The Kids Rule! Guide to Kings and Queens by English Heritage

THE Kids RuLe! GUIDE TO…

T MA HE FOR GYAOZINE MEMBEUNG RS!

Royal rumbles Introducing the five most deadly dynastic battles!

Henry VIII interview

Our readers take on the Tudor tyrant!

CROWNING GLORY Design your own royal crown to win a goody bag!

YOU RULE!

What would yo u do if you were king or queen for a day?

ROYAL CelEBraTIoNS Discover the stories of our regal rulers through the ages

• ROYAL QUIZ • ROYAL TIMELINE

INSIDE • ROYAL FAMILIES • ROYAL LOLS!

Don’t forget me!

It’s a ROYaL

welcome… u Have yo met my or Iv in cous ig? spoonw

s Rule! we’re In this rather regal issue of Kid ugh celebrating England’s kings and queens thro Elizabeth II the ages – from Aethelstan to

Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard defeated Aethelred but died a year later and Aethelred ruled again!

Aethelstan 924–39 ngland has changed in loads of ways between Edmund Eadwig Edward the Martyr the rules of Aethelstan 939–46 955-59 975–78 and Queen Elizabeth II! But if you look, you can Aethelred II Eadred Edgar still find evidence of their 978–1013 946–55 959–75 F WESSEX and reigns across the country.

O E S 1014–16 HOU From family palaces Harold I (page 4) to battlefields (page 10), and Edmund II 1035–40 royal fortresses (page 14) to royal 1016 prisons (page 7), our sites help to tell Harthacnut N G THE A LO-SAXO Cnut the story of England’s royal rulers, the Edward the 1040–42 AND THE DANE NS Confessor 1016–35 privileges they enjoyed and the S 1042–66 battles they fought to stay in charge.

Here is a timeline of the royal houses through the centuries – and Harold II William I the kings and queens who have William II 1066 Henry I 1066–87 each left their mark.

1087–1100 1100–1135 hooray for Henry!

Henry VII 1485–1509

James I 1603–25 Lady Jane Elizabeth I Grey 1553 1558–1603 Mary I 1553–58 It’s a united m! kingdo

Richard III 1483–85

Henry VIII 1509–47

Edward VI 1547–53

Charles I 1625–49

Interregnum 1649-60 Charles II 1660–85

Edward IV 1461–70, 1471–83

Edward V 1483

HOUSE OF TUDOR

William III and Mary II Queen Anne 1702–14 1688–1702 James II 1685–88

F HANOVER HOUSE O

HOUSE OF YORK ng ldi ! e bui I’m empir an

George I 1714–27

STUART SE OF HOU

02

HOUSE OF NORMANDY

George II 1727–60

George IV 1820–30

George III 1760–1820

Victoria 1837–1901

William IV 1830–37

Win a cool goody bag!

Design a crown fit for royalty and send us a photo for your chance to win!

For your chance to win, choose your favourite template from the ones on page 16, decorate it and send us a photo of you wearing it.

We’ve got a goody bag from the English Heritage shop worth £100 for the most spectacular! To get started, head over to www.englishheritage.org.uk/kids.

Terms and conditions The closing date and time for entries is midnight on 26 August 2019.

The promoter is English Heritage. If you are under 13 you need permission from your parent/ guardian before entering the competition. One winner will receive a goody bag from our online shop worth £100. All entries submitted may be featured on the English Heritage website, social media channels and in printed publications. If you do not consent to your entry being published, state this when sending in your entry. For full terms and conditions go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids.

HOUSE OF PLANT AGEN ET Henry II 1154–89

Richard I 1189–99

Stephen 1135–54

Henry VI 1422–61, 1470–71

Henry IV 1399–1413 Henry V 1413–1422

HOUSE OF SAXE COBURG GOTHA

mmer It’s ha ots) sc (of the time!

John 1199–1216 Henry III 1216-72 Edward I 1272–1307 Edward II 1307–27 Edward III 1327–77 Richard II 1377–99

HOUSE OF LAN CAST ER

4

A day in the life…

6

Royal visits

8

Edwardian town poster

10

Royal rumbles

11

King or queen for a day

12

Quiz time

13

Look inside…

14

Deal Castle guide

15

Interview

16

Dress-up time

Queen Victoria’s son Bertie in 1850 at Osborne on the Isle of Wight Introducing our houses (and prisons) that hosted royalty over the years The next part of your mega timeline!

