Victoria Police Forensic Services Department
Issue 11‐03 March
Contents Recent news
New books in the library
Upcoming conferences
Articles of interest
Computer Tips
(from sources other than what we have in the library)
Recently published books
Recent news News The library will be temporarily hosting the Education Unit staff in the near future, in the area where the Book Exchange currently sits. There will be some disruption while partitions are installed, and the library space will be reduced, and I apologise for any inconvenience this may cause.
New Forensic Journal Malaysian Journal of Forensic Sciences This is an open access journal, “disseminating observations, findings, and views from various branches of Forensic Sciences by publishing peer‐ reviewed articles in a balanced scientific and objective manner.” This issue features articles on GSR, shoeprints, drug analysis, identifying biological evidence, and handwriting analysis. Read volume 1 issue 1
Forensics in the News No scientific basis for Footwear Evidence [UK] Judgment delivered October 26, 2010, the Court of Appeal, Criminal Division, held that, in the area of footwear evidence, no attempt could realistically be made in the generality of cases to use a formula to calculate the probabilities. That practice had no sound basis and it was clear from settled law that outside the field of DNA, Bayes theorem and likelihood ratios should not be used Read the full article …
Staff publications The library keeps a record (and where possible, a copy) of all staff publications, for the purpose of corporate memory, research activities etc.
If you have written an article, thesis, research report, or any other material, please send me the details so I can update the database.
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Conferences 8th International Conference o on F Forensic IInference and Statistics ‐ Seattle, Washington.
A significant part of the conference will be devoted to professional development in this specific field in order to increase cross‐discipline awareness. All professionals engaged in the process are concerned with decision making under uncertainty. There is a lot that jurists can teach to statisticians and forensic scientists on how best to use their expertise within the legal environment and to present their methods and conclusions in a clear and intelligible way to lay persons. There is also the converse opportunity for statisticians for example to expose how best should their testimony be understood in order to avoid misinterpretation in court. All forensic disciplines are covered. The conference includes 3 short courses in forensic statistics. See the Conference Programme and other details
2011 Trace Evidence Symposium: Science, Significance and Impact Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory Division, the Trace Evidence Symposium will be held August 8–11, 2011 in Kansas City, Missouri. This year’s theme is Advancing Science, Significance, and Impact. The symposium is specifically designed to bring together practitioners and researchers to enhance information‐sharing and promote collaboration among the trace evidence, law enforcement, and legal communities. The symposium will also provide unique educational opportunities for trace evidence examiners.
(programme available in April)
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New books in the Library
Bourke's criminal law Victoria ‐ 2010 ‐ by Bagaric, Mirko, Nash, Gerard An invaluable resource tool that provides comprehensive analysis and explanation of the provisions and relevant case law for students and practitioners. Its section‐based structure, revised index and updated table of cases provide the reader with simple and quick access to the law. Includes all recent legislation changes; high‐quality, updated annotations from expert authors; easy access to current legislation with quick reference directory Crime scene intelligence ‐ An experiment in entomology ‐ 2006 ‐ by Albert M. Cruz Research and original analysis includs a newly found forensic/intelligence analytical tool which could help bring justice, fight the war on terrorism, and find “ground truth” in cases which involve domestic and international terrorism, war crimes, torture, drug trafficking, and chemical explosive identification by utilizing the common carrion fly. This unique forensic explosives/forensic entomology experimental project revealed that explosive compounds such as TNT could be detected biologically—in this case by blowfly larvae which have fed on body tissue exposed to explosive residues—when toxicological analysis was no longer procurable. The results of the unique forensic experiment provided empirical evidence that forensic entomology is unbiased and has a high degree of applicability to the intelligence community.
