kidneys. The krill phospholipid omega-3 also has a positive effect in regulating food intake in obese animals and an added value – and as for humans, it will prevent your dog from having a fishy breath after its meal.

Harvesting krill in a commercially viable and environmentally sound way is challenging.

What eco-friendly technology is used

by Aker-BioMarine to achieve this?

As the largest krill supplier in the world, our proprietary ecofriendly technology is paramount to our activities. Working in the Antarctic’s fragile ecosystem we are entrusted to care

for and responsibly handle this bountiful, but not unlimited, resource. Our vessels, Antarctic Sea and Saga Sea, use Pelagic trawls with our Eco-Harvesting System. The system’s hose (between the trawl and the vessel) ensures that the fishing net stays underwater during the entire operation. This minimises interactions between the net and surface predators, especially seals and birds, as the net is not hauled and shot. At the opening of the net, a fine mesh screen excludes unwanted by-catch when harvesting krill, the vessel moves very slowly in the water. This allows fish species caught in the net to easily swim out.

This method also ensures that the products we produce are of the highest quality as the krill is swiftly processed. Although our technology is recognised as the industry-leading standard, we are always looking to see how we can improve to work as sustainably and eco-friend ly as possible.

How does Aker-BioMarine seek to achieve long-term sustainable development with regards to krill harvesting?

With opportunities come responsibilities, especially for us working in the Antarctic’s fragile ecosystem. Besides our EcoHarvesting, we also work closely with key stakeholders to achieve long-term sustainable krill harvesting. As the largest krill-supplier in the world we have a very strong interest in protecting the Antarctic environment.

International conventions limit the catch. The Convention of the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is an international treaty that oversees krill fishing with 24 members including six countries that fish for krill. In advance of each season our vessels notify CCAMLR about our fishing area and potential catches.

Aker BioMarine takes its certification as seriously as its technology. As of today we are the only Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified krill supplier. The certification is done

by MSC assesses the fishery management, its impact on the stock and on species dependent on krill, while monitoring the wider eco-system. You can recognise this certification by a distinct blue eco-label on our products. We really encourage others to also become MSC certified.

Protecting the krill and the pristine waters in Antarctica is a collective responsibility. Aker BioMarine has many partnerships with regulatory authorities, NGOs and environmental researchers including WWF Norway. They advise us on how to develop the fishery in the most sustainable manner, and have brought scientists and experts into the conversation. So now we have introduced standards such as 100 percent observer coverage on our ships and satellite tracking on our vessels.

54 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

An extended version of this interview can be found on the Aquaculturists blog.

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 55

AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY FACES Biorigin has a new sales manager for the animal nutrition sector in Asia

B

iorigin has a new Technical Sales Manager, Zurong Wang. Wang graduated in Animal Science and has a master’s degree in Nutrition by the Agriculture University of China. He is a Ph.D. in Nutrition by the University of Arkansas, USA. Wang has more than 6 years of experience in the market, as technical sales manager of important animal nutrition companies in Asia.

At Biorigin, he will be Technical Sales Manager in Asia of products of all animal species.

According to Biorigin’s Global Feed Business Managere, Roberto Vituzzo, “hiring Zurong Wang consolidates one further step of Biorigin’s growth in the Animal Nutrition sector, as well as reinforces our strategy of having a stronger presence in the Asian market. We are already present in that continent, and Zang's work and experience will help us accelerate our growth in important Asian animal nutrition market segments.”

Biorigin’s portfolio includes products dedicated to animal nutrition, such as Nutricell (inactive dry yeast derived from alcohol fermentation), Brewcell (brewer’s inactive dry yeast), HiCell (autolyzed yeast), Primecell (hydrolyzed yeast), Selemax (organic selenium), in addition of animal health products, such as MacroGard (1,3/1,6 beta-glucans, immune system modulator), ActiveMOS (mannan oligosaccharides for intestinal health), Protemyc (mycotoxin adsorbent), and ProWean (triple-action package for weaning animals).

Marine Stewardship Council names Marin Hawk as Fisheries Manager

M

arin Hawk has been named The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)’s Fisheries Manager for US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico and will be the primary outreach representative for these areas. Previously with the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC), Ms Hawk is based in MSC’s recently opened Washington, DC office.

Geoff Bolan, MSC’s US Program Director, says: “We’re delighted to welcome Marin and to have her based on the East Coast. Marin is well-known in the industry from her time with the ASMFC and brings to the MSC extensive knowledge and experience working with fisheries and promoting responsible and

effective management.”

Jay Lugar, the previous fisheries outreach representative for much of the area, was promoted to Program Director Canada.

Celebrating 41 years each in the service of the food and feed industries

I

n 1974 both Marc Wenger and Joe Kearns started their careers with Wenger on the Technical Center clean-up crew and feed ingredient preparation team. In those days everything was in its infancy when you consider the precision of production equipment today. Mixers, grinders, dryers and all aspects of feed production especially extrusion cookers and dryers after 40 years of developments resulted in changing extrusion from an art to a science, including the ability for total computer control.

Joe moved up into drafting and finally into sales where he is VP of the Aquatic Division. “Years ago we had to convince companies to consider extrusion as a process method. Today it is a predominate method of fish feed production”.

Marc now a CO-CEO and President of Wenger Manufacturing of Sabetha Kansas, USA. “This industry is ever changing, we had to develop feed production method to optimise floating, sinking and even slow-sinking technology. That does not even take into account the varieties of ingredients and technology to utilise the full range. Keep testing us we are ready to move the industry forward!” he says. “This industry is challenged to feed our ever growing population and we need to improve sustainability of all aspects of the aqua sector.”

Wolfgang Kaster appointed as President Evonik Japan

W

olfgang Kaster has been appointed as President of Evonik Japan and Senior representative of Evonik group in Japan effective June 1, 2015. He succeeds Ulrich Sieler, who will retire from active service on May 31, 2015 and will return to Germany.

Wolfgang Kaster, after completing his studies in Material Science, began his professional career in the Group as an engineer in R& D of the former Degussa AG in Hanau in 1987. After further assignments in technical customer support and process engineering and he transferred to Degussa Pacific in Hong Kong as regional technology and marketing manager in 1996. In 1999, he relocated to Degussa Japan in Tokyo in a similar function. In 2000 he moved back to Germany and became managing director of Prometron GmbH, the subsidiary company of Degussa. Kaster joined Röhm GmbH in 2002 in the Molding Compounds Business Line, and three years later was assigned to Evonik Cyro in Parsippany (USA) as General Manager NAFTA for the same Business Line. Back in Germany in 2010 he became Global Vice President of Sales at Acrylic Monomers in Darmstadt and since 2013, Kaster has been heading the joint Sales & Marketing department of the Acrylic Monomers business.

Mr. Ulrich Sieler completed in total 33 years working for the Evonik Group spending the last 12 years in Japan. Evonik is extremely thankful for his dedication to the company but particularly for his leadership during his time in Japan.

56 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015