The Jumper Citizen. Simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities.

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THE JUMPER CITIZEN simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

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THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities Thesis as a candidate for the Master Metropolis.

Pos-graduated Program in Architecture and Urban Culture

Under Tutory of Francesc Mu単oz, Phd.

by Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado 2005 1

Theoretical frame

The Jumper Citizen Is a research that proposes a reading of the contemporary city as a field that is being defined for consumer profiles to move in.

This profiles (on its aim to be attractive to capital and people) are creating similar global landscapes, but just for few citizen’s profiles.

What the city must do to appear in the global world and still be available all of the different city users.

2

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

The Jumper Citizen

Is a research that proposes a reading of the contemporary individual as a player able to experience the city depending of the consumer profile he chooses to move on it.

This profiles (mostly define now a days by mass consumption) are the base for the latest built developments.

If the individual wants to increase his ability to play in the global world then must jump from profile to profile to get the needed, the wanted, the available

Introduction

3

Theoretical frame

The Jumper Citizen The jumper citizen is an artifact presented as a compilation of texts and thoughts that makes a draw of the situation of a global world and what that requests from individuals, and built environment. This compilation represents the overexposed consumerism as well as global trends that are defining the “image of the global city” or “the image of the global actors”. Between al this trends, the representations of different types of citizens become the principal actors of this research, and the different cities the field where to read the relationships between them and the requisitions mentioned above.

As a product

4

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

The Jumper Citizen

The jumper citizen is an artifact presented as a game, a simulation that represents the recognition of the “image of the city” of Kevin Lynch by city users. Therefore it attempts to present recognitions of “the image of the global city” and explore relationships between them depending of the kind of citizen practice, in order to be able to create and read different structures that appear overlapped in the city and enable the individual to move and act, therefore get the wanted, the needed, the available.

5

Theoretical frame

HOW TO READ THE JUMPER CITIZEN The Jumper Citizen document is presented as a double-read document.

On it, the referential and theoretical frame of how the World in the beginnings of the XXI Century is presented in relationship with urban culture and cities developments. In the other hand, the document presents the Simulation Itself of the Jumper. (story, objectives, directions and characters, are explained as any other sym)

Theoretical basis. are presented on the even pages and is recognizable by the green margins.

Even though each side of the document belong to the different readings, sometimes, and for a better view of a topic any side may be extended to occupy the complete layout of the book.

6

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

We ask the reader to choose the way he wants to follow the document.

Richness of comparing both sides become the fundamental aim of contextualizing both: theoretical and experimentation.

In any case... keep your mind looking at the left side as a intellectual reading, and look at the right side of the book as a story to play.

The Play. is presented on the odd pages and is recognizable by the blue margins

7

Theoretical frame

Warning This document does not attempt to underestimate the differences between individuals and city dwellers. But if it is red as an over exaggerated critic of urban development in the global context, then it would be possible to re-view how an active attitude of a JUMPER CITIZEN BEFORE OVERLAPPED CITIES (global ďŹ eld) might draw attention to where the urban landscape and cultural behaves are going‌ only then architecture may be aware of how, and for whom it is created.

8

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

Preface

And then… in the world of human beings at the beginning of the third millennium there has been a change on individual social practice and the perception and use of the space after the break of the modern society. Cities had been developed in the attempt to respond global economies, in order to exist in the XXI century.

The situation presents a world where there is no need to be settle; where the city landscape and weather are the big difference between one city and the other*; when the citizen can not be understood and defined as a unique type of citizen.

The individual, just like Alain Touraine said: “must deal with the instrumentality of the global world and the creation of his own personal identity” In the mean time the individual must play to get most (he want - he can) of this world...

* if those cities are involved in global economy networks

9

Theoretical frame

INDEX

10

6

How to read The Jumper Citizen

8

Warning

12

History

22

Global paths

24

Consumerism and mass media

26

Segregated city

28

Actual city users

36

Physical and built environment

46

Methodology and Analysis: Case I

48

Maps

62

Methodology and Analysis: Case II

64

City users practices

66

Overlapped City

67

Conclusions

70

Bibliography

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

JUMPER CITIZEN CONTENTS

6 Preface

9

The story

13

The play

15

How to choose characters?

25

Permit.sions

27

Characters

29

To do

37

Understanding values for urban elements

39

Fill the matrix

42

Select a ďŹ eld to play: Barcelona

44

Creating icons for signiďŹ cant urban elements

47

Playing the characterization

48 62

Establish encounters and hubs that enables citizen to jump

65

11

Theoretical frame

HISTORY Individual before the Metropolis Where can we start to explain the social changes of the late decades to understand how does the contemporary individual live and move in a globalized world.

If we follow what Alain Touraine1 says it’s is possible to make a small panorama of that has happened in the late twentieth century that has been called Globalization.

Touraine says that the idea of globalization it’s an ideological construction that appeared practically after the fall of the Wall (Berlin). But this idea already existed before. After World War Two we got used to see all parts of the globe in a different way. After the falling of some trials to rebuilt entire countries basically on the 70`s.

Economical, social and national systems grow up to the supranational levels.

The ability of being connected with all kind of producers, services and information has created a new form of production. A production system that does not required a timeline to construct a product; a production system that enables or to make each part of that production profitable. Instead the creation of networks of multiple services has enabled the production system that actually frames the world.

It is true that networking form of social organization has existed before in other times and spaces, but what makes globalization a complete new structure is precisely that technology is changing not only the economical forms, but the social and cultural ones.2 The capability of mobility and communicate in common individuals, and the possibility to work at distance has created new ways to experience the world where we live: being conditioned by work in your way of living does not necessary means being conditioned to stay physically in a single place; having a student status is now a days having the status of a person capable to choose and move from one institution to another to experience that in his/her profile will enhance their professional or personal tools.

MODERNISM Models, Neutrality City as machine, model Environmental Determinism

POSTMODERNISM Pluralism, Identity, Legibility City as text, collage Environmental Psychology

1 Perspectiva tv show Interview to Alain Touraine by Emiliano Cotelo. 12-05.00. 12:00. Mx. 2 Castell, Manuel, The informational age Vol I.

12

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

STORY The JUMPER CITIZEN is a simulation where the experience of playing expresses and tries to represent the different structures diverse kind of people, or profiles of people uses to move and live in such a determined city.

Profile follows the idea of framing ways of living or lifestyles as a results of the observation of how the contemporary world, bombed by mass media and mass consumerism is creating spaces and places for each one of these profiles, as well as the most extensive gamma of products that will enclose the idea of all kinds of lifestyles.

Profile responds to the different kinds of behave similar people perform, as well as the places they use and how are the paths they draw to move form one place to another to conform their complete structure of their everyday life physical environment.

Market profile, as the instrument used by mass consumerism developers and product producers in the capitalistic world where we live in, is only the presupposition and matching of groups of people with some similarities, into definable needs to satisfy. Needs that in the neccesary idea of distinction from others and updateness to the global trends continuously creates and recreates products, images and behaves buyable for each kind of these profiles. “… In the metropolis where quantitative increase of value and energy has reached its limits, , one seizes on qualitative distinctions, so that, though taking advantage of the existing sensitivity to differences, the attentions of the social worlds can, in some way, be won for oneself. This leads ultimately to the strangest eccentricities, to specifically metropolitan extravagances of self-distantiation, of caprice, of fastidiousness, the meaning of which is no longer to be found in the content of such activity itself, but rather in its being a form of ‘being different’ – of making oneself noticeable.”

