Jul/Aug 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine

I N C O R P O R AT I N G f i s h far m ing t e c h no l og y

Maintaining ingredient quality in extruded feeds

Fine particle filtration in aquaculture

Effect of probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture – as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia

EXPERT TOPIC – channel catfish

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CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry - INCORPORATING fish farming technology

Volume 16 / Issue 4 / July-August 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2013 / All rights reserved Aqua News 3 4 4 5 7 8 8 8 10 11 11

Parasite lost as science tackles sea lice menace Environmental trigger for EMS identified in shrimp ponds Applications for Novus WAS Internship Challenge open Wide variations in salmon sustainability IFFO's Global Standard for Responsible Supply update FAO and ILO urge countries to better protect children working in fisheries and aquaculture No ISA in the Pacific Northwest Encouraging signs for New Zealand’s oyster industry BioMar and Lallemand Animal Nutrition extend their collaboration Fish fail to detect danger in copper-polluted water Nutreco completes shrimp and fish feed acquisition in Ecuador

Features 12 Maintaining ingredient quality in extruded feeds 18 Fine particle filtration in aquaculture 22 Chelated minerals in aquaculture 26 Effect of probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia 34 Effects of Sangrovit on the performances of tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultured in earthen ponds

Regular items THE AQUACULTURISTS PHOTOSHOOT EXPERT TOPIC - CHANNEL CATFISH INDUSTRY EVENTS Experts discuss PAPs at Sonac seminar

Shanghai International Fisheries & Seafood Expo 2013 48 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 50 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW 52 INDUSTRY FACES

5 32 38 45

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

www.perendale.co.uk

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editors Alice Neal Email: alicen@perendale.co.uk Professor Krishen Rana Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk Dr Yu Yu Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Design & Page Layout James Taylor Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk International Marketing Team (UK Office) Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Lee Bastin Email: leeb@aquafeed.co.uk Tom Blacker Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk Richard Sillett Email: richards@perendale.co.uk Latin American Office Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com Pablo Porcel de Peralta Email: pablop@perendale.co.uk India Office Raj Kapoor Email: rajk@perendale.com

CROESO - Welcome

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have been working with fish for many years and have been particularly interested in their digestive system anatomy and physiology to fully appreciate the science of fish nutrition in its basic context. However my own gastro-intestinal system came under scrutiny in May when I was rushed to hospital from the university due to a gangrenous appendicitis. This was subsequently removed quickly and efficiently with the advantages of modern keyhole surgery.

Fortunately, I am much better now and upgrading my daily intake of both prebiotics and probiotic supplements so as to practise what I preach with respect to aquatic animal health matters so often in this magazine.

Aptly in this issue we are including a focus discussing the merits of applying probiotic applications to tilapia health and production from research conducted in Egypt. Also another Professor Simon Davies feed additive is highlighted based on practical trials on Asian catfish in Vietnam confirming positive effects on the growth performance of this species of increasingly growing export into many countries.

This month our Expert Topic centres on channel catfish and particular attention is given to the beginnings of the commercial channel catfish industry in the USA. We also include articles on feed technology improvements with a focus on extrusion processes for pelleting, as well as developments in the area of filtration vital to recirculation systems that are now fundamental to land based aquaculture and research facilities. The engineering aspects relating to fish and crustacean production is going to be a strong element in the future for the expansion of aquaculture both on land and at sea.

Along with our regular features we offer some new columnists and interviews and news reports from the industrial and other sectors. Enjoy the summer and I will be back again soon, minus the appendix of course.

biomarine resources Your complimentary copy of the 2013 biomarine resources directory is included with every print edition of this issue of International Aquafeed magazine.

A directory for the complex mosaic of fast-changing industries spanning a wide variety of markets.

The biomarine resources directory is the go to publication for anyone involved in aquaculture, animal feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, human nutrition, clean technology, bioenergy, biocatalysts or cosmetics

More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

www.biomarine-resources.com

Aqua News

Parasite lost as science tackles sea lice menace

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armed salmon have been made more resistant to the menace of sea lice thanks to a scientific breakthrough by Scottish company, Landcatch.

Genetics exper ts have pinpointed a major gene that controls how susceptible individual fish are to sea lice infestation.

The genetic markers were used to screen broodstock selected in 2012 and were introduced to the company’s egg production this year, ensuring the next generation of farmed salmon is more resistant to the parasites.

Sea lice are one of the longterm challenges facing the aquaculture industry and affect production across the world. Genetics is set to play a key role in tackling the issue, along with advances in husbandry, nutrition and medical treatments.

Landcatch, which has its headquarters in Ormsary in Argyll and a five-strong genetics team based at Stirling University Innovation Park, is pioneering work in the development of genetic and genomic tools for improving farmed salmon.

Genomic technology uses information from DNA to better understand inherited traits and predict performance of individual animals

Landcatch was the first aquaculture company to pinpoint genes controlling the susceptibility of salmon to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN). As par t of a strategy to improve robustness, the firm’s scientists also proved that sea lice resistance is inherited and produced more resistant juvenile fish and eggs.

Neil Manchester, managing director, Landcatch, says, “We have located a major gene - or Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) - controlling resistance to sea lice. This is mapped using variations in DNA sequences, or Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), which act as biological markers and help scientists identify individual salmon that are more robust for breeding and egg production in Europe and Chile.

“This is a significant milestone for Landcatch and the aquaculture industry. This is available now, and the fact that we’ve achieved this breakthrough a year ahead of schedule is to be welcomed.

“Many thought it would be another decade to get this far, so we are proud to be at the cutting edge and this far ahead in an important area for the industry.”

Landcatch is at the forefront of genomic research developing new markers for important traits.

In collaboration with researchers in Scotland and the biotechnology company Affymetrix, it has developed a high density SNP Chip - glass slides used to analyse SNPs which act as biological markers and help scientists improve the accuracy of genetic predictions of resistance to disease and other commercially important traits.

Dr Alan Tinch, director of genetics, Landcatch, said the latest discover y is another important advance in the development of more robust farmed salmon.

“Genetic markers and genomic selection using the Landcatch SNP Chip for sea lice resistance are major steps forward in developing a sustainable improvement in sea lice resistance with resulting enhancement of the welfare and performance of Landcatch Atlantic salmon.

“Our genetic strategy is to improve disease resistance in salmon and sea lice resistance is a core part of this. Genetic resistance will act alongside advances in husbandry, nutrition and medical

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 3

treatment to reduce the thorny problem of sea lice.”

Samples from the Landcatch breeding programmes in Chile are also being screened to determine if the major gene is also effective against the Chilean form of sea lice.

Dr Tinch adds, “The species of sea lice are different in Europe and Chile but the discovery we made in Scottish salmon may still apply because Atlantic salmon around the world share the same origins.

“Whether we see the same effect in Chile or not will be interesting and help significantly in our understanding of the biology of sea lice infestation.”

Genomic selection using SNP Chips is already routinely applied in crops, cattle, pigs and chickens but Landcatch is the first company to apply the science to salmon.

Aqua News

Environmental trigger for EMS identified in shrimp ponds

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esearch conducted on early mortality syndrome (EMS) at a large integrated shrimp farm in Malaysia has indicated that the disease repeatedly manifests in ponds with an increase in pH to 8.5 to 8.8.

Conducted by Nor iaki Akazawa, managing director, Agrobest Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, with assistance from Kinki University and the National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan, the full research results are being prepared for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

EMS, more technically known

as Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS), has had a significant impact on shrimp production in Southeast Asia. The research results are encour aging because they provide shrimp farmers with a tool to improve management of the disease in ponds.

The research was conducted at Agrobest Sdn. Bhd. farm in Pahang, Malaysia, which produces Pacific white shrimp and black tiger shrimp in 461 plastic-lined ponds. EMS first appeared at the farm in early Januar y 2011 in five ponds

stocked with post larvae from the same hatcher y about one month ear lier. Within two months, the disease had spread throughout the farm. Typical mortality in the affected ponds was 70-80 percent, and all ages and sizes of shrimp were affected.

A review of water quality data from approximately 80 affected and unaffected ponds stocked during the same month indicated several water quality differences that were correlated with outbreaks. The researchers then conducted replicated aquarium trials

with controlled levels of various parameters.

These tests confirmed that the disease repeatedly regressed at lower pH (around 7) and manifested at higher pH (8.5 to 8.8). Survival rates in Agrobest ponds have greatly improved with management of pH to avoid the zone of EMS susceptibility.

These findings come shor tly after a research team led by Dr Donald Lightner at the University of Arizona, USA repor ted that EMS is caused by a bacterial agent.

Applications for Novus WAS Internship Challenge open actions etc. as appropriate to suppor t experimental designs and hypotheses Proposals need to be submitted

by October 30, 2013 describing an innovative testable proposal in the area described above.

Proposals should be limited to two to three typewritten pages plus references. A one-page CV of the candidate should be attached to the proposal. Applicants must be enrolled in a University MSc or PhD programme at the time of application.

The selection of the Novus intern will be announced at Asian-Pacific Aquaculture 2013 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Following the selection, the four-week internship will be scheduled from June to August, 2014. The inter n will wor k with The Novus Aquaculture Research team on a current project being carried out at the Novus Aqua Research Center in Vietnam.

Vietnam is the third largest aquaculture-producing countr y in the world. The Novus Aqua Research Center is integrally connected to the aqua industry and will allow the intern to learn about and experience aquaculture in Vietnam through interac-

tions with the Novus research and operations teams.

The award will include Tr avel to and from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, accommodation in univer sity student dormitor y during

the inter nship, US$1,000 to help with living expenses in Vietnam.

Submit proposals by email to Lorraine Magney at Novus: l o r r a i n e . m a g n e y @ n ov u s i n t . com

NUMBER CRUNCHING 28 reduction fisheries around

9 of the FIPs are making insuf-

the Atlantic Ocean and South America were rated by the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP). The results showed that…

ficient progress according to the SFP

70% of fish from the Atlantic Ocean and South America used for fishmeal and fish oil come from relatively well managed stocks

30% of the fish are from 14 stocks that are not well managed

15 of the stocks studied have fishery improvement projects (FIPs)

50% of all fish used for

4 of the stocks assessed contain fisheries that are certified according to the Marine Stewardship Council or in full assessment

12 of the stocks are certified under the IFFO RS programme

77% of the total catch comes from stocks that contain either at least one MSC-certified fishery or a FIP

0 fish stocks are currently managed within an ecosystembased fisheries management regime

fishmeal and fish oil come from stocks that contain FIPs making good progress

6 of the 15 FIPs are making progress according to the SFP

4 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

Source: Sustainable Fisheries Partnership

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pplications are open for the Novus World Aquaculture Society (WAS) Internship programme sponsored by Novus International Inc. Novus recognises the need for the industry to attract and educate talented individuals to become future aqua research scientists and nutritionists. This internship programme represents an investment by Novus into the future of the aquaculture industry.

Health problems continue to challenge aquaculture development and expansion. Viral, bacterial, fungal or parasite infections whether from new emerging pathogens or well known diseases, often leave producers with few available treatment or prevention options and significant losses. To be considered for the internship please present a proposal that includes the following: • Choose a model disease and suggest an experiment aimed at testing a novel possible preventive or treatment solution • Provide background literature review on the pathogen, pathogenesis, epidemiology and/or host pathogen inter-

Aqua News

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Delaware looks set to joins its fellow east coast states in commercial aquaculture after the Senate unanimously passed the Delaware Aquaculture A c t o f J u n e 2 6 , 2 0 1 3 .

The bill allows the Delaware Depar tment of Natural Resources and Environmental Control to establish regulations for the leasing of acres in the Inland Bays. If signed into law, the bill would allow commercial shellfish farmers to lease tracts of shellfish grounds of up to 5 acres in Delaware’s Inland Bays.

The Ross Sea is the subject of our photo shoot on page 32.

The Ross Sea is the most pristine ocean remaining on the planet.

We at International Aquafeed (IAF)would like to keep it that way. By developing the potential that aquaculture has to offer we will ultimately take pressure off oceans, such as the Ross Sea, while meeting the growing demand for fish and seafood in our diets. IAF actively supports the work of 'the Last Ocean' charitable trust and in particularl its creation of a 'no-take marine protected area' by making regular donations. We invite you to do the same. Learn moren about 'the Last Ocean' here: http://www.lastocean.org/ Take-Action/Donate-__I.1791.

You can make a donation here: https://www.fundraiseonline. co.nz/fundraise/makedonation_ direct.aspx?c=249

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AQUACULTURE UPDATES

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here are considerable variations in salmon sustainability according to a repor t by Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP).

The overview looked at fisheries that supply five commercial species of wild Pacific Salmon (Chinook, chum, coho, pink, and sockeye salmon).

SFP’s analysis shows that just over half (51%) of the global supply of wild Pacific salmon comes from fisheries in good shape, while just under half (49%) comes from fisheries in need of significant improvements.

While the large majority of salmon fisheries in good shape are located in Alaska, the report highlights that there are good, medium, and poor salmon fisheries in each salmon-producing region (Alaska, British Columbia, Russia, Japan, and the US Pacific Northwest). Therefore, to understand and assess salmon sustainability, buyers and consumers need to know which fishery, not just which region, their fish are coming from.

Salmon hatcheries remain a leading sustainability concern across all salmon-producing regions. While research and monitoring for hatchery impacts to

wild salmon remain largely inadequate in most areas, global production of hatchery fish has increased over the past 15 years, and discussions are underway in all salmon-producing regions around fur ther increases in hatchery production. Illegal fishing and management of mixed-stock fisheries are also sustainability concerns.

For the 2013 season, only 7 percent of wild salmon fisheries are currently MSC cer tified. An additional 39 percent of the global supply is in full assessment. Reassessment of Alaska salmon fisheries has experienced several delays, and a significant portion of Alaskan salmon fisheries cannot be certified before 2014.

Commenting on the results of the repor t, Jim Cannon, CEO, SFP, USA says, “Wild salmon sustainability has been a huge topic of concern for the seafood industr y over the last year. The variation among salmon fisheries highlights the need to have detailed sourcing infor mation, and emphasises the role robust cer tification schemes can play in the mar ket. Industr y should encourage the development of improvement projects in all salmon fisheries with sustainability concerns”.

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Wide variations in salmon sustainability

TheAquaculturist

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

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here’s been something of a party mood in the office this month, and it’s not just because the sun has made a rare appearance in the UK. The reason behind the celebration is that the Aquaculturists blog has reached 250,000 views. Not bad for a niche blog which was started just over two years ago.

In recognition of this milestone, we take a look back at some of the most popular posts from the last two years.

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2011 Proving that event news is always popular, this story about Asian-Pacific Aquaculture 2011 is the most read article on the blog with over 1,500 views. The conference was organised by the World Aquaculture Society and focused how to make aquaculture easier and more profitable. http://bit.ly/12g5vt8 Identifying male tilapia The importance of identifying male tilapia from March 2012 takes the number two spot with just over 850 views so far. Researchers in France have been investigating ways to produce all male progeny using genetics. http://bit.ly/11TTjl9 Fishmeal replacement In third place, is an article by former International Aquafeed editor, Albert Tacon. Tacon considers the replacement of fishmeal and marine proteins in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp using terrestrial land animal proteins. http://bit.ly/13h04jP Award winners Being online, means we can report stories as soon as they happen. We were the first to break the news that João Manuel Cura Rito from Coimbra, Portugal, won the Novus World Aquaculture Society (WAS) Internship in February this year. http://bit.ly/15alSM6 National Aboriginal Fisheries Forum Another event story makes its way into the top five. The National Aboriginal Fisheries Forum, Canada, which took place in March 2011, caught the attention of the blog readers, gaining more than 400 views. http://bit.ly/16JrUCw

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 5

AQUACULTURE

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by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel

The reintroduction of PAPs in European Union aquaculture feeds New European Commission Regulation (Regulation 56/2013) allowing the use of non-ruminant processed animal proteins (PAPs) in feeds for aquaculture species came into force on June 1, 2013.

The new regulation only applies to PAPs derived from Category 3 material, which is defined as byproducts of non-ruminant animals (poultry, swine) that are fit for human consumption at the point of slaughter.

This major development for European renderers and the aquaculture industry was discussed at a number of events in recent weeks. Personally, I had the chance to present a review some of the work done on PAPs in aquaculture species over the past 20 years at Sonac's International Aqua Event in Burgum, the Netherlands, and the 2013 European Fat Processors and Renderers Association (EFPRA) Congress in Prague, Czech Republic. These events were rich in interactions and discussions with industry stakeholders and I wish to share some of my observations and thoughts.

Very strict regulations with regards to animal by-products were adopted in Europe in

reaction to the transmissible sponigorm encephalopathies (TSEs) crisis during the 1990s.

The new regulation reforms the stringent rules on the use of PAPs in feed. The relaxation of the rules has come about for different reasons. One of which is that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) emitted a scientific opinion that that TSE risk from feeding non-ruminant feed ingredients to non-ruminant animals is negligible when 'intraspecies recycling' (i.e. cannibalism) is avoided. The very significant progresses achieved in the production, traceability and testing for PAPs in Europe over the past decade or two is also another important reason.

The revised regulations are still extremely stringent and complex.

Renderers and aquaculture feed producers need to stick to very strict production and traceability procedures and adopt new testing procedures (RT-PCR test developed by the EU reference laboratory) in order to meet the requirements of the new legislation.

The media and stakeholders in the European food industry have raised concerns with regards to the new regulations. A large segment of the European population is still traumatized by the mad cow crisis and is highly concerned with food safety issues.

The recent horse meat scandal did not help ease the situation.

Consequently, the reintroduction of non-ruminant PAPs in aquaculture feeds in Europe won't be a walk in the park. However, Europe is not a monolithic block and differences in market and consumer's acceptance are likely to emerge soon, notably given in the current economic climate and high food prices.

Significant volume of high quality protein and fats sources Over 18 million metric tonnes (mmt) of animal by-products are generated every year in the European Union. The animal by-products industry processes these by-products into more than 4 mmt of animal proteins per year. In 2011, more than 2.3 mmt of PAPs were produced from Category 3 material (fit for human consumption).

In 2011, about 1.6 mmt went into pet food or were fed to fur animals (minks, foxes) and

the balance was used as fertilizers or industrial uses.

