Guidelines for reference selection

Guidelines for reference selection for inputs, direct emissions, and waste from cradle-to-packaging-entry gate for greenhouse grown fruits and vegetables

Final version V5 30-06-2023

Content 1.

1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

1.4.

1.5.

2.

2.1.

2.2.

Introduction Background Goal Scope Approach General guidelines 1.5.1 Impact Assessment Method

3 3 3 4 4 5 5

1.5.2

Data collection & database

5

1.5.3

Abbreviations

6

Purchased energy, fuels to combust for on-site energy production, CHP and purchased CO2 Electricity Heat 2.2.1 Geothermal heat

8 8 8 9

2.2.2

9

Purchased residual heat

2.3.

2.4.

Fuels Combined Heat and Power 2.4.1 Urea

10 10 12

2.5.

Purchased CO2 (OCAP)

12

3.

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

Fertilizers Solid & liquid fertilizers (and packaging) Emissions Transport Packaging

14 14 15 15 15

4.

Land use & greenhouse construction

17

5.

Other materials

19

6.

6.1.

6.2.

6.3.

Pesticides Biological pest control and biological pesticides Chemical pesticides Packaging materials of solid and liquid pesticides

22 22 22 23

7.

Transport to packing station

25

8.

Waste

26

9.

Water input (excl. waste treatment) Tap water / piped water

27 27

References

28

Appendix

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2

1.

Introduction

1.1. Background

The demand of consumers and retailers for sustainable horticultural products is increasing. As a result, all supply chain partners are increasingly asked for footprint calculations of horticultural products. To meet this growing demand, the Hortifootprint Category Rules (HFCR) have been developed and published in 2020 (Helmes et al.

2020).

The HFCR delivers a set of rules for calculating the environmental footprint of horticultural products over the full life cycle. This methodology applies to fruits and vegetables as well as flowers and plants. The HFCR contains, amongst others, a description of the life cycle stages. Furthermore, it contains methodological rules on for example allocation and nitrogen and phosphorus modelling.

Although the HFCR offers valuable insights, it does not provide explicit guidance on utilizing particular secondary data sources such as datasets or processes. The selection of datasets and processes within a database is one of the more challenging aspects of creating a LCA. Therefore, this document aims for creating more guidance on the selection of secondary data sources.

This document was developed by the ‘Federatie Vruchtgroente Organisaties (FVO)’ with the support of Ecochain; and it is authored by Jelle Posthuma, Jelle Opschoor, Arjan van Velden (FVO) and Luc van Gestel and Lisa Overmars (Ecochain). The current version is the final version, dated 30-06-2023. Blonk Consultants, PRé Sustainability and GroenteFruitHuis provided feedback on draft version 1 of this document. Blonk Consultants also provided feedback to draft version 2 and 3 of this document. They prepared a review statement for this document, which is provided in section 1.7.

This document is a temporary guideline, meant to be used until the shadow-PEFCR for horticultural products will be published. This shadow-PEFCR can later be converted into a formal PEFCR for the sector, that is recognized by the European Commission. This shadow-PEFCR will ensure that environmental assessments are calculated in the same scientific way for any type of fruit or vegetable sold in Europe (WUR, 2023). Please note that various methodological choices and references are subject to change when the shadow-PEFCR is released.

1.2. Goal

The main goal of this document is: Establish guidelines, in accordance with the HFCR, for the selection of secondary data sources (e.g. datasets or processes) for creating LCA’s of greenhouse grown fruits and vegetables in any country worldwide, until the PEFCR for horticultural products is released.

A second goal of this document is: Support growers with the collection of all relevant primary data.

In this document you will also find a separate primary data collection sheet, aiming to help the growers with the collection of all relevant primary data.

This guideline will, amongst others, result in the following: 1) Guidance for primary and secondary data collection; a. Primary data collection: separate data collection sheet b. Secondary data collection: this document 2) Clarity for the LCA practitioner in making a LCA according to the HFCR; 3) Better comparability of results, as all calculations are based on the same calculation rules (HFCR), the same primary data collected, and the same secondary data sources (this document); 4) More consistency in the LCA and LCA outcomes from different LCA practitioners from different companies.

This document is based on real life experience from Harvest House and Growers United, which have been working with the HFCR methodology. Although this document draws on practical experience with growers from

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two cooperatives, it is intended to serve as a set of guidelines for the entire target audience, and shall therefore be used as such.

Since the majority of Harvest House and Growers United's greenhouses are situated in the Netherlands, this document primarily focuses on the situation in this country. However, it's important to note that greenhouses are also present in other countries. Hence, this document can serve as a useful guide for greenhouses worldwide.

1.3. Scope

The scope of this document is from cradle-to-gate for the cultivation of greenhouse grown fruits and vegetables, plus transport of the cultivated product to the entry gate of the packager. The assessment does not take into account the packaging life cycle phase itself. Within this scope, all inputs (e.g. energy, water, fertilizers and pesticides use), direct emissions, and waste of vegetables grown in greenhouses are considered. Both soilless and in soil cultivation in greenhouses are included within the scope of this document. Within this scope, all countries worldwide are included.

The following is not included within the scope of this document: All other life cycle phases of the HFCR: storage, packaging, distribution, retail, use and end-of-life.

These other life cycle phases where not considered for multiple reasons: 1) The cultivation contributes most to the impact over the full life cycle. In the HFCR, it is described that the cultivation stage shows a contribution of >80% for tomatoes (Helmes et al., 2020), 2) Most data is available for cradle-topackaging-entry gate, and 3) Growers have most influence on the cradle-to-gate footprint, and therefore can easily adjust based on these results.

Organic cultivation. Although there is organic cultivation of vegetables in greenhouses; this is only applied on a small scale. Therefore, this document focusses on conventional cultivation.

Open field cultivation systems, namely open field soilless, and open field in soil. As the scope of this document is based on cultivation in greenhouses, open field systems are excluded from consideration.

This document is mainly based on the cultivation method ‘Protected soilless’. This is because it is the most commonly used method in the greenhouses for growing vegetables. The protected in soil cultivation method was not used by any of the growers that was considered as an input for this document (see approach). However this document can and shall be used by third parties that want to calculate the impact for soil grown vegetables in greenhouses. The main difference in the calculation method between both cultivation methods is the calculation of the direct emissions for fertilizers, which is described in section 3.2.

In some greenhouses, the product is directly packed after production. In principle, the energy of packaging processes shall not be included in the calculation, as the packaging phase is out of scope of this document. But if the energy consumption of the packaging process is inseparably merged with the energy usage of the growing process, this energy consumption shall be included in the calculation.

1.4. Target audience

The target audience for this document is growers, environmental specialists, and anyone who wants to calculate an LCA, conform HFCR methodology, for greenhouse grown fruits and vegetables

1.5. Approach

In consultation with Harvest House and Growers United, the cradle-to-packaging-entry-gate phase was categorized into the following eight categories: 1) Purchased energy, fuels to combust for on-site energy production, CHP and purchased CO2 2) Fertilizers 3) Land use & greenhouse construction 4) Other materials 5) Pesticides 6) Transport to packing station 7) Waste 8) Water input FVO Guidelines for the selection of references – Final version 30-06-2023

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The reason for this categorization is that this is the most logical way to collect and analyze the data and the LCIA results. The distribution of these categories is additional to the HFCR. This document contains one chapter per category. Per chapter, first general guidelines are provided for the selection of secondary data sources. This is followed by example tables that describe example references per input, direct emission or waste, to illustrate the general guidelines. The example inputs, direct emissions, or waste described in these tables are based on primary data collected by 21 growers associated with Harvest House and 10 growers associated with Growers United. The total of 31 investigated growers were located in the following geographical regions: the Netherlands, France, Portugal, Morocco and Tunisia.

The guidelines were developed in accordance with the HFCR. Furthermore, the following representative Product (RP) Studies of the HFCR were consulted for the development of this document: 1. Representative Product Study on Roses (Helmes et al., 2021) 2. Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021) For the Representative Product Study of tomatoes, only the summary was publicly available. The complete background report was not published. Therefore, the Representative Product Study on tomatoes was not used in the development of this document. The two RP Studies that were considered are seen as representative for the goals and scope of this study.

1.6. General guidelines

1.6.1 Impact Assessment Method The most recent Environmental Footprint (EF) Method shall be selected as Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method (LCIA), as described in the HFCR. In order to calculate the average impact per kg product, the total impact shall be divided over the total yield. If different kind of crops are produced within the same greenhouse, the impact shall be allocated in the same ratio as the surface area, and considering the cropping time; which is in line with the HFCR. Section 6.1.2 and 6.2.1.6 of the HFCR give guidance on how to perform the allocation.

1.6.2 Data collection & database For guidelines on data collection: see Hortifootprint Category Rules (HFCR) by Helmes et al., 2020.

Primary data collection The data collection sheet is created with the aim to help growers with collection of all relevant primary data. The way in which the data is collected is free of form. The data collection template in Excel can be used, but this is not mandatory.

Secondary data collection This document gives guidelines on choosing the right datasets (i.e. references). All selected background references shall be selected from the ecoinvent database, cut-off version. Both the unit processes and system processes are allowed to be used. It was decided to select the "cut-off by classification" system model, in order to comply with the Circular Footprint Formula (CFF) guidelines. This system model follows the "polluter pays" principle, however the selection of multiple datasets allows to distribute impacts and benefits of end-of-life between the producer and consumer, using the A factor in the CFF. The "cut-off by classification" model is preferred over the “Allocation at the point of substitution” - also known as the APOS system model. The APOS system model is considered less suitable, since it already provides a distribution between producers and subsequent users of valuable secondary materials. This feature limits the possibility to select the particular distribution method specified by PEF methodology.

Due to the HFCR not being included in an official Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) pilot conducted by the European Commission, it is not possible to utilize the EF Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database. Moreover, the publicly available versions of the database (2.0, 3.0, and 3.1) have limited relevant references for accurate HFCR calculations. However, when the shadow PEFCR is converted into an official PEFCR and approved by the European Commission, the EF database shall be used.

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For the time being, the default database is the ecoinvent database, cut-off version. For all references, the recommended ecoinvent version number is the version number that matches the year under study. This means the following in terms of recommendation per production year: 2018: ecoinvent version 3.5 2019: ecoinvent version 3.6 2020: ecoinvent version 3.7.1 2021: ecoinvent version 3.8 2022: ecoinvent version 3.9.1 This document is based on ecoinvent version 3.8. Reason for not selecting ecoinvent version 3.9.1 is that this is not available yet in all LCA software.

An important note for the ecoinvent database is that it is not fully compatible with the EF method v3.0, due to differences in conversions. However, in most LCA software, this issue is reduced as much as possible, by creating an adapted EF v3.0 calculation method, which matches as good as possible with the ecoinvent database. This risk will be eliminated once the EF database will be used.

The use of an LCA from a supplier is allowed in case both of the following conditions are met: 1. The LCA is in accordance with the Hortifootprint Category Rules (HFCR); 2. The LCA is externally verified.

The quality of the results cannot be guaranteed if any of these two conditions are not met.

Adaptation of the ecoinvent references (e.g. to make them more representative for the input) is only allowed if this material contributes significant to the total. In that case, the entire material/process shall be adjusted and not just one element.

1.6.3 Abbreviations All the abbreviations used in this document are listed alphabetically.

Abbreviation CHP CO2 EF FVO HFCR LCA LCI LCIA LHV MSDS PEF RP X

Explanation Combined Heat and Power Carbon dioxide Environmental Footprint Federatie Vruchtgroente Organisaties (Federation of Fruit Vegetable Organizations) Hortifootprint Category Rules Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Inventory Life Cycle Impact Assessment Lower Heating Value Material Safety Data Sheet Product Environmental Footprint Representative product (study) X indication is used for data that shall be calculated/determined specifically

1.7. Review statement Blonk Consultants

Blonk Consultants has provided feedback on draft version 1, 2, and 3 of this document. The statements referring to the practical studies with Harvest House and Growers United and the representativeness of the chosen references were not verified, since Blonk was not involved in these practical studies. Blonk has a different point of view compared to the authors regarding some parts of the document, as specified in the review comments, of which the main differences are:

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•

•

Combined heat and power production: The Nitrogen emissions from Urea solutions used in a CHP are not included in the FVO guidelines and the HFCR. Blonk advises to include these emissions based on a model or estimation.

Purchased CO2: In case CO2 is a waste product (i.e., it has no economic value), the emissions related to the production of CO2 are allocated to the main product and not to the produced CO2. However, direct emissions of the use of CO2 as fertilizer in a greenhouse shall always be included and cannot be seen as waste. Other industries that use CO2 as input (e.g., nylon, beverage industry) also account for these direct emissions. The carbon embedded in products (e.g., urea) with emission downstream is accounted as direct emissions where the CO2 is released. The main ISO 14040/14044 principle is to keep the mass balance and to not introduce offsets. The SBTi’s FLAG guidance also states the emissions during cultivation as agricultural emissions.

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2.

Purchased energy, fuels to combust for on-site energy production, CHP and purchased CO2 This chapter describes all inputs related to purchased energy (electricity and heat), fuels to combust for on-site energy production (e.g. diesel, natural gas), the CHP, and purchased captured carbon dioxide (CO2).

2.1. Electricity

As described in the introduction, the ecoinvent version shall match with the year under study. Especially for electricity from the grid this is important, as the impact of electricity from grid fluctuates considerably. For practical reasons it was decided that the year of release of an ecoinvent version is equal to the year of the electricity mix. However, in theory, this is incorrect, because the electricity mixes of ecoinvent are based on an older years. This decision was made to keep it doable for the non-LCA professionals. An older ecoinvent version shall be used in case there is no ecoinvent version available for the year under study.

For electricity, the selected reference selected shall be based on the source (e.g. wind electricity) and the specific country, if this is available. A low voltage reference shall be selected, as this is considered most representative.

For solar electricity, the reference selected shall be based on electricity production on slanted roofs, as this is considered most representative for electricity produced by solar panels located on the roofs of greenhouses. In case there is no specific country reference available, the selected reference shall be based on the Europe region, if the country is located in Europe, and the Rest-of-World region, if the country is located outside of Europe.

Table 1 gives two examples of selected references for electricity. All reference selected during the real life project

by Harvest House and Growers United are described in Table A 1 (Appendix).

Table 1: Selected references for purchased electricity from the grid and electricity produced by solar panels Input [NL] Input [EN] Reference Elektriciteit ingekocht (Nederland) – 2021 Electricity purchased market for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff (Netherlands) – 2021 | Netherlands – ecoinvent version 3.8 Elektriciteit, zon, Frankrijk Electricity, solar, France electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff | France

2.2. Heat

Table 2 gives example references for purchased and/or produced heat. Per input, a motivation on the selected reference is given. For geothermal heat, a more elaborate explanation of the reference selection is given in section 2.2.1. For residual heat, a more elaborate explanation is given in section 2.2.2.

The selected references for the heat shall be based on the heat source (e.g. heat from biowaste). An Europe region reference shall be selected if the country is located in Europe; and the Rest-of-World region reference shall be selected if the country is located outside of Europe. In cases where region-specific references are unavailable, global references shall be selected instead.

Table 2: Selected references for heat purchased and produced on site Input [NL] Input [EN] Unit Aardgas ingekocht (exclusief Natural gas m3 aardgas voor Warmte purchased Kracht Koppeling (WKK) (excluding natural gas for CHP) Warmte geproduceerd – warmtepomp

Produced heat – heat pump

MJ

Reference market for heat, central or smallscale, natural gas | heat, central or small-scale, natural gas | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of three references: 3.93E-7 kg – Refrigerant – leak Ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-, HFC134a to air 3.93E-7 kg – Refrigerant R134a – production market for refrigerant R134a | refrigerant R134a | Cutoff | Global 3.47E-8 piece – Heat pump

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references – Final version 30-06-2023

Motivation The chosen reference is in accordance with the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021).

