Glossary Child malnutrition, underweight, is the percentage of children under age five whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below median for the international reference population ages 0–59 months. The data conform to the new Child Growth Standards released by the World Health Organization in 2006. (World Health Organization) Contraceptive prevalence is the percentage of women married or in-union ages 15–49 who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. (United Nations Children’s Fund and Macro International) Deforestation is the permanent conversion of natural forest areas to other uses, including shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not include areas logged but intended for regeneration or areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation, or forest fires. Negative numbers indicate an increase in forest area. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Electricity use per capita is the production of power plants and combined heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants plus imports less exports divided by midyear population. (International Energy Agency) Energy use per capita is the use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transportation, divided by midyear population. (International Energy Agency) Exports of goods and services are the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world, including the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services. Compensation of employees, investment income (formerly called factor services), and transfer payments are excluded. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations) Foreign direct investment, net inflows, are investments to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. They are the sum of inflows of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. Net inflows refer to new investments made during the reporting period netted against disinvesments. (World Bank and International Monetary Fund) Forests are land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Freshwater use is total freshwater withdrawals for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Inter-
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The Little Data Book