The under-valorization of large volumes of perfectly good feed-grade proteins is not a negligible phenomenon, notably since Europe is in a protein deficit. Together the 27 EU countries import over 20 mmt of soybean meal and 12 mmt of soybeans annually to meet the needs of their feed industry.

The deficits in protein crop production and the exposure of the livestock sector to volatility in global protein feed prices are among of the reasons why the European Parliament adopted two resolutions in 2011 which called for reform of the rules on PAPs in animal feeds.

A more level playing field?

Only minute amounts of very high quality land animal proteins (hemoglobin powder, hydrolyzed proteins, etc) have found use in aquaculture feeds in Europe over the past few years. In contrast, PAPs have been widely used in aquaculture feeds in the Americas, Asia and Oceania for at least the past 10 years. European aquaculture producers have, thus, been placed at a significant disadvantage in an increasingly global market. European aquaculture feed manufacturers have had to maintain higher levels of expensive fishmeal in their feeds and rely more on a variety of plant protein sources (soy, rapeseed, sunflower, pea, wheat, etc), often with significant consequence on production cost and flexibility in the formulations.

Good news for aquaculture product exporters?

The new regulation is probably very good news for the global aquaculture industry, notably for exporters of aquaculture products. For example, aquaculture feed producers around the globe are now able to use European non-ruminant Category 3 PAPs in their feeds and their clients should be able to lawfully export their products to EU countries.

This new situation may contribute to improving the sustainability and transparency of practices in some countries where ‘rules’ may have been bent in the past.

6 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

New entrants, new products, new ideas?

The TSE crisis was a great upheaval for the European agriculture industry. From this traumatic event, some positive aspects can be derived. The huge changes in the production practices and traceability procedures for PAPs are among them.

European rendering plants are now generally extremely well organised and clean. They often operate in densely populated areas without major complaints from the community.

European renderers certainly heeded the American proverb that says, "If life gives you lemons, make lemonade". Some stakeholders in the European rendering industry have been very resourceful and developed new products and approaches.

Nonetheless, the new regulation call for stringent sterilization methods (i.e. steam pressure sterilization at a minimum of 133 °C for not less than 20 minutes at a pressure of 3 bars on particles with a maximum size of 50 mm). These relatively harsh processing conditions may have a negative influence on the nutritive value of the final products but there is limited information on this issue.

I am seeing some great opportunities to compare the nutritive value to different aquaculture species of PAPs produced according to the vastly different production practices and conditions adopted by different renderers in different continents.

Rendering: the sustainable solution Interested in learning more about rendering and the role it plays in the agriculture and food industry?

A short video was recently published by the National Renderers Association on YouTube. You can access it via this link http://bit. ly/12Ck2OA The website of my research group, the Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory at the University of Guelph, Canada also has numerous presentations and references on the use of rendered animal proteins in animal feeds. http://fishnutrition. uoguelph.ca Any feedback? Please don't hesitate to let me know!

Email me at: dbureau@uoguelph.ca

Aqua News

IFFO's Global Standard for Responsible Supply update

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FFO’s Global Standard for Responsible Supply (IFFO RS) is under constant review.

But that’s not a bad thing; it’s an impor tant par t of staying abreast of developments in the industry.

The cer tification programme enables fishmeal and fish oil factories to demonstrate that they responsibly sources raw material from well-managed fisheries and responsibly conver t that into pure and safe products.

To be certified, factories must demonstrate sourcing from wellmanaged fisheries and safe and traceable production.

“Overall 103 plants in 10 countries are now IFFO RS cer tified, amounting to 40 percent of world combined fishmeal and fish oil production and 70 percent of that produced by IFFO members,” says Francisco Aldon, head of standards, IFFO, United Kingdom.

“More factories are in the process of cer tification and sixteen fisheries have been approved as sources of responsible raw materials under the RS standard.”

At a recent meeting, the board discussed improvements to the governance of the RS standard which is critical to its continuing credibility. The potential addition of social and ethical clauses to the standard as well as pollution clauses to reassure the value chain was considered and another key topic was the IFFO RS Improvers Programme (IP). This is progressing with the support of Sustainable Fisheries Partnership and FAO. The IP's main objective is to help

AQUACULTURE UPDATES The state government in New South Wales, Australia has granted a licence for an aquaculture research facility at Port Stephens.

The 20-hectare farm will research species such as the yellowtail kingfish and will create up to 15 jobs.

improve fishmeal and fish oil producers that are currently unable to meet the standard, either because of issues within the factory or because of problems with the raw material and the associated fisheries.

In order to keep up with the progress of the industry, ensure

for fishmeal and fish oil under the RS standard. Thir teen units (storage facilities, fish oil refineries, head offices) have achieved the IFFO RS Chain of Custody (CoC) Standard.

Both the RS Standard and the RS CoC Standard have new logos and

full traceability and strengthen the RS standard, the auditing process has been extended to include the head offices of companies that own multiple sites where some are RS certified and some not, and third party storage facilities. These stores need checks to ensure the IFFO RS certified material is kept separate from non-certified fishmeal and/or fish oil.

The by-products (guts, trimmings, heads and tails) of 52 species usually destined for human consumption have also been approved as raw material

there are plans to develop a QR code for each of the certified units in order to give the buyer a means of verifying certification independently.

The IFFO RS programme is also contributing information to 'standard maps' by organisations such as Seafish Network which compare different seafood standards. For the IFFO RS standard, these maps are a good way to demonstrate transparency and to ensure as many fish products buyers and consumers as possible see that IFFO members are working in a responsible way.

Aquaculture in the South Island, New Zealand has received a boost following the signing of a formal agreement between the Cawthron Institute and Wakatu Incorporation.

The agreement marks a shift to strategic level planning and sets out terms around the leasing of land, shared resources, collaborations and infrastructure at the Cawthron Institute.

The European Union has agreed plans for new labelling rules for fish and seafood. The deal will lead to stronger and more competitive producer organisations and that improves labelling of fisheries products to better inform consumers.

The regulation for a Common Market Organisation (CMO) for fishery and aquaculture products is a crucial part of the Common Fisheries Policy.

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 7

In the two years since its inception, the credibility of the IFFO RS has grown considerably with key players in industry and government recognsing the benefits of certification.

At a recent meeting between the Thai government, the Thai aquaculture industry and IFFO, it was agreed that a round table would be formed identify fishmeal plants that would enter assessment for the IFFO RS certificate.

The stakeholders recognised the need to demonstrate responsible fishmeal production following concerns raised by customers, NGOs and the media over unsustainable fishing in the region and the sustainability of raw material entering fishmeal production.

Nearly 60 percent or 180,000 tonnes of the fishmeal produced in Thailand is derived from the recycled trimmings of seafood processing. The first phase of certifications will focus on fishmeal produced from trimmings with a second phase covering whole fish raw material planned once guidance on tropical mixed trawl fisheries, currently in development, is available.

Suppor t for the cer tification was demonstrated almost immediately as Charoen Pokhpand Foods (CPF) Ltd, a major producer of feed in South East Asia and China and a key stakeholder in the Thai round table, decided to join IFFO with a view to entering one or more of its plants for certification.

The latest list of certified plants with their respective certificates and the reports of the approved fisheries can be found at www. iffo.net

The first product carrying the A S C l o g o f o r r e s p o n s i bl e aquaculture label and the MSC ecolabel has hit shop shelves in the Netherlands. Queens Panga & Shrimp Noodles Red Curr y, combining farmed pangasius and wild-caught shrimp, will be available in major Dutch retailers.

Aqua News

FAO and ILO urge countries to better protect children working in fisheries and aquaculture

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overnments need to take measures to protect children from harmful work in small-scale fisheries and aquaculture, say the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO).

According to a guidance document published jointly by the two UN agencies, almost every country has signed international conventions to protect children, but many have not translated these agreements into national legislation.

As a result, the document says, many children working in smallscale fisheries and aquaculture remain exposed to harsh and hazardous working conditions.

They may have to dive to unsafe

No ISA in the Pacific Northwest

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study by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, USA that shows infectious salmon anemia (ISA) is not present in wild or farmed fish in the Pacific Northwest.

The research was conducted after concerns were raised about ISA possibly appearing in Washington waters and the potential impact on Washington’s salmon.

The study involved the improvement of testing protocols for the virus and to better detect ISA in a variety of fish species. It included samples from wild and hatcheryproduced Pacific Chinook, coho, sockeye, chum and steelhead as well as farm-raised Atlantic salmon.

ISA was not detected in any of the more than 900 tissue samples that were taken. The Washington State testing is part of a two-year monitoring programme specifically designed to detect ISA and will continue for another year.

depths - often at night; work long hours in unsanitar y processing plants where they are at risk of contracting infections; or handle toxic chemicals and dangerous equipment or gear. Girls working in fish processing depots are also at risk of sexual abuse.

"Work of this kind is intolerable," says Árni M Mathiesen, assistant director-general for fisheries and aquaculture, FAO. "It affects children's health and learning abilities, and often prevents them from attending school."

"All work that harms children's physical, mental, psychological, social and educational development, is unacceptable and violates international conventions," says Constance Thomas, director of child labour elimination programme, ILO. "We need to ensure that agreements designed to protect children from child labour are implemented."

The FAO and ILO estimate that around 130 million children work in agriculture, livestock and fisheries - accounting for 60 percent of child labour worldwide. There

Encouraging signs for New Zealand’s oyster industry

A

collaborative research programme to breed oysters resilient to a virus that three years ago devastated New Zealand’s Pacific oyster industry is star ting to deliver promising results.

Scientists at Cawthron Institute, together with industry partners, have been working towards breeding Pacific oysters resilient to the ostreid herpes (OsHV-1) virus that almost wiped out the country’s Pacific oyster stocks in 2010.

“We have identified oyster families with a very high survival rate when exposed to the oyster virus, which decimated stocks in 2010,” says Professor Charles Eason, chief executive, Cawthron Institute. “These recent findings are most encouraging. They suggest that selective breeding has great potential to address the current crisis.”

Prof Eason says while the latest

Countries need to act

are no aggregate data showing how many children work in fisheries and aquaculture, but case study evidence suggests child labour is a problem especially in informal small and medium-sized fishing and aquaculture enterprises and in family operations.

"Children are more at risk than adults from safety and health hazards because their bodies are not yet fully developed," explains Rob Vos, director of the gender, equity and rural employment division, FAO. "There are many tasks in fisheries and aquaculture that children should not do.

We should focus our efforts to prevent child labour. Programmes to reduce poverty and improve fishing technologies and practices will take away the need for child labour."

The report stresses that not all fishery activities children engage in are undesirable. Some can even be positive for their development.

They can acquire practical and social skills as they learn how to fish, learn how to process fish and sell them in the market.

The FAO and the ILO are urging compliance with international rules to protect children working in the industry. These include the ILO's Minimum Age Convention, and its Worst Forms of Child Labour and Work in Fishing Conventions, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the FAO's Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

They point to the importance of occupational safety and health assessments in assessing hazards and specific risks for children.

Working with fishing communities is also essential to ensure that children receive adequate care and education, and are not involved in hazardous activities.

A major challenge is addressing the root causes of child labour - pover ty and food insecurity.

Promoting decent work opportunities for adults, social protection and, free education with school feeding programmes can lead to sustainable solutions.

results are encouraging, there is still a lot more work to be done.

“There are still further trials to go. These are very encouraging preliminary results for our longterm breeding programme, highlighting that through a combination of improved genetics and husbandry, promising outcomes may be achieved in a very short time frame.”

Cawthron Institute scientists have been researching the resilience of Pacific oysters to the virus since 2010 when it first hit New Zealand.The virus caused 90 percent losses in the wild caught spat the industry heavily relied on for its marine farm stocks. The crisis led to job losses, factory closures and saw an overall drop in production of 50-60 percent, with some individual farmers hit significantly harder.

When the virus hit, Cawthron Institute was already involved in a joint research project with industry partners into breeding of oyster spat.

“When the virus hit we all worked together to address this

problem,” says Nick King cultured shellfish programme leader, Cawthron Institute. “We could not have got this far without the huge support we have received from our industry partners, in particular Pacific Marine Farms - a subsidiary of Aotearoa Fisheries Limited, and Te Matuku Bay Oysters, who managed the bulk of the on-farm trials. It is truly a joint effort.”

Dr Jacquie Reed, aquaculture manager, Cawthron Institute says the research and farm trials indicate that a combination of genetic improvement through breeding, and improved farm husbandry - such as by growing oysters to a larger size and age before exposure to the virus, makes a big difference in terms of oyster survivorship and a return to viable production.

“We’re hoping these new breeding strategies will help us achieve genetic gains in a relatively short time frame,” Dr Reed says.

“We are fully aware that timing is critical in times of crisis, and the industry needs fast results to survive.”

8 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

Aqua News

Aquaculture - eradicating hunger?

Roy Palmer, director AwF

T

h a n k yo u f o r t h e comments I have received following the first version of this regular column that aims to bring you news and information about Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) and the issues that surround our organisation.

It seems that pover ty and hunger are getting put in the limelight for the moment with the G8 summit meeting in Nor thern Ireland. President Obama will be with the group at the annual meeting of the world’s wealthiest countries. I note that the countries look a bit ‘old school’ with the USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United Kingdom. Why is China not part of this?

In the USA, the farm bill and food aid reform is on the domestic US agenda so the president has a rare chance to return to theme of last year and make a lasting impact on world hunger once and for all.

As I travel I am always amazed about how many people/governments put money to the cause of eradicating hunger and pover ty. You would think that we would have solved the issue by now but we are a long way from that and children are dying ever y day because the problems have not been solved.

It is a massive tragedy.

At AwF we have been having this discussion and one of the issues we keep coming back to is that the problem gets complicated because there is a lack of a global approach. People, companies, NGOs and governments have bought into the issue at different levels and with different plans so everyone does their

own thing. As a result, we get wastage and many poor decisions against a few wins.

My own thought is that the world (who is that? FAO?*) needs to create a ‘Poverty and Hunger Framewor k’ which highlights all the countries in the world with the issue. This needs to be documented and from that independent experts need to highlight the issues in each country with possible solutions alongside them. This listing needs then to be prioritized always a tough one and harder when you are talking about people.

It seems that governments want to do their own thing with their foreign aid, in probably no different way than informed companies do. They want to see their name on the project and the hopefully good outcomes and why not? Well maybe that it is not working as well as it should is the answer.

The problem I see at the moment is that it could all be so much better. We need to reform food aid and take the politics out of it.

As an example it has been documented that every year the US government makes available nearly $2.2 billion in food aid to countries facing food shortages and star vation around the world. The caveat on this that US food aid must be purchased from US producers and shipped on US flagged vessels.

So that is good and bad. It gives on one hand but takes away on the other as it clearly makes the programme more costly and probably inefficient.

To make matter s wor se some food aid is distributed through what is called ‘moneti-

zation’. Through this ‘monetization’ food from US is donated to charities, they then sell the food to other countries and use the proceeds for development projects. Do you think other countries like this idea? Farmers in those countries are forced to compete on an uneven playing field in selling their product so this is likely doing more harm than good.

Back in the mid-1990s I believe the European Union reformed its food aid policy effectively eliminating the monetization of aid and sourcing its food from the most proficient farmers/growers/processors. It would seem that this puts the EU aid position in a slightly better light.

In Austr alia, we have a strategy that highlights that our Aid Program (AusAID) ‘funds research to reduce pover ty and achieve sustainable development’. There is a belief that ‘good research leads to greater development effectiveness’ and they say that ‘AusAID has been a strong supporter of practical, policy-relevant social science research into development challenges’.

There are two major problems as I see it with this. Research is good but unless we train the people on the ground on how to adapt to the answers research is giving then we are unlikely to see improvement.

The other difficulty is that politicians are generally short-term planners and research does not happen overnight and the money will get spent in areas that suits Australia and not for the global good.

I am giving the last word on this to Graziano da Silva,

More information about AwF can be found at: www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 9

director general, FAO, who said recently, “Food output per person has grown by nearly 40 percent in the last decades.

But the increase in food production has come at a high environmental cost because of the intensive use of natural resources and chemical inputs.

And, despite higher production, nearly 870 million people are still chronically hungr y, at least 2 billion suffer from other forms of malnutrition.

If we keep looking at hunger simply in terms of food production, we will not solve this problem.

“As Professor Amar tya Sen recently pointed out, hunger and starvation result from the fact that people do not have enough food to eat; that does not mean that there is insufficient food available. The world already produces enough food.

The main cause of hunger nowadays is the lack of access: hundreds of millions of people do not have the income to buy the food they need or the means to produce it for themselves.”

We look forward to continuing this conversation with you and for your suppor t in the areas with which we work. In the meantime have a look at our website www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org and see how you might help us in our quest. *The World - The foundation of FAO in 1945 reflected the need for better global food governance and for collective responsibilities. The belief that it was possible to achieve universal “freedom from want” and that this was “essential for lasting peace”.

Aqua News

BioMar and Lallemand Animal Nutrition extend their collaboration

T

he fish feed supplier, BioMar, and the feed additives and specialty functional feed ingredients manufacturer, Lallemand SAS, have signed a formal research, development and commercial collaboration agreement aimed at expanding the knowledge and use of probiotics in fish feeding.

“This agreement is a natural continuation of the excellent relationship forged with Lallemand Animal Nutrition for more than 10 years, which has led to important innovative landmarks such as the approval for the first time of the use of a probiotic in fish feeding by the European Food Safety Authority - Lallemand’s BACTOCELL ® for use in fish feed” says Torben Svejgaard, CEO, BioMar Group, Denmark.

Since 2010, when the first EFSA approval was given, BioMar has been the only feed supplier to offer fish feed with BACTOCELL®. With the extension of the EU approval earlier this year to all fish species, BioMar has launched additional new products with BACTOCELL ® .

These include LARVIVA ProStart which targeted early weaning for fish larvae, as well as other types of fish feed such as the INICIO Plus fry feed for Mediterranean fish species. ”Lallemand Animal Nutrition sees a natural ally in BioMar with both companies equally devoted

AQUACULTURE UPDATES Cinema-goers in rural Scotland will be able to enjoy films in 3D thanks to a donation by two aquaculture companies. Scottish Sea Farms and Fusion Marine have donated £8,000 to Oban Cinema to help fund the new digital technology.