The chosen references are considered representative. The heat pump and refrigerant are based on the ecoinvent reference background information. The heat pump has a power output of 1 MW. There is no specific reference available in ecoinvent v3.8 for a 1 MW heat pump. Assumed is that a heat pump of 30 kW has a higher impact than a 1 MW heat pump. Therefore this reference of a 30 kW heat pump is used as a worst-case scenario. The electricity consumption for running the heat pump is included under the ‘electricity’ inputs.

8

Warmte ingekocht – bioafval

Heat purchased – from biowaste

MJ

Warmte ingekocht – biomassa (obv houtafval)

Purchased heat – biomass (based on wood waste)

MJ

Warmte ingekocht – biomassa (obv nieuw hout)

Purchased heat – biomass (based on new wood)

MJ

Warmte ingekocht – energiecentrale

Purchased heat – power plant

MJ

market for heat pump, 30kW | heat pump, 30kW | Cutoff | Global 0,233 kg treatment of biowaste, municipal incineration | biowaste | Cutoff | Global

heat production, wood chips from post-consumer wood, at furnace 300kW | heat, district or industrial, other than natural gas | Cutoff | Europe heat production, hardwood chips from forest, at furnace 5000kW | heat, district or industrial, other than natural gas | Cutoff | Restof-World heat and power co-generation, natural gas, conventional power plant, 100MW electrical | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Cutoff | Netherlands

The chosen reference is considered representative. It represents the heat production from organic waste. A lower heating value of 4,3 MJ/kg shall be considered.

The Lower Heating Value shall be retrieved from the reported LHV in the ecoinvent reference.

The chosen reference is considered representative. It represents the heat production from post-consumer wood chips.

The wood chips are made from recycled wood.

The chosen reference is considered representative. It represents the heat production from primary wood chips. The Restof-World geography shall be used as a Worstcase scenario.

The chosen reference is considered representative. For heat from a power plant, country specific references are available.

Therefore, contradictory to the general guidelines, a country specific reference shall be selected if this is available. If global references are not accessible, the next course of action would be to choose a rest-of-world reference instead.

2.2.1 Geothermal heat Purchased geothermal heat shall be modelled in accordance with the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021). For 1 MJ of geothermal heat, a geothermal power plant and electricity is required (see Table 3). The modelling of the geothermal power plant is described in Table 4.10 (page 25) of the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021). The geothermal power plant consists of a deep well, modelling of this is described in Table 4.11 (page 25) of the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021).

Table 3: Modeling for the ‘Purchased heat – geothermal’ Inputs, products, interventions Amount Products Heat 1 Inputs from technosphere Geothermal power plant, 5.5Mwel 2E-10 {NL} horti-footprint Electricity, low voltage 0.0253

2.2.2

Unit

Reference

MJ Items

Combination (see Table 4)

kWh

Market for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff | Netherlands

Purchased residual heat

Large industries frequently generate substantial amounts of waste heat that possesses an appealing temperature level and that is readily available. This waste heat can be effectively harnessed for heating purposes in greenhouses, buildings, and tap water. With the term waste heat is referred to the strict definition by Europe (Renewable energy directive, RED II). This definition has been adopted in building regulations (NTA8800) and in the proposed Collective Heating Act (Exptertise Centrum Warmte, 2022). Purchased residual heat is considered free of impact if all of the following conditions are met: • • • •

Inevitable: Waste heat is inevitable. It cannot be used technically and economically in the own process; Byproduct: Waste heat is considered a byproduct; Connection to a district heating system: Waste heat is supplied to multiple (external) users via a district heating system; Unused heat is ending up in water or air: When not used, the waste heat enters the air or water.

Residual heat shall be considered free of impact if it comes free of cost. If a company has to pay for the waste heat, there are 2 options: 1) The company pays for the infrastructure and the district heating system only. In this case, only the impact of the infrastructure shall be considered.

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2)

The company also pays for the waste heat itself. In this case, an allocation shall be made between the main product, and the by-product based on economic value. Consequently, it should be noted that the waste heat obtains some impact from the primary production process.

2.3. Fuels

For fuels, reference selection shall be based on the type of fuel, in combination with a ‘burned’ reference. A ‘burned’ reference indicates that both the production and emissions from using (and burning) the fuel are included in the selected reference. To ensure the most representative approach, it is recommended to utilize the reference for the building machine or machinery when accounting for fuel consumption within a greenhouse.

This is because these references are deemed most representative. Table 4 includes some example references for fuels. The selected references are considered most representative for the different fuels.

For diesel a LHV of 36 MJ/liter shall be considered (Engineering toolbox, 2023). This is considered representative for all countries covered within this study. It is not allowed to divert from this value.

For petrol a LHV of 32 MJ/liter shall be considered (Engineering toolbox, 2023). These LHV values are considered representative for all countries covered within this study. It is not allowed to divert from this value.

For LPG a LHV of 24,4 MJ/liter shall be used (Engineering toolbox, 2023). This is considered representative for all countries covered within this study. It is not allowed to divert from these values. For LPG, an LPG burning reference is not available in the ecoinvent database. LPG usually consists of a mix of propane and butane. Only a propane burning reference is available in the ecoinvent database. Therefore, this reference is considered most representative for LPG burning, and is therefore the dataset that is used for LPG. Table 4: References for fuels Input [NL] Input [EN] Benzine Petrol Diesel, kas Diesel, greenhouse LPG LPG

Unit liter liter liter

Reference petrol, unleaded, burned in machinery | petrol, unleaded, burned in machinery | Cutoff | Global market for diesel, burned in building machine | diesel, burned in building machine | Cutoff | Global market for propane, burned in building machine | propane, burned in building machine | Global

2.4. Combined Heat and Power

The methodology to model the electricity and heat generated from a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is described in the HFCR, and the energy allocation shall be done in accordance with the memo on handling multifunctionality of combined heat and power systems (Ponsioen, et al., 2020).

The total electricity and heat output is highly dependent on the efficiency of the CHP installation. Therefore, the efficiency of the CHP shall be collected during primary data collection. The following data shall minimally be collected for a CHP installation (per year): Natural gas use for CHP (m3) Total amount of electricity produced with CHP (kWh). In the rare situation where the amount of produced electricity is not known by the grower, the total amount of electricity produced shall be calculated based on the lower heating value, the electrical efficiency value of the CHP and the amount of natural gas used.

Electricity supplied back to the grid (kWh) Electricity used from CHP (kWh) Electricity production efficiency CHP (%) Heat production efficiency CHP (%) Methane leakage (sludge) (mg per m3 natural gas) In case no primary data is available for methane sludge, an average leakage of 2,8% shall be assumed, according to the HFCR. Table 5 describes the inputs and outputs per 1 m3 of natural gas; the inputs are for example the natural gas and capital goods, and the outputs are direct emissions. For the amounts of inputs and outputs, the following holds for an own CHP: The inputs and outputs per 1 m3 of natural gas can remain unchanged, with the exception of

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the methane, which shall be modelled based on specific data. All other inputs and outputs can be determined from the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021).

The carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in Table 5 are derived from IPCC guidelines (Gomez et al., 2006).

Regarding carbon dioxide, this aligns with the least preferred option for data collection described in the HFCR guidelines. If available, the carbon dioxide emission shall be determined in the following order of preference: • The emission shall be collected from direct measurement or a documented prior measurement of the CHP unit considered.

• If direct measurement is not available, the emission shall be collected from a data source specific to the installation, such as a technical specification document.

• If a technical specification is not available, a public source, clearly stating average emissions from CHPs in general representative for the country of cultivation shall be used.

• If a public source is not available, secondary data from scientific papers or LCA databases are accepted.

Thus, the carbon dioxide emission reported in Table 5 can be used, but if more specific data is available this shall be used.

The nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide fossil, NMVOC, and particulate <2,5 um emissions to air are determined from values reported by the European Environmental Agency (2016) on Tier 2 emission factors for non-residential sources medium-sized (>50 kWth to < 1 MWth) boilers burning natural gas. For nitrogen oxide (nitric oxide, NO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) using of Tier 2 data is a deviation of the HFCR, which describes that the EMEP/EEA Tier 1 approach resulting in mg emissions per MJ of fuel shall be used. This approach was selected to reduce the workload in data collection and LCA modelling for growers and LCA practitioners. For all other emissions to air (nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide fossil, NMVOC, and particulate <2,5 um) the use of Tier 2 data is allowed, as the HFCR does not give specific guidance on these emissions.

The products of the CHP (electricity & heat products) shall be modelled based on the specific primary data collection regarding heat and electricity efficiency. For the calculation of the total impact of a greenhouse per year, the total heat used (produced minus sold) and electricity used from CHP (produced minus sold) shall be considered. In Table 5, the data that shall be considered specifically is indicated with an X. Note that the calorific value of natural gas is different between countries. Hence, the MJ output shall be corrected based on a country-specific Lower Heating Value (LHV). For the Netherlands, a LHV of 31,65 MJ/m3 shall be assumed (Helmes et al., 2021). For other countries, the LHV of the natural gas should be specifically determined and substantiated.

Table 5: Modeling for the ‘ Electricity from own CHP’, ‘heat from own CHP’ and ‘Purchased heat – CHP another company’ Inputs, products, interventions Amount Unit Reference Products average CHP (for ‘purchased heat – CHP from other company) – 88% efficiency1 Electricity 3,5 (45,5%) kWh Heat 15,2 (54,5%) MJ Products own CHP Electricity X (shall be kWh determined from primary data) Heat X (shall be MJ determined from primary data) Inputs and outputs per 1 m3 natural gas Inputs from technosphere Heat and power co-generation unit, 2,7E-08 P heat and power co-generation unit construction, 1MW electrical, common 1MW electrical (common) components for heat+electricity | heat and power co-generation unit, 1MW electrical, common components for heat+electricity | Cutoff | Europe Heat and power co-generation unit, 2,7E-08 P heat and power co-generation unit construction, 1MW electrical, components 1MW electrical (electricity) for electricity only | heat and power co-generation unit, 1MW electrical, components for electricity only | Cutoff | Europe Heat and power co-generation unit, 2,7E-08 P heat and power co-generation unit construction, 1MW electrical, components 1MW electrical (heat) for heat only | heat and power co-generation unit, 1MW electrical, components for heat only | Cutoff | Europe Lubricating oil 1,2 g market for lubricating oil | lubricating oil | Cutoff Natural gas 1 m3 market for natural gas, high pressure | natural gas, high pressure | Cutoff, U To technosphere

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Carbon dioxide, fossil emissions to air Carbon dioxide, fossil emissions to air, due to use of urea Methane, fossil, emissions to air

Nitrogen oxides emissions to air Sulfur dioxide emissions to air Nitrous oxide emissions to air Carbon monoxide, fossil, emissions to air NMVOC emissions to air Particulates, <2.5um emissions to air To technosphere (waste treatment) Waste mineral oil

1,78

kg

Carbon dioxide, fossil

1,69E-03

kg

Carbon dioxide, fossil

X (shall be determined from primary data) 2310 44 3.17 760

mg

Methane, fossil

mg mg mg mg

Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Dinitrogen monoxide Carbon monoxide, fossil

11 14

mg mg

NMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified origin Particulates, < 2.5 um

1.2

g

market for waste mineral oil | waste mineral oil | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

1: Efficiency is based on Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis

2.4.1

Urea

This paragraph gives guidelines for modelling urea solutions used for the CHP. Two examples of used liquid urea are solutions of 18.4% and 40%. Therefore, Table 6 describes the selected references and amounts for these 2 solutions. The references are based on urea, plus tap water. Nitrogen emissions from the use of urea are not considered, because this is not described in the HFCR. The impact of energy consumption for mixing and transport to the greenhouse is assumed neglectable, and therefore can be excluded from the assessment. If an alternative solution with a different urea content is employed, it should be modelled using the same references.

The quantities used will vary compared to those specified in the table.

Table 6: Items and chosen references for Urea 18.4% and 40% (in liter) Input [NL] Input [EN] Ureum vloeibaar 18.4% oplossing voor WKK Urea liquid 18.4% solution for CHP

Reference Combination of two references: 0.08 kg – 46% N (in urea) urea production, as N | urea, as N | Cutoff | Europe

Ureum vloeibaar 40% oplossing voor WKK

Urea liquid 40% solution for CHP

0.816 kg – Water market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe Combination of two references: 0.2 kg – 46% N (in urea) urea production, as N | urea, as N | Cutoff | Europe 0.6 kg – Water market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe

2.5. Purchased CO2 (OCAP)

There are basically three types of purchased CO2: 1. CO2 from OCAP, transported by pipeline: This is waste CO2 that originates from industry processes and is transported to the greenhouses by pipeline.

2. CO2 from OCAP, transported by truck: This is waste CO2 that originates from industry processes and is transported to the greenhouses by truck.

3. CO2 from CO2 supplier, transported by truck: This is CO2 that originates from companies which core business is the production of CO2 and is transported to the greenhouses by truck.

According to the HFCR the following holds: ‘In most cases, CO2 is a waste product and thus shall be modelled as such: only the inputs required to capture, process, store and transport the CO2 to the greenhouse shall be included. The resulting CO2 emissions shall be allocated to the original process, e.g. heat and electricity when produced on-site.’ Thus, the carbon dioxide emission produced by industry does not have to be accounted for by growers using the CO2.

This perspective is in accordance with the viewpoint of FVO: CO2 that originates from industry processes is considered a waste product that would otherwise be directly emitted to the atmosphere. The usage of this waste

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CO2 in the greenhouse sector is a delay of emission. Therefore, no impact of the direct emission of CO2 shall be allocated to the greenhouse sector for using this waste CO2.

The modelling of purchased CO2 for option 1 and 2 shall be done in accordance with the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021). Table 7 and 8 show the references selected for option 1 and 2. Both contain liquid carbon dioxide, which shall be modelled in accordance with Table 9. For OCAP produced and used in the Netherlands, a distance of 150 km shall be considered. For other countries, the specific transportation distance shall be determined and used. In case the transportation distance can not be determined, a distance of 5229 km which is used in the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis shall be used (Helmes et al., 2021).

For option 3, modelling and reference selection is similar with option 1 and 2, with the following main exception: The emission of 1 kg of carbon dioxide to air shall be added to the model.

Table 7: Modeling for ‘ CO2 (per truck)’ Inputs, products, interventions Product CO2 (per truck) Inputs from technosphere Carbon dioxide, liquid Transport per truck

Amount

Unit

1

kg

1 0.15 for the Netherlands, X for other countries

kg tkm

Combination (see Table 9) market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Cutoff | Europe

Unit

Reference

Table 8: Modeling for ‘OCAP (by pipeline)’ Inputs, products, interventions Amount Product OCAP (by pipeline) 1 Inputs from technosphere Carbon dioxide, liquid 1 Transport by pipeline 0.15 for the Netherlands, X for other countries Table 9: Modeling for ‘Carbon dioxide, liquid’ Inputs, products, interventions Amount Product Carbon dioxide, liquid 1 Inputs from nature Water, cooling, unspecified natural 0.02 origin NL Water, river NL 8.6E-4 Water, well in ground NL 8.3E-4 Inputs from technosphere Electricity, medium voltage 0.3

Reference

kg kg tkm

Combination (see table below) market for transport, pipeline, onshore, petroleum | transport, pipeline, onshore, petroleum | Cutoff | Europe

Unit

Reference

kg M3

Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin, NL

M3 M3

Water, river, NL Water, well, NL

kWh

market for electricity, medium voltage | electricity, medium voltage | Cutoff | Netherlands heat and power co-generation unit construction, 1MW electrical, common components for heat+electricity | heat and power co-generation unit, 1MW electrical, common components for heat+electricity | Cutoff | Europe heat production, natural gas, at boiler modulating >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for monoethanolamine | monoethanolamine | Cutoff | Global market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for wastewater, average | wastewater, average | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

Heat and power co-generation unit, 1MW electrical (common)

4.0E-10

P

Industrial natural gas

2

MJ

Monoethanolamine production Tap water wastewater, average

0.01 0.03 2.7E-6

kg kg M3

0.01 1.4E-3

kg M3

Monoethanolamine, to air Water, NL, to air

0.02

M3

Water, NL, to water

Emissions to air Monoethanolamine Water Emmisions to water Wate

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3. Fertilizers This chapter gives guidelines on modeling of synthetic and biological fertilizers. A distinction between solid and liquid fertilizers shall be made. Modelling of all fertilizers includes the following elements: the production of the fertilizer (section 3.1), the direct emissions to air, freshwater and soil from use of the fertilizer (section 3.2), transport of fertilizers to the greenhouse (section 3.3), and the packaging materials (section 3.4).

