ENERGY AUDIT E-REPORT
ENERGY & ARCHITECTURE [ ARC61904 ]
CHEW XUE ER [ 0340905] tutored by DR SITI NORZAINI ZAINAL ABIDIN
occupants and space introduction.
climatic data.
[ average daytime & nighttime temperature ]
Kajang has an average daily high temperature of 32°C High humidity and hot temperatures make the weather at times pleasant but also tropical humid
[ precipitation. ]
With only 3mm, the least rain falls in February October, on the other hand, has the most rainfall with an average of 11mm
[ wind rose ]
Prevailing high wind comes from North-West and South-East which allows ventilation
Double-storey terrace house where ground floor consists of mostly public areas and first floor consists of 2 bedrooms
architect mostly out during weekdays at office stays in during weekends to watch television bedroom 1 bedroom 2
fashion student mostly out during weekdays at school stays in on weekends to play games
teacher mostly out during weekdays at school stays in during weekends to help tidy the house architect student very diligent and hard-working mostly out during weekdays at school
[ Location
[ Building Type ] Double Storey Terrace House [ Built-Up Area ] 224 m² [ 01. ] site introduction.
] Sungai Chua, Kajang
Dad [ Rayyan, 46 ] Mum [ Mira, 43 ]
master bedroom study kitchen living back yard wc 2 wc 1 dining wc 1 wc 2 living [ g r o u n d f l o o r ] [ f i r s t f l o o r ]
Me [ Cheryl, 20 ] Brother [ Ivan, 18 ] is a 4 member ousehold that consists of y dad, mum, brother, and I All of us are out busy during weekdays but stay home during weekends
facade & climate based profile.
concrete tile roofing. p l a s t e r c e i l i
thermal resistance weather resistant.
cost-effective. easy installation aesthetic.
absorbs noise.
b r i c k w a l l good load bearingcapacity. minimize energy demand low maintenance.
thermal resistance
natural ventilation. natural daylighting. privacy screening. minimize energy demand
morning. [ 08:00 ]
The back of the building (backyard) is hotter compared to other spaces as the facade is facing the East Toilet and Bathroom have higher temperatures due to a lack of ventilation
solar reflectance.
thermal emmitance
noon. [ 12:00 ] evening. [ 17:00 ]
Temperature of entire building has increased due to the direct heat gain from the sun that is directly on top High exposure of building openings towards North, therefore heat gain
Spaces in West facade has high temperature due to direct exposure from West Sun Bedroom 1 has the highest heat gain due to large window openings from the evening sun
s o
l a
29 30 31 32
[ 02. ]
1F.
g l o u v r e s
n
GF.
1F. GF. 1F.
GF.
heat absorbed r r a d i a t i o n
high durability. cost effective
climatic a
morning. [ 08:00 ]
The sun rises up and shine directly towards the bac façade of the building mostl illuminating the outdoor areas
morning. [ 08:00 ]
Lux levels are minimal as less sunlight can penetrate into the building, causing illuminance to be low Backyard, study, and living room receives highest amount of natural light
Sun is directly above the building with sunlight entering more at the southern and northern areas The living room, kitchen, and study room receive the highest amount of natural light,
The spaces towards the West with openings are now lit up intensely as it receives a high amount of natural light from the direct sun Bedroom 1 has a high window-to-door ratio for openings
morning. [ 08:00 ] noon. [ 12:00 ] evening. [ 17:00 ] master bedroom.
The sun penetrates through 2 small windows which causes glaring afternoon sun towards the living room living room. backyard.
Open backyard fully exposed to sunlight in morning, causing user to experience the glaring sun No openings at backyard wall to allow natural light, causing inner spaces to be dark
Huge openings at master bedroom facing South-West, causing exposure to bright sun when it sets However, large openings also causes the space to be very hot during evening
[ 03. ]
6000 1070 1 l u x 6000 1070 1 l u x i l l u m i n a n c e m a p .
temporal
overhead uring with di of towards hines on e of the s u n p a t h . i n d o o r l u x l e v e l s .
illuminance: lux avg. temperature: °C ux ure: °C x re: °C
g f 1 f g f . 1 f .
energy load profiles.
The inventory list shows the total energy consumption of each electrical appliance in each respective space during the month Energy consumption during weekdays is the same as the activities of occupants However, energy consumption during weekends is relatively high compared to weekdays
[ 04. ]
This might be due to inconsistencies in occupant's daily routines Additionally, usage time might differ and be inconsistent as the inventory list is only an estimation
estimated electricity bill calculation.
daily energy consumption by hours.