England’s top five deadliest dynastic battles – and where to find out more Take our questionnaire to see how you would have ruled the country Put your knowledge of England’s kings and queens to the test Take a peek behind the walls of Henry II’s Great Tower at Dover Castle in Kent Discover the story of Henry VIII’s fortress Young Members put their questions to Henry VIII at Eltham Palace Use our props to make a royal crown!

This magazine is published on behalf of English Heritage by Immediate Media Co. www.immediate.co.uk For English Heritage Luke Whitcomb, Johanna Lovesey, Tom Dennis, Tersia Boorer, Tony Dike, Katie Kennedy, Richard Leatherdale For Immediate Media Co Group editor Matt Havercroft Group production editor Oliver Hurley Senior art editor Sam Freeman Art editor Elaine Knight-Roberts Account director Helen Johnston Account manager Joanne Robinson Director Julie Williams Editorial director Dan Linstead Design director Will Slater Contributors Steven Brindle, Andrew Hann, Adam Rees Illustrations Wesley Robins

The Windso rs rule ok !

o Long t ver reign o you!

200553

WIN

George V 1910–36 Edward VIII 1936 Edward VII 1901–10

HOUSE OF WINDSOR

Elizabeth II 1952–present

George VI 1936–52 03

A day in the life…

Meet eight-year-old Bertie, a prince at Osborne on the Isle of Wight in June 1850

Bertie’s real name is Albert Edward and, as the first son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he’s the heir to the throne. He might be a prince, but he still has to study, even while staying at Osborne, the family’s home on the Isle of Wight.

I just want to go to the beach!

Bertie is one of seven children (Queen Victoria eventually had nine). He and his brother Alfred or Affie (five) are taught separately from their sisters Vicky (nine), Alice (seven) and Helena (four). The younger children, Arthur (just born) and Louise (two), are in the nursery. Bertie and Affie are learning geography with their tutor Mr Birch.

Bertie gets angry and throws one of his tantrums.

He shouts and tears up his book.

I DON’T KNOW! I DON’T CARE!

Where’s New Zealand?

Near Old Zealand?

Mr Birch sends Bertie to be disciplined by his father, Prince Albert.

Behave Bertie!

You are to be a king!

Bertie might find learning hard, but when he’s allowed a break he likes to tend to a small plot in the grounds of the house.

Perhaps I could be the king of plants?

His younger sister Alice is also in trouble for misbehaving. Bertie sneaks up to her room to surprise her.

Boo!

Though he likes being a practical joker it gets him into trouble with his father again.

Stop misbehaving!

Eek!

Yes father, sorry father

I’ll get you Bertie!

After lessons are done, the royal family go to the private beach to play and swim.

I’ll swim to India!

Make sure you’re back for supper dear

Bertie gets on well with his five-year-old brother Alfred, and the two go along the beach collecting shells.

Look, this shell has legs

Bertie has a much more privileged life than other children his age, but that doesn’t stop him dreading another day of private lessons with Mr Birch.

Argh!

Yawn, I need a proper holiday!

er tie here B see w ent their n a c You ily sp ne at r is fam and h rs at Osbo e.org. e g summ lish-herita .eng sborne w w w uk/o

ROYAL s r o t i s i v When kings and queens toured the country they liked to be treated well! Here are some of the grand houses they stayed in on their trips

ld Gainsborough O Hall, Lincolnshire Henry VIII and Queen Catherine Howard stayed at Gainsborough Old Hall from 14–16 August 1541, as guests of Thomas Burgh III. The king was touring Lincolnshire and Yorkshire to receive homage (take a promise of loyalty) from counties that had rebelled against him during the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.

AUDLEY END HOUSE , ESSEX

Elizabeth I visited Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk at the original house for a week in 1571.

He was hoping the queen would forgive him for supporting Mary, Queen of Scots, but he continued to plot and was later executed. His son, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk made the house much larger to impress visitors. James I visited twice in 1614, remarking that it was ‘too great for a king’.

06

APETHORPE PALACE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Elizabeth I dined at Apethorpe during her tours in 1562, 1566 and 1587. James I and Charles I also stayed here, as guests of Sir Anthony Mildmay and his son-in-law Francis Fane. They built a grand new guest suite to entertain the king when he came.