3.1. Solid & liquid fertilizers (and packaging)

The solid fertilizers shall be modeled per gram of product. The liquid fertilizers shall be modeled per milliliter of product. The density as well as the percentage of active ingredients in each liquid fertilizer shall be retrieved from their specific Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). The weight per active ingredient shall be calculated based on the percentage of active ingredients in the fertilizer multiplied by the density (grams/milliliter). It shall be assumed that the rest of the weight in the liquid fertilizer is water.

“Market for” references shall be chosen for the modeling of fertilizers. A “market for” reference is a dataset that represents an average within a geographic region. In addition, it includes industry average transportation distances. This is considered representative, as it is often unknown where the fertilizer is exactly produced. A “production for” reference shall be selected when there is no “market for” reference available. A “production for” reference does not include average transportation distances of the material. In case a “production for” reference is selected, the transportation distance from the production location of the fertilizer to the greenhouse shall be considered.

If possible, the selected reference shall match the specific fertilizer. For example AMNITRA, which contains ammonium nitrate, the reference ‘ammonium nitrate production | ammonium nitrate, as N | Cutoff | Europe’ shall be selected. In the case that no direct match is available based on the name of the fertilizer, first of all you shall check if it is available under an alternative name. If the check is done and you still do not find a match, a proxy reference shall be used. Usually a proxy is based on either: 1) stochiometric modelling, 2) precursor of the final compound, 3) a generic category for the chemical (e.g. non-ionic surfactant). An example of this is sodium molybdate, for which no reference is available in the ecoinvent database. As sodium molybdate is mainly produced from molybdenum trioxide, selection of this reference is considered most representative, and therefore this reference shall be used. More examples are provided as notations under Table 10 and Table A 2.

Table 10 describes examples of how one shall model fertilizers. Table A 2 (Appendix) describes all selected references for fertilizers used by Harvest House and Growers United. In case a proxy is used, this is described in the notations under the table. The values in the table are calculated per 1 of the unit. In practice, this value can change. The amounts shall be scaled accordingly.

Every fertilizer shall be modeled based on its brand name, due to the fact that growers register their fertilizer usage under the brand names. In the scenario where there are two different brands with the same active ingredients you have two options. If the composition of those brands are equal, the names of the brands shall be merged in one reference. If the composition deviates, the fertilizers shall be modeled separately.

Table 10: Items and chosen references for the fertilizer category Solid/ Amount Meststof [NL] Fertilizer [EN] liquid (unit) AMNITRA / Ammonium nitrate Liquid 1 (ml) Ammoniumnitraat

Density (gram/ml) 1.24

Amount (unit) active ingredient(s) 0.23 (g) NH₄NO₃

Reference ammonium nitrate production | ammonium nitrate, as N | Cutoff | Europe

0.6 (g) Water 1 (g) Magnesium sulfate

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for magnesium sulfate | magnesium sulfate | Cutoff | Global

Bitterzout

Epsom salts

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Fosforzuur

Phosphoric acid

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

1 (g) Phosporic acid

market for phosphoric acid, fertilizer grade, without water, in 70% solution state | phosphoric acid, fertilizer grade, without water, in 70% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

Kalksalpeter / Calsal / calciumnitraat

Calcium nitrate

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.5

0.77 (g) Calcium nitrate

market for calcium nitrate | calcium nitrate | Cutoff | Global

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Mo (Natriummolybaat) Zwavelzuur oplossing (X%)

Mo (Sodium molybdate)5 Sulphuric acid solution (X%)

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.35

0.73 (g) Water 1 (g) Na2MoO4 X (g) Sulfuric acid

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for molybdenum trioxide | molybdenum trioxide | Cutoff | Global market for sulfuric acid | sulfuric acid | Cutoff | Europe

X (g) market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe Water without Switzerland 1: There is no reference for sodium molybdate available in the ecoinvent database. As sodium molybdate is mainly produced from molybdenum trioxide, selection of this reference is considered most representative.

3.2. Emissions

The direct emissions from the use of fertilizers shall be included, and calculated according to the memo on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions modelling (Kool & Blonk, 2020). In case that you are modeling for a greenhouse that belongs in the ‘protected soilless’ category, the nitrate and phosphate emissions shall be based on measurements; as they have a closed recirculation system. In the case that it is not possible to measure the direct emissions from nitrate and phosphate, the emissions shall be calculated in accordance with the memo on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions modelling (Kool & Blonk, 2020).

The other emissions (ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides) shall be based on the default modelling, according to IPCC Tier 1. In the data collection sheet, the direct emissions are calculated automatically based on the collected data for the ‘protected soilless’ category. If protected in soil cultivation is applicable, the direct emissions shall be calculated as described in the memo.

Table 11: Emissions in the fertilizer category Output [NL] Emissie naar lucht - Ammoniak Emissie naar lucht - Nitrogen oxides Emissie naar lucht - Nitrous oxide direct Emissie naar lucht - Nitrous oxide indirect Emissie naar water - Fosfaat Emissie naar water - Nitraat

Output [EN] Emission to air - ammonia Emission to air - nitrogen oxides Emission to air - nitrous oxide direct Emission to air - nitrous oxide indirect Emission to water - phosphate Emission to water - nitrate

Reference Ammonia to air / unspecified Nitrogen oxides to air / unspecified Dinitrogen monoxide to air / unspecified Dinitrogen monoxide to air / unspecified Phosphate to water / unspecified Nitrate to water / unspecified

3.3. Transport

For the transport of all fertilizers from the supplier of the fertilizer to the greenhouse in the Netherlands, an average distance of 150 km shall be assumed. This is considered to be a realistic assumption. A market for reference is used to consider the transportation distance of the production location of the fertilizer, to the supplier of the fertilizer. This combination is assumed to be representative and most likely worst-case in terms of total transport required for fertilizers. For greenhouses located in other countries then the Netherlands, a realistic assumption on the transportation distance of the fertilizers from the supplier of the fertilizer to the greenhouse shall be made and substantiated. In case the exact production location of the fertilizer is known, the transportation distance from the production location via the supplier to the greenhouse shall be considered; in combination with a ‘production’ reference instead of a ‘market for’ reference. Table 12 describes the reference that shall be selected for the transport of the fertilizers to the greenhouse.

Table 12: Transport in the fertilizer category Input [NL] Input [EN] Transport vrachtwagen Transport truck

Reference market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Motivation The chosen reference is considered representative.

It’s an average transport reference. The emission factor of the truck is not specified.

3.4. Packaging

The references considered for packaging materials of fertilizers are described in Table 13. These references include the amount of packaging used per 1 kg of packed liquid or solid fertilizer. Thus, in case 1 kg of fertilizer is used, 1 kg of the described reference shall be considered.

Table 13: packaging materials in the fertilizer category Input [NL] Input [EN]

Reference

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Verpakkingsmateriaal vaste meststof

Packaging solid fertilizer

Verpakkingsmateriaal vloeibare meststoffen

Packaging liquid fertilizer

packaging production for solid fertilizer or pesticide, per kilogram of packed product | packaging, for fertilisers or pesticides | Cutoff | Global packaging production for liquid fertilizer or pesticide, per kilogram of packed product | packaging, for fertilisers or pesticides | Cutoff | Global

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4. Land use & greenhouse construction This chapter describes all inputs related to land use, the use of the capital goods for the greenhouse, and other industrial buildings.

Table 14 describes example inputs and references for this category. Per reference a motivation is given, as the reference selection differs per input.

For the occupation of land, a country-specific elementary flow shall be selected. Reason for this is that the impact of land use differs per country.

For greenhouse constructions two options are included, namely a Venlo type greenhouse, and a multi-tunnel greenhouse. When preparing the LCA, only one of the two shall be selected, based on which is most representative for the greenhouse that is used. For both greenhouses, the amounts and modelling are based on the memo on capital goods modelling (Kan & Vieira, 2020). The end-of-life of the greenhouse is modelled using the Circular Footprint Formula (CFF), integrating burdens and benefits of using and producing recycled materials in any stage. Inclusion of end-of-life modelling of the capital goods differs from the memo, as no waste processing is described in the memo. The expected lifetime of the greenhouse shall be adapted from 15 to 25 years compared to the memo, after consultation FVO members. They indicated that this is a more realistic assumption. Modelling of the CFF of the different materials used is described in Tables A3-A9 in the Appendix.

Greenhouses are allowed to be modelled based on supplier specific data; the data that shall be collected for this is described in the memo on capital goods modelling (Kan & Vieira, 2020). Other than that, it is not expected that there are inputs different from the inputs described in the table below, as it is considered quite complete.

Table 14: Items and chosen references for the land & greenhouse category Input [NL] Input [EN] Unit Reference Bezetting land Occupation land m2a Occupation, industrial area - NL

Industrieel pand

Industrial building

m2a

market for building, hall, steel construction | building, hall, steel construction | Cutoff | Global

Kas glas (venlo) type

Greenhouse glass (Venlo) type

m2a

Combination of references (see Table 15)

Kas plastic (multitunnel) type

Greenhouse plastic (multi-tunnel) type

m2a

Combination of references (see Table 16)

Tuindersschuur

Garden shed

m2a

market for shed | shed | Cutoff | Global

Table 15: Modelling for the 'kas glas (Venlo) type' Input Amount Product Kas glas (venlo) type 1000000A Inputs Aluminium – material 112439

Unit

Motivation The chosen elementary flow is in accordance with elementary flow used by the Representative Product Study on roses (Helmes et al., 2021) and the Representative Product Study on Phalaenopsis (Helmes et al., 2021). Therefore, the chosen elementary flow is considered representative.

The industrial building shall be included, because it connected to the greenhouse and it can serve either as a storage unit or it can have a packing station.

There is no specific reference available in ecoinvent v3.8 for an industrial building. The used reference is considered representative.

The greenhouse has been modeled based on the memo on capital goods modeling (Kan & Vieira, 2020). For the greenhouse, a combination of references, as described in Table 15, shall be used.

The greenhouse has been modeled based on the memo on capital goods modeling (Kan & Vieira, 2020For the greenhouse, a combination of references, as described in Table 16, shall be used.

The used reference is considered representative for an average shed.

Reference

m2*year kg

Aluminium – processing

112439

kg

Aluminium – powder coating

10071

m2

Concrete Glass - material Glass – hardening

182 475709 475709

m3 kg kg

Polyester - materiaal

5810

kg

Polyester - extrusion

5810

kg

market for aluminium, cast alloy | aluminium, cast alloy | Cutoff | Global metal working, average for aluminium product manufacturing | metal working, average for aluminium product manufacturing | Cutoff | Rest-ofWorld powder coating, aluminium sheet | powder coat, aluminium sheet | Cutoff | Europe market for concrete, normal | concrete, normal | Cutoff | Rest-of-World market for flat glass, uncoated | flat glass, uncoated | Cutoff | Europe tempering, flat glass | tempering, flat glass | Cutoff | Europe market for polyester resin, unsaturated | polyester resin, unsaturated | Cutoff | Europe extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe

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Steel - material

439315

kg

Steel – processing

439315

kg

Steel – galvanizing

25845

m2

Transport with a truck

206654

tkm

Waste to treatment Waste scenario aluminium material

112439

kg

Waste scenario concrete

182*242

kg

market for steel, unalloyed | steel, unalloyed | Cutoff | Global metal working, average for steel product manufacturing | metal working, average for steel product manufacturing | Cutoff | Rest-of-World zinc coating, pieces | zinc coat, pieces | Cutoff | Europe market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Cutoff | Europe

Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 3 Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 4. The density considered for the concrete is 242 kg/m3.

Waste scenario glass 475709 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 5 Waste scenario PET material 5810 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 6 Waste scenario steel 439315 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 9 1: Based on 4 hectares, and a lifetime of 25 years. The expected lifetime has been adapted from 15 to 25 years compared to the memo (Kan & Vieira, 2020), after consultation with FVO members. They indicated that this is a more realistic assumption.

Table 16: Modelling for the 'kas plastic (multi-tunnel) type' Input Amount Product Kas plastic (multi-tunnel) type 485000A Inputs Concrete 213 Wire - material 2188 Wire – processing 2188

Unit

Reference

m2*year m3 kg kg

LDPE - material

7361

kg

LDPE – extrusion PC - material PC – extrusion

7361 3319 3319

kg kg kg

PE - material

3176

kg

PE – extrusion

3176

kg

PP - material

206

kg

PP – extrusion

206

kg

PVC - material

2385

kg

PVC – injection moulding Steel – material

2385 149675

kg kg

Steel – processing

149675

kg

Steel - galvanizing

9043

m2

Transport with a truck

33662

tkm

Waste to treatment

market for concrete, normal | concrete, normal | Cutoff | Rest-of-World market for steel, low-alloyed | steel, low-alloyed | Cutoff | Global wire drawing, steel | wire drawing, steel | Cutoff | Europe polyethylene production, low density, granulate | polyethylene, low density, granulate | Cutoff | Europe extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe polycarbonate production | polycarbonate | Cutoff | Europe extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe polyethylene production, high density, granulate | polyethylene, high density, granulate | Cutoff | Europe extrusion, plastic pipes | extrusion, plastic pipes | Cutoff | Europe market for polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff | Global extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe polyvinylchloride production, bulk polymerisation | polyvinylchloride, bulk polymerised | Cutoff | Europe injection moulding | injection moulding | Cutoff | Europe market for steel, unalloyed | steel, unalloyed | Cutoff | Global metal working, average for steel product manufacturing | metal working, average for steel product manufacturing | Cutoff | Rest-of-World zinc coating, pieces | zinc coat, pieces | Cutoff | Europe market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Cutoff | Europe

Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 4. The density considered for the concrete is 242 kg/m3.

Waste scenario steel 151863 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 9 Waste scenario PE 10537 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 6 Waste scenario PC 3319 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 6 Waste scenario PP 3382 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 7 Waste scenario PVC 2385 kg Modelled according to the CFF, see Table A 8 1: Based on 1,94 hectares, and a lifetime of 25 years. The expected lifetime of has been adapted from 15 to 25 years compared to the memo (Kan & Vieira, 2020), after consultation with Harvest House. They indicated that this is a more realistic assumption.

Waste scenario concrete

213*242

kg

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5. Other materials This chapter describes all inputs related to other material use. This includes 1) cleaning agents, 2) growing media, 3) starting materials, and 4) other materials used, for example for guiding plants. Table 17 and Table A 10 (Appendix) describes example inputs and references for other materials. Per reference a motivation is given, as the reference selection differs per material. Where possible, a Global ‘market for’ reference shall be selected, as this is considered most representative. The values in Table 17 are calculated per 1 of the unit, but in practice, this value might change. The amounts shall be scaled accordingly.

For the cleaning agents, the substances in the cleaning agents and the densities considered are based on the densities of the representative MSDS sheet. These were provided by Growers United and Harvest House. The selected reference is based on the specific material if possible. Thus, for example for acetic acid, the reference selected is ‘market for acetic acid, without water, in 98% solution state | acetic acid, without water, in 98% solution state | Cutoff| Global’. The emissions of the chemicals (active ingredients) in the cleaning agents are not included, as this is not mentioned in the HFCR. For the growing media, only two types are mainly used by the growers, namely stone wool and coconut husk.