Weekend is higher compared to weekdays as appliances are turned on more frequently for our thermal comfort
00:0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008:0009:0010:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:0016:0017:0018:0019:0020:0021:0022:0023:0024:00 5 4 3 2 1 0
[ 05 ] l t i ti
[ k w h ] a c t u a l . e s t i m a t i o n . weekday
kW differe RM313.48 - RM299.89 = RM13.59 difference in electric cost e l e c t r i c i t y b i l l [ s e p t e m b e r 2 0 2 2 ] .
vs weekend. 736
weekday
weekend weekend
4.34 % error in estimation
=
& correlation study.
daily energy consumption by spaces.
monthly energy consumption by spaces.
car porch living room bedroom 1 study room master bedroom dining room kitchen bathroom 1 bathroom 2 toilet Bedroom 1 consumes highest energy as lights fans and the majority of electronics are turned on to study for a long time during the week for thermal comfort 10% 35% 2% 8% 20% 1% 15% 3% 3% 3% spaces. weekday weekend [ kwH ] car porch living room bed room 1 study room master bedroom dining room kitchen bath room 1 bath room 2 toilet 0 2.5 5 7 5 10 1F. GF. GF. m o r n i n g . [ 0 8 : 0 e v e n i n g . [ 1 7 : 0 0
s whereas we stay in on weekends
Back
of the building is hotter in the
morning
whereas the front of the building is hotter in the evening
07. ] energy consumption patterns.
daily energy consumption by appliances. monthly energy consumption by appliances.
2. fluorescent lights. Artificial lights required to work and study as natural daylight is insufficient
1. air-conditioner.
Switched on during day and night to provide user comfort in private spaces
3. laptops. Turned on during day and night for studying and working
weekday vs. weekend energy consumption.
bedroom 1.
Used by me who main utilizes the room durin weekends as I will mo school on weekdays O stay in my room and r few games and watchi
4. ceiling fan. Switched on in different spaces where there is no air-conditioning for thermal comfort
5. refrigerator. Consumes high energy usage to keep the fridge cool running 24/7
master bedroom. Used by my parents who mainly utilize the room during weekends as they will be out working during weekdays
rice cooker washing machine kettle
weekday weekend [ kwH ] air conditioner ceiling fan refrige rator laptop water heater fluorescent lights halogen bulb wifi vacuum cleaner iron 0 2 5 5 7 5 charger monitor hairdryer standing fan 0 50 a i r c o n d i t i o n e r c e i l i n g f a n r e f r i g e r a t o r l a p t o p w a t e r h e a t e r f l u o r e s c e n t l i g h t s h a l o g e n b u l b w i f i v a c u u m c l e a n e r i r o n c h a r g e r m o n i t o r h a i r d r y e r s t a n d i n g f a n r i c e c o o k e r w a s h i n g m a c h i n e k e t t l e m i c r o w a v e
[
Energy saving by optimizing appliances w e e kday 56.70 46.80 w eekend
top 5 highest consumption.
differences.
spaces that have large
groundfloor . firstfloor . 23% week days week ends
08. ] energy system & u-value.
u-value calculation for bedroom 1. concrete tile roofing.
Therefore, it is effective in insulating the building from the sun and in minimizing heat gain in the house
louvres.
UBBL clause 38A
Energy Efficiency in Buildings
(2) Roof for all buildings shall not have a thermal transmittance (U-value) greater than: -
(a) 0 4/m²K for light (under 50kg/m²) weight roof
(b) 0 6/m²K for heavy (above 50kg/m²) weight roof, unless provided with other shading and cooling means
Therefore it is effective in insulating the building from the sun and in minimizing heat gain in the house
external surface paint
concrete tile roofing [25mm]
air cavity
sisalation [4mm]
plasterboard ceiling [13mm]
interior surface paint
external paint
external cement plaster
brickwork [115mm]
internal paint
internal cement plaster [15mm]
Wall complies to UBBL
Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is a measure of average heat gain into a building through the building envelope
= Heat Conduction Through Walls + Through Windows +
Solar Heat Gain Through Windows
= 15a(1-WWR)Uw + 6(WWR)Uf + (194 x CF x WWR x SC)
= 15(0.25)(1-0.55)(2.110) + 6(0.55)(4.5) + (194 x 0.90 x 0.55 x 0.5)
= 3.560625 + 14.85 + 48.015
= 66.426 W/m²
The OTTV Value more than 50W/m², causing Bedroom 1 to have higher temperature
1 / 2.709 = 0.369 W/m²K
=
[
U - Value 0.369 W/m²K 50
UBBL clause 38A Lower than effective U-value stated in UBBL Clause 38A ottv value.