Rievaulx Abbey, North Yorkshire

In 1322 Edward II had to cut short a stay with the abbot of Rievaulx Abbey when invading Scots defeated the royal army nearby. The king quickly fled and the victorious Scots looted the abbey, taking away some of its most precious possessions.

Under lock and key

Bolsover Castle,

Derbyshire

The royal prisoners who didn’t enjoy such a warm welcome while being held captive at our sites…

On 30 July 1634, the ambitious William Cavendish, along with the rich and famous of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, hosted Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria at Bolsover Castle. The wildly expensive entertainment put on for them was organised by celebrated poet Ben Jonson. Cavendish was eventually rewarded with a job at the royal court.

le,

h Cast Kenilwort hire Warwicks

Between 9 and 25 July 1575, Elizabeth I made her fourth and longest visit to her favourite earl, Robert Dudley of Leicester, at Kenilworth Castle. The earl had built spectacular new buildings and a magnificent garden just for her, and created a busy programme of hunting, feasting and entertainment.

But his plan to marry her was unsuccessful.

LOL!

Where do n gs and queenki s ge crowned? t On the head!

Several kings and queens came to our properties against their will. Famous prisoners include Mary Queen of Scots, who was held at Carlisle Castle for several weeks in 1567.

Carlisle Trying to keep Castle up appearances in front of Carlisle merchants and Elizabeth I, Mary had lots of servants, ate well and took exercise, although her jailers were in constant fear that she might escape.

Mary’s grandson, Charles I, nearly did get away. He was held at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight between November 1647 and September 1648.

At first the king was well treated, and many expected Carisbrooke that he would Castle negotiate with Parliament to remain as king. However, in March 1648, he made an unsuccessful attempt to escape from his bedroom window, becoming trapped in the bars.

The king was later held in a number of other places, including Hurst Castle in December 1648.

His quarters here were bare and very dark, needing Hurst Castle candlelight even at midday to eat by.

07

$ COLLECT

ALL 12 POSTERS!

It’s the start of the 20th century, during the reign of King Edward VII. Women are beginning to play a bigger role in politics and people are living longer, especially in urban areas like the one here.

Over to you!

• What transport do people use?

• What’s the building on the right?

• How do people get their news?

• Why is a woman being arrested?

• How have the fashions changed?

Collect them all!

This is the 11th of 12 posters you can collect to make a mega timeline of English history. You can find the other 10 at www. english-heritage.org.uk/kids

ROYAL

!

LOeLdid

Wheor hn sign?

J Kinggna Carta a M e At th ! m o t t bo

S E L B M U R

est dynastic li d a e d e v fi ’s gland Introducing En d where they happened battles – an

WILLIAM, DUKE OF NORMANDY

KING HAROLD

The Battle of Hastings, 14 October 1066 In 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England to claim the English crown from the Saxon king Harold.

The battle only ended when Harold was killed. You can visit the battlefield during a visit to Battle Abbey.

HENRY III

The Battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264

d II Tudo roversial Richar rse In 1485 Henry from the cont ho s ne hi ro f th of e ll th fe claim Richard of Boswor th, have 11 At the Battle was found to on et el sk is H enry VII. d.

H lle ki ng Ki as e w and Tudor becam ry en H s. nd sword wou

The Battle of Naseby, 14 June 1645

10

OLIVER CROMWELL

r th

Boswo

gs

es

Hastin

Lew

SIMON DE MONTFORT

JAMES IV

The Battle of Flodden, 9 September 1513

HENRY TUDOR

Bosworth, The Battle of85 to n force to try 22 August 14 I. r led an invasio

CHARLES I

y

Naseb

A rebellion broke out against Henry III, led by baron Simon de Montfor t.

Henry III’s son Edward lost the bat tle by using the cavalry to chase the rebels, which left the king’s soldiers exposed.

HENRY VIII

RICHARD III

en

dd

Flo

In 1513 Scotland was allied to France and both countries declared war on England. James IV invaded Northumberland and met an English army, led by the Earl of Surrey, at Flodden. The Scottish army lost the battle and James IV was killed. The battle took place near Etal Castle.

In 1645 the English Civil War had been raging for three years. At the Battle of Naseby, Charles I’s forces crumbled and the Parliamentarians won. Within a year Parliament had won the first Civil War.