George Simmel

What contemporary individual plays in this simulations is precisely the different profiles global city users to per13

Theoretical frame

Philip Bess explain the changes on these “geographies/landscapes”6 mentioned above, or as he expresses, changes on the conception of the social structure from the modern (classic) age, to contemporary ones. He says there has been a transformation in the auto conception of the individual in the metropolis where civic values do not anymore stand of the moral values -thinking of moral as the principles that will direct society to a common wellness.

Social structures and spaces used to have a relationship that has been dislocated. Built spaces, or let say traditional architecture used to have the social function to direct thru a common civic virtue.

Contemporary architecture it’s being created under the bases of being intentionally disconnected from the notions of common values.

Even thought Bess claims for a retaking of the civic values as the function of architecture, which I don’t agree, he has some topics that I consider helpful in clarifying how does the conception of the individual and his built environment has change.

Architecture has the historic function of communicate meaning, as a moral icon, or way of behave. Architecture used to be the editor or mediator of urban information

Every social structure requires a spatial frame where to develop: landscapes as Sharon Sukin3 refers; or geographies, in terms of Ed Brown4. Brown expresses that these geographies come in two basic forms: one an idealist view of spatial organization, usually called metageography; and the other one is a materialist spatial structure of practice, known as spatiality. Metageographies are the unexamined spatial frameworks that we carry around in our heads to make geographical sense of our world; they are the collective spatial premises underlying our interpretations of past and present social relations. Spatialities are the spatial structures created through the everyday practices of production, distribution and consumption that materially constitute our world. They are the spatial ordering of social relations that are being continually reproduced in the routine operations of material life, past and present. “Metageographies and spatialities are closely related; formations of the former are grounded in the realities of the latter.”5

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3 Zukin, Sharon Landscapes of power. 1993 4 Brown Ed, et al, Spatialities of Globalization: Towards an Integration of Research on World City

14

Networks and Global Commodity Chains, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/gy/gawc/rb/ rb151.html 5 Ibidem.

JUMPE

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

form in the city. Understanding city in a broader sense, in which the individual visualize the entire globe as the field where to perform.

The different kind of practices and behave, that will give the structures of mobility for each one of this profiles called in this document Citizenships is what the player will experience and what might be the tool to take advantage of the global field we live in, even dough that performance might ask the Citizen to jump from one profile to another in the aim to get the wanted, the needed the available.

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The play

“A simulation is to model a system thru a different system that maintains (for someone) some of the original system behaviors. In a simulation we never swim again en the same way.”*

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Why a play?

Gonzalo Frasca stands on the idea of the simulations as something not to win or lose, but to collect experiences; not to gain knowledge of rules but to gain acknowledgment base on the repetition and experience.1 He believes that some of the most relevant questions should be addressed to the medium itself, to the representations that we construct in order to explain the world that we live in.

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Frasca, Gonzalo. http://luology.org 15

Theoretical frame

In the classical thought, or what Bess calls Aristotelic Communitarism, the wellness of the individual is based on the functionality of himself inside the society.

Aristotelic Communitarism is that one in which the individual can not be separated form the duties and privileges that the variety and specificity of human relations or human roles offers.

Under this philosophy, the city is understood as a community of communities: “the Polis”. Therefore there are social virtues of friendship, magnificence, and prudence that follow a common aim for the city. Traditional architecture and urban design is then, the formal expression of the ethic of the common. Architecture, in the traditional city tries to legitimize authority and the particular virtues of the common well.

Then, the traditional city is a mirror of common life, but at the same time it’s the cause itself.

Reading the fragment below of George Simmel in “The Metropolis and mental life” we follow the change happened with social communities on the growing into a metropolis: “the metropolis. It assures the individual of a type and degree of personal freedom to which an approximately exhaustive formula can be discovered. The most elementary stage of social organization which is to be found historically, as well as in the present, is this: a relatively small circle almost entirely closed against neighbouring foreign or otherwise antagonistic groups but which has however within itself such a narrow cohesion that the individual member has only a very slight area for the development of this own qualities and for free activity for which itself is responsible. Political and familial groups began in this way as do political and religious communities; the self-preservation of very young associations requires a rigorous setting of boundaries and a centripetal unity and for that reason it cannot give room to freedom and the peculiarities of inner and external development of the individual. From this stage social evolution proceeds simultaneously in two divergent but none the less corresponding directions.

In the measure that the group grows numerically, spatially, and in the meaningful content of life, its immediate inner unity and the definiteness of its original demarcation against others are weakened and rendered mil by reciprocal interactions and interconnections. And at the same time the individual gains also a peculiarity and individuality to which the division of labor in groups, which have becomes larger, gives both occasion and necessity…”

George Simmel in Metropolis and Mental life. p. 6

Bess defines the contemporary culture as the change from the common well to the autoemantipation on the individual himself. Wellness does not anymore stands of the frame of communal life; following Nietzsche thoughts it can be reached via 6 Bess, Philip. Communitarism and Emotivism: two rival views of ethic an Architecture. In Kate

16

Nesbit. Theorizing a new agenda for architecture. Princeton Press. 1996. E.U. p 372.

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

In contemporary times (2005, post-modernism, informational era, global world) reality can not be explain in one way. The contemporary vision asks for realities that coexist in the same time, sometimes in the same places.

The not all file

panorama presented here is agamma of possibilities ended, and not omnipresent that will have answers to kind of moves. But it is constructed, not in the proof a ‘game’ but in profile of a ‘simulation´.

Frasca speaks about the differentiation between game and play making a comparison with the concepts of Paidea and Ludus and under the bases of the psychologist Piaget and Caillois.

There are some games possible to be related with early childhood and there others that relate with older children and adults.

GAME noun Etymology: Middle English, from Old English gamen; akin to Old High German gaman amusement 1. activity engaged in for diversion or amusement : PLAY 2. the equipment for a game 3. a procedure or strategy for gaining an end : TACTIC b : an illegal or shady scheme or maneuver : RACKET PLAY 1.intransitive verb leisure engage in enjoyable activity: to take part in enjoyable activity for the sake of amusement.

2.transitive and intransitive verb act in a particular manner: to deal with a situation in a particular way to achieve a desired result .We decided to play it safe.

3.transitive verb pretend to be: to pretend to be a particular type of person Don’t play the innocent with me.

4.transitive and intransitive verb arts act a part in a play: to portray a character in a theatrical or movie production played Macbeth on Broadway 5.intransitive verb act in jest: to do something for fun, not in earnest ACKNOWLEDGMENT noun 1. act of acknowledging: the act of acknowledging something, or the condition of being acknowledged 2. sign of recognition: a sign showing that somebody has seen or heard somebody else’s greeting or presence 3. indication of receipt: a letter or other message sent to say that something has been received 4. thanks: an expression of thanks or appreciation for something 5. official recognition: official or public recognition of the help somebody has given or the work somebody has done

17

Theoretical frame

the autoenmancipation. The city becomes the economical artifact that gives the material goods and the anonymity to individuals, so they can develop their own life projects.