The selected references and motivations are given in the table below. In case a different growing media is used, the HFCR provided some general guidelines on the data that shall be collected. Furthermore, Growing Media Europe developed a ‘Environmental Footprint Guideline’ which provide guidelines on how to determine the environmental impact of growing media (Growing Media Europe, 2021).

For materials used, e.g. for soil covering or guiding plants the selected references are described in the table. The reference selection shall be done on a case-by-case basis. Hereby, the ingredient and the production method of the material shall be considered; e.g. the material is made from PP and is produced by injection moulding.

Typically, when new materials are not yet listed in the table, the selected reference can be derived from existing materials already included in the table.

For starting material, primary data from the supplier of the starting material shall be used. If this is not available, then a reference for the specific starting material that is used shall be selected from the database (e.g. a reference for a tomato seedling if a tomato seedling is used). In case there is no exact match available in the database, another reference should be selected as a proxy, and this should be substantiated. An example of this is a cucumber seedling: There is no specific reference available in the database for a cucumber seedling, therefore, a tomato seedling is considered as a best proxy.

For all other materials, packaging materials are not included, as they are considered to have a neglectable contribution to the total impact.

Table 17: Items and chosen references for the other materials category Amount Input [NL] Input [EN] Reference (unit) Cleaning agents Ontsmetting Disinfection 1 (liter) Combination of three references: Formaline Formalin 0.5465 kg - Formaldehyde market for formaldehyde | formaldehyde | Cutoff | Europe

Motivation The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.093 kg per liter shall be used.

0.1093 kg - Methanol market for methanol | methanol | Cutoff | Global

Ontsmetting – Hydrocare (59%)

Disinfection – Hydrocare (59%)

1 (liter)

0.4372 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.5975 kg – Hydrogen Peroxide hydrogen peroxide production, product in 50% solution state | hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Rest-of-World

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.195 kg per liter shall be used.

0.5975 kg – water

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Schoonmaak Natronloog 32%

Growing media Substraat - Cocospot 20*20*152

Cleaning - Caustic soda 32%

1 (liter)

Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.4352 kg - sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide to generic market for neutralising agent | neutralising agent, sodium hydroxide-equivalent | Cutoff | Global 0.9248 kg - water market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

Substrate Cocospot 20*20*15

1 (piece)

Combination of two references: 0.57 kg – coconut husk market for coconut husk | coconut husk | Cutoff | Global 0.57 kg – production process substrate from coconut husk Preferred option: Supplier specific data If not available: Exclusion, but this should be clearly stated as a limitation X tkm – transport market for transport, freight, sea, container ship | transport, freight, sea, container ship | Cutoff | Global

Substraat Steenwolmat (obv 46 kg/m3)

Substrate - Stone wool slab (based on 46 kg/m3)

1 (m3)

Combination of two references: 46 kg – stone wool stone wool production | stone wool | Cutoff | Rest-of-World 46 kg / 1000 kg * distance = tkm transport market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Materials used, e.g. for soil covering or guiding plants Afvoerslang (50 mm Drain hose (50 1 (meter) dik) mm thick)

Folie – signaalrol geel

Touw haken komkommer – PP – per haak3

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.36 kg per liter shall be used.

Foil, signal roll yellow

Rope hook cucumber – PP – per hook

1 (kg)

Combination of two references: 0.16 kg – PP granulate market for polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff | Global 0.16 kg – Extrusion market for extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Global Combination of two references: 1 kg – HDPE granulate market for polyethylene, high density, granulate | polyethylene, high density, granulate | Cutoff | Global

1 (piece)

1 kg – Extrusion market for extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Global Combination of three references: 0.016 kg – PP granulate market for polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff | Global 0.016 kg – Extrusion extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe

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A calculation based on the coconut husk dimensions shall be done before modeling. More detailed information on the calculation is given in the notations under the table.

The chosen references are considered representative.

In this case, there is no specific reference or proxy reference available in the database for the production process of substrate from the coconut husk. If this is not available, then primary data from the supplier shall be collected. If this is not available, then this process can be excluded, but this shall be clearly stated as a limitation of the study.

Transport from the manufacturer to the greenhouse shall be included.

For a stone wool mat used regularly for the growing of tomato, cucumber and pepper, the weight per m3 stone wool slab is 46 kg (Bougoul et al., 2005). This density shall be used if the exact density is unknown.

The chosen references are considered representative. The transportation distance from the country of the production location of the stone wool to the country of the greenhouse location shall be considered.

The chosen references are considered representative. The reference includes both the PP granulate and extrusion.

The mass shall be assumed at 0.16 kg per meter hose.

The chosen references are considered representative. It includes both the HDPE granulate and extrusion.

It shall be calculated that the weight per piece is 0.016 kg. More detailed information on the calculation is given in the notations under the table.

The steel/metal hook is not included, because the hooks are often re-used.

Therefore, it shall be considered a capital good.

20

0.016 kg – Spinning See Table A 11

Starting materials, such as seeds and seedlings Planten, incl. stok1 Plants/seedling 1 (piece) incl. stick

The chosen reference is considered representative. It includes both the raw material (polypropylene granulate) and the production processes (extrusion and fiber spinning).

The dataset “yarn production, cotton, open end spinning | yarn, cotton | Cutoff, U | Rest-of-World” shall be adjusted for spinning. The raw material for cotton shall be removed from the dataset. See also Table A 11

Combination of two references: 0.00416 kg – Bamboo stick market for bamboo pole | bamboo pole | Cutoff | Rest-of-World

A calculation based on the bamboo stick's dimensions shall be done before modeling. More detailed information on the calculation is given in the notations under the table.

1 piece – plants tomato seedling production, in heated greenhouse, for planting | tomato seedling, for planting | Cutoff| Netherlands

Also, there is no specific reference available in ecoinvent v3.8 for a cucumber plant and a bell pepper plant.

Therefore it is assumed the reference for a tomato seedling is also representative for a cucumber and a bell pepper seedling.

1: Plants (based on tomato plant, cucumber plant and pepper plant), incl. stick. The volume of a bamboo stick (in m3) shall be calculated based on the following dimensions: (length x width x height) = 4 mm x 4 mm x 40 cm. This gives 0.0000064 m3 bamboo per stick. The reference uses 650 kg/m3 for bamboo.

This value of 650 kg shall be multiplied by 0.0000064 m3 = 0.00416 kg bamboo per stick.

2: Substrate - Cocospot 20*20*15. The weight of the coconut husk shall be calculated based on the following dimensions: (length x width x height) = 20 cm x 20 cm x 15 cm. This gives 0.006 m3 coconut husk. The Knaap Power Washed (supplier of Substrate cocospot 20*20*15) datasheet uses an average weight of 95 kg/m3 of coconut husk. This value of 95 kg shall be multiplied by 0.006 m3 = 0.57 kg coconut husk.

3: Polypropylene rope hook cucumber, tomato & bell pepper - per hook. For tomatoes, a length of 20 meters of polypropylene rope per hook shall be used.

For peppers, 4.5 meters of polypropylene rope per hook shall be used. For other vegetables, the amount of meters of rope per hook shall be determined and justified. It is given that 1 kg of polypropylene rope is 1200 meters. This value of 1200 meters shall be divided by 20 meters per hook for tomatoes and 4.5 meters per hook for peppers. This calculates the weight of polypropylene rope used per hook. This is 0.017 kg polypropylene rope per hook tomato and 0.004 kg polypropylene rope per hook pepper.

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6. Pesticides This paragraph gives guidelines on modeling biological pest control & biological pesticides (6.1) and chemical pesticides (6.2). Guidelines on modeling packaging materials for pesticides are given in section 6.3.

6.1. Biological pest control and biological pesticides

A distinction shall be made between biological pest control and biological pesticides.

Biological pest control are critters (i.e. bacteria and insects) which are used as pest control. These shall, according to the HFCR, be excluded from the assessment as no secondary data on biological pest control is available. Table 18 describes examples of biological pest control. For other pest control, only the name and active ingredient shall be collected; and no secondary data source shall be selected.

Table 18: Biological pest control

Pest control BotaniGard WP DiPel DF Serifel Sonata

Active ingredient(s) Beauveria bassiana Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus pumilus

Biological pesticides are non-insect and non-bacteria pesticides (i.e. enzymes and sugars). The amounts of active ingredients for the biological pesticides was provided by Growers United, and where determined from MSDS sheets and publicly available information from the producers. Table 19 shows examples of references for biological pesticides. The selected references for production are based on the active ingredients, and where possible Global ‘market for’ references. For example for Karma, the active ingredient is potassium hydrogen carbonate. Although this specific compound is not available in the ecoinvent database, potassium carbonate is.

Therefore, this reference shall be considered most representative. Global ‘market for’ references where selected if possible, as this represents the specific component purchased on the Global market. This type of reference is commonly used by LCA practitioners when it is unknown where the material is exactly produced. No direct emissions for the biological pesticides are included, as there is no characterization factor available for these substances in the EF3.0 method. This is considered as a data gap.

Packaging materials shall be included for biological pesticides; and are described in section 6.3.

Table 19: Inputs and references for production for biological pesticides

Pesticides

Active ingredient(s)

ERII FLiPPER Plus

Maltodextrine Fatty acids & potassium salts Potassium hydrogen carbonate Terpenoid blend QRD 460

Karma Requiem prime

Amount of active ingredients (unit) 0.6 (g) 0.48 (g)

Reference production market for maize starch | maize starch | Cutoff | Global market for fatty acid | fatty acid | Cutoff | Global

0.85 (g)

potassium carbonate production, from potassium hydroxide | potassium carbonate | Cutoff | Global

0.15 (g)

market for turpentine | turpentine | Cutoff | Global

6.2. Chemical pesticides

All chemical pesticides shall be modelled similarly, including the following 3 ‘elements’: 1. Production of the pesticide; 2. Direct emissions to soil (90%), water (1%) and air (9%) of the active ingredients. These percentages of emissions and this approach are in line with the HFCR. 3. Average packaging material per chemical pesticide.

The production of the chemical pesticide shall be modeled with a specific reference, if available in the ecoinvent v3.8 database. If no specific reference is available, the production of chemical pesticides shall be modeled with the following reference: market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global.

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For active ingredients, a direct emission to soil (90%), water (1%) and air (9%) shall be included in the LCA. In case no direct emissions reference to soil, water, or air is available in the EF3.0 method, this is a data gap, and therefore a limitation of the study. In this case the direct emission shall be excluded from the model, and clearly described as a limitation.

Packaging materials shall be included for chemical pesticides, and are described in section 6.3.

Table 21 (next page) describes examples of references for chemical pesticides, these examples shall be studied when modeling new chemical pesticides. Table A 13 shows the references selected for all chemical pesticides modelled during the project with 21 growers from Harvest House, and 10 growers from Growers United. The active ingredient and the amounts of active ingredients shall be determined from MSDS sheets and publicly available information from the producers.

Important note: The method to model the direct emissions in a greenhouse is still debated by various organizations. The impact of crop protection active ingredients depends on the farm system, climate conditions, the distance to surface area, the spraying technology etc. In this guideline, no specific emission model is recommended that differentiates from the emission percentages described in the HFCR (90% to soil, 9% to air, 1% to water, which is described in the PEF method). We are aware of the Greenhouse Emission Model approach for protected cultivation, which is one of the most progressive methods to overcome the current limitation of the modelling of pesticides. The PEF guidance mentioned in this document is currently awaiting further improvements in the PEF method, which will be based on ongoing discussions within the Agricultural Working Group.

6.3. Packaging materials of solid and liquid pesticides

The references that shall be considered for the packaging materials of pesticides are described in Table 20. These references include the amount of packaging used per 1 kg of packed liquid or solid pesticide. Thus, in case 1 kg of pesticide is used, 1 kg of the described reference shall be considered.

Table 20: packaging materials in the pesticide category Input [NL] Input [EN] Verpakkingsmateriaal vaste Packaging solid gewasbeschermingsmiddel pesticide Verpakkingsmateriaal vloeibare Packaging liquid gewasbeschermingsmiddel pesticide

Reference packaging production for solid fertiliser or pesticide, per kilogram of packed product | packaging, for fertilisers or pesticides | Cutoff | Global packaging production for liquid fertiliser or pesticide, per kilogram of packed product | packaging, for fertilisers or pesticides | Cutoff | Global

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Table 21: Inputs and references for production and emissions of the chemical pesticides Amount of active Pesticide Active ingredient(s) Reference production ingredients (unit) AA Terra ME Etridiazool 0.7 (g) market for diazole-compound | diazole-compound | Cutoff | Global Bifasto Difenoconazole – 0.05 (g) 0.125 (g) market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global fluxapyroxad – 0.075 (g) Azadirachtine

0.01 (g)

Budget Abamectine 18 EC Calypso

Abamectine

0.02 (g)

Thiacloprid

0.48 (g)

Closer

Sulfoxaflor

0.12 (g)

Gazelle

Acetamiprid

0.2 (g)

Karma

0.85 (g)

Kumulus S

Potassium hydrogen carbonate Sulfur

Nomolt

Teflubenzuron

0.15 (g)

Ortiva

Azoxystrobin

0.25 (g)

Previcur Energy

Fosetyl – 0.31 (g)

0.84 (g)

Runner

Propamocarb – 0.53 (g) Methoxyfenozide

0.24 (g)

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Sivanto Prime

Flupyradifuron

0.2 (g)

Tracer

Spinosad

0.48 (g)

Verismo

Metaflumizone

0.24 (g)

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

BloomAzal

0.8 (g)

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pyridine-compound | pyridinecompound | Cutoff | Global potassium carbonate production, from potassium hydroxide | potassium carbonate | Cutoff | Global market for sulfur | sulfur | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 2 21-03-2023

Emission to soil (90%)

Emission to freshwater (1%)

Emission to air (9%)

Etridiazole to soil / unspecified

Etridiazole to water / fresh water

Etridiazole to air / unspecified

Difenoconazole to soil / unspecified

Difenoconazole to water / unspecified

Difenoconazole to air / unspecified

Azadirachtin A+B to soil / agricultural

Azadirachtin to water / unspecified

Azadirachtin to air / unspecified

Abamectin to soil / unspecified

Abamectin to water / unspecified

Abamectin to air / unspecified

Thiacloprid to soil / unspecified

-

-

-

-

-

Acetamiprid to soil / unspecified

Acetamiprid to water / unspecified

Acetamiprid to air / unspecified

-

-

-

Sulfur to soil / unspecified

Sulfur to water / fresh water

Sulfur to air / unspecified

Teflubenzuron to soil / unspecified

Teflubenzuron to water / fresh water

Teflubenzuron to air / unspecified

Azoxystrobin to soil / unspecified

Azoxystrobin to water / unspecified

Azoxystrobin to air / unspecified

Fosetyl to soil / unspecified

Fosetyl Al to water / unspecified

Fosetyl Al to air / unspecified

Propamocarb to soil / unspecified Methoxyfenozide to soil / unspecified -

Propamocarb to water / fresh water Methoxyfenozide to water / fresh water -

Propamocarb to air / unspecified Methoxyfenozide to air / unspecified -

Spinosad to soil / unspecified

Spinosad to water / unspecified

Spinosad to air / unspecified

-

-

-

24

7. Transport to packing station This chapter describes all inputs related to transport of the cultivated product (e.g. a tomato) to the packing station. In the case that both the producer site and the packing station are located in the same country, and the distance can be assumed to be less than 250 km, the transport to the packing station shall not be taken into account, given the impact is assumed to be negligible. If this is not the case, the transport to the packing station shall be taken into account. Transport of the fertilizers and other materials is considered under these input categories (so chapters fertilizer and other materials).