Forensic entomology: an introduction ‐ 2007 - by Gennard, Dorothy This invaluable text provides a concise introduction to entomology in a forensic context and is also a practical guide to collecting entomological samples at the crime scene. Assumes no prior knowledge of either entomology or biology Provides background information about the procedures carried out by the professional forensic entomologist in order to determine key information about post‐mortem interval presented by insect evidence Includes practical tasks and further reading to enhance understanding of the subject and to enable the reader to gain key laboratory skills and a clear understanding of insect life cycles, the identification features of insects, and aspects of their ecology Glossary, photographs, the style of presentation and numerous illustrations have been designed to assist in the identification of insects associated with the corpse; keys are included to help students make this identification Leading Change ‐ 1996 ‐ by Kotter, John P. Kotter emphasizes a comprehensive eight‐step framework that can be followed by executives at all levels. Kotter advises those who would implement change to foster a sense of urgency within the organization. "A higher rate of urgency does not imply everpresent panic, anxiety, or fear. It means a state in which complacency is virtually absent." Twenty‐first century business change must overcome overmanaged and underled cultures. "Because management deals mostly with the status quo and leadership deals mostly with change, in the next century we are going to have to try to become much more skilled at creating leaders." Kotter also identifies pitfalls to be avoided, like "big egos and snakes" or personalities that can undermine a successful change effort. Kotter convincingly argues for the promotion and recognition of teams rather than individuals. He aptly concludes with an emphasis on lifelong learning. ‐ 3 ‐
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Computer Tips & Tricks – Adjusting columns and rows in Excel Excel spreadsheets have default size rows and columns. Often the text goes beyond the default size and is not visible on screen, or wraps around the cell. Dragging the column wider is a) slower and b) needs guesswork to judge to width to resize to. Want a quick way to adjust the sizing perfectly? Use “AUTOFIT” function. I want to expand this column Using Autofit: place your cursor on the border on the right side of the column, and DOUBLE CLICK
Double clicking resizes the column to fit the longest item in this column.
This function works the same when resizing rows. Multiple column (or row) resizing is as easy as highlighting all the columns you want to adjust, and double clicking on any border in those columns. Did you find this tip useful?
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Victoria Police Forensic Services Department
Issue 11‐03 March
Articles of interest Microscopic and Spectrometric Characterizations of Trace Evidence Materials Present on the Discharged Lead Bullet and Shot: A Case Report Adherence of target materials or those present on the trajectory of the fired projectile is most common in the offences involving the use of firearms. The recovery and identification of such adhering materials from a projectile may identify the origin or intermediary objects while fixing the trajectory. In numerous cytological preparations, black deposits, contaminated debris from the barrel, perforated materials would be present on the target irrespective of the range i.e. either distant or close. All these must fully compliment and only such results are to be considered in the trajectory reconstruction. The crucial role played by such trace evidences in the reconstruction of scene of crime in general and in the trajectory of the projectile in particular has attracted high levels of appreciations both in the forensic science community and among the user agencies. Despite, trace evidence still remain unexploited and the integrities of potentially valuable material as trace evidence present on the spent projectiles are often infringed by crime scene managers or often unknowingly destroyed while processing. The process of recovery and identification of trace evidence will normally acquire fairly high degree of complication as the discharged projectile would acquire them from their interaction with the intermediate targets. Authors herein report two cases in that trace materials available on the fired projectile that are characterized through microscopic and spectrometric techniques. The results have not only established the nature of the trace evidence material, but also specify the origin of the materials from the intermediaries. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 11-18
Solving residential burglaries in the United States: the impact of forensic evidence on case outcomes Despite recent developments and the growth of forensic science services in the United States, little published research exists on the impact of forensic evidence on criminal case outcomes. The present study focused on the influence of forensic evidence on the case processing of residential burglary incidents in the United States. The study utilised a prospective analysis of official record data that followed cases in five jurisdictions from the time of police incident report to final criminal disposition. The study results showed that most residential burglaries went unsolved. Only 8.2 per cent of the 1,263 burglary incidents resulted in arrest and only 3.2 per cent of all incidents had a conviction. Cases were more likely to have arrests and referrals to the district attorney when witnesses and victims provided information to the police and forensic evidence was collected at crime scenes. The only significant predictor of case charges was witness reports. Forensic evidence variables did not influence case charges or convictions significantly. The study results suggest that forensic evidence was auxiliary and non‐determinative for residential burglary incidents. Research for this article was supported through National Institute of Justice (NIJ) research grant # 2006‐DN‐BX‐0094. Points of view expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the NIJ. International Journal of Police Science & Management Volume, v.13 no. 1 pages 1-17 – 2011