of
complies to UBBL = 1 / 0.473 = 2.110 W/m²K U - Value UBBL clause 38A Lower than effective U-value stated in UBBL Clause 38A
brick wall
W/m²
U-value
Concrete Tile Roof
2.110 W/m²K U-value of Brick
average
Average wastage per week produced by 4 occupants of the house
food waste plastics
paper / cardboard
mon tues wed thurs fr sat sun 1.5 1 0.5 0 [ 09. ]
carbon emission.
kg CO² 56.3 kg CO² Water bill for September 2022 for a 4 person household 130kg CO²
tonnes of
trees planted in order to absorb total CO² produced. 21.4 Daily water requirement for United Nations is 165 litres/person average daily consumption = 19mᶟ x 1000 / 31 days = 612.90 litres = 612.90 / 4 = 153.23 litres / person = 22.25 / 4 = RM5.56 / person 165 litres Therefore, water usage for each person is considered low consumption rate = 19mᶟ monthly cost water
153.23 litres
water & waste management. total
490
0.676
total CO²
bill calculation.
waste generated per week.
energy saving design proposal.
passive design strategies.
strategic landscaping. for passive filtering of air & shade.
Tall vegetation such as trees can be planted to act as a natural shading device from the evening sun
introduction of renewable energy sources.
for clean energy production & water heating.
solar panels.
Able to screen and reduce sunlight from direct exposure Both heat gain and ventilation issues can be solved to provide shade and cooling
introduction of double glazed windows.
low - e glass. to reduce solar heat gain.
Applied to windows help block infrared light from penetrating the glass to maintain thermal comfort of room temperature and improve energy efficiency
Change to Low-E Glass glazing to reduce solar heat gain
Panel systems certified by SEDA Malaysia 80%
Able to fully capitalized as Malaysia s climate is sunny all year round
Potential to save up to 80% of electricity
Reduce carbon footprint
Slanted roof exposes it to sun, allowing it to constantly gain energy
Excess energy can be sold back to TNB
improved mechanical ventilation.
inverter air conditioner.
Low-E Glass UValue of 0.26 Wm2K is lesser than normal glass of 1.2 Wm2K 22%
[ non-inverter unit. ]
monthly power consumption = 0.91 kWh/hr x 250hrs
= 227.5 kWh
cost / month = RM 52.80 / unit
[ inverter unit. ]
monthly power consumption
= 0.86 kWh/hr x 250hrs
= 215 kWh
cost / month = RM 48.6 / unit
cost difference consumption of energy saved by :
= RM 52.80 - RM 48.6
= RM 4.20 / unit
[ 10. ]
n o ni n v e r t e r i n v e r t e r
2
4
% 58%
energy saving design proposal.
introduction of smart energy appliances.
5 star energy appliances.
a c . r e f r i g e r a t o r 3 5
LED light bulb. to reduce energy consumption.
Replacement of fluorescent light bulbs to eco-friendly LED bulbs Improves 60-75% in overall energy efficiency as it operates on very low voltage
conventional appliances. energy efficient. w a r m w h i t e . c o o l w h i t e . Cool white bulbs for more luminance
motion sensor light. Conserves power which helps save electricity costs by automatically turning off when no movement is detected
to reduce energy consumption. 6075% 77 watts input: RM3.50 per bulb RM58.33 per lifespan
23 watts input: RM12.50 per bulb RM39.06 per lifespan
8,000 hours
25,000 hours
20 watts input: RM13 per bulb RM13 per lifespan
Operate by turning off lights in
rooms and
3 1242 kWh/year 5 993 kWh/year 3 5 3 168 kWh/year 5 141 kWh/year RM277.42 saved/year RM95.94 saved/year RM10.40 saved/year f a n . 2520 kWh/year 1800 kWh/year
L E D .
[ 10. ]
35
Consider the implementation of 5 star energy efficient appliances to reduce the energy consumption & electricity costs 45% h a l o g e n 1,500 hours
unoccupied
spaces
11.
energy management. water management. waste management. recyclable
rainwater harvesting system.
Captures rainwater by directing it from roof to holding tank Harvested rainwater is filtered and pumped directly to the appliances or a header tank
40 - 50% ofwaterbill
ofdomestic wateruse 34% 10%
inpeak discharge
dual flush toilet system.
