Household Energy Access for Cooking and Heating
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that positive incentives for compliance with rules—such as tax breaks and privileges for certification of sustainably harvested and produced charcoal—are the best route to better management of the charcoal sector. Empowering communities to manage their own woodlots and produce their own charcoal would also likely reduce clandestine charcoal production. Additionally, World Bank policy recommendations include the following:
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Centralize the sale of charcoal in markets to diffuse market information and facilitate regulatory oversight. Build capacity and incentives for improved charcoal kilns, aided by better management of forest fuelwood stocks. Allow district authorities to retain a larger share of charcoal licensing revenues to reduce corruption and improve industry oversight. impose transport-based charcoal fees, so that opting out of regulatory oversight by sourcing far away is penalized. Increase the number and effectiveness of law enforcement checkpoints. Mitigate demand and the impact of high charcoal prices on household budgets by introducing fuel-efficient charcoal cookstoves and switching to less-expensive alternative fuels (such as ethanol gels).
To execute effective reforms, it will be necessary to fully engage all major stakeholders in charcoal supply and consumption in an open dialogue. The steps for such a process have recently been assiduously mapped out in a new World Bank study (World Bank 2010a).
Nongovernmental Organization Activities A number of nGOs, community organizations, and small companies have forged a niche in the household energy space, thereby becoming de facto leaders promoting clean household energy in Tanzania. Some of the most prominent include ARTi-TZ, eAeTdn Tanzania, TaTEDO, and WODSTA. ARTI-TZ is a nonprofit organization founded in India that develops and markets efficient household energy technologies. ARTI-TZ, in partnership with JET, markets charcoal briquette makers, biogas systems, improved cookstoves, efficient cookers, and charcoal kilns (ARTI-TZ website). More than 700 Sarai cookers have been sold in Tanzania in 2009 (ARTi-TZ 2010). The east African energy Technology development network is a network of 27 local community organizations in Tanzania promoting the use of clean energy technologies (GVep 2009). TaTedO is one of the leading civic organizations conducting research and implementing projects in community-level energy in Tanzania. TaTedO designs “indoor smoke removal interventions,” including “improved wood stoves with chimney, improved kitchen designs, as well as sensitizing households on the need for increased kitchen ventilation” (PCIA 2010). TaTEDO also promotes solar PV technologies for lighting in off-grid areas as clean energy options. TaTedO has also conducted extensive public awareness work and consultations with the public and local government leaders, and trains entrepreneurs in the clean household energy space (PCIA 2010). WOdSTA works to develop capacity in villages to implement clean and efficient household energy solutions. WOdSTA trains women “on how to build wonder baskets