Catfish farmers in Nigeria are a i m i n g t o i n c r e a s e c a t fi s h production to 1 million metric tons a year by 2018. The drive will take place in the south east of the country which and will create more than 500,000 jobs.

to funding robust research and development aimed at effective commercialization of products” says Dr Yannig Le Treut, general manager, Lallemand Animal Nutrition, France.

“We are also both committed to seeking sufficiently high level of understanding and well documented support for the natural solutions we offer to our customers. BACTOCELL ® is still the only zootechnical additive approved by the European Food Safety Authorities for use in fish feed, having unequivocally demonstrated beneficial animal performances.

Dr Le Treut adds, “On the development stance, a par tnership with BioMar gives us access to both trial facilities for fish feeding as well as access to the extensive network BioMar has among fish farmers; providing willing sites and capabilities to enable testing of new feed solutions in ‘real life’ situations. This has proven to be very effective and beneficial.

For example in the approval of BACTOCELL® where laboratory results were subsequently confirmed in field trials under industrial production conditions.”

The current agreement consolidates an already substantial research and development collaboration between the two companies. Dr Patrick Campbell and Dr Mathieu Castex are in charge of the joint R&D programmes.

Fish lovers in New Zealand can now be sure their farmed seafood is sustainable thanks to Forest & Bird’s new Best Fish Guide. The guide, which has helped consumers choose ecologically sound seafood since 2004, has been updated to include aquaculture farms.

Barramundi may be the next big fish trend in Sri Lanka after the government approved a US$2.5 million farming project off the coast of Trincomalee in Nor th Eastern Sri Lanka. Oceanpick, a Sri Lankan firm, will par tner with a Scottish company to farm the fish in cages, in the first aquaculture facility in open water in the country.

Dr Yannig Le Treut, general manager, Lallemand Animal Nutrition, France

“We have from both sides allocated significant amounts of resources in a bid to continue to fund research which provides tangible, natural and economic solutions with regards to optimizing fish health, nutrition and welfare. In par ticular, we are looking at the effects of probiotics on the microbiome and on gut function, which has been hypothesized to be linked to the prevention of viral and bacterial outbreaks”, they say.

The agreement grants BioMar an exclusivity par tner ship with Lallemand on the use of BACTOCELL® in fish feed in all the key markets where BioMar operates.

“We see a huge potential for

Olmix, France is organising a tour to discover the richness of algae in Brittany and the Olmix facilities.

The 'Breizh Algae Tour' will take place September 8-11, 2013. It will star t from Paris, France and will then take the participants to northern Brittany for a tour of the historical heart of algae scientific knowledge. The tour will also include an on site view of different modes of algae harvesting, visit to the first algae bio-refinery in the world, professional visits and a trip to the international livestock trade fair SPACE.

10 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

Torben Svejgaard, CEO, BioMar Group, Denmark

the use of probiotics in fish feed, and we are therefore of cour se extremely pleased with this collaboration, which will extend our lead with these kinds of products” says Svejgaard.

While the cur rent agreement focuses on the use of probiotics, both Lallemand and BioMar admit that future agreements could extend to other areas of research, development, additives and animal categories of mutual interest. Lallemand Animal Nutrition already supplies several other important additives and ingredients to the fish feed industry and new actives are currently being evaluated in aquatic species.

Algae is a feed, a biofuel and a comestic ingredient, now get ready for algae as art. The V&A museum in London is hosting an ar tist in residence who creates ar t from seaweed. The 'Depar tment of Seaweed' will be at the museum until September and there will be various open days throughout the summer.

Aqua News

Fish fail to detect danger in copper-polluted water

Nutreco completes shrimp and fish feed acquisition in Ecuador

the response of the olfactory system to odours, the researchers showed that copper and nickel affect the ability of different cells to detect odour s. Fur thermore, using a series of antipredator trials, which measured avoidance of fish to a conspecific skin extract, the researchers found that fathead minnows exposed to copper do not avoid the skin extract, while unexposed and nickel-exposed fish do.

"This means that fish in an envi-

Fathead minnows fail to detect a danger signal emitted by other fish in waters contaminated with copper Image courtesy of ©Bill Dew

A

new study shows that fish cannot smell a danger odour signal emitted by other fish in waters contaminated with copper.

Research conducted by Dr Bill Dew at the University of Lethbridge, Canada looked at the effect of the metal contaminants nickel and copper on specific fish olfactory sensory neurons, and how these affect the fish's ability to detect and swim away from an odour released by other fish of the same species (conspecifics) when a predator attack takes place.

Dr Dew said, "Our research shows that copper affects the function of a specific type of olfactory neurons in fish, preventing them from detecting important olfactory signals used to detect fish injured by predation."

Using a technique that measures

ronment contaminated with copper would not be able to detect compounds released during a predation event and potentially not avoid predators,

while fish in a nickel contaminated environment would be able to detect these compounds and under take predator-avoidance behaviours," said Dr Dew.

OUR OUTPUT COMES IN ALL SHAPES AND SIZES 2.0 mm floating fish feed

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utreco has successfully completed its acquisition of 75 percent of the shares in Gisis SA, the shrimp and fish feed subsidiary of the Expalsa group.

The EUR 81 million transaction received unconditional clearance by the Ecuadorian competition authority. The acquisition takes Nutreco into the global top three shrimp feed suppliers.

The move suppor ts Nutreco's strategy to expand its fish feed business in growing markets and non-salmonid species while maintaining its number one position in salmon feed.

Ecuador's shrimp feed market is Latin America's largest and the third largest in the world after China and Thailand, and growing at around 8 percent annually.

An associated joint venture in Honduras with tilapia producer Regal Springs provides potential for further growth in Latin America and Southeast Asia.

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July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 11

FEATURE

Maintaining ingredient quality in extruded feeds

by Mian N Riaz, PhD, head of extrusion technology program, Texas A&M University System, USA

E

xtrusion processing using a combination of moisture, pressure, temperature and mechanical shear, is used in the feed industry. It results in physical and chemical changes such as ingredient particle size reduction, starch gelatinization and inactivation of enzymes.

Mild extrusion processing usually enhances the digestibility of plant proteins.

Fishmeal production is not expanding worldwide; therefore, more plant meals will have to be formulated into fish feeds to accommodate expected increases in fish feed production. Plant meals contain starch, which must be cooked to make it digestible to fish.

Extrusion processing gelatinizes starch and improves the digestion of starch.

Extrusion processing can increase the nutritional value of canola meal, rapeseed, peas and soybean meal. As higher amounts of plant meals are formulated into fish feeds, the bioavailability of nutrients, especially bioavailability of minerals, will be of increasing concern because plant meals contain lower amounts of minerals compared to fishmeal.

The effect of extrusion processing on mineral availability for fish is not known. Thus, the raw ingredient formulation, selection of process equipment, and processing conditions are independent regions of control that may be exercised in the extrusion cooking of aquafeed. Although the control regions are independent, they are interrelated to the point that discussion of one must include the other.

Raw material utilization and cost effective formulation are key operational factors. The ability to alter processing conditions and raw material formulations to keep formulation costs at a minimum while maintaining high quality standards and minimum operating costs is a challenge for every processor.

Within certain limits set by a nutritionist, the extrusion cooking process can produce a wide range of products. In general, during the extrusion cooking of cereal grain and protein blends, the moistened granular or floury materials are converted into dough. The starchy components gelatinize, resulting in a substantial uptake of moisture and an increase in dough viscosity. Some protein constituents may impact elasticity properties that are characteristic of hydrated and developed glutinous dough. Other proteinaceous materials, those with low protein solubility such as meat meal or fishmeal, may contribute less to the adhesive and stretchable functional properties.

Impact of starch, protein, fat and fibre quality on extrusion Raw materials Ingredient selection has a tremendous impact on final product texture, uniformity, extrudability, nutritional quality, economic viability and ability to accept oil during coating or flavoring process. The common components of a recipe include starch, protein, fat, and fibre. An understanding of each component and how the extrusion process is affected is critical to forming an approach for effective diagnostics and troubleshooting.

Starch One of the main categories of components found within many of the extruded products is carbohydrates. The primary type is starch, a complex carbohydrate. The starch is usually sourced from either the cereal grains or from tubers. The cooking process has a pronounced effect upon the starch. In the raw state, starch has a granular nature and exists as a distinct particle (or granule) with very strong internal attractions between the various portions of the starch molecule within 12 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

the granule. This is also the condition of the starch as it enters the extruder barrel. This condition is commonly referred to as ‘raw’ or ‘native’ starch.

Starch may be gelatinized at different moisture levels. For example, when boiling starch, moisture levels as high as 90 percent w/w are used, but in the extruder barrel, much lower moisture levels are used. However, the extrusion cooking process is seldom operated with an excess of water. The total operating moisture is typically w ≈ 15-30 percent w/w.

In the extruder, the complete rupture of the starch granule is brought about by the combination of the moisture, the heat, the pressure and most importantly the mechanical shear. This process will typically take between 10-15 seconds.

Within the extruder, moisture is required to allow starch to gelatinize into a fluid mass, permitting it to pass through the die opening at the discharge of the extruder. As the material discharges from the die, the moisture level should be sufficiently high to retain its fluidity, but low enough to ensure that the starch will stiffen up (as a result of the inherent moisture and temperature losses, which occur at the die). As a result, moisture levels in the range of 15-30 percent w/w are typical. Excessively low moisture limits the lubricating effect as the product is conveyed along the barrel, causing high energy consumption. Water content also allows the expanded product to remain soft, permitting the cell structure to puff (and subsequently collapse).

The gelatinization of starch is affected by the conditions of heat and moisture during cooking. Additional cooking of gelatinized starch increases the viscosity and the surface tension of the gel sufficiently to cause the material to become so thick it cannot be poured from an open container. This condition is referred to as retrogradation.

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FEATURE soluble) structure of the protein. The high temperature processing of ingredients will be reflected in low PDI values and dark colours.

Animal proteins are supplied to the extrusion system in a fresh (un-cooked or lightly cooked) or spray-dried form that will have significant solubility and functionality. Protein solubility is an indication of the degree of denaturation of protein ingredients.

Denaturation does not necessarily impact protein digestibility. Denaturation does impact extrusion functionality and usually occurs in a temperature range of 55-70 째C.

Starch, when cooked, can be puffed or expanded to a remarkable degree. If a comparison between the diameters of the expanded product to the diameter of the die orifice is used to express the degree of expansion, then starch can be expanded by a factor of up to five.

Protein The next most important category of components is the proteins. The extrusion process has been found to provide sufficient cooking to denature proteins, but because of the short retention time, does little damage to the nutritional value of the heat-sensitive amino acids. The denaturation of protein is a phenomenon very similar to the gelatinization of starch. In the presence of heat and moisture the grains hydrate and swell. The action of the shear encountered within the extruder barrel leads to the rupture of the membrane and the disentanglement of the molecules.

The shear also leads to the alignment and stretching of these molecules.

Due to these changes the formulation becomes a plasticized, fluid mass. As the mass begins to cool cross-linking of the molecules into a three-dimensional structure begins to occur, leading to a rigid physical form.

As a result of denaturation, protein may undergo one or more of the following changes: 1. Those proteins which are enzymes lose their enzymic activity 2. Those proteins that are difficult to digest become more digestible 3. Those proteins which are soluble in their native state lose their solubility and coagulate after being denatured When more severe cooking takes place, the protein is not merely denatured, but is hardened beyond that stage to a very tough, horn-like condition. Under specific conditions, severe cooking can damage certain amino acids, rendering them unavailable to animal nutrition.

Proteins can be classified as plant and vegetable sources or as animal and marine sources. Vegetable or plant proteins are largely water-soluble and therefore possess very functional properties during extrusion.

The functionality or water-soluble properties of plant proteins can be measured with several laboratory tests. The primary test for potential functionality is the measurement of protein dispersibility index (PDI). The PDI is a means of comparing the solubility of a protein in water, and is widely used in the soybean processing industry. A PDI of 100 indicates total solubility.

During the milling or extraction steps to refine a plant protein for use as an ingredient in extruded products, there are often one or more heating steps which affect the PDI value. These heating or drying operations are usually very mild and do not significantly lower PDI values. A PDI value of greater than 40 will have significant functionality during extrusion, reasonable binding, and some expansion potential. Extremely high PDI values (>80) may actually be so functional that, at high levels in a recipe, may contribute to a stickiness or tackiness when hydrated that eventually results in unstable extrusion conditions.

Proteins of animal or marine origin may be subjected to higher temperatures during manufacturing. Higher process temperatures are employed for many reasons including improved extraction and separation from fat and water components, and adequate pasteurization. Where high temperatures have been employed over an extended time period, the resulting protein solubility is quite low and these proteins may be essentially inert during the extrusion process. Inert means that the protein will not contribute to binding or expansion, but may actually reduce expansion. This is in part due to the presence of significant levels of minerals and fat components, but mainly due to the denatured (non14 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

Oil and other lipid components Extrusion does not seem to adversely affect fats and oils. Studies have shown little or no changes in the free fatty acid levels, nor any indication of rancidity due to heat oxidation of the fat. Proper levels of fat are important in the cooking process. Fat is a lubricant, allowing product to ease through the screw(s) and barrel of the extruder with less resistance.

Too much fat retards product expansion and the degree of cook, making a denser product.

More retention time in the barrel, together with higher temperatures, in most instances will tolerate levels of fat in excess of 12-15 percent w/w.

Conversely if the fat is bound, such as in a coarsely ground or whole oil seed, then significantly higher levels of fat may be tolerated.

Almost all ingredients contain some level of oil or other lipid constituents. Oils or derivatives of various fats such as lecithin or mono and diglycerides are often added to recipes to impart specific emulsifying or textural properties. The presence of oil and similar ingredients will act as a lubricant in the extruder screw. Fat addition reduces specific mechanical energy inputs.

At lower inclusion rates, lipids can disrupt cell structure and texture by affecting plasticity and viscosity. In most recipes, the addition of lipids will begin to affect expansion and product durability at levels of less than 7 percent (total crude fat). If internal fat levels exceed 12 percent (total crude fat), distinct shapes may not be possible. At moderate inclusion levels, fats will tend to yield large cell sizes and thick cell walls in the extrudate.

Fibre Materials with a high fibre content show an increase in bulk density after expansion, when the product densities are based upon uniform grinds of feed and expanded product. The presence of the fibre particles appears to provide a nucleation site for bubble formation during the puffing process. At low inclusion levels (less than 5 %), fibrous ingredients may not have a noticeable impact on extruded products. Particle size of the fibre is important and if smaller than 400 microns, the fibre may actually increase expansion and reduce bulk density of the

FEATURE

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Large particles of fibre in a recipe usually result in a coarse, fuzzy product surface appearance after extrusion. If the particle size is less than 50 microns, there is less effect on expansion even at higher levels in the recipe. Very fine fibre particles create an extremely small cell structure in the product after extrusion. Insoluble fibre remains nearly inert during extrusion and the individual fibre particulates can serve as nucleating sites during the expansion process at the die. More soluble forms of fibre have less contribution to reduced expansion even at high inclusion levels.

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The Phase Transition Analyzer (PTA) instrument measures the glass and melt transition temperature of ingredients which are a complex mix of biopolymers.

Knowing the glass and melt transition temperatures of the ingredients or ingredient mix helps assess the suitability of the raw materials for extrusion and how the properties of that recipe will be

16 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

affected by the extrusion temperatures and moistures.

Grinding and mixing and extrusion The particle size of the raw materials will affect the texture and uniformity of the final product.

The extrusion cooking process can utilize a broad spectrum of ingredient particle sizes. It is desirable, but not necessarily essential that particles be of uniform size and density to prevent segregation during mixing and transport prior to extrusion. Most importantly, a uniform particle size promotes uniform moisture uptake and cooking during extrusion which prevents hard, partially cooked particles in the final product.

When whole grains are received into the manufacturing facility, they should be pre-ground to pass through an opening of 1,000 micron or larger prior to mixing. The final formulation is then ground just prior to extrusion to achieve the desired final particle size. When die openings are 3 mm in diameter or larger, it is common for this final grinding step to be through a screen having 1.2 mm openings. With die openings smaller than 3 mm in diameter, the maximum particle size should be one-third of the die opening. Smaller ingredient article size results in smaller cell structure of the extrudate.

Conclusion Raw materials are selected primarily based on their nutritional and functional contributions. Secondly, economics enters into the selection process. Many recipes are formulated based on least cost formulation software programs. Thirdly, the availability of the raw material becomes a factor.

When purchasing or selecting raw materials, establish a specification range based on desirable characteristics. This range of specifications should include the proximate analysis and other known critical qualities. However, some desirable characteristics are only vaguely recognised and no satisfactory test exists as yet to monitor quality in a reliable manner.

There exist variabilities within a raw material due to influences such as the variety, growing season, and post-harvest handling or processing of grains. Different types of grains, legumes, and variations within animal or marine protein sources are reflected in the processability of raw materials. Many problems can be avoided by developing historical databases that record raw material characteristics that correlate with good processing. Establishing a sample library of acceptable and unacceptable raw materials may be especially useful in maintaining a smooth running extruder and troubleshooting future challenges.

More Information: Email: mnriaz@tamu.edu

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FEATURE

Fine particle filtration in aquaculture

by Katie Adema, journalist, Waterco Ltd, Australia

A

quaculture is the fastest growing animal production industry in the world; almost every region is experiencing rapid growth in the farming of fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants.

Worth over AUD$200 billion globally, the aquaculture industry has been growing at a faster rate than the world’s population for the past five decades, resulting in a very competitive marketplace today.

Such dramatic growth in the aquaculture industry has driven trends in filtration and oxygenation techniques forward to focus on high efficiency systems which offer fine particle filtration. This is due to the realisation that systems chosen purely for their low cost may not necessarily deliver profitable results. The health and growth of your fish depend greatly upon the filtration and oxygenation of the water in which they live.

Therefore, it is vital you invest in a quality

system so you can produce large, healthy fish as quickly as possible to increase your profit margin.

“The filtration for aquaculture is very different to anything else, as you are filtering totally different material which is much larger in mass – such as pond weed, fish food and fish waste,” says Bryan Goh, director, Waterco Ltd, Australia, an international manufacturer, which produces a range of filtration solutions for commercial and domestic systems.

