Study: Anti-China Rhetoric

BY ED HAYWARD STAFF WRITER

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-China fervor stoked consumer discrimination that caused Asian restaurants to lose an additional $7.4 billion in revenues in 2020, according to Assistant Professor of Political Science Masha Krupenkin, co-author of a new study published online in the journal Nature Human Behaviour.

Asian restaurants lost 18.4 percent more than non-Asian eateries, said Krupenkin, who co-authored the study with researchers from the University of Michigan and Microsoft Research.

The findings begin to put a finer point on the broad economic costs of anti-Asian discrimination during the pandemic and the role of politicians who focused blame on China, where the coronavirus emerged in late 2019.

Attitudes towards Chinese and nonChinese Asian food declined precipitously during the pandemic and this change in attitudes was driven by a mix of assigning blame for COVID-19 spread to Asians and experiencing fear of Chinese food, the researchers found.

“The COVID-19 pandemic originated in China,” said Krupenkin. “Many actors in American politics and media, especially those that were ideologically conservative, emphasized the connection between COVID and China as a way of placing blame for the pandemic. At the same time, there was a sharp increase in incidents of discrimination and violence against Asian Americans.”

The pandemic effectively delivered a “shock” to consumer discrimination against Chinese and other Asian restaurants, survey data, online search trends, and consumer cellular device mobility data studied by the team revealed.

“Our analysis estimates that COVIDrelated stigma and anti-Asian hate cost Asian American businesses $7.42 billion in lost revenue in 2020, highlighting how negative sentiment towards foreign entities can spill over into consumer discrimination targeting domestic minority groups,” said co-author Justin T. Huang, an assistant professor of marketing at the University of Michigan. “These patterns echo how Muslim Americans faced widespread discrimination, hate, and stigma post-9/11 and exemplify how some American minority groups are perceived through the lens of the perpetual foreigner stereotype.”

There were political aspects to the downturn in business, according to the study, titled “The cost of anti-Asian racism during the COVID-19 pandemic.” A range of data found anti-Asian discrimination was stronger in areas that had a higher percentage of residents who voted for Donald Trump in 2016.

According to the organization Stop AAPI Hate, there were almost 11,000 hate incidents against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders reported to the organization between March 2020 and December 2021.

“While there’s been research on violence against Asian Americans, most acts of discrimination are more subtle,” said Krupenkin. “We set out to measure one of these more subtle forms of discrimination: consumer discrimination. This allowed us to examine a much more common—and economically meaningful—form of discrimination against Asian-Americans.”

The team, which also included Julia Lee of the University of Michigan and David Rothschild of Microsoft Research, was surprised to find that anti-China bias among consumers also affected restaurants serving cuisine from other Asian cultures.

Consumers would sometimes misidentify other Asian restaurants as Chinese, leading to decreased visits to those restaurants as well.

“Trump and conservative media had very thoroughly connected COVID to China specifically, so it was surprising to see a decrease in visits to other Asian restaurants as well,” Krupenkin said. “We tested this more thoroughly and found that many Americans misidentify other Asian restaurants as Chinese, which likely explains the spillover effects we saw.”

Parsing unique economic challenges faced by Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic, the team believes the research has substantial implications for the study of consumer discrimination and stigmatization in public health communications.

Krupenkin said the researchers hope to further examine and connect patterns of discrimination to negative media narratives about specific groups.

The article is accessible online at www.nature.com/articles/s41562-022-01493-6.pdf

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—University Communications