In the same way the traditional city can be understand as the physical expression of a moral of virtues for common well, the contemporary city and suburbs can be red as the physical expression of an emotional individualism, directed on power and roles. (That enables pluralism and tolerance).

Emotion becomes the method to understand the environment, and it’s preferable ambiguous, because after all, ambiguous it’s a symbol of modern time, a symbol that allows each individual to create his own way of life.

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Characters

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Citizens

Life styles come then, from a chaotically vision of the shared space where the individual needs to be distiguish, and marketing agenda.

OVERLAPPED CITY

18

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

Paidea is a low complex rule play. According to Piaget´s idea of paidea are make-believe games that are symbolic and can not be described as “games with rules” in which there is no aim to win anything or anybody.

Ludus are those games in which there are specific rules that give the conditions to evaluate how and who will win the game after a determinate session.

LUDUS vs PAIDEA Ludus: Is a game, it’s based on moral values Paidea: it a play, based on the experiencing The problem with the categories of paidea and ludus is that they are not easy to distinguish for an external observer. For example, a child who is jumping on one foot is following a paidea rule: to maintain her equilibrium without using both feet. But if the child has a watch and wants to see if she can stand jumping during 10 minutes, she has created a ludus. As we can see, it is easy to switch from paidea to ludus.

Game

Category

Merry-goround

Paidea

Chess

Ludus

Paidea rules

Ludus Rules

To turn in circles; players must hold hands Pawns move one square at a time.

None To take the other player’s king.

In the JUMPER CITIZEN we will use the idea of paidea as the effort to only experience a system that re-present determined field. And even dough there are some rules that will lead the player to complete, move or be aware of situations -rules that might respond more to ludus concept- the aim 19

Theoretical frame

In From Contrast to analogy, Ignasi de Solá Morales said that in the world of these times (or should I say in worlds of this times) it is impossible to find a unique esthetic system for the social. The lose of the universal system, caused by the significance of the concepts, and the conscious of psychology, and the philosophy request a broader and heterogeneous gamma of interrelations, shape contrasts, textures and differences.7 Richard Florida has expressed the Ranking measures diversity through a combination of diversity.8 He stands that the key to economic growth lies not just in the ability to attract the creative class, but to translate that underlying advantage into creative economic outcomes in the form of new ideas, new hightech businesses and regional growth. the gay index, which measures the amount of gay people living in an area; the bohemian index, which measures the amount of artists, authors, composers, actors, sculptors, painters and so forth living in an area; and, the melting pot index, which measures the amount of foreign born people living in an area . The combination of these indexes establishes diversity.

And that condition is supposed to assure investments.

Contemporary landscapes show that actual individuals or at least some of them (those who try to take advantage of global situations and new opportunities, and those who already have the capability to use them) are creating a new social structures based on a chosen personal way of life.

What we can read and I found profoundly characteristic of this times is precisely that Individual is not anymore what he does – in terms of what he does to get their economic recourses for living. The individual may have any kind of work or profession and that doesn’t mean to belong to a specific social status or group or to live a specific cultural behave, a specific lifestyle.

The capability of choosing is becoming one of the most important trends of this time. People are influenced now by tons of information coming from literature, TV, internet, radio and the contact with people from all over the globe. The consciousness of being in a planet connected and available to be acknowledged fosters an active attitude before this global landscape. Mobility and being connected with information are two of the most important symptoms of the net era, or informational age.9

20

7 De Solà Morales, Ignaci. From Contrast to analogy in Kate Nesbitt Theorizing a new agenda for architecture. p. 229.

8 Florida, Richard.http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0205.florida.html 9 Term created by Manuel Castell in The informational age

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

of this simulations is just experience and draw draft sketches of how is and for whom the city is in this times.

The conclusions that any of the players will create for sure will be independent of those ones the producers of this simulation thought, but what we will be able to measure will be the paths and urban elements the chosen citizens profiles will leave, and from there, it will be possible to find some more real experiences that would allow us to interpret the global field.

As Frasca says referring to simulations in video games: simulations does not end in the representation. It does not attempt to do it and it should not… if ended narratives are past shape, and if drama and performance are today’s forms, there is no doubt that simulations are the shapes for the future. Simulations does not look at what happened, but to what may occur. Stands on the principle that changes are possible.

Understanding the simulation

It’s not a game does not have for purpose to win or lose the aim is the experience by itself and try again each one is able to create his own path/profile for moving around the city does not have a unique story there is not the good and the bad guy there is a possibility to reflex about social life it’s not finished has metarules that can change all the simulation

The play / simulation

21

Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado

Global paths.

The standardization of services on cities or zones that global capital claims, leads cultural behaves, at least on the surface, to act in similar ways.

The fast appearance of standardized places has generated new kind of spaces: in the one hand spaces that present their services quality into what first world request but emphasizing their particularities and identity; in the other hand those places sometimes called non-places10 which repeat their formal characteristics according only to what their function or according only to what their brand’s specifications or statutes request – case airports, fast food restaurants, brand stores, supermarkets -. Any of these two cases are the result of the demand and investment of global capitals, or those capitals that try to get into the global ones.

But what is being transformed is that the city is becoming the center for high quality services and at the same time center for leisure activities.

Cultural events, thematic restaurants, buildings, profiled directed tours, market sectioned publicity appear in the intent to respond the demands of all kind of people that request this kind of activities in they everyday life. And if we add the continuous floating population of all kind of tourism: academic, business, cultural, ecological and mass travel tourism, it is possible to visualize where cities´ developments are going to.

Urban centers result attractive to new professionals not only because there they might find the job the want (which result easy to understand given the communication facilities and accessibility to mobility) but for what the city itself offers to their off work life.

At the same time urban centers had become a high paid place for rent and living.

That is leading blue collar employees, and workers of the production activities and logistic, and even old city center dwellers, to move to affordable (commonly pheriphery) places, or in the most extreme case to affordable (out-of-the-globalcapital) cities.11 Then what happened with that ideal of the Global Village. A place-world where the people will fell like home in any part of land they would be… where the technology and a homogenous heterogeneity of races will share culture.

As global forces has develop infrastructures of entire cities and institutions to get people connected between them, the distance between those institutions and those one not connected on the global networks is becoming bigger and bigger.

22

10 Term created by Marc Auge, in Non Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity.

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

“Telematics maximizes the potential for geographic dispersal and globalization entails an economic logic that maximizes the attractions/profitability of such dispersal. Then we understands the concentration of high paid professionals in al globalized cities. And the commodities that exist in them… The virtual office is a far more limited options than a purely technological analysis would suggest. Certain types of economic activities can be run from a virtual office located anywhere. But for work processes requiring multiple specialized inputs, considerable innovation and risk taking, the need for direct interaction with other firms and specialists remains a key locational factor” Saskia Sassen in Urban Economies and Fading distances 1998

Benjamin Walters

The time to get connected to global network runs as fast as the people and market section get informed and displaces from one landscape to another in order to find what they want… but in the other hand the most of the population stay lacked in a status out of the global economies or in the best case on the bottom of the production system.