Those using closed systems have taken particularly to recirculating filtration systems, which entail the same water being recirculated an infinite number of times after being properly filtered and slightly topped up to make up for the water which is lost through evaporation.

Fine particles are defined as particulate matter that is 2.5 microns or less in diameter; therefore, they can be left behind by some filtration systems that are not designed to capture particles that small.

Fine particle filtration is important for three reasons: 1. The amount of waste that fish produce can quickly destroy water clarity and reduce the amount of oxygen the fish can absorb, which in turn lowers their growth rate. The quicker this waste is removed; less oxygen will be used by the bacteria that are breaking it down 2. Substances that are toxic to fish in small quantities, such as ammonia and nitrite, need to be removed quickly before they use up a great deal of the oxygen in the water and impact on the health of your fish 3. Large amounts of feed can also introduce waste into the water and encourage bacteria growth, which eat up the oxygen supply that your fish need; adequate filtration addresses this issue

Types of filtration The movement towards fine particle filtration has resulted in a few particular types of filtration and waste removal systems being favoured in the aquaculture industry. These include screens, gravitational settling, sand and bead filters, flotation/foam fractionation and centrifuges.

Gravitational settling, also known as sedimentation, is a waste removal system that depends on the different densities of the water and waste particles drawing the waste particles down and out of the tank. However, waste particles in aquaculture are usually only slightly denser than the water and so can take time to settle. Faster separation is achieved when the density is vastly different; most aquaculture systems use 15-20 minute retention times for waste.

Filter screens Filter screens are a form of mechanical waste removal. Opening sizes can vary from 18 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

FEATURE several millimeters to less than 0.001 micron.

Fine filtration systems, such as microscreen drum filters which are already commonly used in aquaculture, typically require much larger filter screens and/or higher pressures to operate effectively than a screen with larger openings.

“This means stocking rates can be increased, with subsequent improved production. MultiCyclones in fish culture systems are best deployed on the system return pump prior to, say, bag or cartridge polishing filters on the way back to the fish tank. ”

Centrifuges and hydro clones

Sand or bead filters

Centrifuges and hydro clones are growing in popularity as they cross from domestic use into commercial use. Cylindrical in shape, the mechanism rotates the central chamber very rapidly, forcing waste particles that are denser than the water to the sides of the cylinder. A layer of water from the outer rim is then taken out, which removes most of the particles with it, leaving the clean water in the centre to be put back into the aquaculture system.

Bruce Atkinson, aquaculture design and sales manager, Aquasonic, Australia, says centrifugal solutions such as Waterco’s new range of MultiCyclone filters can allow you to increase stocking rates.

“The link between feed rates and MultiCyclones is fairly obvious for fish culture systems,” says Atkinson. “With the addition of the MultiCyclone, more efficient mechanical filtration takes place and hence greater volumes of feed can be introduced without system fouling caused by organic deposition and bacterial proliferation.

Sand or bead filters can be either fixed bed and particle bed filters that consist of a box filled with sand or another particulate material. To achieve fine particle filtration, the filter medium should be very fine grain and may also need to be pressurised. Water passes through the fixed bed either in a downward direction or and upward direction (down flow and up flow), and waste particles are removed by the sand/beads. The size of particles removed depends on the size of the filter medium, flow rate and waste characteristics. A sand/bead filter may need frequent backwashing if waste is very concentrated.

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Floatation or foam fractionation Floatation or foam fractionation is a form of chemical filtration; this type of filtration is able to retrieve very fine particles from an aquaculture system, and is consequently already

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FEATURE

In focus: koi ponds Although koi ponds are most commonly used as an aesthetic addition to a backyard, they rely on a delicate balance of filtration and oxygenation to keep the fish healthy, just like a tank used for commercial aquaculture.

The large amount of waste these fast growing fish produce also makes them a good example of the importance of fine particle filtration and oxygen saturation. A koi pond usually requires both a mechanical filter and a biological filter to maintain water clarity and fish health.

A turnover rate of at least 1.5 times per hour will ensure good circulation, aeration and filtration.

“In many cases, large pre-filter systems are required, such as vortex chambers and/or sieves as well as a main filtration system that in many cases is used both as a mechanical as well as a biological filter. This literally traps the solid wastes and removes them from the water flow and provides a large surface area to support the growth of beneficial bacteria that breaks down pollutants in the water,” explains Bryan Goh, director, Waterco, Australia.

“Such filters can be single or multimedia chambers as well as bead filters. The filtration system is not only designed based on the volume of water but also the quantity and size of fish, anticipated feeding cycles and the amount of fish waste.”

Filtration needs to be backed up with adequate oxygen saturation levels, delivered by oxygen cones, water plants and/or aeration. One thousand litres of water saturated with oxygen at 8 parts per million contains only 8 grams of dissolved oxygen. The health of koi fish is compromised when oxygen levels fall below 6 ppm, something that 10 kg of fish which consume about three grams of oxygen per hour can bring about in about 40 minutes without the help of adequate filtration and oxygenation.

used widely. It takes advantage of the surface tension and charges at the air/water interface, using bubbles to capture dissolved and very fine particle matter. In this system, an air stone in the bottom of a vertical pipe produces bubbles. As they rise through the pipe they collect dissolved minerals from the bulk liquid,

and when the bubbles reach the surface and are removed, so are the waste particles. It’s a simple, inexpensive form of filtration that can also remove dissolved pollutants from the water. This removal mechanism is particularly effective in saltwater applications, as formation of fine bubbles is much easier than in fresh water applications.

It is quite common in aquaculture to use a combination of different filtration and waste removal systems to achieve optimum water quality.

Oxygen cones

Oxygen concentration is worth mentioning in relation to fine particle filtration because the bacteria that break down fish waste and leftover feed use up a great deal of oxygen, which is paramount to fish health and growth. The longer this waste is left in the water, the smaller it becomes as it is broken down, causing it to be very difficult to remove. Therefore, this waste needs to be removed as quickly and as effectively as possible by your filtration system, which needs to be equipped to handle very small particles of waste.

After filtration, an oxygen cone can be used to restore oxygen saturation to optimum levels.

“Oxygen cones have the ability to increase O² levels in fish culture systems, with increased levels of O² being of great benefit to fish health in general,” says Atkinson.

“In experiments carried out on halibut spe-

20 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

cies, oxygen saturation levels were shown to have a positive effect on the growth and feed conversion ratio at 80 percent and 120 percent saturation.

“The conclusion was that the oxygen saturation levels have a positive effect on growth and feed conversion ratios of fish, and in the case of Atlantic halibut, the growth rate is higher when the oxygen level is between 80 percent and 120 percent.”

The correct combination of oxygen, fresh water and food is essential for fish production, and maintaining water oxygen levels is a careful balancing act.

Waterco’s specially created Oxygen Cone allows the oxygen levels in water to be managed more effectively for higher quantities of fish per volume of water. The industry standard for most species of fish is up to 50 kg of stock to 1,000 litres of water; with an oxygen cone, you can increase your productivity and stocking rates.

Oxygen cones inject oxygen into the water delivery line and into the fish culture tanks. The Oxygen Cone is shaped to optimise the saturation of gases in water - up to 100 percent.

Water and oxygen enter at the top of the cone at relatively high speed and then the stream of water pushes the oxygen bubbles down until they completely dissolve.

“Several studies have investigated the relationship between oxygen saturation and fish food intake,” says Atkinson “In 1976, Randolph and Clemens found that feeding patterns of channel catfish varied with temperature and oxygen availability.

When the oxygen content drops below 59 percent, a fish starts to lose its appetite.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) appetite is reduced when oxygen saturation falls below approximately 60 percent.”

“From these studies, using varied species it can be concluded that by increasing oxygen saturation with the use of a saturation vessel such as a Waterco Oxygen Cone, the farmer can increase his production significantly and save on food costs as well because of improved feed conversion ratios.”

More Information: Waterco Ltd Tel: +44 1795 521733 Email: info@waterco.eu Website: www.waterco.eu Aquasonic P/L Aquaculture Supplies Tel: +61 2 6586 4933 Email: aquaculture@aquasonic.com.au Website: www.aquasonic.com.au

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FEATURE

Chelated minerals in aquaculture

by A Rodriguez, I Lopez, E Sujka, S De la Cuesta, C Lopez, R Nieto, Liptosa technical team, Spain

T

race minerals found in mammals and birds are very important in the metabolism of the aquaculture species. The inclusion of trace mineral in aquafeeds is a guarantee to reach a good level of growth and development.

The main functions we have to highlight are the essential role in the skeleton and soft tissues involved in nerve transmission, as well as in the maintenance of pressure and regulation of blood pH. They are part of many enzymes, vitamins, hormones and act as enzyme activators. Trace minerals act by modulating the immune system and are essential in preventing deficiency and pathological diseases of different kinds.

The mineral requirements in aquaculture species are well defined, although in recent years much research has been done on the way to provide them. Fish are able to absorb minerals from the environment through the gills, although they need a nutritional mineral supplement in the diet. Traditionally, the mineral supplementation has been carried out by the intake of inorganic minerals.

In the last few decades it has been shown that interactions between different minerals, when added inorganically, greatly hinder absorption. This effect has been traditionally compensated by increasing mineral doses.

However, this increase of inclusion levels has lead to negative effects on the environment.

The use of organic minerals (chelated minerals), with better absorption and lower interaction problems, allows us to meet the needs of the aquaculture species without overdosing diets, avoiding environmental problems, maximizing growth, and lowering the inclusion cost.

Contribution and bioavailability of minerals in aquaculture

ence of certain substances in the diet such as phytate, or high calcium or phosphorus content, also decrease mineral absorption capacity.

In herbivorous fish species, whose diets have a high percentage of vegetable raw materials, it is necessary to provide a higher amount of minerals an inorganic form, given the high phytate content.

The bioavailability of minerals is also conditioned by the digestibility of feed, the particle size, the synergistic or antagonistic interactions, health status of the fish, the species, and the chemical state of the mineral (Watanabe et al. 1997).

The contribution of minerals to fish and shrimp farming comes from feed ingredients, as well as from the contribution provided by the mineral concealer and the absorption ability, through the skin and gills, of those minerals dissolved in water.

Mineral requirements differ among species of fresh water and seawater, due to the different capacity to absorb minerals from water, which is caused by the different osmotic pressure in both groups.

In aquafeed, minerals usually are added to the feed in an inorganic form, combined with other chemical elements, such as carbonates, phosphates, sulfates and oxides. Chelation - an effective solution In this embodiment, the inorganic mineral to increase the bioavailability absorption doesn’t show a high efficiency.

Chelation is a process which occurs natuA high percentage of minerals are not rally in the body of living creatures. As clear absorbed in the intestine. When they inter- examples of chelation we have hemoglobin act with other elements, they do not reach with iron, chlorophyll with manganese, or the bloodstream to go to the different cobalt with vitamin B12, which allows the organs and tissues. mineral (metal), in an inorganic form, to be The absorption efficiency of inorganic minerals in aquaculture is at an average/lower level, below 20 percent.

For this reason, in animal nutrition there is a tendency to incorporate high amounts of minerals, to ensure the real needs of the organism.

It is important to Infrared spectrophotometry of a Zn glycinate stress that the pres22 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

FEATURE transformed to an organic form, increasing availability. Inorganic minerals are chelated in the intestine, in order to enable their transport across the intestinal wall.

Aquaculture nutrition, like in mammal and bird nutrition, found an alternative in the chelation process, which is a very effective alternative to greatly increase the absorption of essential minerals.

Chelation is a highly effective technology for the protection of inorganic minerals, and currently is a widespread practice in animal nutrition. It allows essential minerals to be managed more rationally, increasing their bioavailability. This also helps avoid excretion into

Zinc deficiency in salmon the environment due to lack of absorption and contributes positively to reduce environmental pollution.

Minerals, by default or excess of absorption may be harmful to health. The interaction between chelated minerals is much lower than the one that occurs when minerals are presented on inorganic form. In turn, inorganic minerals act on B vitamins, enabling oxidation. An example of mineral interaction is the one that takes place between the iron and zinc.

It has been shown that a mineral chelate could be up to four times more bioavailable when is presented inorganically. Therefore, chelation becomes a very useful process for optimizing diets, according to the needs, either in isolation or in a chelated mineral complex, specifically formulated for a target species.

Amino acid chelated minerals It is very important to highlight that although amino acids are not the only chelating agents used, the organic minerals with the greatest bioavailability are amino acid chelated minerals. The amino acid molecule acts as a protection of mineral interactions with the substances present in the gastric juice.

Chelates of molecular weight below 800 dalton, are capable of crossing the membranes of the intestinal cells without being hydrolyzed in the lumen. However, chelates bigger than dipeptides, cannot be transported efficiently and end up being hydrolyzed in the gut.

During the 1990s the first chelated miner-

als with methionate began to be produced. Subsequently, in 2003 proteinate chelation started and by 2006 the EU approved Glycinates chelation.

Glycine, due to its high protein content, allows a very strong link with the mineral, allowing the preparation of chelated minerals, characterised by its high stability and bioavailability.

The body's ability to absorb single amino acids is very high. Glycine is the most efficient amino acid because of its easy absorption into the intestinal wall, due to its low molecular weight.

Glycine added to the diet can protect the body against endotoxins and can face the shock caused by bleeding. It also reduces liver damage induced by hepatotoxic drugs and acts against inflammation by reducing cytokine formation.

The stability coefficient of chelated minerals to assess absorption ability must be in the range of 4-5. Glycinate provides a better stability coefficient than methionates; for example the stability constant of zinc glycinate is 5.26 compared to the 4.38 of zinc methionine.

The stability coefficient of iron glycinate is about 10.0 versus 9.1 from iron methionate. Infrared spectrophotometry is the technique used to evaluate the quality of chelation and therefore its bioavailability.

ADDITIVES FOR AQUACULTURE SOLUTIONS

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FEATURE • Stable in different pH ranges • Stable at high temperatures • Low molecular weight, less than 200 Dalton, which ease an absorption level close to 100 percent • No interaction with other substances, macrominerales or microminerals from the diet, favouring its absorption into the intestinal lumen • Chelation doesn´t have an ionizable neutral charge, so it’s less reactive • It is not pollutant due to its high degree of absorption • It doesn’t provide flavour to the feed, but it’s more palatable than inorganic minerals

Contribution to sustainability

Importance of minerals Zn and Fe in aquaculture Zinc and iron also play an important role in fish and shrimp metabolism. Zinc requirements are estimated between 15-40 mg / kg, and iron between 30-170 mg / kg of diet, depending on the specie. (Watanabe et al.

(1988). Hilton (1989) Lall (1989) and Steffens (1989).

Zinc is an essential mineral as it is a component of a large number of metalloenzymes such as carbonic anhydrase, which is involved in the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood, and the alkaline phosphatase.

In turn, it acts as cofactor in many enzymatic processes involved in the metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Also, it has been reported its role in the synthesis of RNA and DNA, as well as in proteins, hormones, in processes of wound healing, and anti stress effect.

Zinc deficiencies in fish diets cause poor growth, poor appetite, blindness, developmental problems in the skeleton, with smaller vertebrae, and bone matrix with a lower hardness.

Zinc deficiency reduces the digestibility of proteins and carbohydrates, probably due to poor activity of the enzyme carboxypeptidase (Ogino and Yang, 1978). Abnormalities in the skin and fins due to zinc deficiencies have also been reported.

Iron, like zinc, is an essential component of many enzymes and various enzymatic systems.

It is an essential component of hemoglobin and myoglobin and is a key factor in the transport of oxygen within the body.

Iron content in fish is relatively low compared with that of vertebrates (Van

Dijk et 1975) although at gill level, absorption also occurs. This takes place in the intestinal mucosa is where iron content is higher.

The extended iron deficiency in fish causes anemia and poor growth, as well as an increasing sensitivity to infections. The major contribution of the iron in fish comes from the diet, due to the low concentration of iron in farm water (NRC 1993).

Iron is one of the minerals involved in lipid oxidation processes. Ferric salts catalyze the formation of hydroperoxides and free radicals, providing a free radical in presence of unsaturated fatty acids and oxygen (Chvapil et al., 1974, Lee et al., 1981, Fujimoto et al., 1982).

The supply of chelated iron in the diet, at a much lower dose than those reported in inorganic form (due to its higher bioavailability), is a good choice for the development of aquaculture diets with a high content of lipids and pigments, and for preventing oxidative processes.

Replacement practices of animal raw materials by those of plant origin cause significant variations in the content provided by trace minerals. The addition of chelated minerals provides a balance to the replacement of raw materials, and allows effective corrections in the diet.

Iron and zinc glycinates The chelation with one or two molecules of glycine has shown a great impact on aquaculture due to the following advantages: • No interaction with other compounds in the intestine 24 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

In the aquaculture sector there is growing sustainability commitment to achieve cleaner and environmentally friendly production. The global demand for aquaculture species increases every year due to the increasing demand for animal protein worldwide.

Fish farms have increased their degree of specialization and efficiency greatly, so the time invested in the development of the production cycle and the cost of feed, plays a key role on the profitability of the companies.

Thanks to the efforts in genetic improvement, some aquaculture species exhibit a high level of development, showing a high growth potential and feed efficiency. On the other hand, other aquaculture species should go deeper into the genetic improvement with the aim of optimizing their production and preserve the environment.

The addition of chelated minerals to the diet allow us to provide certain amounts of minerals according to the needs of the fish.

Chelated minerals provide greater bioavailability and produce lower excretion rates in comparison with inorganic minerals.

A balanced diet is one that incorporates a greater diversity of ingredients with a compensatory effect between them. From an environmental point of view, the best diet is one that provides a higher degree of digestibility.

Mineral bioavailability within a diet is a factor to be considered, because of supplementation can be reduced threefold with respect to the contributions in inorganic form.

As a final conclusion we can say that in aquaculture nutrition, the benefit provided by the use of chelated minerals in the diet must be taken into account, to allow a more bioavailable and balanced contribution.