Table 22 shows examples of how transport shall be modeled. In general, the selected references shall be based on the type of transport (e.g. via ship), the temperature at which the product it is transported (no cooling, refrigerated or frozen), and global geographical location. In case cooling (no freezing) is applied, then the reference shall include this. This is independent of the temperature of cooling. Reason for this is the ecoinvent database does not provide different references for different cooling temperatures. Global geographical location shall be selected as transport is taking place from all over the world; and global indicates a worldwide average.

For other types of transport, by searching on the type, cooling type, and a specific geographical location you will be able to find the representative reference to select.

Table 22: Items and chosen references for the transport category Input [NL] Input [EN] Unit Transport, schip Transport, ship with tkm gekoeld reefer

Reference market for transport, freight, sea, container ship with reefer, cooling | transport, freight, sea, container ship with reefer, cooling | Cutoff | Global

Transport, vliegtuig gekoeld

Transport, aircraft with reefer

tkm

transport, freight, aircraft with reefer, cooling | transport, freight, aircraft with reefer, cooling | Cutoff | Global

Transport, vrachtwagen gekoeld

Transport, truck with reefer

tkm

market for transport, freight, lorry with reefer, cooling | transport, freight, lorry with reefer, cooling | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

Motivation The chosen transport reference is in accordance with the chosen transport reference for the specific transport method from the Representative Product Study on roses (Helmes et al., 2021). .

The chosen transport reference is in accordance with the chosen transport reference for the specific transport method from the Representative Product Study on roses (Helmes et al., 2021).

The chosen transport reference is not in accordance with the chosen transport reference for the specific transport method from the Representative Product Study on roses (Helmes et al., 2021). It shall be consciously deviated from, because the selected reference is considered more representative.

25

8. Waste According to paragraph 6.1.6.1 of the HFCR (Helmes et al., 2020) the end-of-life of products shall be modeled by using the Circular Footprint Formula (CFF), integrating burdens and benefits of using and producing recycled materials in any stage. Therefore, this approach shall be followed as well in this document.

Table 23 describes examples of waste types and references considered for this category. Table A 12 shows the references selected for all types of waste modelled during the project with 21 growers from Harvest House, and 10 growers from Growers United. In bold, the waste types are described. Under each bold waste type, the selected items, amounts, references and motivations are provided. In general the selected references shall be based on the type of waste (e.g. biowaste or paper), and the waste treatment (e.g. recycling or incineration).

Furthermore, Europe or Rest-of-World geography shall be used as a worst-case scenario, if no specific reference is available. The amounts in the table are calculated using the CFF. These calculated amounts are per 1 of the unit, but in practice, this value might change. The amounts shall then be scaled accordingly.

To find a reference for the same type of waste but a different waste treatment, one shall search for reference names as described in this document. An example: In case you have paper incineration, then you shall search for paper and incineration and you will then find, for Rest-of-World geography: Treatment of waste graphical paper, municipal incineration | waste graphical paper treatment of waste paperboard, municipal incineration | waste paperboard For these two references, you shall determine which is most representative, based on the type of paper you have. The amounts that shall be considered shall be calculated using CFF, as described in the HFCR. For another type of waste, but the same type of waste treatment, the keywords ‘sorting’ (for recycling) and incineration shall be used. This shall be used in combination with the waste name (e.g. polypropylene). The amounts shall be calculated using CFF, as described in the HFCR. Table 23: Items and chosen references for the waste category Input Organic waste, anaerobic digestion Organic waste, anaerobic digestion, avoided virgin material Organic waste, anaerobic digestion, recycling Stone wool recycling – per m3 Stone wool recycling – per m3, avoided virgin material

Stone wool recycling – per m3, recycling

Amount

Unit

Reference

Motivation

m3

market for biogas | biogas | Cutoff - RoW

0,5

kg

treatment of biowaste by anaerobic digestion | biowaste | Cutoff - RoW

1

m3

Based on Ecoinvent v3.8 an average yield of 100 litres of biogas per kg biowaste is assumed, thus per 0,5 kg biowaste this is 0,05 m3 biogas.

According to PEF methodology the following holds: Compost, including digestate coming out of the anaerobic digestion, shall be treated in the “material” with A = 0.5.

-23

kg

sand to generic market for inert filler | inert filler | Cutoff - Global

225

kg

market for ground granulated blast furnace slag | ground granulated blast furnace slag | Cutoff | Restof-World

1

kg

-0,05

The recycled stone wool can be used as a raw material in the production process of for example bricks and substrate mixes. Selection of filler as a reference is considered a worstcase approach. An A factor of 0,5 shall be considered. The dry weight stone wool density is 46 kg/m3.

There is no specific reference available in ecoinvent v3.8 for recycling of stone wool.

According to a study by Bondt, Janssens & de Smet (2010), stone wool is shredded, sieved, and then separated into three fractions: clean stone wool, foil chips and residual waste. The dry weight of stone wool is assumed 46kg/m3.

The wet weight is assumed 450 kg/m3.

The chosen reference has similar recycling processes ((i) quenching/granulation, (ii) dewatering and/or drying, (iii) crushing, (iv) grinding, and (v) storage in pile and silo). The liquid metal and the slag are regularly tapped from the blast furnace and separated. As these processes are similar to recycling of stone wool, it is considered most representative.

An A factor of 0,5 has been considered.

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9. Water input (excl. waste treatment) This chapter describes all inputs related to use of water for the cultivation of horticultural products. The water use that is considered is the net water use. In most greenhouses the volume of water used is measured by water meters. However, a percentage of the used water is recirculated (drain water) and passes through the water meters again. This adds up to the measured total water use. Therefore, the percentage of water that is recirculated shall be subtracted from the total water use. For example, the following calculation shall be made when calculating the net fresh water use: 10.000 liter of water has been given to the plants. 40% of this amount is drain water. Therefore, the amount of net fresh water used is 6.000 liter. This is considered representative because the drain water is recycled water (from previous years) and is not directly a consumption of new net fresh water. The impact of the drain water was already taken into account in the year it was used as fresh water.

The selected secondary data sources for net water use are based on the direct extraction of water from nature (natural resources); whereby a country-specific resource shall be selected. Table 24 describes examples of references of water sources. This includes: tap water, well water, dam water, groundwater, rainwater and ditchwater / river water, from five different countries (France, Morocco, the Netherlands, Poland, and Tunisia).

The secondary data source for tap water is described in more detail in section 9.1.

For the same type of water from a different country, the same reference but another geographical location shall be selected. An example of this is e.g. ground water from Belgium, for this the reference ‘water, unspecified natural origin, BE’ shall be selected. In case another type of water is used, there are two options: 1) The LCA practitioner finds a specific reference matching with the other flow, 2) if the specific water flow is not available, then the reference ‘water unspecified natural origin’ shall be selected.

Table 24: Items and chosen references for the water category Input [NL] Input [EN] Amount (unit) Dam water - FR Dam water - FR m3

Reference Water, lake, FR

Grondwater - MA

Groundwater - MA

m3

Water, unspecified natural origin, MA

Kraanwater / Leidingwater - NL Regenwater - PL

Tap water / piped water - NL Rainwater - PL

m3

Combined references

m3

Water, unspecified natural origin, PL

Slootwater / Rivierwater TN

Ditchwater / river water - TN

m3

Water, river, TN

Motivation There is no elementary flow for dam water available. The used reference is considered representative. The reference reflects differences between countries.

The chosen reference is considered representative. The impact of the pumping process is not considered, which is in line with both Representative Product Studies (Roses and Phalaenopsis). The reference reflects differences between countries.

The dataset shall be modified. More detailed information is described below.

The chosen reference is considered the most representative. Collecting rainwater has the same impact as extracting water from the ground and/or surface water.

There is no reference available for ditchwater.

The chosen reference is considered representative of both ditchwater and river water. The reference reflects differences per county.

Tap water / piped water The impact of tap water / piped water for each country shall be calculated by the sum of the following: • Tap water, excluding water usage • Region specific water well Tap water, excluding water usage: The elementary flows of water usage from datasets tap water in Europe or tap water Rest-of-World shall be removed.

Region specific water well The removed elementary flows for water usage from the reference tap water in Europe or tap water Rest-ofWorld shall be replaced by a country-specific elementary flow for water well. This results in considering a country-specific water usage, reflecting the difference in impact per country.

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References Expertise Centrum Warmte (ECW). (2022, January). Restwarmte. https://www.expertisecentrumwarmte.nl/themas/technische+oplossingen/techniekfactsheets+energiebronne n/restwarmte+nieuw/default.aspx#Watishet Bougoul, S., Ruy, S., de Groot, F., Boulard, T. (2005). Hydraulic and pysical properties of stonewool substrate in horticulture. Scienta Horticulturae 104 (2005) 391-405.

N. Bondt, B. Janssens, A. de Smet, 2010. Afval uit de landbouw. LEI, onderdeel van Wageningen UR, Den Haag, Report LEI-nota 10-061.

Engineering toolbox, 2023. Fuels – Higher and Lower Calorific Values. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html European Environment Agency (2016). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016.

Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/download Gomez, D., J. Watterson, B. Americano, C. Ha, G. Maarland, E. Matsika, L. Nenge Namayanga, B. Osman-Elasha, J. Kalenga Saka, K. Treanton and R. Quadrelli (2006). Chapter 2: Stationary combustion. Volume 2, IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. IPCC International Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland, p. 47 Growing Media Europe, 2021. Growing Media Environmental Footprint Guideline V1.0. https://www.growingmedia.eu/single-post/gme-publishes-lca-guideline-for-growing-media R. Helmes, P. Goglio, R. van den Linden, I. Verweij-Novikova, 2021. Environmental footprint of roses: representative product study. Wageningen, Wageningen Economic Research, Report 2021-018.

R. Helmes, T. Ponsioen, H. Blonk, M. Vieira, P. Goglio, R. van den Linden, P. Gual Rojas, D. Kan, I. Verweij-Novikova (2020). Hortifootprint Category Rules: Towards a PEFCR for horticultural products. Wageningen Economic Research, report 2020-041.

R. Helmes, T. Ponsioen, R. van den Linden, I. Verweij-Novikova, 2021. Environmental footprint of Phalaenopsis Representative product study. Wageningen, Wageningen Economic Research, Report 2021-059.

Kan, D., Vieira, M., & Verweij-Novikova, I. (Ed.) (2020). Life cycle analysis of horticultural products: Memo on capital goods modelling. Wageningen Economic Research. https://edepot.wur.nl/526775 Kool, A., Blonk, H. (2020). Life cycle analysis of horticultural products: Memo on Nitrogen and phosphorus emissions modelling. Wageningen Economic Research. https://edepot.wur.nl/526774 T. Ponsioen, R. Helmes, P. Goglio, H. Blonk (Blonk Consultants), R. van der Linden (Foundation Benefits of Nature), I. Verweij-Novikova, 2020. Life cycle analysis of horticultural products: Memo on handling multifunctionality of combined heat and power systems. Wageningen, Wageningen Economic Research, Report 202-041h.

Reiman, D.O., Results of Specific Data for Energy, R1 Plant Efficiency Factor and NCV of 314 European Waste-toEnergy (WtE) Plants, CEWEP Energy Report III (status 2007-2010), 2012, retrieved via: https://www.cewep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/13_01_15_cewep_energy_report_iii.pdf

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WUR, 2023. Methodology for environmental footprint. https://www.wur.nl/en/research-results/research-funded-bythe-ministry-of-lnv/expertisegebieden/kennisonline/methodology-for-environmental-footprint.htm

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Appendix This Appendix shows all references selected for all inputs, direct emissions and waste considered during the project with 21 growers from Harvest House, and 10 growers from Growers United.

Table A 1: Selected references for purchased electricity from the grid and electricity produced by solar panels Input [NL] Input [EN] Reference Elektriciteit ingekocht (Nederland) – 2021 Electricity purchased market for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff (Netherlands) – 2021 | Netherlands – ecoinvent version 3.8 Elektriciteit ingekocht (Frankrijk) – 2021 Electricity purchased market for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff (France) – 2021 | France – ecoinvent version 3.8 Elektriciteit ingekocht (Marokko) – 2021 Electricity purchased market for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff (Morocco) – 2021 | Morocco – ecoinvent version 3.8 Elektriciteit ingekocht (Portugal) – 2021 Electricity purchased market for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff (Portugal) – 2021 | Portugal – ecoinvent version 3.8 Elektriciteit ingekocht (Tunesië) – 2021 Electricity purchased market for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff (Tunisia) – 2021 | Tunisia – ecoinvent version 3.8 Elektriciteit, zon (Nederland) Electricity, solar, electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, Netherlands multi-Si, panel, mounted | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff | Netherlands Elektriciteit, zon, Rest of World Electricity, solar, Rest of electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, World multi-Si, panel, mounted | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff | Rest-ofWorld Elektriciteit, zon, Frankrijk Electricity, solar, France electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff | France Elektriciteit, zon, Portugal Electricity, solar, Portugal electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff | Portugal Table A 2: Items and chosen references for the fertilizer category Solid/ Amount Meststof [NL] Fertilizer [EN] liquid (unit) Ammoniumfosfaat Ammonium solid 1 (g) phosphate1

AMNITRA / Ammoniumnitraat

BASKAL

BFK

Ammonium nitrate

BASKAL

BFK

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

1 (ml)

1 (ml)

1 (ml)

Density (gram/ml) N.A.

1.24

1.45

1.47

Bitterzout

Epsom salts

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Bitterzout vloeibaar (X%)

Epsom salts solution (X%)

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.23

Bolikel EDDHMA 7% / Fe EDDHA 6%

Borax (B) / Borax (decahydraat)

Bolikel EDDHMA 7% / Fe EDDHA 6%2

Borax (B) / Borax (decahydrate)

Solid

Solid

1 (g)

1 (g)

N.A.

N.A.

Amount (unit) active ingredient(s) 0.12 (g) Ammonium phosphate N content

Reference nutrient supply from ammonium nitrate phosphate | inorganic nitrogen fertiliser, as N | Cutoff | Europe

0.61 (g) Ammonium phosphate - P content 0.23 (g) NH₄NO₃

nutrient supply from ammonium nitrate phosphate | inorganic phosphorus fertiliser, as P2O5 | Cutoff | Europe

0.6 (g) Water 0.36 (g) K2CO3

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for potassium carbonate | potassium carbonate | Cutoff | Global

0.29 (g) KOH

market for potassium hydroxide | potassium hydroxide | Cutoff | Global

0.8 (g) Water 0.22 (g) K3PO4

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for trisodium phosphate | trisodium phosphate | Cutoff | Global

1.25 (g) Water 1 (g) Magnesium sulfate

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for magnesium sulfate | magnesium sulfate | Cutoff | Global

X (g) Magnesium sulfate

market for magnesium sulfate | magnesium sulfate | Cutoff | Global

X (g) Water 0.94 (g) EDDHA

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global

0.09 (g) Iron 1 (g) Borax

market for ferrite | ferrite | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

ammonium nitrate production | ammonium nitrate, as N | Cutoff | Europe

market for borax, anhydrous, powder | borax, anhydrous, powder | Cutoff | Global

30

Calcium chloride (vast) Calcium chloride (vloeibaar 35%)

Calcium chloride (solid) Calcium chloride (liquid 35%)

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.35

1 (g) CaCl2 0.47 (g) CaCl2

market for calcium chloride | calcium chloride | Cutoff | Europe market for calcium chloride | calcium chloride | Cutoff | Europe

0.88 (g) Water

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

Cu (kopersulfaat)

Cu (copper sulfate)

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

1 (g) CuSO4

market for copper sulfate | copper sulfate | Cutoff | Global

FE EDDHA 7,5%

FE EDDHA 7,5%

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

0.97 (g) EDDHA

market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global

0.04 (g) Iron 0.925 (g) EDDHA

market for ferrite | ferrite | Cutoff | Global

Fe EDDHSA 3%

Fervent / hortispoor borium Fervent Koper (koper sulfaat)

FG Patentkali

Fe EDDHSA 3%

Fervent / hortispoor boron Fervent copper (copper sulfate)

FG Patentkali

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.12

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

0.10725 (g) Iron 1 (g) Borax 0.1266 (g) CuSO4

Fervent Proteck

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.15

Fosforzuur

Phosphoric acid

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Fosforzuur vloeibaar (X%)

Phosphoric acid solution (X%)

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.42

Ijzer HEEDTA 13%

Ijzerchelaat DTPA (3%) (vast)

Ijzerchelaat DTPA vloeibaar (X%)

Iron chelate HEEDTA 13%

Iron chelate DTPA (3%) (solid)

Iron chelate DTPA solution (X%)

Solid

Solid

Liquid

1 (g)

1 (g)

1 (ml)

N.A.