Global City “…today\’s global cities are (1) command points in the organization of the world economy; (2) key locations and marketplaces for the leading industries of the current period, which are finance and specialized services for firms; (3) major sites of production for theses industries, including the productions of these innovations.\” Sassen 1994 11 Saskia Sassen has talked a lot about what she called the Dual City. She describes and theorize about characteristic of the global economies, defining the cities that are real Global Cities and the others that will remain in between networks. The people that will enjoy the benefits of global opportunities and the people that every day is getting far and far away to get them.

23

Theoretical frame

Consumerism and mass media.

Accessibility to what is shown in the communication devices by mass media, and the capability to get what is seen there does not exclude any of the citizens of the global world.

Mass media and the influence of actual consumerism has been leaded society to follow the trends of different lifestyles. No matter in which part of the latter you are, there will always be a perfect scene where to focus your ideal of life.

Architecture in the last century has an important difference respect history when Architecture was created in respond to religion´s, Political, or institution´s Agendas. Architecture now a days responds, just as most of human systems do, to the market trends.

In the last century the State has suffered important changes. Power, does not stand anymore on the state or old institutions, power in the last century in the capital hands. The capital has such a power that even frontiers have not been barriers to colonize and restring production and the economical system. State has had to council their activities and functions with private investors to be on the avant-garde of the trends.

This is what we are talking about when we say Globalization. An economical system that runs abroad the planet in simultaneous productivity and that is connected despite their geographical situation and where the state function as the law basement that assures capital forces that transactions of people and products will be safe.

If we follow Shinzo Uemoto, is it possible to understand that marketing experts are defining the trends of human behave by the creation of images of ways of living for different consumerism profiles.

In the contemporary landscape, the communication and media editor plays the social roll that architects use to have.

These new editors, creates the image of cites and situations in cities. Mass media is being the panacea to attract capital direct from people by buying products or to make attractive a city by the creation of a desirable image situation located in that specific place. They create, by the use of mass images, what makes them desirable for each and all kind of people.

24

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

How to choose characters?

Contemporary actors moves on the city playing different characters, called in this simulation citizen profiles.

To select a character it is only necessary to have an idea of what are their needs, desires (commonly well define by the lifestyle directed advertising) and the recourses that enable that kind of profile to perform.

It is a condition con keep always your personal ideal path of what you wish to be, places you want to visit, behaves you want perform, and people you want to be involved. It is a must to have sure the personal identity to survive in the real global world despite of any citizenship “dress” one characterize.

The contemporary actor moves on the city playing citizenship profiles

characters

Capability to choice Resources

Needs

Desires 25

Theoretical frame

Segregated City.

Ethnic small groups are suffering an economic, institutional and cultural discrimination that usually ends in a segregation of their similar in specific zones of cities. Those ethnic groups tend to use concentration in neighborhoods as a protection form as well a helpness within each others and the affirmation of their identity.

Spatial concentration and the unwell condition of these ethnic groups create black holes in the urban social structure. Poverty, continuous deterioration in housing and in urban services, high density occupancy of places and the lack of opportunities direct to criminality.

The deteriorated centers in some of the center city of Europe and the United States were the result of the concentration of those marginated minorities in city centers. What gentrifications are changing now on these processes is that, as in the case of the French Banliues, peripheral to the metropolis ghettos are being built.

The global, as Manuell Castell and Jordi Borga say in the Multicultural City, is located in a segmented and especially in a spatial segregated way. Principally by the displacement of people groups caused by the destruction of old productive forms and the creation of new activity centers.

Global is getting connected the urban centers and entire regions that are capable to follow the demands of the new users.

The fact that globalization is making broader the separation between those who can access and those who seems that never will reach that objective. This phenomena becomes apparent in any scale and that distantiation is comparable in blue-collar workers and employes vs specialized and professionals as with first world countries or city hubs vs under-developed and poor countries.

What then comes to be a tool for those who can not reach global connectivity and competitiveness in the economical networked production system is precisely the attractiveness of identity, cultural heritages, natural resources, elements and circumstances that can catch tourist capitals.

26

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities ���������

Permit.ions:

It is a reality that as the global economy and global culture have increased the diversity, mobility and access to information, social control has been fostered and increased.

In many cases, public places are being typifeid and profiled to be use and only use for some kind of city users (the ones that can spend or atract capital).

What are the resources that characterized each one of the citizenship profiles in their performance on the city.

We have defined two important groups of these permit.ions: legal and suggested.

Legal responds to those ones that refer to what law and states accept as certificates that gives default rights ��������� or privileges for civilians in determined countries or regions: such as nationality, passport, visas, academic status, and professional credentials.

Suggested permit.ions responds ��������� to those one that being not established as request are needed to fit on the predefine image for the citizenships. Such as economical resources, mobility devices, electronic appliances, communication apparatus. ���������

These permit.ions (resources) will determine the capability for moving and even for jumping from one citizen profile to another looking for what the individual (player) want, need, can get. ���������

permission 1. authorisation; consent (especially formal consent from someone in authority) 2.the act of permitting 3.(computing): flags or ACLs pertaining to a file that dictate who can access it, and how.

4. authorisation

27

Theoretical frame

Actual City users If the creation and development of new places for new users result from the matching of specific citizen practices, or citizen profiles, then a description of these new actors results necessary.

If we look at the evolution of different landscapes appearing on the XX Century in the United Sates, we can see how each one of them responses to their economical system: familiar Landscapes was to the Industrial capitalism as the Post industrial landscape of Vancouver, or Silicon Valley evocates the age of ecology and leisure livability of consumption of the service economy. Different landscapes now coexist in space and time, although they were created sequentially, on different scales.

The relationship between social classes determines and is in turn affected by “tension between free geographical mobility and the organized reproduction processes”.12 Social classes have specific profiles of lifestyles with specific needs (original or in constant creation) to be satisfy. And that does not mean to enclose an individual into a single profile.

City has growth and gotten more complexity as had happened with city users.

The frontiers inside the same city are becoming less explicit but more visible.

Public space is being created to receive those citizens who spend money and that make those investments profitable. In their duty, private investment develop housing districts and infrastructure, usually disconnected form urban centers for those one who can not afford living what global facilities is bringing to their city.

Floating population called, tourist, students, business man, congress visitors, etc. are the target for investments, public or private. New kinds of families or citizens that go after specific lifestyles, because of their economical and professional status are the fundamental base for the renewal of buildings, and gentrification processes of entire neighborhoods. Yuppies, DINK (double income no kids), gays

28

12

Sukin, Sharon. Lanscapes of power: From Detroit to L.A. U. of California Press. pp. 17 - 19

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

Characters Characters are define by the selection of profiles of lifestyles observed in most of actual cities. Even some of them wouldn’t be the desirable one.

It is a must to remark that this profiles does not entirely define any person. Characters or citizen practice profiles, are a cartooned sketch of this citizens.

Type Citizen

≠ ≠

individual individual

For this first edition and model of THE JUMPER CITIZEN there are available the characters defined below.

Family lifestyle

Usually lives in the residential suburbs characterized by green areas and enclosure form the external.

Following the American urban model.

Professionals.

Supermarket and shopping centers visitors. On weekends visitor of the mountain and on vacations mass travel tourist. Now days interested in eco tourism too.