Look inside…

Dover Castle’s Great Tower Created during the reign of Henry II (1154–89), the Great Tower tells us what life was like in the court of a powerful medieval monarch THEN

L

Why dOL! hold p id kings a castlrties in e They s? h ad a knigghood t life

6

NOW 3

4

5 2

IT’s n tur t a yoHuar o g a ve n

1

ow g your designin t Tower! a Gre ww. ver to w Head o -heritage. english k/kids org.u

1

A place of worship

The tower had two chapels.

The upper chapel was for the king but was later dedicated to St Thomas Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in 1170 by four of Henry II’s knights.

2

Access all areas

The main entrance was a grand staircase, mostly open to the sky. Defended by three towers and a drawbridge, it led up to an impressive door into the second-floor rooms.

1

3

Entertaining guests

Two halls were used for banquets and ceremonies.

The upper hall was probably where the king greeted important visitors, and was almost certainly decorated with colourful wall-hangings.

4

Rest and relaxation

The king’s chamber was where the king slept during his stays at Dover. He and his family and closest courtiers also relaxed, listened to music and poetry, and played board games.

5

Secret passageways

Dover contained passageways within the thick walls. Their purpose is a mystery, although they may have been used for private conversations or exercising indoors.

6

Views to die for

On top of the thick stone walls were broad walkways, on which soldiers could patrol and defend the tower against attackers. The battlements would also have offered spectacular views.

Discover more about Dover Castle at www.english-heritage.org.uk/dover

13

quiz TIME

HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW

ENGL anD’S ROYALS? 1

Who was the first queen of England?

2

Which king had six different wives?

3

What royal record does the queen, Elizabeth II, hold?

A Mary I B Boudicca C Cleopatra

A Longest time as queen B Biggest throne C Most cake eaten in one day

C King Tut

11

How old was Henry IV when he became king in 1422?

James I was the first to be king of England and which other country?

A 8 months old B 8 years old C 80 years old

A Scotland

C Wales

Why was Richard I known as the Lionheart?

12

13

Which of these is a royal palace?

A Quitting as king B Being a Hollywood actor C His throne was a sofa

B Dunstanburgh Castle

What war ended when Henry VII beat Richard III in battle?

12

Kings and queens of England lived in the biggest, most beautiful palaces in the land. Either draw, paint or make your own castle using card, LEGO bricks or modelling clay!

If you're a ruler you have to write a lot down, and not with a pen!

Get an adult to help you sharpen the end of a feather, then dip it in ink or paint to write down your royal proclamations. You can do it on paper soaked with old tea bags and roll it up to make it look like an old scroll.

Make a royal seal A Buckingham Palace

C Edlingham Castle

How did you get on?

Mostly A You are a conqueror!

Make your royal palace

Write with a quill

What was Edward VIII famous for?

7

A Roses B Celebrations C Quality Street

B Louis XIV

Put your royal skills to the test with these challenges You usually became king or queen because your family before you were kings. Using either your own family or the current queen, make a family tree going back through the generations.

A Bloody B Pleasant C Mary Mary Quite Contrary

5

A He was a brave soldier B He rode a lion into battle C He never went anywhere without his cuddly lion

A Charles II

ALLENGES ROYAL CH

Family tree

10

A The Conqueror B The Conker C Willy Wonka

6

9

Which of these was a king of England?

Mary I killed many people during her reign.

What was her nickname?

What was William I's nickname?

B Ireland

William III was called William of Orange because

A He was prince of Orange county in France B He was very tanned C He ate lots of carrots

A Henry VIII B George III C Charles II

4

8

Take our quiz to put your knowledge of our kings and queens to the test

Mostly B Your rule is good but unremarkable

Mostly C Your nickname will be 'The Terrible'

Instead of writing a signature, kings and queens signed letters with a royal seal – a pattern stamped in wax. You can make your own seal using plasticine, Blu Tack, a potato or modelling clay. Carve a picture or your image into it and, with an adult’s help, stamp it into hot wax from a candle.

1 I would make England better by introducing the following rules…

KIng or queen day a r fo What would you do if you

2 I would help people to…

became England’s ruler for just one day? Complete this form to create your pledge!

Complete the picture below ait… to create your royal portr

3 I would be a good leader because…

ce here Kings draw your fa

OVER TO YO U

Do you would think you like in char being ge?

