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DOGS— (continued) his free-range chickens had been killed by foxes until he trained a Maremma dog (similar to a Great Pyrenees) to guard them. He suggested that dogs could be trained to protect the penguins. The first dogs failed because they got lonely for humans and ran away from the island to go home. The second batch was raised with penguins from the moment of their birth, and that did the trick, allowing the penguin population to recover. • One experiment involved raising litters of puppies in isolation from humans.

Each week several of the puppies would be taken indoors to play with humans for 90 minutes before being returned to their litter: two pups would be taken out when they were a week old; two different pups when they were two weeks old; continuing all the way up until they reached the age of 14 weeks. Each of the puppies therefore received a single 90-minute interaction with humans. When they reached the age of 14 weeks, all of the puppies were tested to see how they reacted to humans. Even

though their exposure to people had been very limited, almost all of the dogs were happy to interact with humans. However, the puppies whose exposure to people had come when they were 7 weeks old had the strongest bond with humans. Those who did not spend time with humans until they were 14 weeks old were not able to be tamed at all. OUT OF THIS WORLD SKYLAB • Skylab was the first United States space station, and the only space station operated solely by the U.S. All other space stations, including the MIR, Salyut, Tiangong 1, and

the International Space Station, have been cooperative efforts between countries. • Launched on May 14, 1973, Skylab almost ended in disaster as a shield designed to protect the craft from micro-meteoroids and the heat of the Sun tore off just 63 seconds after launch. Debris from the accident jammed two of the solar arrays, leaving the space station without enough power. • Skylab made it into low-earth orbit just fine, but without the heat shield in place, it would be too hot inside to sustain human life, and without the solar arrays, there wasn’t enough energy to run the station. • The launch of the 3-man crew, originally scheduled for the following day, was delayed until May 25 while NASA worked up a solution to the problem: a solar umbrella. When the crew reached Skylab, they accomplished the world’s first inspace repair, installing the new equipment by spacewalk. Following this remarkable repair, crew members were able to work in shirt-sleeve comfort inside Skylab.

Subsequent crews made better fixes later on. • Three crews visited the 86-foot (26 m) long station between May of 1973 and February of 1974, occupying the craft for 171 days. They completed 270 scientific experiments and technical investigations. Among other things, they observed the human body’s adaptation to the space environment, studied the Sun in unprecedented detail, and undertook pioneering observations about planet Earth. • The first Skylab crew occupied the space station for a record-setting 28 days. The second 3-man crew was there for 59 days, and the final crew stayed for 84 days, a record that stood until the space shuttle was launched. • In the end, less than 17 months’ worth of the 24-month supply of oxygen, food, water, and other supplies was used before the craft was abandoned. • Skylab could change its position in space without using propellant simply by changing the spin of its large gyroscopes. • The final Skylab crew celebrated Christmas aboard, marking the second time astronauts were in space on Christmas, with the first time being the Apollo 8 mission in 1968. They built a Christmas tree from empty metal food containers, with a foil comet on top. • Skylab continued to collect data and run experiments even long after all of the crews had departed. • Skylab had been designed to endure a 9-year lifespan in space. Unfortunately, its orbit began to decay early due to higher than expected solar activity. The plan was to give it a boost using the space shuttle, but the shuttle was still in the planning stages. After only six years, Skylab fell to earth, disintegrating over the Indian Ocean and parts of Western Australia on July 11, 1979. • The San Francisco Examiner offered a $10,000 prize to the first person to deliver a piece of Skylab debris to its office within 72 hours of the crash, which was collected by an Australian youth whose house was pelted by charred debris. He hopped on board a plane to San Francisco without so much as a passport or suitcase and collected his winnings. The nearby town sent NASA a $400 fine for littering which was never paid.

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DOGS— (continued) YAWNING • The word “yawn” comes from the Old

English “ginian” meaning “to open wide” or

“to gape.” Therefore, chasms and canyons

“yawn” in the literal sense of the word. • Every vertebrate in the animal kingdom yawns, including fish, turtles, crocodiles, snakes, and birds. A fetus begins yawning at the end of the first trimester in the womb. People in a persistent vegetative state yawn. • Bored people really do yawn more: those watching a TV test pattern for 30 minutes yawned 70% more than those who watched 30 minutes of music videos. We also yawn more when sleepy, especially during the hour after waking up (most frequent) and the hour before going to bed (second most frequent). After waking up in the morning, it’s most common to yawn and stretch simultaneously, whereas only yawning occurs before bedtime. • Breathing 100% oxygen does not inhibit yawning. • Everyone knows that yawning is contagious, but science proved it. In an experiment, observers were more than twice as likely to yawn while watching others yawn (55%) than if they were if they were watching other people smile (21%). • Reading about yawning also triggers yawning: 28% of people who read about yawning for five minutes yawned, versus only 11% who read about hiccupping. • Even the sound of yawning can trigger yawns in people who are blind. • Yawns are also contagious among dogs, and dogs will often yawn after merely hearing their owner yawn from another room. Various primate species also engage in contagious yawns. • Contagious yawns have been observed in children as young as 2 years old. There is a massive uptick in contagious yawns when children reach the age of 4. • Although children on the autism spectrum yawn spontaneously, they often do not yawn contagiously. • The lack of contagious yawning is sometimes an indication of the presence of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. • Humans cannot yawn on command. An experiment recorded the amount of time required for participants to yawn when commanded to do so, only to find that 42% of people were unable to conjure a yawn at all, and others faked their yawn. The response increased when the participants were unobserved and required to self-report their yawns, and decreased when they were being observed or filmed. • The average yawn lasts 6 seconds. Chains of yawns are common, with the interval between yawns lasting an average of 68 seconds. • You can yawn with your nostrils pinched shut but you cannot yawn with your mouth closed and only your nostrils open. • People are more likely to yawn in the winter. • The closer you are to someone genetically or emotionally, the more likely it is that you’ll catch their yawn. • Women are more likely to catch a yawn then men. To study this phenomenon, scientists spent nearly five years recording 1,461 bouts of yawning in 92 sets of people.

They found that women responded to

another person’s yawn on average 54% of the time whereas men did only 41% of the time. • Insects don’t yawn. This is because they don’t have lungs.

1. Is the book of Titus in the Old or New

Testament or neither? 2. From Isaiah 45, whom did God ask,

“Shall the clay say to him that fashioneth it”? Gideon, Peter, Cyrus, Elijah 3. Where do you find the phrase “God is love”? Genesis, Nehemiah, Hebrews, 1

John 4. Who sold his birthright for a pottage of lentils? Cain, Jacob, Esau, Abel 5. What Jewish ruler visited Jesus by night?

Hezekiah, Barabbas, Nicodemus, Darius 6. Which of these in scripture was Moses’ assistant? Joshua, Gad, Nun, Jethro

ANSWERS: 1) New; 2) Cyrus; 3) 1 John 4:8; 4) Esau; 5) Nicodemus; 6) Joshua (Exodus 24:13)

Sharpen your understanding of scripture with Wilson Casey’s latest book, “Test Your Bible Knowledge,” available in bookstores and online.

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