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July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 25

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS

Effect of probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia

by FF Khalil, Ahmed Ismail Mehrim and Montaha E M Hassan, Al-Mansoura University, Egypt

H

ormones, antibiotics, ionophers and some salts compounds have been used as growth promoters and to some extent to prevent diseases. However, their inadequate applications show a negative effect on aquaculture production and environment (Góngora, 1998). Functional additives, like probiotics, are a new concept in aquaculture (Li and Gatlin III, 2004) where the additions of microorganisms in diets show a positive effect on growth caused by the best use of carbohydrates, protein, and energy (Irianto and Austin, 2002). It further diminishes mortality by disease, antagonism to pathogens, and better microbial intestinal balance in the environment (Holmström et al., 2003).

The use of probiotics for farm animals has increased considerably over the last 15 years.

Once ingested, the probiotic microorganisms can modulate the balance and activities of the gastrointestinal microbiota, whose role is fundamental to gut homeostasis. The most important benefits of yeast and bacterial probiotics upon the gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem in ruminants and monogastric animals (equines, pigs, poultry, fish) were reported in the recent scientific literature (Chaucheyras-Durand and Durand, 2010).

Nowadays, a number of preparations of probiotics are commercially available and have been introduced to fish, shrimp and molluscan farming as feed additives, or are incorporated in pond water (Wang et al., 2005).

Why tilapia?

Tilapias are the most successfully cultured fish in the world because of their fast growing and high efficiency to utilize the natural and artificial supplemented feeds (Ishak, 1980). Tilapias have become increasingly popular for farming as they are able to reproduce rapidly, easily bred in captivity, tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, are highly resistant to diseases, and most important of all, have good flavour.

Though the fish originated in Africa, Asian countries have become the leading producers of these fish (Rana, 1997). Tilapias are second only to carps as the most widely farmed freshwater fish in the world (FAO, 2010).

Table 3: Ingredients and proximate chemical analysis (% on dry matter basis) of the experimental basal diet

Table 1: Details of the experimental treatments Details

Ingedients

%

T1

Basal ration (BR)+ 0 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet (as a control)

T2

Basal ration (BR)+ 5 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet

Yellow corn

22.50

T3

Basal ration (BR)+ 10 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet

Rice bran

23.00

T4

Basal ration (BR)+ 15 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet

Soybean meal (44%)

37.50

T5

Basal ration (BR)+ 0 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet (as a control)

Fish meal (65%)

6.00

T6

Basal ration (BR)+ 0 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet (as a control)

Salts

0.50

T7

Basal ration (BR)+ 5 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet

Calcium carbonate

4.67

T8

Basal ration (BR)+ 10 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet

Vegetable oil

3.00

Table 2: Formula of the tested probiotic, Hydroyeast Aquaculture® Ingredients

Units/kg min.

Yeats probiotics

CFU/kg min.

Oligosaccharides

50,000 ppm

Active live yeast

5,000,000,000,000

3,750,000

Lactobacillius acidophlus

Enzymes Amylase

Premix

0.30

Di-nitro bio (Anti oxident)

0.025

Bintonite (as banding agent)

2.50

Nutrient composition Dry matter (DM)

88.18

Crude protein (CP)

25.10

22,500,000,000

Ether extract (EE)

7.90

Ash

7.30

Crude fibre

6.00

Probiotics

Protease

500,000

Bifedobacterium longhum

22,500,000,000

Cellulase

200,000

Bifedobactrium thermophylum

22,500,000,000

Pectinase

100,000

Streptococcus faecium

22,500,000,000

Xylanse

10,000

Phytase

3,000

26 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

Nitrogen free extract (NFE)

54.60

Gross energy (Kcal/100g DM(GE)*

440.94

Protein energy (P/E) ratio (mg CP/ Kcal GE)

56.92

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS stock nutrition is recognised as a major facADG Initial Final SGR tor that can AWG RGR (mg/ SR (%) weight weight (%/d) fish/day) influence fish reproduction and subseT1 81.0 117.6b 36.5c 45.1c 0.63c 0.64c 100.0 quent larval T2 82.4 137.2a 54.8ab 66.5a 0.94ab 0.88a 100.0 quality of T3 83.0 136.2a 48.9b 56.1b 0.84b 0.77b 100.0 many fish speT4 87.3 142.0a 58.9a 71.07a 1.01a 0.92a 100.0 cies (Izquierdo et al., 2001). ± SE 0.001 2.36 2.35 2.83 0.04 0.03 0.000 The developP-value 0.253 0.0004 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.526 ment of cost effective and Table 5: Effects of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic on growth performance of nutrient optiadult female O. niloticus mized brood ADG Initial Final SGR stock feeds for AWG RGR (mg/ SR (%) weight weight (%/d) tilapia is both fish/day) pertinent and crucial. Yet, T5 75.4 105.3b 29.8b 39.6b 0.52b 0.57b 100.0 many studies T6 81.1 122.4a 41.3a 50.9a 0.71a 0.71a 100.0 have revealed the positive T7 83.0 126.1a 43.1a 51.9a 0.74a 0.72a 100.0 effects of T8 81.0 102.4b 21.4c 26.4c 0.37c 0.41c 100.0 probiotics on ± SE 0.002 1.43 1.42 1.73 0.02 0.02 0.000 growth perP-value 0.128 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.466 formance in different O. Food availability and quality are known to niloticus stages such fry (Abdel-Tawwab et al., influence both fecundity and egg size in tilapia 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2010; Abdelhamid et (Coward and Bromage, 2000). So, brood al., 2012; Abdel-Tawwab, 2012) and finger-

Table 4: Effects of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic on growth performance of adult male O. niloticus

lings (Mehrim, 2009; Ghazalah et al., 2010; Khalafalla, 2010).

However, no attempts were designed concerning the effects of probiotics on growth performance of adult fish. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of graded levels of a new dietary probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® on both sexes of adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, concerning their growth performance, feed and nutrients utilization and carcass composition for eight weeks.

Experiment setup This study was conducted in Fish Research Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Al-Dakahlia, Egypt. Both sexes of healthy adult Nile tilapia O. niloticus, with an average initial body weight (83.4 ± 0.001 g) for adult males and (80.1 ± 0.002 g) for adult females were purchased from Integrated Fish Farm at Al-Manzala, Al-Dakhalia, Egypt.

Fish were stocked into rearing tanks for two weeks as an adaptation period, and fed on a basal diet during this period. Fish in both sexes (males and females), were distributed separately into eight experimental treatments (as three replicates per treatment) (Table 1).

Fish in each treatment were stoked at 10 fish/ m3 per tank. Each tank (1 m3 in volume) was constructed with an upper irrigation open, an under drainage, and an air stone connected

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FOCUS | PROBIOTICS

Table 6: Effects of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic on feed and nutrients utilization of adult male O. niloticus Protein utilization Treat.

Fl (g/fish)

FCR

FE (%)

PPV (%)

T1

123.1

T2

117.7

T3

129.3

PER

EU (%)

3.4a

29.6c

30.9a

1.2c

15.7a

2.1b

46.9a

29.0a

1.8a

13.6b

2.7b

37.8b

15.8b

1.5b

6.6b

T4

129.9

2.2b

45.4a

18.8b

1.8a

8.9c

± SE

5.22

0.16

1.97

1.22

0.07

0.64

P-value

0.364

0.002

0.0009

0.0001

0.0008

0.0001

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05); SE = Standard Error Table 7: Effects of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic on feed and nutrients utilization of adult female O. niloticus Protein utilization Treat.

Fl (g/fish)

FCR

FE (%)

PPV (%)

PER

EU (%)

T5

113.0c

3.7b

26.4b

13.6b

1.1b

11.2b

T6

120.5b

2.9c

34.3a

25.6a

1.3a

15.4a

T7

122.6a

2.8c

35.1a

15.0b

1.4a

11.1b

T8

113.2c

5.3a

18.8c

5.2c

0.8c

4.9c

0.62

0.12

1.17

0.67

0.04

0.41

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

0.0001

± SE P-value

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05); SE = Standard Error

to an electric compressor. Fresh underground water was used to change one third of the water in each tank every day.

Diet The tested probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® formula shown in Table 2, was produced by Agranco Corp, USA. The commercial diet, as basal ration (BR), used in the present study contains 25 percent crude protein, it was purchased from Al-Manzala manufacture for fish feed, Integrated Fish Farm at Al-Manzala, Dakhalia, Egypt. The ingredients and proximate chemical analysis of this commercial diet according to the manufacture's formula, is shown in Table 3.

The diet was ground to add the tested probiotic (Hydroyeast Aquaculture®) at levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/Kg diet, referred to

treatments No. T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, for males and T5, T6, T7 and T8 treatments for females (Table 1) and then all diets were repelleted. The experimental diets were introduced by hand twice daily at 9 a.m and 15 p.m at 3% of the fish biomass at each tank. The feed quantity was adjusted bi-weekly according to the actual body weight changes.

Fish sampling and performance parameters At the start and at the end of the experiment, fish samples were collected and kept frozen till the proximate analysis of the whole fish body according to AOAC (2000). Energy content in experimental fish was calculated according to NRC (1993), being 5.64 and 9.44 kcal/g for CP and EE, respectively.

Growth performance parameters of both 28 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

sexes of adult O. niloticus such as average total weight gain (AWG), average daily gain (ADG), relative growth rate % (RGR), specific growth rate %/day (SGR) and survival rate % (SR) were calculated. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency % (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value % (PPV) and energy utilization % (EU) were calculated according to the following equations: AWG (g/fish) = [Average final weight (g) Average initial weight (g)].

ADG (g/fish/day) = [AWG (g) / experimental period in days (d)].

RGR = 100 [AWG (g)/Average initial weight (g)].

SGR (%/day) = 100 [In final body weight - In initial body weight] / experimental period in days (d).

FCR = Feed Intake, (g)/Live weight gain (g).

FE = 100 [Live weight gain (g)/Feed Intake, (g)].

PER = Live weight gain (g)/protein intake (g).

PPV (%) = 100 [Final fish body protein content (g) - Initial fish body protein content (g)]/crude protein intake (g).

EU (%) = Retained energy x 100/consumed feed energy SR = 100 [Total number of fish at the end of the experimental/Total number of fish at the start of the experiment]. * GE (Kcal/100 g DM) = CP x 5.64 + EE x 9.44 + NFE x 4.11 calculated according to NRC (1993).

Statistical analysis The obtained data for males or for females were statistically analysed using general liner models (GLM) procedure according to SAS (2001) for users guide. The differences between means of treatments were compared for the significance (P ≤ 0.05) using Duncan's multiple rang test (Duncan, 1955), as described by Bailey (1995).

Results Growth performance parameters Male Growth performance parameters of adult males O. niloticus illustrated in Table 4 revealed that T4 (15 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet) was the best treatment followed by T2 (5 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet) and

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS Table 8: Effects of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic on carcass composition of adult male O. niloticus

Table 9: Effects of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic on carcass composition of adult female O. niloticus

% on dry matter basis Treat.

DM

% on dry matter basis

CP

EE

Ash

EC

52.2

30.7

16.9

585.1

25.2a

15.9c

570.4a

T5

20.9b

At the start of the experiment 25.3

Treat.

DM

CP

EE

Ash

EC

59.2

23.6

17.1

557.5

53.9c

26.8a

19.1a

557.7b

At the start of the experiment

At the end of the experiment

24.3

At the start of the experiment

T1

24.8a

58.9a

T2

20.6b

58.1a

23.8b

18.1b

552.9b

T6

22.4a

60.2a

24.1b

15.7b

566.9a

T3

18.2c

55.4b

24.3ab

20.3a

541.8c

T7

17.1d

55.7b

25.7a

18.5a

557.6b

T4

17.9c

55.5b

24.8ab

19.7a

547.5bc

T8

18.4c

55.6bc

25.7a

18.6a

559.9b

± SE P- value

0.19

0.55

0.37

0.35

2.21

0.0001

0.003

0.123

0.0001

0.0001

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05). DM: Dry matter (%); CP: Crude protein (%); EE: Ether extract (%); EC: Energy content (Kcal/100 g), calculated according to NRC (1993); SE: Standard Error

T3 (10 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet), which were gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05) final body weight, AWG, RGR, ADG and SGR than the control (T1). But, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) differences between T2 and T3 for final weight, AWG and ADG, as well as in SR among all treatments.

Female Data of growth performance parameters of adult females O. niloticus revealed that T7 (10 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet) was the best treatment followed by T6 (5 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/Kg diet), which were gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased final body weight, AWG, RGR, ADG and SGR than T8 (15 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/ Kg diet) and the control (T5). However, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) effects in SR among all treatments (Table 5).

Feed and nutrients utilization Male Results of feed nutrients utilization parameters of adult males O. niloticus were shown in Table 6, whereas T4 gave the highest significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased FE, PER and the best FCR followed by T2 compared with the control (T1) and T3. In contrast, PPV or EU increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in T1 followed by T2 compared with T3 and T4.

However, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) differences in FI among all treatments.

Female Adult females' O. niloticus fed 10 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/kg diet (T7) showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in FI, FE, PER and the best FCR followed by fish fed 5 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/kg diet (T6) compared with the control (T1). However, treatment 6 gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increase of PPV and EU among all treatments (Table 7).

Generally, the differences between males

± SE P- value

0.09

0.50

0.44

0.29

2.54

0.0001

0.0001

0.015

0.0001

0.070

Means in the same column having different small letters are significantly differ (P ≤ 0.05). DM: Dry matter (%); CP: Crude protein (%); EE: Ether extract (%); EC: Energy content (Kcal/100 g), calculated according to NRC (1993); SE: Standard Error

and females within all treatments concerning, feed and nutrients utilization parameters may be due to the differences in sexes, metabolism, physiological responses and sexual behaviours of fish during this stage of life.

Fish carcass composition

these results ash content increased significantly in T3 and T4 compared with T2 and the control T1. Generally, proximate chemical analysis of the whole fish body at the start, revealed higher DM, EE and EC than in the end of the experiment, but CP and ash were lower at the start than at the end of the experiment.

Female Adult female O. niloticus fed the 5 g Hydroyeast Aquaculture®/kg diet (T6)

Male Proximate chemical analysis of the whole adult male O. niloticus body at the start and at the end of the experiment is summarized in Table 8. These data indicated that there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases gets fish into shape of DM and EC content in the control group (T1) compared with the dietary inclusion of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® (T2, T3 and T4), but CP content was increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in T1 or T2 than the T3 and T4. However, Reduces deformities in larvae an unclear trend LARVIVA ProStart™ is the first early weaning was observed in diet with a unique probiotic approved by the EE, where the European Food Safety Authorities for its increasing in EE documented effect in reducing the occurrence content was not of vertebral deformities in fish larvae and fry. significant in T1 compared with T3 and T4 and www.biomar.com significant as compared with T2. In contrast, of July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 29

and fry

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS

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showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in DM, CP and EC contents among all treatments.

However, both the EE and ash contents recorded the same trend, whereas increased insignificantly in the control group (T5) compared with T7 and T8 and significantly increased compared with T6.

In general, unclear trend was recorded in proximate chemical analysis of the whole adult female' O. niloticus body at the start and at the end of the experimental period, which there were higher DM and CP than in the end of the experiment, but EE and ash were lower at start than at the end of the experiment.

Meanwhile, no any remarkable changes were observed in EC content at the start and the end of the experimental period (Table 9).

Discussion The positive effects in the present study of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic on adult males and females O niloticus growth performance and feed utilization, was found by Eid and Mohamed (2008), where they proved that Biogen® and Prmifer® improved the growth performance, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio and apparent protein digestibility for monosex tilapia fingerlings compared to fish fed the control diet.

Moreover, El-Ashram et al.

30 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

(2008) concluded that, super Biobuds® can improve body gain, survival and enhance resistance to challenge infection.

Yet, Abdelhamid and Elkatan (2006) found that dietary supplementation of Biobuds® slightly improved body weight gain but reduced the survival rate of tilapia fingerlings.

El-Haroun et al. (2006) and El-Haroun (2007) reported that Biogen® dietary supplementation improved growth performance and feed utilization, carcass protein and fat percentages as well as economical profit in Nile tilapia and catfish culture, respectively.

In this respect, Mehrim (2009) reported that dietary probiotic (Biogen®) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased all growth performance parameters of O. niloticus compared with the control group. Yet, Marzouk et al. (2008) found that probiotics (B. subtillis and Saccharomyces cerevisae) revealed significant improvement in growth parameters of O. niloticus.

However, Shelby et al. (2006) noted that the probiotic used with juvenile channel catfish diet had lack effect on specific growth promoting. Also, He et al. (2009) found that supplementation of dietary DVAQUA® showed no effects on growth performance, feed conversion and survival rate of the hybrid tilapia.

The reasons for the differences between fish species have not been elucidated, but might be due to the differences in aquaculture and physiological conditions, composition of the probiotic and the type of basal ingredients in diets.

In this context, many studies concluded a positive effect of using viable microorganisms in probiotic mixtures into diets of fish (Pangrahi et al., 2005; Barnes et al., 2006; AboState et al., 2009). According to the results of the present study and those obtained by others; it seems that probiotics may stimulate appetite and improve nutrition by the production of vitamins, detoxification of compounds in the diet, and by breakdown of indigestible components (Irianto and Austin, 2002). Also, Varley (2008) cited also that probiotics show real benefits in the synergistic effects with the beneficial bacteria in making inroads into improving gut health.

Probiotics and FCR Probiotics improve feed conversion efficiency and live weight gains (Saenz de Rodriguez et al., 2009). So, the supplementation of commercial live yeast, S. cerevisiae, improved growth and feed utilization (AbdelTawwab et al., 2008). Yet, similar results were obtained when S. cerevisiae was added to fish diet for Israeli carp (Noh et al., 1994) and Nile tilapia (Lara-Flores et al., 2003).

Moreover, Mehrim (2009) found similar positive effects of Biogen® on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and carcass composition of O. niloticus. Rawling et al. (2009) reported that daily feed intake was significantly

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS

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Visit: www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaculturenews July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 31

ul

Growth of fish and feed conversion

This article was originally published on

© 2012-2013 Reed Mariculture, Inc. All Rights reserved.

Instant Algae, Instant Zooplankton, RotiGrow, Shellfish Diet, and “Providing Superior Feeds for Superior Results”are trademarks or registered trademarks of Reed Mariculture Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Effect of yeast on wholebody composition

together with carcass composition are generally affected by species, genetic strain, sex, stage of reproductive cycle, etc, leading to different nutritional requirements (Jauncey, 1998). In this respect, yeast supplementation significantly affected the whole-fish body composition (Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008).