4 I would host a grand ball/feast/par ty* and invite the following guests…

5 I would knight the following people**…

Queens draw your fa ce here

6 I would be remembered as…

YOUR NICE WORK * Delete as appropriate ** Nominate heroes or heroines and explain why MAJESTY! 11

THE REAL DEAL

Henry VIII wasn’t good at making friends abroad. With England at threat from invasion, he built Deal Castle and other coastal forts FLOWER P

OWER From above it looks like a flower with si x petals. It’s ac tually this sh because each ape petals is a ba of the st thick walls an ion with d guns to fire in every direction. Th is means there are points on Dea no weak l Castle.

COASTAL CASTLE

The castle was bu ilt under the orders of Henr y VIII from 1539–40. He built many coastal forts as he was worried that the co untry was going to be inv aded.

BATTLE THE HOR ON IZON The nea rest De

HANDS CHANGINreGpel an invasion

y ad to It never h a but was taken b . se rs a e W th il from e Civ s during th land force ken by the Royalist It was ta I in 1648. of Charles supporters re besieged by They we ops and tarian tro Parliamen endered. surr

al came a prope to r ships wa fight with enem s in 1667 y , when th Dutch a n fought a d English navie e s t Medway the mouth of th in Kent. e The Dutc won the h b a t tle an castle to ok no pa d the r t in it.

Royal

y Lad e n a J y Gre

iggest b f o e rg ) In cha ire (in 1914 p m e

Shortest in height (5 feet)

Shortest reig n (9 days)

rs) ign (67 yea re t s e g n o L

Answers Most children: Henry I. Longest reign: Elizabeth II. Shortest in height: Victoria.

Most wives: Henry VIII. In charge of biggest empire: George V

14

I

a Eliz

George V

monarchs Can you match these fame? to with their claims

Henry

d Invasion was expecte the g rin du 0 194 in ain ag Second World War. but cki Lu ly it never came e som saw l Deal stil mb ac tion, as a huge bo ft cra air an rm from a Ge e. exploded in the castl

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record-makers Most children (24)

GERMAN FIREPOWER

n Quee ria Vic to

II

Q&A

Watc the v h id To see w eo hat happen ed next , go to: www.en g l i s hheritag e.org.uk /kids

Interview with Henry VIII

We sent young Members Damon and Amelia to the Tudor king’s former home at Eltham Palace A: Can you tell us about your life?

Ah, I grew up in this palace, in the court of my mother, Queen Elizabeth of York. The festivities, the feasts, the pageants this hall has seen, and still does…

A: Do you live here now?

No, not now. Although I still visit.

I do hold audience in this hall, for it is good for the people to see of their king.

! f o LOL one

ch II’s Whei nry VIed to k H s li les? wivey skitt ing! pla Bowl e Ann

D: Why did you have so many wives?

Impudent boy! But I will forgive it. For I am in a generous mood. I did marry my first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to have a son. She did fail me. And then I did marry Anne Boleyn. Again, no son.

A: Why did you behead Anne Boleyn?

For she was of the devil. And then I had two further unhappy marriages. But now, I am married to the kindly queen Catherine Parr. Indeed, she is most kindly and does care and tend to me.

A: What’s wrong with your leg?

Ah, in 1536, whilst jousting, I did fall from my horse. My leg is most incommoded. It does cause me a great deal of pain.

D: When you’re not busy ruling the country, what do you do for fun?

Well, to answer that, I must show you… Let us to the butts!

15

MAKE YOUR OWN

ROYAL N W O R C Download our templates and then customise your favourite to enter our competition!

The Imperial State Crown.

Made for George IV, c.1820

STEP 1

www.english Go to -heritage.org .u to get star ted

k/kids

STEP 2

Follow the instructions to download your printable crowns. Print out the templates and glue each of the pages on to card before cutting them out

Strike a royal pose and send us a photo for your chance to win!

STEP 3

Now add jewels, colou red paper, felt, glitte r or whatever you like to make it your own

STEP 4

photo. Ask a grown-up Strike a pose and take a and enter our crown to share your royal selfie -heritage.org.uk/kids lish ng competition at www.e

Choose your favourite!

We’ve got three different crown templates to choo se from and custom ise to make your ow n!

Henry II’s crown, 1180s

St Edward’s crown, made for Charles II’s coronation in 1660