Permit.ions: Car, computer (to be connected even in the suburbs), passport that enable them to travel, and a stable work. ��������������������������

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29

Theoretical frame

communities, interchange students, artists, and intellectuals, are an important market section to cover as well as an important tool to attract more capital and people for having them for dwellers.

Diversification is in the global landscape a good symptom of the facilities and commodities that a city offers.

Diversification even in institutions is a demonstration of being connected to global networks. And then, that place, institution, university, city, must be attractive or must have some attractive characteristics that position it into the global scene.

The diversification of the individual in contemporary world and their condition of constant evolution does not have to fix in a specific way of living. The individual is surrounded in his everyday life by to grand trends: one, the notion of a new culture, where one is exposed to this idea of consuming all kind of lifestyles; and in the other hand by the new technology and media that changes the way of living and relate with others, as well their culture practices: starting from his idea of family, laboral relations, the idea of an active leisure life, the mobility on its professional and life practice, etc.

Below is a list of different kind of new actors, all of them tourist, that have become the principal target to attract for all kind of urban and region developments. � Adventure tourism: Tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as mountaineering and hiking (tramping). � Agritourism: Farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy. � Armchair tourism and virtual tourism: not travelling physically, but exploring the world through internet, books, TV, etc. � Cultural tourism: Includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, such as London, Paris, Prague, Rome, Cairo, Beijing, Kyoto, and experiencing their cultural heritages.

May also consist of specialized cultural experiences, such as art museum tourism where one visits many art museums during the tour, or opera tourism where one sees many operas or concerts during the tour. � Disaster tourism: travelling to a disaster scene not primarily for helping, but because one finds it interesting to see. It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work. � Drug tourism (for use in that country, or, legally often extremely risky, for taking home)

30

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

Mass Travel Tourist

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Common city dweller that take a short period to change activities and that tries to experience in other places what he has seen on TV or advertising.

Considered floating citizen.

Professionals with family, third age people, employees.

Visits shopping corridors and shopping center to buy the only different object they will find there: souvenirs.

Obligated to go to the most important landmark of the city to certificate in a picture he was there.

Permit.ions: Camera, tourist dress and tourist attitude, passport.

Dweller

City user that has lived there even before gentrification, renewal developments and location of supermarkets nearby increased fees and displaced the neighbors they used to have.

Lives in the residential old buildings of city center. Uses public transport and walked their pets on the sidewalk of the streets, and make their super, on the closer traditional market.

Professionals, a few families, and retired.

Permit.ions: Cyber downstairs one block away; legal I.D. and a stable income.

31

Theoretical frame

� Ecotourism: Sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such as safaris (Kenya) and Rainforests (Belize), or national parks. � Educational tourism: May involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded retreat or some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes. � Gambling tourism, e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Macau or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there. � Gay tourism: Tourism marketed to gays who wish to travel to gay-friendly destinations which feature a gay infrastructure (bars, businesses, restaurants, hotels, nightlife, etc.), the opportunity to socialize with other gays, and the feeling that one can relax safely among other gay people. � Heritage tourism: Visiting historical or industrial sites, such as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc. � Health tourism: Usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some ‘fun in the sun’, etc. Often to “health spas”. � Hobby tourism: Tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby interests, to meet others with similar interests, or to experience something pertinent to the hobby. Examples might be garden tours, ham radio Expeditions, or square dance cruises. � Inclusive tourism: Tourism marketed to those with functional limits or disabilities. Referred to as “Tourism for All” in some regions. Destinations often employ Universal Design and Universal Destination Development principles. � Medical tourism, e.g.: � for what is illegal in one’s own country, e.g. abortion, euthanasia; for instance, euthanasia for non-citizens is provided by Dignitas in Switzerland. � for advanced care that is not available in one’s own country � in the case that there are long waiting lists in one’s own country � for use of free or cheap health care organizations � Perpetual tourism: Wealthy individuals always on holiday, some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in any country. � Regional tourism Tourism bundle of few country in the region, using one of the country as the ansit point. The country of transit point is usually a country with good transport infrastructure. e.g. Singapore is the base for tourism for South East Asia due to its strategic location and good transport infrastructure. � Sex tourism: mostly men from First World countries visiting Third World countries for purpose of engaging in sexual acts, usually with inexpensive local prostitutes. This form of tourism is often cited the principal way that pedophiles can hire child prostitutes. � Sport tourism: Skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular ways to spend a vacation. Also in this category is vacationing at the winter home of one’s favorite baseball team, and seeing them play everyday. � Space tourism � Vacilando is a special kind of wanderer for whom the process of travelling is more important than the destination.

32

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

Bohemian / Academic

Principal cause for gentrification.

Moved to old buildings inside city centers to experience the benefits and closeness of al the services, and � � � � commodities the city offers.

Evoke on behave the idea of the diversified metropolis.

Professionals, academics, artist, intellectual, students.

Frequently present at museums, art galleries, local restaurants, cultural events.

Thematic tourist.

Permit.ions: Car (parked), computer (to be connected even in the suburbs), passport, that enable them to travel. Friends abroad the globe.

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Those kinds of inhabitant that inhabits sections of land in different cities basically or usually in their everyday life or by determined periods.

Considered floating inhabitant.

Performs and frequent places depending on what activity or status they have for determined place.

The territoriant is a new city user of the global world.

Permit.ions: Passport, communications devises, computer, frequent travel card. ��������������������������

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* Territoriant, is a term created by Francesc Muñoz and referred from The multiplied city: metropolis of territoriants. in CityArquitectureLandscape IUAV, Venice. 2002

33

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Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado

Di-rooted:

Usually started as an interchange student. It’s a citizen capable to pack their belongings and move from one place to another to have speciďŹ c experiences or to spend an in between period.

Low income professional, just degraded professional.

E-mail becomes the only long contact address.

Live in possible renewable areas, that present some of the bohemian lifestyle, but that are still affordable.

The di-rooted citizen is a new city user of the global world.

Permit.ions: passport, commonly computer.

Support citizen

Principal service employed in the city.

Displaced from his original home in city center to a familiar neighborhood in between city center and suburbs.

Visit Supermarkets and go to public park on weekends.

Mass travel tourist on vacation.

Non professionals or retail and tourism technicians.

His laboral environment is usually the mass travel tourist corridor and city centers.

Permit.ions: I.D., employed status.

34

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

Post-di-rooted:

That citizen that after being a di-rooted citizen for a while started to fell the necessity to be established.

Frequently ended either the family lifestyle or the bohemian lifestyle.

Permit.ions: car, computer, passport, stable work.

In - Placed

Segregated citizen that immigrated into the city in order to get better opportunities. Lives in old building and non gentrificated areas where � � � � � � � inhabit people from similar ethnics and religions.

Usually works in the informal commerce.

Travel on festivities to visit his origin country.

Permit.ions: (i)legal employed status.

Transgressor

Is that citizen that is not possible to fit in a particular citizen practice because is it precisely his aim to transgress defined rules.

Usually young non professional people.

Non stable work status.

Permit.ions: human rights.

35

Theoretical frame

Physical and built environment.

Taking for granted Kevin Lynch work The image of the City (1959) we can observe that similarities of profiles of city users and city user´s practices can be measure, and find out that groups of individuals have common references to perceive and move into the city.