Automated Forensic Fingerprint Analysis: A Novel Generic Process Model and Container Format The automated forensic analysis of latent fingerprints poses a new challenge. While for the pattern recognition aspects involved, the required processing steps can be related to fingerprint biometrics, the common biometric model needs to be extended to face the variety of characteristics of different surfaces and image qualities and to keep the chain of custody. Therefore, we introduce a framework for automated forensic analysis of latent fingerprints. The framework consists of a generic process model for multi‐ branched process graphs w.r.t. security aspects like integrity, authenticity and confidentiality. It specifies a meta‐model to store all necessary data and operations in the process, while keeping the chain of custody. In addition, a concept for a technical implementation of the meta‐model is given, to build a container format, which suits the needs of an automated forensic analysis in research and application. Biometrics and ID Management: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011, Volume 6583/2011, 262-273
Submit a request for this article
Forest Range Strong Room Robbery Case: Examination of Lock and Gas Cutter Tool Marks – A Case Study In crime cases of robberies and thefts it is very important to ascertain the nature of weapon / tools involved and also the position of the locks. These details provide many vital clues regarding the modus operandi of the crime which helps the investigating agencies in solving the case. Examination of position of the lock and levers inside the lock aid in throwing light on how the crime was committed. In the present case study, the forensic examination of the breaking open of the lock of the strong room using gas cutter and arrival of conclusion based on the tool marks are discussed. J Forensic Res 2011, 2:2
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Articles of interest continued Establishing a match criterion in forensic comparison analysis of float glass using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry In the field of forensic analysis of glass the aim in most cases is to prove or disprove the common origin of two (or more) sources of glass. Glass isolated from clothing of a suspect is compared to broken glass originated from a scene of crime in order to link these together. Based on the given merits, LA‐ICP‐MS is an excellent tool for the analysis of glass fragments. In this paper, a compromise match criterion for glass casework is established and optimised in order to produce low Type 1 (false negative) error rates and low Type 2 (false positive) error rates at the same time. Glass from two sets (fragments originating from the same float glass pane and fragments originating from different float glass of global origin) were analysed using laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐ mass spectrometry. Comparisons of the quantitative results for 18 element concentrations (Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Hf, and Pb) were performed using different statistical methods. The best results regarding a compromise match criterion for glass casework were achieved using a modified 4 sigma match criterion based on fixed relative standard deviations, or using t‐tests modified analogously by applying the same fixed relative standard deviations. The modified 4 sigma criterion was chosen to be applied in routine casework and has been successfully applied in more than 70 court cases. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2011, Advance Article Submit a request for this article
Comparative analysis of automotive paints by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and nonparametric permutation tests Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been investigated for the discrimination of automobile paint samples. Paint samples from automobiles of different makes, models, and years were collected and separated into sets based on the color, presence or absence of effect pigments and the number of paint layers. Twelve LIBS spectra were obtained for each paint sample, each an average of a five single shot “drill down” spectra from consecutive laser ablations in the same spot on the sample. Analyses by a nonparametric permutation test and a parametric Wald test were performed to determine the extent of discrimination within each set of paint samples. The discrimination power and Type I error were assessed for each data analysis method. Conversion of the spectral intensity to a log‐scale (base 10) resulted in a higher overall discrimination power while observing the same significance level. Working on the log‐scale, the nonparametric permutation tests gave an overall 89.83% discrimination power with a size of Type I error being 4.44% at the nominal significance level of 5%. White paint samples, as a group, were the most difficult to differentiate with the power being only 86.56% followed by 95.83% for black paint samples. Parametric analysis of the data set produced lower discrimination (85.17%) with 3.33% Type I errors, which is not recommended for both theoretical and practical considerations. The nonparametric testing method is applicable across many analytical comparisons, with the specific application described here being the pairwise comparison of automotive paint samples. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Volume 65, Issue 7, July 2010, Pages 542-548
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Imaging using synchrotron radiation for forensic science Forensic science is already taking benefits from synchrotron radiation (SR) sources in trace evidence analysis. In this contribution we show a multi‐technique approach to study fingerprints from the morphological and chemical point of view using SR based techniques such as Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRMS), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), X‐ray absorption structure (XAS), and phase contrast microradiography. Both uncontaminated and gunshot residue contaminated human fingerprints were deposited on lightly doped silicon wafers and on poly‐ethylene‐terephthalate foils. For the uncontaminated fingerprints an univariate approach of functional groups mapping to model FT‐IRMS data was used to get the morphology and the organic compounds map. For the gunshot residue contaminated fingerprints, after a preliminary elemental analysis using XRF, microradiography just below and above the absorption edge of the elements of interest has been used to map the contaminants within the fingerprint. Finally, XAS allowed us to determine the chemical state of the different elements. The next step will be fusing the above information in order to produce an exhaustive and easily understandable evidence. Image Processing: Algorithms and Systems IX. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 7870, pp. 78700B-78700B-9 (2011).
