Internet Governance
The EU has started to develop a regulatory framework with the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). The Asia-Pacific region is following the European lead by introducing its own regional model for the exchange of students and a related credit system (UCTS). The standardisation of online learning The early phase of online learning development was characterised by rapid development and high diversity of materials, in the sense of platforms, content, and didactics. However, there is a need to develop common standards in order to facilitate the easier exchange of online courses and introduce a certain standard of quality. Most standardisation is performed in the USA by private and professional institutions. Other, including international, initiatives are on a much smaller scale.
Child safety online46 Children have always been vulnerable to victimisation. Most of the issues related to Internet safety are primarily concerned with youth, especially minors. Yet, the blurred lines commonly become sharper when it comes to child safety. Objectionable content is clearly noted as improper and inappropriate, and includes a wide variety of materials including pornography, hate and violence content, content hazardous to health, suicide advice, anorexia advice, and the like. The issues Cyberbullying Harassment is a particular challenge when minors are targeted. Minors are vulnerable when using the numerous communication tools available such as messaging, chat-rooms, and social networks. Children can easily become victims of cyberbullying – most often from their peers using ICT, combining mobile phone cameras, file-sharing systems and social networks, as convenient tools. Abuse and sexual exploitation Harmful conduct targeting minors can be particularly dangerous when conducted by adults. The masked identity is one of the most frequent 150