Lynch established some recognizable visual elements (paths, districts, edges, landmarks and nodes) that in the citizen are relevant for the understanding of his city. The recognition of these elements and the relations the individual creates in his minds by the perceptions of the physical environment make a mental map of the city, a mental map that function as a symbolic diagram of how worlds fit together: a map of set of infrastructures that individual uses to set a body of believes, a set of social customs or an organizer of facts and possibilities to move in the city.

Lynch used parameters as age, gender, occupation, and home place to make his study, so it was possible to have an idea of how was the city shape for some kind of people.

The idea is: If we could look at the mental maps different kind of citizens have for their city, we will be able to see that in the same physical urban space, there are different structures for use and move in the city.

Kevin Lynch used and defined paths, nodes, districts, edges and landmarks as visual recognizable urban elements to interpret the mental map of the citizens in they everyday life walk thru the city. These elements now a days could have any other names but what is a fact it’s that as concepts these elements exists for the capability of displacement in human beings cognitive processes on the recognition of the environment.

Nodes: hubs, centers Paths, links Districts, corridors Landmarks… way finding devices, advertising / streets names displays Edges… controlled… secure 36

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

To do 1. Use the box below to play with the possibilities to increase your capability to move on the city.

The player must use the box as a starting point and as a box to fill with personal suppositions and experiences.

Urban Elements Database CITY MATRIX URBAN VARIABLES

L.c.

Lynch City

S.c.

Support City

Souvenir City

Specialized City

HUB City

Paths

Kevin Lynch Urban Elements

are channels by which people move along their travels. Roads, trails, and sidewalks.

Lc.p.

Edges are all other lines no included in the path group. Walls and seashores.

Lc.e.

Nodes points, or strategic spots where there is an extra focus, or added concentration of city features. Like busy intersections or a popular city center.

Landmarks external physical objects that act as reference points

Districts are sections of the city, usually relatively substantial in size, which have an identifying character about them.

Mobility time use of time

Energy to spend at moving Passport Age Languaje Mobility device Student Status

PERMITION

2. Create the cards on the box.

Create cards in order to understand values and possible encounters or instantiations with others, similar or from another kind of citizenships practice profile. a) Make a list of real urban elements. Physical or non physical. b) Choose the characters to use on the play.

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37

Theoretical frame

Under the bases of what is said in the Image of the City, the environmental image has three components: identity, structure and meaning.

How is this image configurating spaces under the global requests? Retaking the three components of the environmental image I suggest that structure of cities is being built under the standards of security, accessibility, and the technology global trends demand; identity, even dough is based on local characteristics, had has to include some of the services of the global; while the meaning is the factor that I consider is being more affected by the new mass media consumerism.

Even meaning responds to personal and common social significances, that might exist by history or by the everyday life walking, for some of the citizens (mostly floating population), way finding devices and souvenir products direct to what a specific place must have for meaning. And adding mass media advertising and thematic TV programs the meaning of a place is commonly reduced to a must to see/take a picture place and keep walking to the next interest place (facadecities) The creation of environmental image is a two way process between observer and observed. What he sees is based on exterior form, but how he interprets and organizes this, and how he directs attention, in its turn affects what he sees.

Lynch said the aim for urban designers might be creating imageable environments witch were at the same time open/ended.13 But we can see how advertising and even city signals direct people to visualize a city as they design it. The branding of cities and the thematization of zones and corridors are good examples of those processes.

The physical characteristic that determine districts are thematic continuities which may consist of an endless variety of components: texture, space, form, detail, symbol, building type, use, activity, inhabitants, degree of maintenance, topography.

The clues are not only visual ones: noise was important as well. At times, indeed, confusion itself might be a clue, as it was for the woman who remarked that she knows she is in the North End as soon as she feels she is getting lost.

Then we can understand the standardization of districts in globalized cities, as shopping corridors, financial districts, where they almost have the same type of structures. (Thematic units as Lynch named them, than from the 60’s are being 38

13 Lynch, Kevin. The image of the city. p. 139

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

3. Understanding Values for Urban Elements.

The player will give value to each one the elements he considers exist on the citizen practice profile selected.

To evaluate those elements we will use the concepts Kevin Lynch in The image of the city created to define the uses and meaning people give to urban elements and that allow the city user the tools to elaborate a mental map and therefore create structures for mobility and behave around the city.

In the colored cards are the values for uses Kevin Lynch define. There are too new connotations of what those urban elements are presented on these times.

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landmark 1.a recognizable natural or manmade feature used for navigation quotations 2. a notable building or place with historical or geographical significance quotations 3. a major or important item, denoting a change of direction or marking a beginning or an end

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point of reference. “are another type of point-reference, but in this case the observer does not enter within them, they are external. They are usually a rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store, or mountain”. The prominent visual features of the city are its landmarks. Some landmarks are very large and seen at great distances, like Hotels. Some are very small (trees within an urban square), and can only be seen close up, like a street clock or statues.

Landmarks are an important element of urban form because they help people to orient themselves in the city and help identify an area.

Synonyms: Monuments also serve as demarcators of public spaces.

Landmark Originally, a landmark literally meant a geographic feature, used by explorers and others to find their way back through an area on a return trip. In modern usage, it is anything that easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure. ����������

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39

Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado

����� Paths familiar routes followed- “are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves…. Streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads.. “These are the major and minor routes of circulation that people use to move out. A city has a network of major routes and a neighborhood network of minor routes.

path 1.a trail for the use of, or worn by, pedestrians.

2.a course taken.

3.track, trail The word path has a variety of meanings: 4.path is a route between two points. It may also be used metaphorically, as a philosophical route to a desired state or destination.

5. For hiking, a path is often synonymous with a trail, although trail generally implies longer distances, unsurfaced ground, and natural terrain, whereas a path, particularly in an urban setting, can be much shorter, have a paved surface, and meander through landscaped areas.

6. A path in graph theory is a sequence of vertices of a graph where there is an edge from any vertex in the sequence to the following vertex.

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link 1.A connection from one place, person, or event.

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Areas witch perceived internal homogeneity “are medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived of as having two-dimensional extent, which the observer mentally enters ‘inside of’, and which are recognizable as having some common identifying character”.

A city is composed of component neighborhoods, or districts.

40

district 1.An administrative division of an area 2.An area or region marked by some distinguishing feature: morphology area, corridor, region

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corridor 1.A narrow hall or passage with rooms leading off.

2.A restricted tract of land that allows passage between two places.

3.Airspace restricted for the passage of aircraft.

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

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node / hub 1.The central part, usually cylindrical, of a wheel; the nave 2.A point where many routes meet and traffic is distributed, dispensed or diverted Hong Kong airport is one of the most important air traffic hubs in Asia.

3.(computers) a computer networking device connecting several ethernet ports. See switch.

4.A node in a network.

5. a computer networking device that connects multiple Ethernet segments together making them act as a single segment.

6.An airline hub is an airport that serves as the base of operations for an airline.

7.Cultural capital website that provides a form of knowledge; skills; education.

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centers of attraction that you can enter. “are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are intensive foci to and from which he is traveling. They may be primary junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another.

Or the nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance from being the square…” a node is a center of activity. Actually it is a type of landmark but is distinguished from a landmark by virtue of its active function. Where a landmark is a distinct visual object, a node is a distinct axis of activity.