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Past, present and future of forensic DNA typing Recent advances in our ability to dissect the human genome and the availability of platforms for genome‐wide analysis and whole‐ genome sequencing are expected to develop new tools for both biomedical and forensic DNA analyses. Nowadays, we can individualize single cells left at the crime scene or analyze ancient human remains. Here, we provide a general view on the past, current and likely future directions of forensic DNA analysis Nanomedicine, March 2011, Vol. 6, No. 2, Pages 257-270 Submit a request for this article
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Articles of interest continued Enhanced DNA Profiling on Challenging Forensic Samples Using the AmpFℓSTR® NGM™ PCR Amplification Kit Forensic validation studies to test the performance of the new AmpFℓSTR® NGM™ PCR Amplification Kit (NGM), which includes the new European Standard Set of Loci comprising 12 STRs (D3S1358, VWA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, HUMTH01, FGA, D1S1656, D2S441, D10S1248, D12S391, D22S1045) [1], plus 3 additional STR markers (D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433) routinely used by many European forensic genetics laboratories. Forensic News, July 2010 [Note: manufacturer publication]
Automated Extraction of DNA from Blood and PCR Setup Using a Tecan Freedom EVO Liquid Handler for Forensic Genetic STR Typing of Reference Samples We have implemented and validated automated protocols for DNA extraction and PCR setup using a Tecan Freedom EVO liquid handler mounted with the Te‐MagS magnetic separation device (Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland). The protocols were validated for accredited forensic genetic work according to ISO 17025 using the Qiagen MagAttract DNA Mini M48 kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) from fresh whole blood and blood from deceased individuals. The workflow was simplified by returning the DNA extracts to the original tubes minimizing the risk of misplacing samples. The tubes that originally contained the samples were washed with MilliQ water before the return of the DNA extracts. The PCR was setup in 96‐well microtiter plates. The methods were validated for the kits: AmpFℓSTR Identifiler, SGM Plus and Yfiler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), GenePrint FFFL and PowerPlex Y (Promega, Madison, WI). The automated protocols allowed for extraction and addition of PCR master mix of 96 samples within 3.5 h. In conclusion, we demonstrated that (1) DNA extraction with magnetic beads and (2) PCR setup for accredited, forensic genetic short tandem repeat typing can be implemented on a simple automated liquid handler leading to the reduction of manual work, and increased quality and throughput. Journal of Laboratory Automation, Volume 16, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 134-140 Submit a request for this article
Quantifiler® Duo DNA Quantification Kit: A Guiding Tool for Short Tandem Repeat Genotyping of Forensic Samples Forensic analysts routinely encounter samples containing mixtures of DNA from male and female contributors and PCR inhibitors due to exposure to environmental insults. In order to select the appropriate STR analysis methodology for such samples and obtain optimal results at first pass, it is desirable to determine the relative quantities of male and female DNA and to detect the presence of PCR inhibitors at an early stage in the sample processing workflow. Here we describe a multiplex real‐time PCR assay that can provide the desired information in a single reaction. Briefly, the simultaneous quantification of human and human male DNA is achieved by measuring the RPPH1 human target and the SRY male‐specific target. At the same time a synthetic sequence is co‐ amplified as an Internal PCR Control (IPC) to detect the presence of PCR inhibitors. The assay has a good dynamic range (0.023–50 ng/µL) and can detect 25 pg/µL of human male DNA in the presence of ten thousand‐fold excess of human female DNA. In addition, the ability of the assay to predict PCR inhibition was demonstrated by shifted IPC CT values in the presence of increasing quantities of hematin. All the real‐time PCR results showed a good correlation with the downstream STR profiles obtained from a large set of various sample types therefore demonstrating that this assay can be considered a guiding tool to predict the performance of the STR genotyping kits with forensic samples. J Forensic Res 2:118.