N.A.

1.26

market for borax, anhydrous, powder | borax, anhydrous, powder | Cutoff | Global market for copper sulfate | copper sulfate | Cutoff | Global

1.0696 (g) Water 0.1 (g) Magnesium oxide

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for magnesium oxide | magnesium oxide | Cutoff | Global

0.48 (g) Potassium oxide

market group for inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | Cutoff | Europe

0.42 (g) Sulfur trioxide Fervent Proteck

market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global market for ferrite | ferrite | Cutoff | Global

0.26 (g) CuSO4

market for sulfur trioxide | sulfur trioxide | Cutoff | Europe market for copper sulfate | copper sulfate | Cutoff | Global

0.12 (g) Sulfuric acid

market for sulfuric acid | sulfuric acid | Cutoff | Europe

0.75 (g) Water 1 (g) Phosporic acid

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for phosphoric acid, 31ertilizer grade, without water, in 70% solution state | phosphoric acid, 31fertilizer grade, without water, in 70% solution state | Cutoff | Global

X (g) Phosporic acid

market for phosphoric acid, 31ertilizer grade, without water, in 70% solution state | phosphoric acid, 31fertilizer grade, without water, in 70% solution state | Cutoff | Global

X (g) Water 0.87 (g) HEEDTA

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global

0.1859 (g) Iron 0.97 (g) DTPA-Fe{NH4}2

market for ferrite | ferrite | Cutoff | Global

0.04 (g) Iron X (g) DTPA-Fe{NH4}2

market for ferrite | ferrite | Cutoff | Global

X (g)

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

market for DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid | DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid | Cutoff | Europe

market for DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid | DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid | Cutoff | Europe market for ferrite | ferrite | Cutoff | Global

31

Iron

Inducal

Inducal

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Kalifosforloog (Fertigro KFL)

Potassium phosphorus lye (Fertigro KFL)

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.47

X (g) Water 1 (g) Calcium carbonate 0.24 (g) Phosphoric acid

0.37(g) Potassium oxide 0.86 (g) Water Kaliloog / kaliumhydroxide (50%)

Potassium hydroxide 50%

Kalimetasilicaat / Fertigro Sil

Potassium silicate3 / Fertigro Sil

Liquid

Liquid

1 (ml)

1 (ml)

1.52

1.62

Kaliumnitraat / Kalisalpeter multi-K Reci / Kalisalpeter (Haifa) Kaliumcarbonaat

Potassium nitrate

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Potassium carbonate

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Kaliumchloride

Potassium chloride

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Kaliumfosfiet

Potassium phosphite

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.4

Kaliumoxide

Potassium oxide

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Kaliumsulfaat

Potassium sulfate

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Kalizwavelzuur (Fertigro KZZ)

Potassium sulfuric acid (Fertigro KZZ)

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.19

Kalksalpeter / Calciumnitraat Kalksalpeter / Calsal / calciumnitraat

Koperchelaat EDTA (1%)

Kopersulfaat 25%

Calcium nitrate

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Calcium nitrate

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.5

Copper Chelate EDTA (1%)

Copper sulfate

Solid

Solid

1 (g)

1 (g)

N.A.

N.A.

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for limestone, crushed, washed | limestone, crushed, washed | Cutoff | Rest-ofWorld purification of wet-process phosphoric acid to industrial grade, product in 85% solution state | phosphoric acid, industrial grade, without water, in 85% solution state | Cutoff | Europe market group for inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | Cutoff | Europe

0.76 (g) KOH

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for potassium hydroxide | potassium hydroxide | Cutoff | Global

0.76 (g) Water

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

1.05 (g) Potassium silicate

market for sodium silicate, without water, in 48% solution state | sodium silicate, without water, in 48% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

0.57 (g) Water 1 (g) Potassium nitrate

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for potassium nitrate | potassium nitrate | Cutoff | Global

1 (g) K2CO3 0.6 (g) KCl

market for potassium carbonate | potassium carbonate | Cutoff | Global market for potassium chloride, as K2O | potassium chloride, as K2O | Cutoff | Global

0.35 (g) Phosphoric acid

market for phosphoric acid, fertiliser grade, without water, in 70% solution state | phosphoric acid, fertiliser grade, without water, in 70% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

1.05 (g) Water 1 (g) Potassium oxide

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market group for inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | Cutoff | Europe

0.5 (g) Potassium sulfate 0.08 (g) Potassium oxide

market for potassium sulfate, as K2O | potassium sulfate, as K2O | Cutoff | Global market group for inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | Cutoff | Europe

0.31 (g) Sulfur trioxide

market for sulfur trioxide | sulfur trioxide | Cutoff | Europe

0.8 (g) Water 1 (g) Calcium nitrate 0.77 (g) Calcium nitrate

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for calcium nitrate | calcium nitrate | Cutoff | Global market for calcium nitrate | calcium nitrate | Cutoff | Global

0.73 (g) Water 0.99 (g) EDTA

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global

0.01 (g) Copper 1 (g) CuSO4

market for copper sulfate | copper sulfate | Cutoff | Global8 market for copper sulfate | copper sulfate | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

32

Magnesiumsulfaat (Fertigro MSN)

MAGNISAL / magnesiumnitraat

MAGNITRA / magnesiumnitraat

Mangaanchelaat EDTA (6%)

Magnesium sulfate (Fertigro MSN)

Magnesium nitrate4

Magnesium nitrate4

Manganese Chelate EDTA (6%)

Liquid

Solid

Liquid

Solid

1 (ml)

1 (g)

1 (ml)

1 (g)

1.23

N.A.

1.35

N.A.

Mangaansulfaat

Manganese sulfate

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Mn (Mangaan)

Mn (Manganese)

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Mo (Natriummolybaat) Molybdeen 0,9%

Mo (Sodium molybdate)5 Molybdenum 0.9%

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.75

Monoammoniumfosfaat 10+50 (vast)

Monokalifosfaat (Haifa)

NITRAKAL

Optifos vloeibaar

Monoammonium phosphate 10+50 (solid)1

Monopotassiumphosphate (Haifa)6

NITRAKAL

Optifos liquid

Solid

Solid

Liquid

Liquid

1 (g)

1 (g)

1 (ml)

1 (ml)

N.A.

N.A.

1.32

1.48

0.09 (g) Magnesium oxide

market for magnesium oxide | magnesium oxide | Cutoff | Global

0.17 (g) Sulfur trioxide

market for sulfur trioxide | sulfur trioxide | Cutoff | Europe

0.97 (g) Water

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

0.85 (g) Nitric acid

market for nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Europe without Russia

0.27 (g) Magnesium oxide

market for magnesium oxide | magnesium oxide | Cutoff | Global

0.42 (g) Nitric acid

market for nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Europe without Russia

0.14 (g) Magnesium oxide

market for magnesium oxide | magnesium oxide | Cutoff | Global

0.85 (g) Water 0.94 (g) EDTA

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global

0.06 (g) Manganese 1 (g) Manganese sulfate 1 (g) Manganese 1 (g) Na2MoO4 0.84 (g) Molybdenum

market for manganese | manganese | Cutoff | Global market for manganese sulfate | manganese sulfate | Cutoff | Global market for manganese | manganese | Cutoff | Global market for molybdenum trioxide | molybdenum trioxide | Cutoff | Global market for molybdenum | molybdenum | Cutoff | Global

0.91 (g) Water 0.1 (g) Ammonium phosphate N content

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland nutrient supply from ammonium nitrate phosphate | inorganic nitrogen fertiliser, as N | Cutoff | Europe

0.5 (g) Ammonium phosphate - P content 0.52 (g) Phosporic acid

nutrient supply from ammonium nitrate phosphate | inorganic phosphorus fertiliser, as P2O5 | Cutoff | Europe

0.34 (g) Potassium carbonate 0.59 (g) Nitric acid

market for potassium carbonate | potassium carbonate | Cutoff | Global market for nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Europe without Russia

0.17 (g) Potassium nitrate

market for potassium nitrate | potassium nitrate | Cutoff | Global market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

0.56 (g) Water 0.37 (g) K2O

0.24 (g) P2O5 0.87 (g) Water

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

market for phosphoric acid, fertiliser grade, without water, in 70% solution state | phosphoric acid, fertiliser grade, without water, in 70% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

market group for inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | inorganic potassium fertiliser, as K2O | Cutoff | Europe nutrient supply from ammonium nitrate phosphate | inorganic phosphorus fertiliser, as P2O5 | Cutoff | Europe market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

33

Prev-magnum

Proteck Vloeibaar Koper (7%)

Salpeterzuur vloeibaar (X%)

Prev-magnum

Proteck liquid copper 7%

Nitric acid solution (X%)

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

1 (ml)

1 (ml)

1 (ml)

1

1.15

1.24

Silicondioxide

Silicondioxide

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Silika 50% (Kaliumsilicaat)

Silica 50% (Potassium Silicate)3

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.39

Super FK

Super FK

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.48

Ureum (vast)

Ureum (solid)

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

VitaPhos-K

VitaPhos-K7

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Zinkchelaat EDTA (9%)

Zinc Chelate EDTA (9%)

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Zinksulfaat (monohydraat) Zn (Zink)

Zinc sulphate (monohydrate) Zn (Zinc)

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Solid

1 (g)

N.A.

Zwakal

Zwakal

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.32

0.05 (g) Magnesium oxide

market for magnesium oxide | magnesium oxide | Cutoff | Global

0.04 (g) Magnesium sulfate

market for magnesium sulfate | magnesium sulfate | Cutoff | Global market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

0.87 (g) Water 0.29 (g) CuSO4 0.12 (g) Sulfuric acid

market for sulfuric acid | sulfuric acid | Cutoff | Europe

0.75 (g) Water X (g) Nitric acid

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | nitric acid, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Europe without Russia

X (g) Water 1 (g) Silicondioxide 0.69 (g) Potassium silicate

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for silica sand | silica sand | Cutoff | Global

0.69 (g) Water 0.22 (g) Potassium carbonate

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for potassium carbonate | potassium carbonate | Cutoff | Global

1.26 (g) Water 0.46 (g) N in ureum 1 (g) Polyphosphate

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for urea, as N | urea, as N | Cutoff | Global

0.91 (g) EDTA

Sulphuric acid solution (X%)

Liquid

1 (ml)

1.35

market for sodium silicate, without water, in 48% solution state | sodium silicate, without water, in 48% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

market for phosphoric acid, fertiliser grade, without water, in 70% solution state | phosphoric acid, fertiliser grade, without water, in 70% solution state | Cutoff | Europe market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global

0.09 (g) Zinc 1 (g) Zinc sulfate 1 (g) Zinc 0.2 (g) Sulfuric acid

market for zinc | zinc | Cutoff | Global

0.04 (g) Magnesium sulfate

market for magnesium sulfate | magnesium sulfate | Cutoff | Global market for potassium hydroxide | potassium hydroxide | Cutoff | Global

0.03 (g) KOH

Zwavelzuur oplossing (X%)

market for copper sulfate | copper sulfate | Cutoff | Global

1.05 (g) Water X (g) Sulfuric acid

market for zinc monosulfate | zinc monosulfate | Cutoff | Europe market for zinc | zinc | Cutoff | Global market for sulfuric acid | sulfuric acid | Cutoff | Europe

market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for sulfuric acid | sulfuric acid | Cutoff | Europe

X (g) market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe Water without Switzerland 1: There is no reference for ‘ammonium phosphate’ in the ecoinvent database. Therefore, ammonium nitrate phosphate shall be considered most representative.

2: There are no references for ‘EDDHMA’, ‘EDDHA’, ‘HEEDTA’ and ‘EDDHSA’, therefore EDTA is considered as most representative reference.

3: There is no reference for ‘Potassium silicate’, therefore, ‘sodium silicate’ is considered as most representative.

4: There is no reference available for magnesium nitrate. Therefore, magnesium nitrate is modelled based on the chemical compounds it is produced from: Magnesium and nitric acid. The amounts considered are based on the chemical formula.

5: There is no reference for sodium molybdate available in the ecoinvent database. As sodium molybdate is mainly produced from molybdenum trioxide, selection of this reference is considered most representative.

6: There is no reference available for monopotassium-phosphate. Therefore, monopotassium-phosphate is modelled based on the chemical compounds it is produced from: phosphoric acid and potassium carbonate. The amounts considered are based on the chemical formula.

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

34

7: Vitaphos-K consists of polyphosphate. This comes in many different variants. Since no MSDS sheet is available, it is unclear what this substance is made of.

Phosphoric acid has been retained, since this is used as a basic substance for the production of some variants of polyphosphates.

8: There is no proxy available in the ecoinvent 3.8 database for copper; therefore copper sulfate shall be selected as a proxy

The following tables (A3-A9, and A12) describe the waste scenarios of different materials, as calculated using the CFF. The different parameters (A, B, R1, R2 & Qsout) are determined from Annex C of the PEF methodology. The considered XER_elec and XER_heat are determined from Reiman, 2012. Material-specific lower heating values (LHV) were considered. Lastly, for aluminium, steel and plastic materials the factor avoided material/unsorted material is included, because the result calculated from the CFF are describing the amount of unsorted waste; while the avoided material dataset describes the final recycled product as functional unit. Thus, this is the conversion between unsorted amount to avoided material amount.

Table A 3: Waste scenario aluminium, based on CFF Amount Input Source (Unit) Waste treatment Waste scenario 1 kg aluminium Avoided products (1Avoided virgin material 0,539 kg A_Aluminium)*R2_Aluminium_material_EU*Qsout_Aluminum *Avoided_material/Unsorted_material Avoided electricity 0 MJ kg

Avoided heat

0 MJ

Non-energy inputs Lorry transport

0 kgkm

Waste to treatment Incineration

0,0675 kg

kg

Reference

market for aluminium, primary, ingot | aluminium, primary, ingot | Cutoff, U - IAI Area, EU27 & EFTA electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Rest-of-World heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Europe without Switzerland market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Global

(1-B)*(1-R2_Aluminium_material_EU)*incinerationrate_EU28

treatment of scrap steel, municipal incineration | scrap steel | Europe without Switzerland1 Recycling 0,539 kg (1-A_Aluminium)*R2_Aluminium_material_EU treatment of aluminium scrap, post-consumer, *Avoided_material/Unsorted_material prepared for recycling, at remelter | aluminium, wrought alloy | Cutoff, U - RoW Landfill 0,0825 kg 1-R2_Aluminium_material_EU-(1treatment of scrap steel, municipal incineration | R2_Aluminium_material_EU)*incinerationrate_EU28 scrap steel | Cutoff, U - Europe without Switzerland 1: There is no reference available for aluminium recycling, therefore steel incineration is considered as the most representative reference.