����� Dividing lines between districts. “are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer.

They are boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cut, adages of development, walls…” The termination of a district is its edge.

Some districts have no edges at all but gradually taper off and blend into another districts. When two districts are joined at one edge they form a seam. They are lateral references rather than coordinate axes.

edge 1.The boundary line of a surface.

2.(Geometry) The joining line between two vertices of a polygon.

3.(Geometry)The place where two faces of a polyhedron meet.

4.The thin cutting side of the blade of an instrument.

5.Any sharp terminating border; a margin; a brink; extreme verge 6.Sharpness; readiness or fitness to cut; keenness; intenseness of desire.

7.The border or part adjacent to the line of divisionmargin (plural: margins) 1.(printing): the edge of the paper that remains blank 2.(finance): the yield or profit; the selling price minus the cost 3.a permissible difference; a margin of error boundary 1.The dividing line or location between two areas.

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41

Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado

4. Fill the Matrix

museum square tourist corridor waterfront shooping center

“None of the element types isolated above exist in isolation in the real case. Districts are structured with nodes, defined by edges penetrated by paths, and sprinkled with landmarks. Elements regularly overlap and pierce one another. If this analysis begins with the differentiation of the whole image…”

Kevin Lynch, The image of the city. p.6

42

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Physical urban elements

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The matrix will function as tool to organize the relationships between citizens, urban elements and the value they get for each one of those citizens:

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

As the independent variables are the different notions of citizens, and as dependent variable are the physical urban elements.

And as the third dimension variables, Kevin Lynch urban elements defines values to the urban elements for each one of the different citizen.

Each cross will explain the meaning of each dependent variable to each kind of citizen.

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This conglomerated of definitions will expose that gamma of city experiencing options and way of living coexists in the same physical field as an OVERLAPPED CITY. But at the same time it could happened in the individual too if he chooses and switches (depending of what he wants or expect to get form each one of the citizenships) the citizenship he will use under different circumstances, geographical or behavioural; but it’s a must to remember that the choosing will be conditioned by the permit. ions he has.

43

Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado

Table Board: BARCELONA 2005

Strategies that has being apply to position the city into the world’s eyes: World Exposition, 1888. Ciudatela World Exposition, 1929. Mont Juic Olympic Games, 1992. Mont Juic and Olympic Village.

Forum of the Cultures. 2004. Maresme.

22@ , in progress.

44

Barcelona, Capital of Catalu had ďŹ ght for being the prot Population: 1.578.546 (200 Floating: Tourists 10.148.2 Area: 10.095,98 sq. ha.

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

5. Select a Field to Play.

Barcelona was chosen to be the set for the ďŹ rst example/research of a Jumper Citizen Simulation.

Why Barcelona? The city of Barcelona has in history foster the recognition of the world as the Mediterranean city. Its develop since the end of the XVIII Century has being stand on design of urban planes and politically there Barcelona has functions as the host for many of the most relevant international Events.

In the last twenty years Barcelona has been one of the Architectural sets for the experimentations and analysis of urban phenomena, and has become on of the most attractive cities of Europe for what it offers for many different activities.

The period of research and studies for develop this material where based in Barcelona, that condition allowed the time and application of procedures of observation and interviews to complete the document.

unya. The second city in Spain and a city that always tagonistic Urban Settle in the Iberican Peninsula.

04) 238 Pernoctants 4.549.587 (in 2004)

45

Theoretical frame

Methodology & Analysis Case I Study over the city of Barcelona, 2005 To compile the data for this research three persons from Barcelona of each one of the groups that most fit on the citizen’s profiles defined below were selected.

In that interview they were asked to tell the common paths they follow in their everyday life as well as to mention and draw if possible how is Barcelona urbanistictly structure.

To be able to compare the different maps shown in the research, the physical urban elements of the city of Barcelona were defined as icons to make them the common base for analysis. Icons showed on next page.

Once the maps were overlapped, they showed that the city is experimented by parts of segments, and that corresponds to different kind of citizen practices. As many overlapped cities more diversification of citizens profiles exist in it. That shows that the city of Barcelona is an attractive place that catches a broader gamma of different people to go there.

There is possible to read how different places have diverse uses where different citizenship can be found, but what came to light is that most invested and developed zones of the city are functionally reduced to some kind of citizen profiles.

While a shopping corridor or a museum is a node for encounters with similar full of activities sponsored by private and public capital, for others it’s only the work district and the places itself where those activities are being presented are edges non penetrable.v Densification of activities for the touristic corridor, at least in the case of Barcelona is still a share place with dwellers even dough fees for living are increasing every day. The city is a centre of activity that brings people from over the world to spend different scales of time, but at the same time, the city is a centre of activity that brings people from over the edges of the city, from behind the mountain every day. A city that assures resources for living, but for spending them in outside-ofthe-city affordable suburbs.

46

THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

6. Creating icons for signiďŹ cant Urban Elements of the City

Ghery Sculpture

Predrera House Shooping center

Stadium

Metro stations

Gardens Multifamily housing districts

Industrial district

Suburbs

Airport

Forum Plaza Catalunya

Rambla del Raval

Agbar building

Olympic Stadium Plaza EspaĂąa

Ramblas

Rambla del Borne

Sagrada Familia

Conserola Tower

Macba

Olympic village

47

Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado

Dweller

BARCELONA, 2005

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Case 2 Study on a di-rooted individual Architect 28 years, old. Mexican-ecuatorian A professional in design was asked to develop routes, maps and narrations of how does she experience and used the city. The city in this case was not one singular place, the city for this person were all the cities where she has lived in the period of the last five years, cities in which she has being under different conditions: as home student, interchange student with scholarship, as a mass travel tourist, a professional practitioner, a dweller, a cultural tourist.

The city in this case becomes the globe, and even the citizen practices became the characters chosen or given to perform. The city is that selected field that offers the individual performs. And, as the case of Barcelona, still be capable to maintain the different citizenship practice on its own territory, because if not, the jumper citizen will choose not another citizen practice, but another city.

The capacity for mobility and the openness of the social habits have created different social behaviors, not really based on common morals, but in getting predefine lifestyles. This does not mean that old kind of citizenships or even old citizen’s practices does not exist anymore; they are mixed with the new ones, mixed in the same space and time, but commonly in crossing with other structures without touching between them. Thus there exist lost of layers in city structures that respond to certain group’s demands.

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City users practices As the citizen has changed in responds to the demand of the global economy (or maybe, the global economy has created new strategies to responds the necessities of the new city users), it becomes more difficult to look at cities only as the physical shapes capable to be inhabited by their users.

If we think of the city in the modern sense, the city should feeds citizen’s necessities and in the other hand it should be the tool that enable city users practice their citizenship; practice the idea of a civic square, recognize institutions, and practice his professional character on society. People or the individual in the modern context or in a positivist point of view was whatever his function in the society was. In the contemporary society the individual chose a way of living, which not necessarily matches whith the profile defined for his laboral status sketched in the mid XX century.

The structure of the economy in the cities is changing in scale, in its basic functions and developments, as well as in its internal and external flows. Cities are not longer places to stay, but places in which the staying depends on the individual.