A Study on the Age Related Retention of Individual Characteristics in Hand Writings and Signatures for Application during Forensic Investigation This research aims to study the age related retention of individual characteristics in handwritings and signatures over a period of time ranging from two to ten years. Samples of seventy past handwritings and signatures were collected from individuals and compared with their current handwriting. Individual characteristics that were found to be retained as well ass those that were modified were identified and compared. The analysis indicated changes attributable to deviation. In spite of these changes occurring due to age, the characteristics that were retained are found to be useful in attributing authorship. Malaysian Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 1 no. 1 2010 pages 54-59
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Articles of interest continued Synthesis and characterization of four alkyl 2‐cyanoacrylate monomers and their precursors for use in latent fingerprint detection Four novel cyanoacrylates, 2‐cyanoethyl 2‐cyanoacrylate, 1‐cyanoethyl 2‐cyanoacrylate, trideuteromethyl 2‐cyanoacrylate and pentadeuteroethyl 2‐cyanoacrylate have been synthesized using a Diels‐Alder protection/deprotection route involving anthracene. The common route for the synthesis of alkyl 2‐cyanoacrylates was found to be unsatisfactory for the production of small quantities of the targeted cyanoacrylates, which have potential as reagents for the mid‐infrared spectral imaging of fingerprints on difficult surfaces Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Volume 49, Issue 1, pages 257–277, 1 January 2011
A novel matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging based methodology for the identification of sexual assault suspects An increase in the use of condoms by sexual offenders has been observed. This is likely to be due both to the risk of sexually transmitted diseases and to prevent the transfer of DNA evidence. In this scenario the detection of condom lubricants at a crime scene could aid in proving corpus delicti. Here we show a novel application of Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI) for mapping the fingermark ridge pattern simultaneously to the detection of the condom lubricant within the fingermark itself. Two condom brands have been investigated to prove the concept. Condoms were handled producing lubricant‐contaminated fingermarks. Images of the ridge pattern were obtained simultaneously to the detection of two lubricants, even several weeks after the fingermark deposition. The results therefore show the potential of MALDI MSI to link the suspect (identification through fingermark ridge pattern) to the crime (detection of condom lubricant) in one analysis. This would enable forensic scientists to provide evidence with stronger support in alleged cases of sexual assault. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Volume 25, Issue 3, pages 415–422, 15 February 2011
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On the Utility of Extended Fingerprint Features: A Study on Pores In this paper, we study the utility of pores, one of the most prevalent extended fingerprint features, on rolled ink fingerprint images at both 500ppi and 1000ppi resolution in the NIST SD30 database. The results show that the fingerprint image quality significantly affects the automatic extraction and matching accuracy of pores. Furthermore, the contribution of pores to the overall fingerprint recognition accuracy is miniscule when a COTS matcher is used for 500ppi rolled ink fingerprint images. The fusion between pore matcher and COTS minutiae matcher is a bit more effective on 1000ppi good quality rolled ink fingerprint images. We believe that these results will be useful in the design of next generation AFIS. Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2010
An investigation into the foundational principles of forensic science This thesis lays the groundwork for a philosophy of forensic science. Forensic science is a historical science, much like archaeology and geology, which operates by the analysis and understanding of the physical remnants of past criminal activity. Native and non‐ native principles guide forensic science’s operation, application, and interpretations. The production history of mass‐produced goods is embedded in the finished product, called the supply chain. The supply chain solidifies much of the specificity and resolution of the evidentiary significance of that product. Forensic science has not had an over‐arching view of this production history integrated into its methods or instruction. This thesis offers provenance as the dominant factor for much of the inherent significance of mass‐produced goods that become evidence Thesis [Doctorate of Philosophy], Curtin University, 2010