Table A 4: Waste scenario concrete, based on CFF Input Amount Source (Unit) Waste treatment Waste scenario concrete 1 kg Avoided products Avoided virgin material 0,368 kg (1-A_concrete)*R2_concrete Avoided electricity 0 MJ

Reference

market for sand | sand | Switzerland1 electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Rest-of-World heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Europe without Switzerland

Avoided heat

0 MJ

Non-energy inputs Lorry transport

0 kgkm

Waste to treatment Incineration

market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Global

0

treatment of waste glass, municipal incineration | waste glass | Rest-of-World2 market for rock crushing | rock crushing | Global3 treatment of waste concrete, inert material landfill | waste concrete | Europe without Switzerland

(1-B)*(1R2_Aluminium_material_EU)*incineration_rate_zero Recycling 0,368 kg (1-A_concrete)*R2_concrete Landfill 0,54 kg 1-R2_concrete-(1R2_concrete)*incineration_rate_zero 1: Sand is taken as a proxy for the savings from concrete recycling 2: Glass incineration is taken as a proxy for incineration of concrete 3: Rock crushing is taken as a proxy for concrete recycling Table A 5: Waste scenario glass, based on CFF Amount Input (Unit) Waste treatment Waste scenario glass 1 kg

Source

Reference

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

35

Avoided products Avoided virgin material

0 kg

(1-A_Glass)*R2_glass_correct

Avoided electricity

0 MJ

kg

Avoided heat

0 MJ

kg

Non-energy inputs Lorry transport

market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Global

0 kgkm

Waste to treatment Incineration

0 kg

(1-B)*(1R2_glass_correct)*incineration_rate_zero

Recycling

0 kg

(1-A_glass)*R2_glass_correct

Landfill

1 kg

1-R2_glass_correct-(1R2_glass_correct)*incineration_rate_zero

Table A 6: Waste scenario PE, based on CFF Amount Input (Unit) Waste treatment Waste scenario PE 1 kg (building) Avoided products

flat glass production, uncoated | flat glass, uncoated | Europe electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Rest-of-World heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Europe without Switzerland

treatment of waste glass, municipal incineration | waste glass | Rest-of-World treatment of waste glass from unsorted public collection, sorting | glass cullet, sorted | Cutoff, U Europe treatment of waste glass, inert material landfill | waste glass | Switzerland

Source

Avoided virgin material

0,0866 kg

(1-A_Plastics)*R2_PE_building*Qsout_LDPEfilm* Avoided_material/Unsorted_material

Avoided electricity

2,346 MJ

(1-B)*(1R2_PE_building)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_elec*LHV_PE)

Avoided heat

5,803 MJ

(1-B)*(1R2_PE_building)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_heat*LHV_PE)

Non-energy inputs Lorry transport

Incineration

0,351 kg

(1-B)*(1-R2_PE_building)*incinerationrate_EU28

Recycling

0,0962kg

(1-A_Plastics)*R2_PE_building* Avoided_material/Unsorted_material

Landfill

0,424 kg

1-R2_PE_building-(1-R2_PE_building)*incinerationrate_EU28

Table A 7: Waste scenario PP, based on CFF Amount Input Source (Unit) Waste treatment Waste scenario PP 1 kg (building) Avoided products (1-A_Plastics)*R2_PP_building*Qsout_PP* Avoided virgin material 0,0704 Avoided_material/Unsorted_material Avoided electricity

2,473

(1-B)*(1R2_PP_building)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_elec*LHVPP)

Avoided heat

6,117

(1-B)*(1R2_PP_building)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_heat*LHVPP)

Non-energy inputs

0,370 kg

treatment of waste polyethylene, municipal incineration | waste polyethylene | Switzerland polyethylene production, high density, granulate, recycled | polyethylene, high density, granulate, recycled | Cutoff, U Europe treatment of waste polyethylene, sanitary landfill | waste polyethylene | Switzerland

Reference

polypropylene production, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Europe electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Rest-of-World heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Europe without Switzerland market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Global

0 kgkm

Waste to treatment Incineration

For HDPE: polyethylene production, high density, granulate | polyethylene, high density, granulate | Europe For LDPE: polyethylene production, low density, granulate | polyethylene, low density, granulate | Europe electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Rest-of-World heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Europe without Switzerland market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Global

0 kgkm

Waste to treatment

Lorry transport

Reference

(1-B)*(1-R2_PP_building)*incinerationrate_EU28

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

Treatment of waste polypropylene, municipal incineration | waste polypropylene | Switzerland

36

Recycling

0,0783 kg

(1A_Plastics)*R2_PP_building*Avoided_material/Unsorted_material

Landfill

0,447 kg

1-R2_PP_building-(1-R2_PP_building)*incinerationrate_EU28

polyethylene production, high density, granulate, recycled | polyethylene, high density, granulate, recycled | Cutoff, U Europe treatment of waste polypropylene, sanitary landfill | waste polypropylene| Switzerland

1: PE is taken as a proxy for PVC, as no specific reference on PVC recycling is available in ecoinvent.

Table A 8: Waste scenario PVC, based on CFF Amount Input Source (Unit) Waste treatment Waste scenario PVC 1 kg (building) Avoided products

Reference

Avoided virgin material

0,123

(1A_Plastics)*R2_PVC_building*Qsout_PP*Avoided_material/Unsorted_material

Avoided electricity

0,885

(1-B)*(1-R2_PVC_building)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_elec*LHV_PVC)

Avoided heat

2,189

(1-B)*(1-R2_PVC_building)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_heat*LHV_PVC)

Non-energy inputs Lorry transport

polyvinylchloride production, suspension polymerisation | polyvinylchloride, suspension polymerised | Europe electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Rest-ofWorld heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Europe without Switzerland market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Global

0 kgkm

Waste to treatment Incineration

0,307

(1-B)*(1-R2_PVC_building)*incinerationrate_EU28

Recycling

0,1372

(1-A_Plastics)*R2_PVC_building*Avoided_material/Unsorted_material

Landfill

0,372

1-R2_PVC_building-(1-R2_PVC_building)*incinerationrate_EU28

Treatment of waste polyvinylchloride, municipal incineration | waste polyvinylchloride | Switzerland polyethylene production, high density, granulate, recycled | polyethylene, high density, granulate, recycled | Cutoff, U - Europe treatment of waste polyvinylchloride, sanitary landfill | waste polyvinylchloride | Switzerland

1: PE is taken as a proxy for PVC, as no specific reference on PVC recycling is available in ecoinvent.

Table A 9: Waste scenario steel, based on CFF Amount Input (Unit) Waste treatment Waste scenario steel 1 kg Avoided products

Source

Avoided virgin material

0,6154

(1-A_steel)*R2_Steel*Qsout_Steel* Avoided_material/Unsorted_material

Avoided electricity

0

(1-B)*(1R2_Steel)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_elec*LHV_zero)

Avoided heat

0

(1-B)*(1R2_Steel)*incinerationrate_EU28*(XER_heat*LHV_zero)

Non-energy inputs Lorry transport

Reference

Based on the World Steel method: steel production, converter, low-alloyed | steel, low-alloyed | Cutoff, U - Europe electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Rest-of-World heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Europe without Switzerland market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Global

0 kgkm

Waste to treatment Incineration

0,0679

(1-B)*(1-R2_Steel)*incinerationrate_EU28

Recycling

0,6154

(1A_Steel)*R2_Steel*Avoided_material/Unsorted_material

Landfill

0,0821

1-R2_Steel-(1-R2_Steel)*incinerationrate_EU28

Table A 10: Items and chosen references for the other materials category Amount Input [NL] Input [EN] Reference (unit) Cleaning agents

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

treatment of scrap steel, municipal incineration | scrap steel | Europe without Switzerland steel production, electric, low-alloyed | steel, low-alloyed | - Europe without Switzerland and Austria treatment of scrap steel, inert material landfill | scrap steel | Europe without Switzerland

Motivation

37

Ontsmetting – Desbest 300

Disinfection – Desbest 300

1 (liter)

Combination of four references: 0.11 kg – acetic acid market for acetic acid, without water, in 98% solution state | acetic acid, without water, in 98% solution state | Cutoff| Global

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.1 kg per liter shall be used.

0.055 kg – peracetic acid market for acetic acid, without water, in 98% solution state | acetic acid, without water, in 98% solution state | Cutoff | Global 0.22 kg – hydrogen peroxide market for hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

Ontsmetting - Flusol Forte (waterstoffluoride)

Ontsmetting Formaline

Disinfection Flusol Forte (hydrogen fluoride)

Disinfection Formalin

1 (liter)

0.715 kg - water market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.26375 kg - Hydrogen fluoride market for hydrogen fluoride | hydrogen fluoride | Cutoff | Europe

1 (liter)

0.7913 kg – water market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of three references: 0.5465 kg - Formaldehyde market for formaldehyde | formaldehyde | Cutoff | Europe

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.055 kg per liter shall be used.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.093 kg per liter shall be used.

0.1093 kg - Methanol market for methanol | methanol | Cutoff | Global

Ontsmetting – GS 4

Ontsmetting – Hydrocare (59%)

Disinfection – GS 4

Disinfection – Hydrocare (59%)

1 (liter)

0.4372 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.25 kg - Hydrogen fluoride market for hydrogen fluoride | hydrogen fluoride | Cutoff | Europe

1 (liter)

0.75 kg – water market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.5975 kg – Hydrogen Peroxide hydrogen peroxide production, product in 50% solution state | hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Rest-of-World

Ontsmetting – magere melk

Disinfection – skim milk

1 (liter)

Ontsmetting – Multides

Disinfection – Multides

1 (liter)

0.5975 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for skimmed milk, from cow milk | skimmed milk, from cow milk | Cutoff | Global Combination of four references: 0.1 kg - Didecyldimethylammoniumchloride market for ammonium chloride | ammonium chloride | Cutoff | Global

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1 kg per liter shall be used.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.195 kg per liter shall be used.

The selected reference is considered most representative for skim milk used as disinfection.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.0 kg per liter shall be used.

0.03 kg – Formaldehyde market for formaldehyde | formaldehyde | Cutoff | Europe 0.08 kg – Glutaraldehyde market for formaldehyde | formaldehyde | Cutoff | Europe

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

38

Ontsmetting - Virkon S

Disinfection Virkon S

1 (liter)

0.78 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of seven references: 0.107 kg - Malic acid (CAS-CNo.6915-15-7) market for maleic anhydride | maleic anhydride | Cutoff | Global

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.07 kg per liter shall be used.

0.1284 kg - Benzene Sulphonic Acid, C10-13 Alkyl Derivatives, Sodium Salts (CAS-No.68411-30-3) market for alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear, petrochemical | alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear, petrochemical | Cutoff | Global 0.0321 kg - Dipotassium Peroxodisulphate (CASNo.7727-21-1) market for potassium hydroxide | potassium hydroxide | Cutoff | Global 0.0535 kg - sodium toluene sulfonate (CASNo.12068-03-0) market for chemicals, inorganic | chemical, inorganic | Cutoff | Global 0.5885 kg - Pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulfate)bis(sulphate) (CASNo.70693-62-8) market for potassium hydroxide | potassium hydroxide | Cutoff | Global 0.0642 kg – Sulfamic acid (CAS-Nr.5329-14-6) market for sulfamic acid | sulfamic acid | Cutoff | Global

Ontsmetting waterstofperoxide Ontsmetting – Waterstofperoxide oplossing X%

Ontsmetting - Nzym Rugo

Ontsmetting / schoonmaak – Menno Florades

Disinfection Hydrogen Peroxide Disinfection Hydrogen Peroxide solution X%

Desinfection Nzym Rugo

Desinfection / cleaning – Menno Florades

1 (kg)

1 (liter)

0.0963 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland hydrogen peroxide production, product in 50% solution state | hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Rest-of-World Combination of two references: X kg – Hydrogen Peroxide hydrogen peroxide production, product in 50% solution state | hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Rest-of-World

1 (liter)

X kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.54 kg – Ethanol market for ethanol, without water, in 99.7% solution state, from ethylene | ethanol, without water, in 99.7% solution state, from ethylene | Cutoff | Europe

1 (liter)

0.36 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of five references: 0.1 kg – Benzoic acid market for benzoic acid | benzoic acid | Cutoff | Europe

The chosen references are considered representative.

The chosen references are considered representative. X indicates that this amount shall be determined and/or calculated specifically. The weight of hydrogen peroxide shall be calculated based on the percentage in the disinfectant multiplied by the density (grams/milliliter). It shall be assumed that the remaining weight is water.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 0.9 kg per liter shall be used.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1 kg per liter shall be used.

0.05 kg - Formic acid market for formic acid | formic acid | Cutoff | Europe 0.25 kg - Propan-1-ol market for 1-propanol | 1-propanol | Cutoff | Global 0.15 kg - propan-2-ol; isopropanol

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

39

market for isopropanol | isopropanol | Cutoff | Europe

Ontsmetting / schoonmaak – Fervent Groenweg

Desinfection / cleaning – Fervent Groenweg

1 (liter)

0.45 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of three references: 0.445 kg - Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) market for ammonium chloride | ammonium chloride | Cutoff | Global

The chosen references are considered representative. A reference for ammonium chloride shall be considered for DDAC, as a reference for DDAC is not available in the ecoinvent database. A density of 0.89 kg per liter shall be used.

0.178 kg - propan-2-ol; isopropanol market for isopropanol | isopropanol | Cutoff | Europe

Reiniging Broxozout Schoonmaak Natronloog 32%

Schoonmaak Removit

Cleaning - Broxo salt Cleaning - Caustic soda 32%

Cleaning Removit

1 (kg) 1 (liter)

0.267 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for sodium chloride, powder | sodium chloride, powder | Cutoff | Global Combination of two references: 0.4352 kg - sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide to generic market for neutralising agent | neutralising agent, sodium hydroxide-equivalent | Cutoff | Global

1 (liter)

0.9248 kg - water market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of four references: 0.0214 kg – Akylpolyglycoside market for non-ionic surfactant | non-ionic surfactant | Cutoff| Global

The chosen reference is considered representative.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.36 kg per liter shall be used.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.07 kg per liter shall be used.

0.107 kg - ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid market for EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | Cutoff | Global 0.0214 kg - Sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide to generic market for neutralising agent | neutralising agent, sodium hydroxide-equivalent | Cutoff | Global

Schoonmaak chloorbleekloog/ natriumhypochloriet Schoonmaak chloorbleekloog/ natriumhypochloriet 15%

Schoonmaak - Flusol Forte

Schoonmaak Oxaalzuur

Cleaning - chlorine bleach/sodium hypochlorite

1 (kg)

Cleaning - chlorine bleach/sodium hypochlorite 15%

1 (liter)

Cleaning – Flusol Forte

Cleaning - Oxalic acid

0.9202 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for sodium hypochlorite, without water, in 15% solution state | sodium hypochlorite, without water, in 15% solution state | Cutoff | Europe Combination of two references: 0.1875 kg – Sodium hypochlorite market for sodium hypochlorite, without water, in 15% solution state | sodium hypochlorite, without water, in 15% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

1 (liter)

1.0625 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.1846 kg – hydrofluoric acid market for hydrogen fluoride | hydrogen fluoride | Cutoff | Europe

1 (kg)

0.8704 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland market for chemical, organic | chemical, organic | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

The chosen references are considered representative.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.25 kg per liter shall be used.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.055 kg per liter shall be used.

The chosen reference is considered a representative proxy.

40

Schoonmaak Prorenovate

Cleaning prorenovate

1 (liter)

0.105 kg - Ammonium hydrogen bifluoride market for hydrogen fluoride | hydrogen fluoride | Cutoff | Europe

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.05 kg per liter shall be used.

0.2625 kg phosphoric acid purification of wet-process phosphoric acid to industrial grade, product in 85% solution state | phosphoric acid, industrial grade, without water, in 85% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

Schoonmaak reduclean

Cleaning reduclean

1 (liter)

0.6825 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of four references: 0.0275 kg – Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate market for alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear, petrochemical | alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear, petrochemical | Cutoff | Global

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.1 kg per liter shall be used.