These results suggest that yeast supplementation plays a role in enhancing feed intake with a subsequent enhancement of fish body composition, as well as yeast supplements significantly affected ash content of O. niloticus (Abdel-Tawwab, 2012). On the other hand, changes in protein and lipid content in fish body could be linked with changes in their synthesis, deposition rate in muscle and/ or different growth rate (Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2006).

In this topic, Khattab et al. (2004) reported that crude protein, total lipids and ash were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by protein level and increasing stocking density rate of tilapia fish. Yet, Abdelhamid et al. (2007)

Prov id

higher in red tilapia (O. niloticus) fed Sangrovit® (Phytobiotics Gmbh, Etville, Germany) supplemented diets compared to control and that feed utilization was not significantly affected suggesting that improved growth was likely to be due to improved appetite of fish fed diets containing Sangrovit®.

The improved fish growth and feed utilization may possibly be due to improved nutrient digestibility. In this regard, Tovar et al. (2002), Lara-Flores et al. (2003), and Waché et al. (2006) found that the addition of live yeast improved diet and protein digestibility, which may explain the better growth and feed efficiency seen with yeast supplements. Also, De Schrijver and Ollevier (2000) reported a positive effect on apparent protein digestion when supplementing turbot feeds with the bacteria Vibrio proteolyticus.

reported that increasing dietary Betafin® (betaine) level caused a significant improve of O. niloticus body composition.

On the other side, the results in the present study are in close agreement with those of EL-Haroun et al. (2006), Mohamed et al. (2007), and Eid and Mohamed (2008) for tilapia and EL-Haroun, (2007) for catfish. In addition, Mehrim (2009) found positive effects of inclusion of Biogen® at a level of 3 g/kg on carcass composition of mono-sex O. niloticus fingerlings. These positive effects in carcass composition of experimental fish may be due to the dietary probiotic Biogen®, which caused the good growth performance of treated fish compared with the control group, as present findings of adult males and females O. niloticus growth performance (Tables 4 and 5), respectively.

From the forgoing results, it could be concluded that Hydroyeast Aquaculture® probiotic is useful at levels 15 g/kg diet (T4) and 10 g /kg diet (T7) for enhancing production performance of adult males and females Nile tilapia O. niloticus respectively, so may be using of this probiotic led to economic efficiency especially, for fish farming and hatcheries.

The Last Ocean

Adelie penguin - Courtesy of ©John Weller

PHOTOSHOOT

While the land of Antarctica is protected under a global treaty signed more than 50 years ago, the governance of the oceans around Antarctica allows for the rational use of a living resource. In 1996, the New Zealand Government encouraged a major New Zealand fishing company to explore the Ross Sea. They found Antarctic toothfish, a lucrative catch that is sold as Chilean sea bass in up-market restaurants around the world.

In June 2009, in a bid to globally advocate protection of the Ross Sea, Young co-founded the Last Ocean Charitable Trust. By early 2011, the Trust had

Adelie Colony - Courtesy of ©John Weller

In 2006, New Zealand director and producer of The Last Ocean, Peter Young traveled to the Ross Sea on a Russian icebreaker with John Weller, a

nature photographer from Boulder, Colorado. Young has since traveled the world, filming, interviewing scientists and campaigning to protect the world’s last untouched ocean from commercial fishing.

32 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

Minke whale - Courtesy of ©John Weller

The Ross Sea, a vast bay off the coast of Antarctica, has been identified as one of the last large undisturbed areas of ocean on the planet. While comprising just two percent of the Southern Ocean, the Ross Sea is the most productive stretch of Antarctic waters and boasts a rich diversity of species found nowhere else on earth. It is a haven for penguins, seals, whales, a range of fish species, and the species they feed upon. Dr David Ainley, an ecologist from the USA who has been studying the Ross Sea for more than forty years, describes the area as a ‘living laboratory, a place that can teach us about the workings of all marine ecosystems’.

Peter Young on the Ross Sea Ice shelf - Courtesy of ©John Weller

Antarctic_toothfish - Courtesy of ©Rob Robbins

For more information about how you can help The Last Ocean see page 5

information:

www.lastocean.org

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 33

Dave Ainley - Courtesy of ©John Weller

More

Peter Young filming Adelie penguins - Courtesy of ©Camille Seaman Page layout by Marnie Snell

In July of this year, a Ross Sea Region marine protected area (MPA) proposal was presented by the USA and New Zealand governments at a special meeting of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in Bremerhaven, Germany. As we went to print the meetings were underway. Whether CCAMLR is successful in securing marine protection for the waters around Antarctica will depend on the ability of the 25 member nations to reach a consensus.

Weddell seal - Courtesy of ©John Weller

Iceberg and Snow petrels - Courtesy of ©John Weller

secured a firm presence within the New Zealand media and political circles, and has worked hard to raise awareness about the Ross Sea.

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS

Effects of Sangrovit on the performances of tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultured in earthen ponds ®

by Dr Nguyen Nhu Tri and Prof Le Thanh Hung, Nong Lam University, Vietnam

T

ra catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a dominant cultured species in Vietnam in terms of production.

Its aquaculture production in 2011 was approximate 1.2 million metric tons.

The main culture system for tra catfish is an intensive model in earthen ponds with a very high density and yield. In this model, feed cost comprises the main part of production cost.

The cost feed increased recently, leading to a reduction in profit for farmers. In order to improve the profit of tra catfish farming, feed cost should be reduced. One of the measures to reduce feed cost is through feed additives which improve nutrient absorption and utilization.

Sangrovit® is an all-natural feed additive that has been utilized in many animal species.

The main active ingredients of Sangrovit® include bitter constituents, which help to enhance the absorption of feed and promote digestion. The special active substances included in Sangrovit®, belonging to the group of Benzophenanthridine and Protopine Alkaloids, have the additional effects of improving hormonal and chemostatic regulating mechanisms in feed uptake, nutrient absorption and availability. Therefore, it is feasible to utilize its characteristics in tra catfish intensive culture system in Vietnam.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Sangrovit® on the final mean weight, FCR, survival rate and non-specific immunity parameters of Pangasius hypophthalmus fingerling cultured in hapa installed in an earthen pond.

The present study consisted of two experiments conducted at Experimental Station, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Figure 1: Experimental hapa

Table 1: Tested Sangrovit® concentration Control

1

0g/ton of feed 25g/ton of feed

2

3

4

50g/ton of feed

75g/ton of feed

100g/ton of feed

Effect of Sangrovit® used as feed additives for Pangasius hypophthalmus feed Pangasius hypophthalmus fingerlings (9,8 ± 0,1 g) were randomly stocked into 15 1 m3 cages (1x1x1.3 m) installed in a 600 m2 earthen pond at an initial density of 40 fish per hapa (Figure 1) for four different levels of Sangrovit® supplementation (Table 1) with three replicates per treatment to determine the optimal dose in the feed.

The utilized feed was 2 mm extruded floating feed with the following specifications: 30 percent protein, 5 percent fat, ME min 2,800 Kcal and 6 percent maximum fibre. Fish were fed to satiation twice a day.

This experiment was conducted for 16 34 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

Table 2: Controlled water quality variables Temp

D.O.

pH

Maximum

31.2°C

8.2 ppm

6.79

Average

29.3°C

4.9 ppm

6.78

Minimum

27.1°C

1.6 ppm

6.71

weeks. Fish were weighed every four weeks to monitor growth and survival rates.

At the end of the first experiment, fish were harvested, counted and group weighed to determine final mean weight, FCR and survival rate.

Water quality variables were measured as follow: Dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH were measured twice a day (7 am and 4 pm) using YSI-550 digital oxygen/temperature meter

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS and Fisher-Scientific portable pH meter. Total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite were measured three times a week by spectrometric method.

Water in the pond was exchanged regularly to maintain good quality for the entire experimental period. The parameters of the water quality were maintained at the levels shown in the Table 2.

Table 3: Final mean weight, SGR (add ‘SGR’), FCR and survival rate of experimented fish Parameter Initial Wt (g)

Control

1

9.77 ± 0.10a

Final Wt (g) 75.86 ± 3.45a

2

3

4

9.78 ± 0.02a

9.72 ± 0.01a

9.74 ± 0.01a

9.82 ± 0.01 a

84.25 ± 9.15ab

87.19 ± 3.23ab

92.96 ± 3.97b

89.29 ± 3.45b

SGR (%/day)

2.31 ± 0.04a

2.41 ± 0.11ab

2.46 ± 0.04b

2.51 ± 0.04b

2.47 ± 0.11b

FCR

1.70 ± 0.02a

1.57 ± 0.08b

1.60 ± 0.01ab

1.51 ± 0.05b

1.49 ± 0.11b

Survival rate (%) 93.33 ± 5.20a

92.50 ± 2.50a

90.83 ± 2.88a

94.17 ± 5.20a

90.83 ± 1.44a

Sampling and analysis Initially, fish were weighed and randomly distributed into hapa. To minimize the fish not being stressed whilebeing weighed, MS222 was used to anaesthetize the fish. At the end of the trial, fish in each hapa were weighed.

Growth performances were monitored using specific growth rates (SGR) as follows: Specific Growth Rate (SGR) In which: - W2 : Mean weight at the end of the experiment - W1 : Mean weight at the beginning of the experiment - T2- T1 : Duration of the experiment 112 days (16 weeks)

Feed efficiency In the study, feed efficiency was monitored using the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) as follows

Table 4: Lysozyme activity of experimented fish Time

Control

1

2

3

4 147.5 ± 24.6a

0 hr

128.3 ± 35.3a

126.7 ± 30.6a

145.8 ± 36.4a

135.0 ± 32.5a

24 hrs

146.7 ± 38.8a

154.2 ± 47.9a

157.5 ± 18.0a

185.0 ± 2.50a

175.0 ± 55.2a

72 hrs

161.7 ± 34.0a

217.5 ± 23.8ab

313.3 ± 52.8ab

381.7 ± 25.7b

339.2 ± 121.6b

Table 5: White blood cell density (x103 cell/mm3) of experimented fish Time

Control

1

2

3

4

95.78 ± 3.89a

105.58 ±11.88a

98.34 ± 32.44a

0 hr

83.83 ± 3.05a

97.02 ± 20.44a

24 hrs

93.61 ± 30.18a

102.57 ± 27.39a 118.70 ± 35.35a 125.75 ± 23.06a 116.17 ± 30.99a

72 hrs

9.96 ± 4.77a

15.20 ± 3.56a

12.80 ± 1.92a

FCR = Total feed intake/ Total weight gain (W2 - W1) PER = (W2 - W1) / Protein intake Statistical analyses were performed using Minitab software version 16.0. Data collected from the experiment were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance

13.10 ± 4.35a

14.93 ± 2.29a

to determine if significant differences (P<0.05) in final mean weight, FCR, survival rate and non-specific immunity parameters between treatments. Tukey multiple comparison test was utilized to determine differences among treatment means.

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107-006_adv. aquafeed.indd 1

28/06/12 10:11

Need to keep up to date with news about pangasius?

Global Aquaculture News scours the web every day to bring you all of the latest information available.

Visit: www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaculturenews July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 35

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS

Figure 2: Impact of Sangrovit® supplementation on the Specific Growth Rate

Figure 3: Impact of Sangrovit® supplementation on the FCR

Figure 4: Lysozyme activity of experimented fish

Figure 5: White blood cell density of experimented fish

Results and discussion Data presented in Table 3 shows that final mean weight of the first three treatments was not significantly different (P>0.05). However, final mean weight of treatments 3 and 4 was significantly higher than that of the control.

The survival rate of all treatments was not significantly different. The highest SGR was obtained in treatment 3, followed by treatments 4 and 2 and significantly different from the control. It means that Sangrovit® supplemented to the feed at levels from 50-100 g/ton of feed are able to enhance growth rate of tra catfish (Figure 2).

Data are expressed as Mean ± SD. Data with the same superscript in the same row are not significant differences (P>0.05) One of the most important parameters to consider in tra catfish farming is FCR. Data from Table 3 showed that FCR of the control treatment was significantly higher than those belonged to treatments 1, 3 and 4. Sangrovit® supplementation to the feed at levels of 75 and 100 g/

ton helps to reduce FCR remarkably (Figure 3). That means the Sangrovit® supplementation in P. hypophthalmus feed has improved the feed utilization by enhancing the secretion of internal enzymes in digestive tract.

Effect of Sangrovit® on health improvement After the first experiment was completed, 15 fish from each hapa were randomly assigned to a 100-L fibreglass tank of a wet lab for a challenge test with Edwardsiella ictaluri to evaluate the effects of Sangrovit® on health status of experimented fish.

Lysozyme activity When the first experiment was completed, five fish from each hapa were challenged by dipping in a low-density Edwardsiella ictaluri solution (1.28 x 105 CFU/mL) for one hour in order to stimulate the activity of immune system.

Blood samples were taken right before challenging, 24 hours and 72 hours after challenging to measure lys-

36 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

ozyme activity. Lysozyme activity of all five treatments is presented in Table 4 and Figure 4.

Data are expressed as Mean ± SD. Data with the same superscript in the same row are not significant differences (P>0.05) Data in Table 4 and Figure show that serum lysozyme activity of all treatments Table 6: Survival rate of tra catfish at 14 days post challenge Treatment

Survival rate (%)

Control

11.11 ± 3.85a

1

17.78 ± 3.85ab

2

13.33 ± 6.67ab

3

22.22 ± 3.85b

4

20.00 ± 6.67ab

was not significantly different at 0 hours and 24 hours post challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri. However, this parameter was significantly higher in treatments 3 and 4 as compared to the control at 72 hours post challenge. The supplementation of Sangrovit® at levels of 75 and 100 g/ton of feed helped to boost immune system of tra catfish through increasing lysozyme activity

FOCUS | PROBIOTICS blood cell density was not significantly different among treatments at 0 hours, 24 hours and 72 hours post challenge.

However, this parameter tended to be higher in Sangrovit ® supplemented treatments as compared to the control at 24 hours and 72 hours post challenge. Sangrovit ® might enhance the production of white blood cell to fight against infected bacteria.

Figure 6: Survival rate of the tra catfish during 14 days

White blood cell density was determined at the same time frame as lysozyme activity measurement and presented in Table 5 and Figure 5.

Data are expressed as Mean ± SD. Data with the same superscript in the same row are not significant differences (P>0.05) Data in Table 5 shows that white

20th Annual Practical Short Course on

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Conclusions Notably Sangrovit® inclusion to commercial feed at levels of 75 g/ton enhanced growth rate, SGR and lysozyme activity of Pangasius hypophthalmus, and it also reduced FCR significantly. Further, a positive effect on the test fish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri was detected.

The measured influence can be attributed to the known effect on nutrient absorption and on the anti-inflammatory mode of action of Sangrovit®, which is particularly focused on the intestinal tract. Thus feed conversion and digestibility and the health status of fish was improved.

Therefore, Sangrovit® is recommended to be used in the feed at this level to increase return on investment of Pangasius hypophthalmus farming industry.

IV CONFERENCIA LATINOAMERICANA SOBRE CULTIVO DE PECES NATIVOS A

White blood cell density

Experimented fish were dipped in an Edwardsiella ictaluri solution (3.39 x 105 CFU/ml) for 1 hour and then returned to the tank.

Mortalities were monitored for 14 days.

During this period, water temperature was maintained at 26 °C, an optimal temperature for bacteria growth. Dead or moribund fish were retrieved from the tanks. They were necropsied, and bacterial laboratory diagnosis was made from the moribund and freshly dead fish.

Bacteria from moribund and freshly dead

LAT

M E RI C A N A INOA

IV CONFERENCI

to a level that significantly different from the control.

Survival

fish were isolated and classified by IDS 14 GNR test kit of Nam Khoa company.

The results of the second experiment were presented in Table 6 showed that the mortality of tra catfish started from day four and stopped at day 11-post challenge.

The survival rate of tra catfish in treatment 3 was significantly higher than that of the control. Sangrovit® supplementation at a level of 75 g/ton of feed could enhance survival rate of tra catfish when challenged by Edwardsiella ictaluri.

o discussion and live equipment demonstrations following lectures on four major types of extruders

Latin american & caribbean aquaculture

October 8-11, 2013 Villavicencio, Meta-Colombia

o 30+ lectures over a wide variety of aquaculture industry topics

XIX Journada de Acuicultura de la Universidad de los Llanos VI Foro Regional de Acuicultura.

o one-on-one interaction with qualified industry experts o at the internationally recognized Food Protein Hands-On Experience R&D Center on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas

For more information contact: General Organizer Committe E-mail conference:

eventosacuicultura2013@unillanos.edu.co E-mail exhibition:

mario@marevent.com www.conferenciapecesnativos2013.com www.was.org

o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat), coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feed formulation, and MUCH MORE!

For more information, visit

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July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 37

Supported by

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

CHANNEL

EXPERT TOPIC

CATFISH

Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

38 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

2 1 3

World view

1

USA

In 2009, the total channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) production was 449,753 tonnes with a value of more than US$658 million annually (FAO). Of this, the USA and China contributed 215, 887 tonnes and 223,233 tonnes respectively.

Although the USA and China are the principal channel catfish producers, several other countries have channel catfish aquaculture industries. Brazil produced almost 3,000 tonnes in 2009 and Mexico has consistently produced in the region of 1,500 tonnes a year.

Costa Ricaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s channel catfish industry started in the twenty-first century producing 100 tonnes a year. However, this tailed off and by 2009, production had fallen to just 10 tonnes.

One country where the channel catfish industry has grown rapidly is Cuba where production rose from 105 tonnes in 2000 to 6,031 tonnes in 2009.

In addition to the central and south American countries, there is some interest in the species in eastern Europe. In Russia, channel catfish production increased from 65 tonnes in 200 to 145 tonnes in 2009.

Bulgaria has reported statistics to the FAO since 2005, although the amount produced is not consistent. A high of 166 tonnes in 2005 was followed by 60 tonnes a year later.

Since commercial farming of channel catfish began in the middle of the twentieth century, the species has been popular with US consumers. By 2010, channel catfish had cemented itself as a favourite on the nation's plates becoming the sixth most consumed fish or seafood in the USA, behind shrimp, tuna, salmon, tilapia and pollack.