The Question then is, If there still exists concepts of boundaries, paths, landmarks, hubs and identifiable areas on individual or citizens to understand the city and then anable him move on it? How this elements should be? Or to make it more real, how these elements are appearing in the cities, global or not yet globalized?

In this research, the elements used by Kevin Lynch are analyze, not from a perceptual meaning, but as physical concepts that are changing to respond to global politics, and global and local identities.

It’s not about how does citizen (or types of citizens) see these elements, or what these elements are for him, it is about the recognition of mobility, use of time, and the capability of chossing actual individuals have to practice a citizenship.

Then I propose the reading of actual theories and trends to define the contemporary behavior, thus city development or citizen practice, and filter them thru these concepts of the Lynch’s elements; another exercise in the trying to understand the structures of cities for different kinds (lifestyles) of citizenships.

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Overlapped city There is no need to explain that different kinds of people coexist in the metropolis, and for each one of them the perception of the city, or the recreation of the structure of the city in their minds, is different, but there is possible to find similarities in groups, or types of individuals.

Taking for granted Kevin Lynch work The image of the City (1959) we can observe that this similarities can be measure, and find out that groups of individuals have common references to perceive and move into the city.

The representation of mobility and meaning of measurable urban elements by different kinds of citizens (therefore citizenship) shows that on the same physical shape of the city coexist lots of layered mobility structures. Putting these structures together it’s what in the JUMPER CITIZEN it´s called THE OVERLAPPED CITY.

“Rather than a single comprehensive image for the entire environment, here seemed to be sets of images, which more or less overlapped and interrelated… This arrangement by levels is a necessity in a large and complex environment.”

Kevin Lynch

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THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

Conlcusions What to do then with neigther of the two possible overlappings of the image of the global city, if it is possible to analyze who is using the city and who is it being built for. We need to expect reactions.

At the end, decisions on city planners and developers, stand on a ethic agenda of what a common well is.

The eort of city developers to gain more attractiveness and under the discourse to increase social living by improving public spaces is not safeguarding dwelling for their users‌ only for some of them.

It seems to me that they (global powers) are trying to erased some of these actors from the thematized city or at least take them away from the visible city atractor.

Thematization of entire cities, in order to make them accessible to be consume, is leading if its not carefully analyzed to a pure set of televisions. Specialized demand of products and services as well as the standardization of security, com67

Igor Ivan Ojeda Delgado

munication, mobility forces cities to change if they don´t want to be outside of the connected world... Where is the city going, if the meanings that were supposed to be a reason to be inhabited are being transformed in only images to consume? Domestication by cappuccino as Guido Martinotti says is standardizing not only the quality of products and services new actor request, but the senses themselves. Experiencing the taste of a coffee in one place, city or region is being the same one than experiencing on the Starbooks next corner. The critic does not go against skyscrapers, but to what the implementations brings in the specific neighbor where it is place.

Thematization is not leading only to the built of expected images to capture global capitals… the renewal of neighbors is bringing speculation, dislocation of old city dwellers and the disappearance of encounter nodes for everyday city users.

At the same time and while the trend is to go back to urban centers, at least for those who can afford it and have the evocative desire to experience what a metropolis offers, the shape is getting two significative shapes: on the one hand the city is becoming more extended precisely for those who need to go in to the periphery to find an affordable place for living, which makes necessary the acquisition of a automovil; and in the other hand a facade city, perfectly made over for fulfill the expectations of visitors. Cities that are well equipped in urban infrastructure and then with public and private services that create and attractive and profitable facade for corridor in the city.

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While cities are changing in other to responds to global capital and profitable development it becomes obvious to me that architecture request active discourses and procedures to respond not only with those trends, but with the opposite ones that will assure everyone to access the public space.

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Would it be the time, if we are just creating services cities, or leisure cities, as Alain Touraine said of the cultural rights. Where the status of

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Even dough I find that the creation of commodities in under develop countries as Latin America is being an opportunity to create profitable spaces for diverse kind of tourism, where precisely their particular identity and cultural values might be a strong tool to increase their social status. The speculation and precisely the capability to move from first world citizens will always put them in disadvantage.

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Architecture and urban developers are creating cit¡es recreated by the idea of what Marco Venture calls “festivalizacion”… as a cause of renovation… but that is decontextualized and continoulsy decontexttualize the physical environment from the common dweller.

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THE JUMPER CITIZEN: simulation of the contemporary individual before overlapped cities

As an architect I bet for a profound analysis of planning public spaces and city developments in order to keep the metropolis as field where all events and people form all kind of profiles. I bet for a city where all kind of lifestyle mixture and encounters within each others are allowd and fostered.

As an individual I bet for a Jumper Citizen despite of the architecture, and individual that is able to decodificade the consumerism trends, and use that to play and get the most. And individual that does not leave his identity to consumerism profiles and trends.

And individual that decides to play in the global city finding the hubs to jump from one profile to another, but in the intent to experience the city, and not because it´s a must to survive.

the academic and students will be the passport then, if don’t have the economical resources to dwell in the global city.

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Theoretical frame

Bibliography A.G.M., Jan van Dijk, The One-dimensional Network Society of Manuel Castells, : http://www.chronicleworld.org/archive/castells.htm Auge, Marc, Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, Verso. U.S.A. 1995.

Borja, Jordi. Los desafíos del territorio. Número 3 - December 1999 - Revista Bimestral de la Asociación Secretariado General Gitano Borja, Jordi. La ciudad multicultural. E:\Metropolis\Thesis\Fichas documentales\ Castell\JORDI BORJA Y MANUEL CASTELLS.htm Castells, Manuel, “Conversations with History” Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley, http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/ people/Castells/castells-con4.html Castells, Manuel, The informational Age. The rise of the network society, Blackwell, U.K. 2000.

Castells, Manuel, The power of identity, Blackwell U.K. 2000 Delgado Manuel, urban multicultures ¿Quién puede ser “inmigrante” en la ciudad?, http://www.cccbxaman.org/transits/Delgado.htm Delgado, Manuel, Dinámicas identitarias y espacios públicos, Magazine cidob d’afers internacionals, 43-44, december 1998-january 1999 Frasca, Gonzalo. http:ludology.com GISSI B., Jorge, Identidad latinoamericana: psicología y sociedad, Andes LTDA, Chile, 1987.

KOOLHAS, Rem, Mutations: Harvard proyect of the city. Hardvard, 2000.

Lynch, Kevin Image of the city. MIT press.24th printing. 1996

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Martinotti, Guido, The new social morphology of cities, www.unesco.org/shs/ most Mu単oz, Francesc. The multiplied city: Metropolis of territoriants in CityArchitectureLandscape. IUAV-SPS. Venice 2002.

NESBITT, Kate, Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture: Antology of Architectural Theory 1965-1995, Princenton Architectural Press, Princenton, 1996.

Olalquiaga, Celeste, http://www.celesteolalquiaga.com Sassen, Saskia. Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money. The new Press. NY. 1998.

Sassen, Saskia, Urban Economies and Fading Distances The second Megacities Lecture Nov. 1998. The Hague, http:megacities.nl/lecture_2/lecture.html Sennet, Richard, The Fall of Public Man, W,.W. Norton, U.S.A. 1992.

Simmel, George, The metropolis and mental life, http://www.arch.auburn.edu/ mr/readingtext/georg.pdf

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