Face Recognition from Still Images to Video Sequences: A Local‐Feature‐Based Framework Although automatic faces recognition has shown success for high‐quality images under controlled conditions, for video‐based recognition it is hard to attain similar levels of performance.We describe in this paper recent advances in a project being undertaken to trial and develop advanced surveillance systems for public safety. In this paper, we propose a local facial feature based framework for both still image and video‐based face recognition. The evaluation is performed on a still image dataset LFW and a video sequence dataset MOBIO to compare 4 methods for operation on feature: feature averaging (Avg‐Feature), Mutual Subspace Method (MSM), Manifold to Manifold Distance (MMS), and Affine Hull Method (AHM), and 4 methods for operation on distance on 3 different features. The experimental results show thatMulti‐region Histogram (MRH) feature ismore discriminative for face recognition compared to Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and raw pixel intensity. Under the limitation on a small number of images available per person, feature averaging ismore reliable thanMSM,MMD, andAHM and ismuch faster. Thus, our proposed framework—averaging MRH feature is more suitable for CCTV surveillance systems with constraints on the number of images and the speed of processing. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, Volume 2011, pages 1- 14
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Articles of interest continued The Proceedings of the 63rd American Academy of Forensic Sciences Annual Meeting – February 2011 is now available. [Large file – 490 pages] Abstracts of technical oral papers and posters presented at the AAFS annual scientific meeting. These include various branches of the forensic sciences such as pathology, toxicology, physical anthropology, psychiatry, immunology, odontology, jurisprudence, criminalistics, questioned documents, digital evidence, and engineering. Similar submissions dealing with forensic oriented aspects of the social sciences are also included.
See the latest Table of Contents for the journal Forensic Science Policy & Management. Editorial The Axeman Cometh Original Articles Health Considerations for Forensic Professionals: A Review Forensic Science Staffing: Creating a Working Formula A Strategy for Improving Forensic Anthropology Research Opportunities Training Narcotics Custodians in Sampling Large Marijuana Seizures How the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Can Improve Forensic Laboratory Quality A Novel Approach to the Education of Fingerprint Experts Managing Performance in the Forensic Sciences: Expectations in Light of Limited Budgets A Round Table Discussion on Forensic Science in Australia
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The latest issue of Problems in Forensic Science is also out – articles of interest include: Determination of the generation of photocopies using the image processing technique Glaucine as a non‐declared active ingredient in “legal highs”
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Recently published books
If you think these, or any other titles are worthwhile additions to the library, let me know – see “requesting a book purchase” Mechanics of Impression Evidence Publication Date: February 23, 2011 Number of Pages: 241 As forensic technology becomes more sophisticated, courts are demanding more scientific content and
juries are expecting meticulous confirmation of facts alleged. Greater attention is now paid to increasingly finer details and improved methods of describing every form of evidence. Applying physics, chemistry, and engineering to the process of analysis and interpretation, Mechanics of Impression Evidence reflects the shift to these heightened standards and offers a starting point for significant change in the way that impression evidence is considered, utilized, and presented
Table of contents
An Introduction to Forensic Genetics, 2nd Edition Publication Date: December 2010 Number of Pages: 216
This is a completely revised edition of a comprehensive and popular introduction to the fast moving area of Forensic Genetics. The text begins with key concepts needed to fully appreciate the subject and moves on to examine the latest developments in the field. Now illustrated in full colour throughout, this accessible textbook includes numerous references to relevant casework. With information on the full process of DNA evidence from collection at the scene of a crime to presentation in a legal context this book provides a complete overview of the field Read more…..
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DNA Collection and Testing: Background and Issues Publication Date: January 2011
Policymakers are increasingly coming to grips with legal issues related to taking DNA samples from people who have not been convicted of crimes. The practice of taking DNA samples from convicted criminals is now largely uncontroversial. The courts have routinely upheld laws that authorise DNA collection from both current and former convicts, and the resulting databases of DNA have become powerful tools to analyse forensic evidence collected from crime scenes. The databases help to clear innocent suspects and redirect law enforcement officials away from unproductive investigations. A trend that is causing significant debate is gathering DNA samples from people who are arrested but not convicted. Some people worry that collecting DNA creates the potential for abuse of genetic information stored in databases. This book explores the background and issues of DNA collection and testing.
Table of contents…
If you have any suggestions or comments on anything library‐related, get in touch! library.vfsc@police.vic.gov.au
9450 3503
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Published on Mar 29, 2011
Monthly current awareness & news in forensic science