As input costs have risen, farmers have struggled to make catfish farming profitable and in recent years, the number of facilities has decreased. Acreage fell by 50 percent between 2001-2011. In 2012 there were 718 facilities, a drop of 191 from the previous year. This meant that the total acreage area also declined from almost 100,000 acres in 2011 to 89,400 acres in 2012 (National Ag Statistics Service 2012).

Despite this fall in farms, total sales have been on the rise, amounting to US$341 million in 2012, a 20 percent increase from the previous year. Four states, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas, made up 95 percent of total United States sales (National Ag Statistics Service 2013).

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 39

2

China

Channel catfish aquaculture in China began in 1984 with fish imported from the USA. The fish was successfully reproduced in 1987 and pond culture started a year later. Current annual processing of channel catfish production in China is between 150,000 to 200,000 tons according to report by Cai Yanzhi (Hubei Province Aquatic Products Scientific Research Institute) and Xiao Youhong (National Fishery Technical Extension Station).

From 2000, exports began to the USA. However, in 2007, the US food safety watchdog, the FDA, temporally halted catfish imports from China after traces of antibiotics banned in the USA were found in tested samples.

Cai and Xiao argue that Chinese catfish is well poised to take advantage of falling US production, both to established catfish importers and the US itself. However, the report claims Chinese catfish exporters face huge challenges including a lack of standardisation on farms and processing facilities and strict food safety laws, particularly in the USA.

3 EXPERT T●PIC

Early history of the U.S. farmraised catfish industry - 1914-1973

by Jim Steeby, PhD, associate professor emeritus, Mississippi State University, USA

A

s early as 1914 a researcher by the name of A F Shira spawned adult channel catfish by placing them in a small pond at the U.S. Bureau Fisheries Station in Fairport, Iowa.

The fish were provided with cheese and minnows as forage during the experiment.

By 1916, Shira had placed nail kegs in the ponds with the brood fish to provide them with semi natural spawning cavities. Of course in the wild, most catfish species lay their egg mass in hollow logs or tunnels left by muskrats and beavers that are flooded.

Catfish eggs and fry were found in the nail kegs confirming their use by the brooders.

He also noted that catfish would readily consume a variety of feedstuffs. Several state and federal fish hatcheries worked with spawning and growing catfish over the next ten years.

Catfish in Kansas By 1929 a biologist named Alvin Clapp at the Kansas State Hatchery at Pratt Kansas with his facility manager, Seth Way, completed the modern catfish hatchery system we know today. As demonstrated by Dose in 1925 at this same facility, they placed sexed adult catfish in ponds with nail kegs for spawning.

They removed the egg masses from the kegs to an indoor hatchery with troughs and flowing water. The egg masses were placed in wire mesh baskets suspended in troughs

Billy McKinney

40 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

for hatching and provided rotating paddles first powered by water and later by electric motors.

By 1930, the propagation catfish was easily accomplished and crude feeds had been successfully used to provide them with nutrition.

In 1946, the first commercial catfish farm of record was started in Kingman, Kansas by W E ‘Bus’ Hartley. It should be noted that Kingman is not far from the Kansas Fish Hatchery in Pratt were a great deal of the early work was completed. Indeed, Seth Way near the end of his career retired from the Pratt Hatchery and partnered with Hartley. The photo shows Hartley and Way standing near their ponds in Kingman, Kansas. Hartley saw the increasing demand for catfish to stock into private ponds as hobby fishing was on the rise. While Hartley grew minnows as well as bass and bluegill, by the early 1950s catfish was over half his annual production. Working with local

EXPERT T●PIC feed mills he created one of the early dry feed pellet diets for catfish. Some of the early work on catfish diets was carried out in Kansas

by Dr Otto W Tiemeier at Kansas State University.

In 1974 Hartley was selected as Catfish Farmer of the Year at the annual convention in Memphis, Tennessee. By this time he had been fish farming for 30 years and had over 100 ponds and 290 acres under water. He hatched, grew and processed his own fish.

He served on the board of directors for the Catfish Farmers of America from its founding. Indeed, Kingman was noted as the ‘catfish capital’ of Kansas by those around the area. Central Kansas, from Pratt to Kingman, could be considered the cradle of the farm-raised catfish industry.

Developments in Arkansas The nursery of the farm-raised catfish industry was Arkansas. Here minnow farming had been in large practice since the late

Tom Reed, F B. Janous and Leroy Reed

1930s and early 1940s. Growing baitfish and bass and bluegill gave these farmers a hand and it could be said a wadder-up on the transport, handling and husbandry of fish.

Among those starting early and standing out was Eagar Farmer of Dumus, Arkansas.

Buffalo fish (Ictiobus sp.) was an early meat fish grown by Arkansas fish farmers. It was

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 41

hardy and had a ready market that continues until today.

As catfish became more popular and profitable the switch from buffalo fish was rapid. In 1973, when he was selected as catfish farmer of the year at the annual Catfish Farmers of America Convention in New Orleans, LA, Eagar Farmer had over 1,000 acres of catfish

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

production. He was also one of the founders of a catfish processing cooperative in Dumas and a long time board member for Catfish Farmers of America.

Arkansas fish farmers relied heavily on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish Station at Stuttgart, Arkansas directed by Kermit Sneed, and the Marine Fisheries Service Gear Technology Station at Kelso, Arkansas directed by Donald Greenland, for new information and technical advice. Early Stuttgart staff included a full range of experts: Mayo Martin (extension), Walt Hastings (nutrition), Dewey Tackett (chemist), and Fred Meyer (disease diagnostics).

Alabama In the 1960s as Arkansas was switching to catfish, Alabama began to play a role in the early phases of university research and processing. At Auburn, Dr Homer Swingle had been constructing farm ponds and

investigating their use beginning in 1940. His early work with the science of recreational pond management left Auburn in place to train a growing number of students and easily move to catfish and many other species.

He began nutrition work on catfish as early as 1950. The Federal hatchery in Marion, Alabama began under the direction of Jack Snow (an Auburn graduate) in 1950, and was a great source of help to fish farmers.

Early commercial pioneers in Alabama beginning from around 1960 include Richard True, Check Stephens and Joe Glover. They used the information published by Kermit Sneed and Howard Clemens to artificially induce spawning of channel catfish using hormones on a commercial basis. They instituted the first recorded use of a commercial skinning machine to remove the skin of catfish.

Previously it was done by hand with gripping pliers.

True and Glover moved to Mississippi in the early 1970s as the industry was rapidly shifting to the delta. They both worked many 42 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

years in large scale commercial processing.

They were also instrumental in starting the Catfish Marketing Association in 1972. This early promotion of the industry paid for by processors, appeared at food shows and national restaurant association meetings and was likely critical to the industry growth that would follow in the 1970s and 1980s.

Those remaining in Alabama farming for many years were William Easterling, Dan Butterfield, David Pearce, and Thad Spree.

The catfish industry comes of age in Mississippi The catfish industry grew up and came of age in Mississippi. With its warm climate and vast land acres of heavy clay soil and abundant ground water it was the fertile place where resources were nearly unlimited.

Here large farms with land forming equipment could quickly construct ponds and have wells installed.

Billy McKinney and his partner, Raymond Brown were the first farmers of record (1965) to construct a pond to produce a large crop of catfish, 10,000 pounds, that when harvested had to be transported some 600 miles to central Kansas to be processed and sold.

In the next year he would partner with other farmers, including Tom Reed, Leroy Reed, and B F Janous, John Peaster, T R Coleman, Melvin and W F Anderson among others to form a local processing plant in Morgan City,

EXPERT T●PIC MS. They opened a catfish restaurant nearby shortly after in 1967.

In the mid 1960s Bobby Thompson and W F ‘Skinner’ Anderson teamed up to grow hatch and grow fingerlings for the rapidly expanding industry. By 1970 the catfish industry was well established in Mississippi, Arkansas and Alabama.

In 1974, dissatisfied with the quality and price of commercial catfish feed several growers, including Tom Reed III, organised a grower-owned feed mill near Belzoni, Mississippi.

This producers’ feed mill would serve the industry as a major source of feed for the next 20 years.

The expanding industry in Mississippi began to experience fish health and water quality problems on a large scale.

With advice and input from county agent Tommy Taylor and growers, Mississippi State University initiated disease diagnostic, extension and research services to catfish farmers under Leader Dr Tom Wellborn from 1971-1987.

Spreading throughout the USA Between 1960 and 1970, the U.S. farmraised catfish industry went from 600 acres to 40,000 acres. In 1970 Catfish farms were found in Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and Kansas. The stage was now set

The Pratt museum for growth and growing pains for the next 30 years to come.

By 1999, the industry had expanded to over four times the water acres in 1970 with Mississippi alone having over 100,000 water acres of ponds. Thousands of people would be involved with feed manufacture, feeding, harvesting, processing, research and extension phases of the expanding industry.

Expansion of the U.S. Farm-Raised

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Catfish industry for the next 30 years and the decline from 2002 to present day are two more stories for another time. Here we celebrate those early pioneers that worked with many unknowns and set the course for most of us that followed.

It should be noted here that the State Fish Hatchery at Pratt, Kansas is still in operation and the Hartley Fish Hatchery at Kingman is still operated by ‘Bus’ Hartley’s sons, Bill and Jerry.

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TOUR2013 NEXT STOP: VIETVISH 2013

25-27 Jun 2013 | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 43

Central Office and Orders Jesús Aprendiz, 19. 1º A-B 28007 Madrid T. +34 915 014 041 norel@norel.es www.norel.es

INDUSTRY Events 21st - 25th July 13

22nd - 27th September 13

7th International Symposium on Sturgeon, Nanaimo, Canada Contact: Mario Stael

20th Annual Practical Short Course on Aquaculture Feed Extrusion , Nutrition and Feed Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Contact: Mian n. Riaz, Food Protein R&D Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

Email: mario@marevent.com Web: http://iss7.viu.ca

9th - 12th August 13 Aquaculture Europe 2013, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway Contact: Conference manager, Slijkensesteenweg 4, 8400 Ostend, Belgium

Tel: +1 979 8 452774 Fax: +1 979 8 452744 Email: mnriaz@tamu.edu Web: www.tamu.edu/extrusion

Tel: +32 59 323859 Email: ae2013@aquaculture.cc Web: www.easonline.org

25th - 26th September 13 Seagriculture - 2nd International Seaweed Conference, NIOZ Landsdiep 4, 1797 SH 't Horntje, Den Helder, Texel, The Netherlands Contact: Christie de Vrij, Tuurdijk 23

26th - 28th August 13 3rd Algae World Australia, Stamford Plaza, 150 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Contact: Ms Fu Huiyan

3997 MS 't GOY, The Netherlands Tel: +31 0348 484002 Email: christie.devrij@dlg-benelux.com Web: www.seagriculture.eu

Tel: +65 63 469218 Fax: +65 63 455928 Email: huiyan@cmtsp.com.sg Web: www.cmtevents.com

6th - 10th October 13

9th - 12th September 13

Tenth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA-10), Crowne Plaza Hotel, Givat Ram, Haaliya St. 1, Jerusalem, Israel Contact: Prof. Gideon HULATA, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel

BioMarine Business Convention 2013, World Trade Congress Centre Halifax, NS, Canada Contact: Sylvie Couture, 1200 Montreal Road, Building M-19, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada

Tel: +972 37 610692 Fax: +972 37 610799 Email: vlaqua@volcani.agri.gov.il Web: www.ista10.com

10th September 13 Implementing the Common Fisheries Policy - UK fishing and food, consumers, the environment and international issues, London, United Kingdom Contact: Marcin Kaczmarek, 4 Bracknell Beeches, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 7BW

8th - 12th October 13 Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2013 (LACQUA 13), Villavicencio, Colombia Contact: Mario Stael, Centro de Convenciones, Hotel Sonesta, Villavicencio, Colombia

Tel: +44 1344 864796 Fax: +44 1344 420121 Email: Marcin.Kaczmarek

@westminsterforumprojects.co.uk Web: http://bit.ly/VAN1U3

Tel: +32 92 334912 Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.was.org

12th - 16th November 13

Shanghai International Fisheries & Seafood EXPO 2013, Shanghai New International Expo Center, Shanghai, China Contact: Shelly Zhou, Suite 1101, 11F, Xiusen Building, No. 129 South Laiting Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201615, China

The Ninth Symposium of World's Chinese Scientists on nutrition and feeding of Finfish and Shellfish, Xiamen city, Fujian province, China Contact: Chun-Xiao Zhang, Yindou Road 43, Jimei District, Xiamen city, Fujian province, China

Tel: +86 13818 503302 Fax: +86 2167 759097 Email: shelly.zhou@gehuaexpo.com Web: www.sifse.com/en

3rd - 4th December 13

Aqua 2013, Hotel Hilton Colon Guayaquil, Ecuador Contact: Niza Cely, Centro Empresarial "las Camaras", Torre B, 3er Piso, Oficina 301, Guayaquil, Ecuador

7th International Algae Congress, Hotel Hamburg Hafen, Seewartenstrabe 9, 20459, Hamburg, Germany Contact: Christie de Vrij, Tuurdijk 23 3997 MS â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t Goy

Tel: +593 999 604204 Email: ncely@cna-ecuador.com Web: www.cna-ecuador.com/aquaexpo

6th - 8th November 13 Aquamar international 2013, Mazatlan, Sinaloa Mexico, Hotel el CID, Castilla Contact: Guillermo Moreno Hernandez, Calle: Marsella 11, Piso 3, Col, Juarez. Del. Cuauhtemoc. CP: 06600, Mexico DF Tel: +52 5551 356128 Email: comunicacion

@aquamarinternacional.com Web: www.aquamarinternacional.com

7th - 9th November 13 Expo Pesca & Acuiperu 2013, Centro de Exposiciones Jockey, Hipodromo de Monterrico, Lima 33, Peru Contact: Guillermo Thais, Thais Corporation S.A.C., Av. Jatosisa Mz-A, Lt-12, Urb. San Fernando â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pachacamac, Lima 19 - Peru Tel: +511 2 017820 (202) Fax: +511 2 017820 (209) Email: thais@amauta.rcp.net.pe Web: www.thaiscorp.com

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Tel: +1 613 9 912060 Fax: +1 613 9 937250 Email: biomarine2013@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca Web: www.biomarine.org

10th - 12th October 13

Tel: +31 644 622231 Email: christie.devrij@dlg-benelux.com Web: www.algaecongress.com

10th - 13th December 13 Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2013, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Contact: Mario Stael Email: mario@marevent.com Web: www.was.org

9th - 12th February 14 Aquaculture America 2014, Seattle, USA Contact: Mario Stael Email: worldaqua@aol.com Web: www.was.org

28th - 29th May 14 Aquaculture UK 2014, Macdonald Highland Resort, Aviemore, Scotland Contact: David Mack, Ascomber Ltd, Ankerville Street, Tain, IV19 1BH, Scotland, UK Tel: +44 1862 892188 Email: info@aquacultureuk.com Web: www.aquacultureuk.com

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INDUSTRY Events Premier line-up for Algae World Australia

A

lgae Wor ld Australia, which takes place in Adelaide on August 26-28, 2013, is the region’s project leaders’ event, presenting timely updates on algae developments and projects aligned with Australia’s growing emphasis on energy independence.

Australia is accelerating its

Annual Practical Short Course on Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed Management

A

one-week Pr actical Shor t Course on Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition and Feed

First glimpse of Aquaculture Europe 2014

T

he European Aquaculture Society (EAS) is working with AZTI-Tecnalia, a technological centre specialised in marine and food Research, to organise the Aquaculture Europe 2014 (AE2014) event.

AE2014 will be held from October 14-17, 2014 in Donostia– San Sebastián, Spain. The city is in the north of the Basque Country and on the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay. Its beautiful coastline and town beaches make it one of Spain’s top beach resorts.

The cultural and gastronomic heritage of Donostia–San Sebastián fits well with the theme of Aquaculture Europe 2014 – Adding Value. In aquaculture, we can add value to our products, through processing, transformation and packaging.We can also add value during the production cycle, by management of its various components, so as to increase overall productivity.

algae developments, tapping on its pro-algae cultivation environment including abundant sunshine and optimal climate. This year, the Algae World series will be held in South Australia as the zone surges in the race towards commercial algae biofuels production.

With Muradel’s pilot plant shifting to Whyalla, South Australia is bound to spearhead algae R&D, becoming the key hub in the region. Other key players with projects in South Australia include Algarythm and SARDI.

Top executives from these three players as well as University of Queensland, Aurora Algae, Photonz Corp. and MBD Energy are some of the speaker s confir med at Algae Wor ld Australia.

Another highlight of the event is a segment on macroalgae and microalgae advances for high value products, cost-effective biocrude oil production, sustainable aviation biofuels and wastewater treatment.

Speaking on advance-

ments in algae-based wastewater treatment, in par ticular US and Japan per spectives are industr y-renowned leaders from SARDI, Flinders U n i v e r s i t y, U n i v e r s i t y o f T s u k u b a a n d G O 2 Wa t e r, including Dr. Jason Tanner and Prof Makoto M Watenabe.

The conference also includes two optional site visits to the Univer sity of Adelaide and Flinders University. www.cmtevents.com/aboutevent. aspx?ev=130835&pu=222245

Management will be presented on Sepember 22-27, 2013 at Texas A&M University, USA by staff, industry representative and consultants.

This programme will cover information on designing new feed mills and selecting conveying, dr ying, grinding, conditioning and feed mixing equipment.

Current practices for preparing full-fat soy meal processing; recycling fisheries by-products, raw

animal products, and secondary resources; raw material, extrusion of floating, sinking, and high fat feeds; spraying and coating fats, digests and preser vatives; use of encapsulated ingredients and preparation of premixes, nutritional requirements of warn water fish and shrimp, feed managements and least cost formulation are reviewed.

Practical demonstrations of sinking, floating, and high fat

aquafeed, will be shown on four major types of extruders - (dry, interrupted flights, single and twin screw), using various shaping dies. Other demonstr ations include: vacuum coating and lab analysis of the r aw mater ial for extr usion.

Reservations are accepted on a first-come basis. For more information, programs and application forms, contact: http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion

We can add value to research, by producing ‘knowledge products’ that can be used by others – for incremental knowledge advancement and for developing innovation or for supporting policy. We can add overall value in research management by harmonisation in programming; by better use of infrastructure and by nurturing our human resources.