Environmentally friendly with high efficiency as it allows ability to control amount of water used
fullflushtoilet:
Full flush: Solid waste
Half flush: Liquid waste 11 litres
amount of waste recyclable.
= 2.3kg of paper + 1kg of plastics
= 3.3kg of recyclable waste
= [ 2.3kg x 0.2 ] + [ 1kg x 0.1 ]
= RM 0.56 / week
waste.
Used plastic, glass bottles, containers, utensils and milk cartons can be reused
Unwanted clothes donated to charity
By recycling we can also manage waste while also earning extra money as well
food waste.
Half flush: Full flush:
dual flush toilet: 3 litres
4.5 litres
occupancy behavior and energy saving strategies.
Negative habits of occupants are one of the main reason energy consumption rate spikes It is crucial to identify and improve the bad habits
Mum[Mira] Brother[Ivan] Tends to leave switches on after leaving pre-occupied spaces
Dad[Rayyan] Me[Cheryl]
Food waste recycled to make fertilizer for plants Food waste as a composting agent, the main source of organic matters
Reduces carbon footprint, capture renewable energy, and restore essential nutrients back to soil
Rarely open windows due to mosquitoes and takes long time in showers
Unplug devices or appliances when not in use
Switch off lights when not in use
Reduce showering time to reduce running water
Open doors and windows to maximize ventilation
Check and repair leaking to avoid water wastage
[
]
w a s t et oc a s h r a t e s .
I believe I have learned that energy consumption in a building even as small as a double-story terrace house can be a crucial aspect to consider I also learned to come up with reasonable data that allows critical analysis of the energy consumption of a building through this audit After conducting a thorough analysis, I understand the impact of each occupant to provide solutions to help reduce energy consumption and improve occupant comfort This report helped my family and me understand ways to increase energy efficiency to help me to cut costs Additionally, passive designs are also important in helping reduce energy consumption Without conducting this analysis, I would not have realized these issues Therefore, with this Audit Report, I hope I can spread awareness of the importance of environmental and economical sustainability, helping others understand the importance of energy, architecture, and the environment
1 Tan, A (2021, February 4) Should you buy an inverter aircon? Recommend.My https://www recommend my/blog/why-choose-an-inverter-aircon/
2 About Cookies | Daikin Global (n d ) DAIKIN MALAYSIA Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://www daikin com/corporate/why daikin/benefits/inverter/index html
3 M (n d ) Energy Efficient Label Welcome to MyTNB Portal Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://www mytnb com my/energy-efficiency/home-energy-savings-tips/energy-efficient-label
4 Papantoni, M (2019, August 1) Mechanical ventilation in buildings - what you need to know TheGreenAg https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-in-buildings-what-you-need-to-know/
5. By Beacon Home Services. (2019, September 30). What You Should Know About Motion Sensor Lighting Beacon Electrical Services. https://www.beaconelectricalservices.com/blog/2019/september/what-youshould-know-about-motion-sensor-lighting/
6 Kang Y J (2019, February 15) Will you actually save more with LED lights? Recommend.My https://www recommend my/blog/will-you-actually-save-more-with-led-lights/
7. B. (2021, June 14). 5 BENEFITS OF DOUBLE GLAZING WINDOWS & DOORS. Bradnams. https://www.bradnams.com.au/benefits-of-double-glazing-windows/
8. Richardson, L. (2021, June 15). How do solar panels work? The science behind solar power generation. Solar News. https://www.energysage.com/solar-panels-work/
9. Swanepoel, J. P. (2020, February 24). How Do Solar Panels Work? BHG Power Storage Solutions. https://bhgpower.co.za/how-do-solar-panels-work/
10 By Beacon Home Services (2019, September 30) What You Should Know About Motion Sensor Lighting. Beacon Electrical Services. https://www.beaconelectricalservices.com/blog/2019/september/what-you-shouldknow-about-motion-sensor-lighting/
11. 3 Main Benefits of Low E Windows. (n.d.). Harvey Windows & Doors. Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://www.harveywindows.com/inspiration/ideas-advice/3-mainbenefits-of-low-e-windows-harvey-windows-doors1
12. Plumbers, R. (2020, January 2). Dual Flush Toilet Advantages. Poole's Plumbing, Inc. https://www.poolesplumbing.com/plumbing-tips/dual-flush-toilet-advantages/
13 Sorensen, J (2018, January 9) Brondell Dual Flush Toilet Retrofit Kit Elemental Green https://elemental green/brondell-dual-flush-toilet-retrofit-kit/
[ 12. ] conclusion.
[ 13. ] references.