Finally, we can add value to societal, environmental and natural resources, by generating new ‘economic activity products’ based on environmental services, or diversifying existing ones. So the focus of the AE2014 is on ‘products’ rather than ‘production’, and the three thematic plenary presentations will focus on this.

Parallel sessions will allow delegates to present initiatives that add value to aquaculture, with a wide range of sessions proposed for abstract submission, and covering production, harvest, processing and commercialisation of aquaculture products.

AE2014 will also feature an international trade exhibition, organ-

ised by the European Aquaculture Society, where Spanish and international companies will present the latest products and services for aquaculture.

As with all Aquaculture Europe events, there will be the EU Forum addressing research funded by the European Community and chaired by members of the European Commission; the EAS Student Group workshop to enable networking and exchange of ideas and finally the AE2014 Industry Forums, where latest scientific findings related to a par ticular issue for aquaculture producers in the trout, shellfish and marine fish sectors will be presented and discussed.

The partners in the Aquaculture Europe 2014 Steering Committee represent the impor tance and diversity of the Spanish aquaculture industry, with members from the Basque and national government, EATIP, the Spanish Aquaculture Society, producers’ organisations and main research institutions, as well as AZTI-Tecnalia and EAS. www.easonline.org

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 45

Submit abstracts online for LACQUA13

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he IV Latin American Conference of Indigenous Species, the XIX Aquaculture Day of the Univer sity of los Llanos, the VI Aquaculture For um and LACQUA13 will take place between October 8-11, 2013 in Villavicencio, Colombia.

This conference and tr ade show is or ganised by t h e L a t i n A m e r i c a n and Car ibbean Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society is the fir st event in the Spanish. Abstracts can be submitted at www. was.or g or www.confere n c i a p e c e s n a t i vo s 2 0 1 3 . com (Spanish). For tr ade show infor mation contact mario@marevent. com.

INDUSTRY Events Experts discuss PAPs at Sonac seminar

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INDUSTRY Events

o mark the re-introduction of processed animal proteins (PAPs) in aquafeeds, Sonac organised a seminar on May 29, 2013 at its production location in Burgum, the Netherlands. Around 40 invitees, representing the major aquafeed producers in Europe, attended the seminar.

First, Ger t Mulderij, sales and marketing director Vion Ingredients, welcomed the attendees. He also explained the recent developments, whereby Vion Ingredients will be separated from Vion Food.

To give some background around the decision for the re-introduction, Rik Herbes, NVWA, Dutch Veterinary Authorities, was invited to speak. Herbes has 25 years of experience in feed safety. He first gave some information about the role and responsibilities of NVWA and then explained the history of the legislation to deal with BSE. The extended feed ban started in

December 2000 and is now lifted for aquaculture.

The problems associated with this lift are mainly political will and consumer trust, while sustainability of PAPs compared to fishmeal and GMO soybean products should be a strong argument for their utilisation. He also stressed the importance of a dedicated production line and process, to avoid any future contamination, which would seriously affect the credibility of the industry.

Eric De Muylder, CreveTec, Belgium, fir st gave a general over view about the aquaculture and aquafeed market globally. He then gave some information about the potential and advantages of the utilisation of PAPs in different fish and crustacean diets.

Finally, there will be three major challenges in the future aquaculture industr y: diseases and bio-security, limiting the effect on the envi-

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ronment and availability of enough raw materials to produce feeds for this fast growing market. PAPs will be part of the solution, not only as widely available protein sources, but also to limit the environmental impact of aquaculture, through a higher digestibility of its protein and phosphorus content.

Next, Jacques Wijnoogst, an exper t in aquafeed production and factory design, talked about the difficulties when changing raw materials and introducing new raw materials in a production line.

A successful introduction is only possible through an intense cooperation between the nutritionist and process technologist, whereby the mentality should be ‘if there is a problem, we will solve it’ instead of ‘we don't know this raw material and we don't have experience with it, so we don't want it’. After all, the future is for the companies who are always trying to be better than the competitors, through innovation and keeping all options open.

After the break, Dr Dominique Bureau gave an overview of the research he done during more than 20 years on utilization of animal proteins for salmonids at the University of Guelph, Canada.

Initially, the low digestibility values measured of those products, hampered their inclusion in aquaculture feeds. However, there are huge differences in quality of PAPs, due to different processing methods and choice of raw materials. A cooperation between the rendering industry and the University of Guelph resulted in a better understanding of processing methods leading to the production of highly digestible animal proteins.

Dr Sürreya Özkizilcik, nutrition consultant, gave an overview of the nutritional requirements of Mediterranean fish species, with a focus on the functionality of hydrolyzed proteins, determination of nutritional requirements, the protein to energy ratios, calculation of metabolisable and digestible energy and how to decide on feed ration.

Finally, Car ine van Vuure , manager of Nutr ition and Regulator y Affair s, Vion

Ingredients, the Nether lands, gave a detailed description of the products produced and developed

by Sonac specifically for aquaculture feeds. There is a wide variety, from animal fats as energy source, blood products, hydrolysates and PAPs as protein sources to calcium phosphates as mineral supplements.

Research performed by Sonac has shown that poultry and porc bone oil, processed to contain more unsaturated fatty acids, can partly replace fish oil in diets for trout without affecting growth or the taste of the fillet. Another trial showed that digestibility of blood products for seabream mainly depends on the processing method. Spray-dried hemoglobin powder does not affect digestibility of the diet when replacing fishmeal.

The same result was obtained for hydrolyzed feather proteins.

Sonac produces several hydrolyzed proteins: Gelatin, MucoPro, Gelko, Kerapro and recently Phosterol. MucoPro and Gelko have been used successfully to replace fishmeal in diets for trout larvae, fingerlings and shrimp. Recently, Sonac developed Phosterol, a natural combination of cholesterol, phospholipids and hydrolyzed proteins, which has proven to reduce FCR in a trial with shrimp.

For the re-introduction of PAP in Aquaculture feeds, Sonac is offering a porc meal with 60 percent proteins and poultry meal with 70 percent proteins. Apart from the nutritional and cost benefits of these products, a study performed by Ponsioen and Blonk (2010) showed a significantly lower carbon footprint for poultry meal, compared to traditional protein sources such as fishmeal and soybean meal. The same picture has been drawn for poultry fats compared to vegetable fats.

After the seminar, the attendees were invited to tour the factory, guided by the production management. The facilities in Burgum have separated production lines for poultry meal, mixed meal, hair meal, blood meal, hydrolyzed feather meal and a new line for Mucopro, for which a completely new technology was developed. www.sonac.biz

INDUSTRY Events Shanghai International Fisheries & Seafood Expo 2013 October 10-12, 2013, Shanghai, China

S

to enter the Chinese market, especially the rich Yangtze River delta region, in which the buyers have strong consumption power and good seafood consumption habits.

As an international seafood exhibition held in China's biggest consuming city, Shanghai, SIFSE 2012 attracted 24,300 visitors from over 30 countries, and 386 exhibitors from over 17 countries. In light of these numbers, which are expected to rise for SIFSE 2013, the show has moved to Shanghai’s largest exhibition centre , the Shanghai New International Comments from exhibitors Exhibition and Convention and visitors on SIFSE 2012 Center.

The show cover s the "I’m very satisfied with the result of the whole fish and seafood show, and our company has received chain with products for nearly 50 high-potential customers fishing vessels, navigation, during the three days exhibition, and processing, storage and quite a few are international. We’ll defpackaging on display. On initely participate again next time!" the aquaculture side, there Anttony Sun, Gidney Fisheries Limited will be a wide variety of (exhibitor) farming and feeding technologies on offer. These "This exhibition is different from the include: seafood show in Qingdao and Brussels, • Automation instruShanghai is a big international platform, ments, heating and with huge market potential, a large temperature control number of industry professionals are equipment, managegathered here and we met a lot of high ment and information quality buyers. It is worth taking a big technologies booth here!"

• Water decontaminaMustafizur Rahman, director, Miton tion and disinfection Sea Foods International (exhibitor) systems, water examination and analytical "This is the first time I came to the instruments, oxygenaShanghai seafood show. I am moved by tion systems the service provided by the organiser • Va r i o u s b r e e d i n g from hotel-booking service to on-site ponds and pumps service. In the exhibitions, I have met • A q u a t i c p r o d u c t s many potential business partners. I am Feeds and additives, very happy this time. Maybe if I decide fe e d i n g m a c h i n e s , to open in the Chinese market, I will disease prevention choose this as the first step." and cure, fish medicine Milen Gritzkov, ITEM Consult (visitor) Although SIFSE focuses on the Chinese market, "As one of international cooperators, it is a truly international I am satisfied with SIFSE 2012 very event in terms of exhibmuch, especially the on-site activities. itors. In 2012, 81 interEven though the show is not as big national companies from as the one in Boston, it has attracted 17 countries including the many visitors from home and abroad."

USA, Canada, Singapore, Jun-ho Shin, CEO, B2EXPO (exhibitor/ Malaysia, Indonesia, partner)

hanghai International Fisheries & Seafood Expo (SIFSE) is a professional trade exhibition aimed at promoting trade and communication in the fishery industry worldwide. It attracts tens of thousands of industry professionals in China, and is getting international acknowledgement from peers.

SIFSE has been successfully held in Shanghai for seven years, playing a role as a leading trade platform for international seafood suppliers

Vietnam and France participated at SIFSE 2012.

As one of the major seafood exporters to China, Korean companies featured highly at SIFSE 2012 with a separate Korea pavilion of 28 companies, presenting their featured products including: seaweed, sea cucumber and pacific oyster.

SIFSE 2013 is a tr ade show combined with technology communication. There will be technical seminars held concurrently during the show with topics including quality control of aquatic products and herb planting.

The technology seminars provide a good platform for attendees to exchange ideas and technology, increase awareness of aquatic

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 47

products and establish new ideas on healthy breeding, which helps promote the seafood safety concept.

In addition to the trade elements, to

better meet the exhibitors and visitors’ needs, the organiser has arranged various on-site activities during the show, including on-site match meeting to find business matches, an auction and exhibitor awards.

More Information: www. sifse.com/en

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The Aquaculturists blog is an online offshoot of International Aquafeed magazine.

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All of our services are also available for your smart phone.Visit www.aquafeed.co.uk/ pplapp for a demo version of our app - or use the QR code to get the app free on your mobile.

The aquafeed interview

The aquafeed interview

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hris Ninnes took up his position as CEO of the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) in October 2011. Before joining the ASC, he worked for the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) as deputy chief executive and director of operations where he managed the European, American and Asia-Pacific commercial teams and the standards team in the UK. Ninnes has also been active within ISEAL since 2005 in the role of vice chair and member of the executive committee of the Board and the finance committee. has already been developed through the Dialogues into a more consistent ‘ask’ towards the feed producing sector.

Where does the need for certification stem from?

Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food production system in the world. However, as the aquaculture sector expands so does its footprint on the environment and society.

Best practice standards for responsibly farmed seafood can help drive change and promote industry innovation through marketdriven incentives. These market incentives drive the broader uptake of best practices within the industry and will ensure it can develop with much reduced negative impacts on the environment and on society.

Voluntary certification only works if the best performers can distinguish themselves from the median, and certification programmes such as the ASC’s recognises and promotes the sale of certified farmed fish through the use of an on-pack logo.

Certification is also complementary to public policy initiatives that seek to reduce impacts through regulation and the two approaches are additive. Regulation typically provides a set of requirements that all must comply with and certification promotes broader uptake of innovation that builds on this.

There are many certification programmes, what makes the ASC different?

Chris Ninnes, CEO, Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC)

There are actually relatively few aquaculture certification programmes that have been established to engage with the global industry. There are more programmes that have restricted coverage of species or of geographic scope, but these respond to niche opportunities within an increasingly global market place.

The ASC’s global certification programme encourages the use of best practices to reduce environmental and social impacts and the coverage of these two areas is extensive. The ASC’s standards focus on farm-based impacts and the connections that farm practices have on broader environmental impacts linked to how feed is sourced and how water is conserved.

They do not cover directly food safety or animal welfare issues, which other aquaculture standards do.

The ASC has recently signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with GLOBALG.A.P and GAA. What are reasons for doing this?

Yes, this is a very exciting development for ASC as well as for our shared customers. ASC, GAA and GLOBALG.A.P. collectively believe that we can improve the value and efficiency of our certification programmes by collaborating on the initiatives identified in the MoU. By working together we can achieve our mutual goal more efficiently - that is to support, recognise and promote a more sustainable aquaculture industry.

How is feed covered by ASC standards?

Feed is widely covered in all our species-specific standards and broadly they address the sourcing of ingredients and the efficiency of feed use. The next step will be to combine what

The ASC also seeks to engage other aquaculture programmes in the development of a common approach to feed. This will not necessarily mean we will have the same demands, but these demands will be developed from a common framework that will also ease the burden of supplying responsibly sourced feed to the aquaculture industry.

What role can the feed industry play in ensuring responsible aquaculture?

Feed is the most costly input in fish farming. This in itself has driven innovation in feed composition and increased efficiency of use. The production and use of feed represent a major part of the environmental impact of aquaculture. The capture of fish to produce meal and fish oil, land-based production of soy beans and oil palms, the largely unknown impact of other key ingredients and the impacts from the fishing and farming operations themselves all contribute to the environmental footprint of feed production.

There are many steps that can be taken to improve the profile of these raw materials. Starting from knowing where and how they are produced, to seek improvements in their production methods through to demands that the raw material producers themselves credibly demonstrate that their products are produced sustainably.

Can you tell us about the Responsible Feed Project?

The Responsible Feed Project will create a new, globally applicable, ASC Feed Standard. The Standard will set out requirements for the aquaculture feed industry to operate on a more environmentally sound and socially responsible basis. The project will introduce a higher level of consistency into the way in which the aquaculture feed industry has been asked to address sustainability and social responsibility issues concerning feed.

After finalisation of this work, the ASC Feed Standard will be available to all who want to use it. I believe this approach is optimal for improving the environmental performance of the feed component of fish farming and for developing a cohesive and consistent tool on behalf of the broader aquaculture industry.

How can feed producers get involved with the ASC? We actively encourage aquaculture feed producers of all sizes and nations to participate in the Responsible Feed Project. This could be through their involvement with the Technical Working Group, or by submitting formal comments as the drafts of the Standard are made available for public review.

We will also be seeking the support of feed manufacturers to take part in the pilot tests of the Feed Standard; which are expected to start by mid 2014. Furthermore, producers who would like to receive regular status updates can sign up for the Feed Project Newsletter. To subscribe or for more information about the Feed Standards Project, please contact Michiel Fransen michiel.fransen@asc-aqua.org.

50 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

An extended version of this interview can be found on the Aquaculturists blog.

"Best practice standards for responsibly farmed seafood can help drive change and promote industry innovation through market-driven incentives. These market incentives drive the broader uptake of best practices within the industry and will ensure it can develop with much reduced negative impacts on the environment and on society."

July-August 2013 | International AquaFeed | 51

Winners of the Scottish Aquaculture Awards announced

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he Crown Estate has announced the winners of its 2013 Scottish Aquaculture Awards, celebrating the achievements and success of an industry that is vitally important to Scotland’s coastal communities.

An awards ceremony and dinner was held at Prestonfield House in Edinburgh with a keynote address from Paul Wheelhouse MSP, Scotland’s environment minister.

“All the winners displayed an exceptional level of innovation and responsibility in their approach to business and to environmental sustainability”, said Gareth Baird, the Crown Estate’s Scottish commissioner.

The Crown Estate manages the seabed and provides leases for fish farms and contributes to the development of the aquaculture industry, working alongside communities, industry and government.

It has invested UK£1,000,000 in research and development to support the industry over the last five years, addressing issues such as sea lice and jellyfish blooms. www.marineaquacultureawards.com

Senior scientist is new head of aquaculture

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ew Zealand research organisation, Cawthron Institute, has expanded its aquaculture team with the appointment of Dr Jacquie Reed, senior scientist, as its new head of aquaculture.

“Dr Reed is an accomplished scientist with extensive, proven scientific expertise and specialist knowledge of the commercial aquaculture sector. She will complement and enhance our existing research, while bringing a fresh approach, new energy and drive to this important role,” said Charles Eason, chief executive professor, Cawthron Institute.

Dr Reed is firmly focused on providing environmentally sustainable solutions for commercial aquaculture development.

Originally from London, Dr Reed began her career at the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), where she was research programme leader of coastal and freshwater environments focusing on shellfish and fish health research.

“I chose to move to Cawthron because of the world-class independent science that is being done here and its reputation for turning research into results for industry, a great example being the Cawthron Aquaculture Park which is an innovative facility that will keep on growing as new research comes on-line,” she said.

Dr Reed will lead the aquaculture group, manage the further development of the Cawthron aquaculture park and spearhead research and development to support new and existing partners. www.cawthron.org.nz

Marine Stewardship Council appoints new Latin American manager

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he Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has announced that Rodrigo Polanco, the organisation’s Chile-based consultant for more than two years, has been officially appointed as manager for Latin America.

Rodrigo will continue to focus on fishery engagement, but will also support commercial and communication outreach efforts.

There is significant and growing interest in the MSC programme in Latin America, with eight certified fisheries of which five are in the full assessment process. Previously, Rodrigo worked for the Chilean government in the Under-Secretariat for Fisheries, which he joined in 1996.

“I am very pleased to be a member of the MSC team,” said Polanco. “It has been great to see the growth of the programme in the Latin American region and greater global integration in regard to sustainability. I look forward to continued engagement with our various partners and to ensuring that fisheries in the region have an opportunity to participate in and experience the benefits of the MSC programme.” In addition to Rodrigo’s role as manager, for Latin America, Laurent Viguié will continue to serve as MSC’s representative in Brazil. www.msc.org

Norel reinforces its technical department

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lvaro Ortiz graduated from the Polytechnic University of Madrid as an agricultural engineer specialising in animal production. For the past six years, he has been responsible for nutrition and formulation at Skretting, Spain.

In his new role as product manager, Alvaro will manage Norel’s probiotics, specialties and aqua lines as well as undertaking some technical consulting for monogastrics. www.norel.es 52 | International AquaFeed | July-August 2013

by Marnie Snell

AQUACULTURE

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