0.022 kg - Sodium hydroxide sodium hydroxide to generic market for neutralising agent | neutralising agent, sodium hydroxide-equivalent | Cutoff | Global 0.0275 kg - Sodium p-cumenesulphonate market for cumene | cumene | Cutoff | Global

Schoonmaak topcleaner

Schoonmaak – Sopuroxid

Cleaning - top cleaner

Cleaning – Sopuroxid

1 (kg)

1.023 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of two references: 0.26875 kg – Ammonium hydrogen difluoride market for hydrogen fluoride | hydrogen fluoride | Cutoff | Europe

1 (liter)

0.8063 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Combination of three references: 0.222 kg – Hydrogen peroxide market for hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | hydrogen peroxide, without water, in 50% solution state | Cutoff | Europe

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.075 kg per liter shall be used.

The chosen references are considered representative. A density of 1.11 kg per liter shall be used.

0.0555 kg – Peracetic acid market for acetaldehyde | acetaldehyde | Cutoff | Global

Growing media Substraat - Cocospot 20*20*15

0.8025 kg – water Market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland Substrate Cocospot 20*20*15

1 (piece)

Combination of two references: 0.57 kg – coconut husk market for coconut husk | coconut husk | Cutoff | Global X tkm – transport market for transport, freight, sea, container ship | transport, freight, sea, container ship | Cutoff | Global

Substraat - Kokos Marokko (0.05 m3)

Substrate Coconut Morocco (0.05 m3)

1 (piece)

Combination of two references: 4.75 kg – coconut husk

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

A calculation based on the coconut husk dimensions shall be done before modeling. More detailed information on the calculation is below.

The chosen references are considered representative. In this case, there is no specific reference or proxy reference available in the database for the of the growing media from the coconut husk. If this is not available, then primary data from the supplier shall be collected. If this is not available, which is currently the case for this material, then it can be excluded, but this shall be clearly stated as a limitation of the study. Transport from the manufacturer in Sri Lanka to the greenhouse shall be included.

A calculation based on the volume of the coconut shall be done prior to modeling.

More detailed information on the calculation is below.

41

market for coconut husk | coconut husk | Cutoff | Global 4,75 kg / 1000 kg * distance = tkm transport market for transport, freight, sea, container ship | transport, freight, sea, container ship | Cutoff | Global

Substraat Steenwolmat (obv 46 kg/m3)

Substrate - Stone wool slab (based on 46 kg/m3)

1 (m3)

Combination of two references: 46 kg – stone wool stone wool production | stone wool | Cutoff | Rest-of-World

Materials used, e.g. for soil covering or guiding plants Acryl doek Acrylic cloth 1 (m2) (schaduwdoek) (shade cloth)

46 kg / 1000 kg * distance = tkm transport market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | transport, freight, lorry, unspecified | Cutoff | Global Combination of multiple references: Fibre production 0.25 kg – Acrylic and polymerization polyacrylamide production | polyacrylamide | Cutoff | Global 0.80 MJ - Industrial natural gas heat production, natural gas, at boiler modulating >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland

The chosen references are considered representative. The production processes to produce the substrate from the coconut husk are excluded, due to limited data availability. Average transport distance from the manufacturer in Sri Lanka to the country were this material is used shall be included.

It is given that the weight per m3 stone wool slab is 46 kg.

The chosen references are considered representative. The transportation distance from the country of the production location of the stone wool to the country of the greenhouse location shall be considered.

There is no reference for acrylic cloth available in ecoinvent v3.8. Therefore, a dataset for acrylic cloth shall be created based on industry averages. The chosen references are considered representative. It includes both the raw material supply and the process steps of fibre production and weaving.

The average weight of acryl cloth shall be assumed 0.25 kg/m2

0.38 kWh – Electricity medium voltage (GLO) market group for electricity, medium voltage | electricity, medium voltage | Cutoff | Global 2.45 MJ – Heat production, steam steam production, in chemical industry | steam, in chemical industry | Cutoff Rest-of-World 35 kg – Tap water Europe market for tap water | tap water | Cutoff Rest-of-World

Afvoerslang (50 mm dik)

Biologisch afbreekbaar touw voor haken tomaat

Drain hose (50 mm thick)

Biodegradable rope for tomato hooks – per hook

1 (meter)

Weaving 0.25 kg - weaving, acryl fibre market for weaving, synthetic fibre | weaving, synthetic fibre | Cutoff | Global Combination of two references: 0.16 kg – PP granulate market for polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff | Global

1 (piece)

0.16 kg – Extrusion market for extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Global Combination of two references: 0.02736 kg – Natural cellose fibre market for cellulose fibre | cellulose fibre | Cutoff | Rest-of-World 0.02736 kg – Spinning See Table 27.

The chosen references are considered representative. The reference includes both the PP granulate and extrusion.

The mass shall be assumed at 0.16 kg per meter hose.

It shall be calculated that the weight per piece shall be 0.027 kg.

The steel/metal hook is not included, because the hooks are often re-used.

Therefore, it shall be considered a capital good.

The chosen references are considered representative. It includes both the raw material (natural fiber) and the production processes (spinning). The natural fiber shall be assumed to be celluse fiber.

The dataset “yarn production, cotton, open end spinning | yarn, cotton | Cutoff, U | Rest-of-World” shall be

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

42

CO2 slang geprikt

CO2 hose punctured

1 (meter)

Combination of two references: 0.016 kg – LDPE granulate market for polyethylene, low density, granulate | polyethylene, low density, granulate | Cutoff | Global

Dun plastic folie (23 g/m2)

Thin plastic film (23 g/m2)

1 (m2)

0.016 kg – Extrusion market for extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Global 0.023 kg – packaging film market for packaging film, low density polyethylene | packaging film, low density polyethylene | Cutoff | Global

Folie – signaalrol geel

Foil, signal roll yellow

1 (kg)

Combination of two references: 1 kg – HDPE granulate market for polyethylene, high density, granulate | polyethylene, high density, granulate | Cutoff | Global 1 kg – Extrusion market for extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Global 0.065 kg – packaging film market for packaging film, low density polyethylene | packaging film, low density polyethylene | Cutoff | Global

Folie dik, bijv. loopfolie (65 g/m2)

Foil thick, e.g. running foil (65 g/m2)

1 (m2)

Folie dun, bijv. AC folie (46 g/m2)

Foil thin, e.g. AC foil (46 g/m2)

1 (m2)

0.046 kg – packaging film market for packaging film, low density polyethylene | packaging film, low density polyethylene | Cutoff | Global

Handschoentjes, nitril

Gloves, nitrile

1 (piece)

Ijzeren gewasnietjes

Iron crop staples

1 (kg)

5.75 g – nitrile market for nitrile-compound | nitrile-compound | Cutoff | Global Combination of two references: 1 kg – steel, low-alloyed market for steel, low-alloyed | steel, low-alloyed | Cutoff | Global

Krijtmiddel

Limestone agent

1 (kg)

Plastic gewasclips

Plastic crop clips

1 (kg)

1 kg – process (unspecified) metal working, average for steel product manufacturing | metal working, average for steel product manufacturing | Cutoff | Rest-of-World market for limestone, crushed, washed | limestone, crushed, washed | Cutoff | Rest-ofWorld Combination of two references: 1 kg – HDPE granulate market for polyethylene, high density, granulate | polyethylene, high density, granulate | Cutoff | Global

Signaal / vangplaten

Signal/traps

1 (piece)

1 kg – Injection moulding market for injection moulding | injection moulding | Cutoff | Global Combination of three references: 0.012 kg – recycled HDPE granulate market for polyethylene, high density, granulate, recycled | polyethylene, high density, granulate, recycled | Cutoff | Europe without Switzerland 0.012 kg – Extrusion

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

adjusted for spinning. The raw material for cotton shall be removed from the dataset. See also Table 27.

The chosen references are considered representative. The reference includes both the LDPE granulate and extrusion.

The Global geography shall be used as a Worst-case scenario. The mass shall be assumed at 0.016 kg per meter hose.

The chosen reference is considered representative. The reference includes both the LDPE granulate and extrusion.

The Global geography shall be used as a Worst-case scenario. The mass shall be assumed at 0.023 kg per square meter film.

The chosen references are considered representative. It includes both the HDPE granulate and extrusion.

The chosen reference is considered representative. The reference includes both the LDPE granulate and extrusion.

The Global geography shall be used as a Worst-case scenario. The mass shall be assumed at 0.065 kg per m2.

The chosen reference is considered representative. The reference includes both the LDPE granulate and extrusion.

The Global geography shall be used as a Worst-case scenario. The mass shall be assumed at 0.046 kg per m2.

The chosen reference is considered representative. The Global geography shall be used as a Worst-case scenario.

The chosen references are considered representative. It includes both the material (steel, low alloyed) and the production process (metal works).

The chosen reference is considered representative. The Rest-of-World geography shall be used as a Worst-case scenario.

The chosen references are considered representative. It includes both the HDPE granulate and injection moulding.

The Global geography shall be used as a worst-case scenario.

The chosen references are considered representative. Phenolic resin It includes recycled HDPE granulate, extrusion, and glue. The European geography shall be used.

The mass shall be assumed at 0.013 kg per piece. It shall be assumed that 90%

43

extrusion, plastic pipes | extrusion, plastic pipes | Cutoff | Europe 0.0013 kg – Glue market for phenolic resin | phenolic resin | Cutoff | Europe Tempex EPS60 stroken – per m3

Tempex EPS60 strips – per m3

1 (m3)

Touw haken komkommer – PP – per haak

Rope hook cucumber – PP – per hook

1 (piece)

20 kg – Tempex polystyrene foam slab production | polystyrene foam slab | Cutoff | Europe Combination of three references: 0.016 kg – PP granulate market for polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff | Global 0.016 kg – Extrusion extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe 0.016 kg – Spinning See Table 27.

Touw haken tomaat - jute - per haak

Rope hook tomato - jute - per hook

1 (piece)

0.058 kg – yarn market for yarn, jute | yarn, jute | Cutoff | Global

Touw haken tomaat - PP - per haak

Rope hook tomato - PP - per hook

1 (piece)

Combination of three references: 0.017 kg – PP granulate market for polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff | Global 0.017 kg – Extrusion extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe 0.017 kg – Spinning See Table 27

Touw paprika - jute per kg touw Touw paprika - PP per kg touw

Rope bell pepper jute - per kg rope Rope bell pepper PP - per kg of rope

1 (kg) 1 (kg)

1 kg – yarn market for yarn, jute | yarn, jute | Cutoff | Global Combination of three references: 1 kg – PP granulate market for polypropylene, granulate | polypropylene, granulate | Cutoff | Global 1 kg – Extrusion extrusion, plastic film | extrusion, plastic film | Cutoff | Europe

Starting materials, such as seeds and seedlings Planten, incl. stok Plants/seedling 1 (piece) incl. stick

1 kg – Spinning See Table 27 Combination of two references:

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

of the total weight is recycled HDPE and 10% of the total weight is glue. A phenolic resin reference shall be used to model glue. The chosen reference is considered representative because it is known that the signal/traps are made from natural glue.

It is given that the weight per m3 tempex EPS60 strips is 20 kg. The chosen reference is considered representative.

It shall be calculated that the weight per piece is 0.016 kg. More detailed information on the calculation is below.

The steel/metal hook is not included, because the hooks are often re-used.

Therefore, it shall be considered a capital good.

The chosen reference is considered representative. It includes both the raw material (polypropylene granulate) and the production processes (extrusion and fiber spinning).

The dataset “yarn production, cotton, open end spinning | yarn, cotton | Cutoff, U | Rest-of-World” shall be adjusted for spinning. The raw material for cotton shall be removed from the dataset. See also Table 27.

It shall be calculated that the weight per piece is 0.058 kg. More detailed information on the calculation is below.

The steel/metal hook is not included, because the hooks are often re-used.

Therefore, it shall be considered a capital good. The chosen reference is considered representative.

It shall be calculated that the weight per piece is 0.017 kg. More detailed information on the calculation is below.

The steel/metal hook is not included, because the hooks are often re-used.

Therefore, it shall be considered a capital good.

The chosen reference is considered representative. It includes both the raw material (polypropylene granulate) and the production processes (extrusion and fiber spinning).

The dataset “yarn production, cotton, open end spinning | yarn, cotton | Cutoff, U | Rest-of-World” shall be adjusted for spinning. The raw material for cotton shall be removed from the dataset. See also Table 27.

The chosen reference is considered representative.

The chosen references are considered representative. It includes both the raw material (polypropylene granulate) and the production processes (extrusion and fiber spinning).

The dataset “yarn production, cotton, open end spinning | yarn, cotton | Cutoff, U | Rest-of-World” shall be adjusted for spinning. The raw material for cotton shall be removed from the dataset. See also Table 27.

A calculation based on the bamboo stick's dimensions shall be done before

44

0.000416 kg – Bamboo stick market for bamboo pole | bamboo pole | Cutoff | Rest-of-World

modeling. More detailed information on the calculation is below.

Also, there is no specific reference available in ecoinvent v3.8 for a cucumber plant and a bell pepper plant.

Therefore it is assumed the reference for a tomato seedling is also representative for a cucumber and a bell pepper seedling.

1: Plants (based on tomato plant, cucumber plant and pepper plant), incl. stick. The volume of a bamboo stick (in m3) shall be calculated based on the following dimensions: (length x width x height) = 4 mm x 4 mm x 40 cm. This gives 0.00000064 m3 bamboo per stick. The reference uses 650 kg/m3 of wood.

This value of 650 kg shall be multiplied by 0.00000064 m3 = 0.000416 kg wood per stick.

2: Substrate - Cocospot 20*20*15. The weight of the coconut husk shall be calculated based on the following dimensions: (length x width x height) = 20 cm x 20 cm x 15 cm. This gives 0.006 m3 coconut husk. The Knaap Power Washed (supplier of Substrate cocospot 20*20*15) datasheet uses an average weight of 95 kg/m3 of coconut husk. This value of 95 kg shall be multiplied by 0.006 m3 = 0.57 kg coconut husk.

3: Substrate - Coconut Morocco (0.05 m3). The volume of the coconut is given at 0.05 m3. The Knaap Power Washed datasheet uses an average weight of 95 kg/m3 of coconut husk. This value of 95 kg shall be multiplied by 0.05 m3 = 4.75 kg coconut husk.

4: Polypropylene rope hook cucumber, tomato & bell pepper - per hook. For tomatoes, a length of 20 meters of polypropylene rope per hook shall be used.

For peppers, 4.5 meters of polypropylene rope per hook shall be used. It is given that 1 kg of polypropylene rope is 1200 meters. This value of 1200 meters shall be divided by 20 meters per hook for tomatoes and 4.5 meters per hook for peppers. This calculates the weight of polypropylene rope used per hook.

This is 0.017 kg polypropylene rope per hook tomato and 0.004 kg polypropylene rope per hook pepper.

5: Jute rope hook tomato & pepper - per hook. For tomatoes, a length of 20 meters of jute rope per hook shall be used. For peppers, 4.5 meters of jute rope per hook shall be used. It is given that 1 kg of jute rope is 345 meters. This value of 345 meters shall be divided by 20 meters per hook for tomatoes and 4.5 meters per hook for peppers. This calculates the weight of rope used per hook. This is 0.058 kg jute rope per hook tomato and 0.013 kg jute rope per hook pepper.

1 piece – plants tomato seedling production, in heated greenhouse, for planting | tomato seedling, for planting | Cutoff| Netherlands

Table A 11: Modeling ‘Spinning’ based on “yarn production, cotton, open end spinning | yarn, cotton | Cutoff, U | Rest-of-World” Inputs, products, interventions Amount Unit Reference Product Spinning 1 kg Inputs from technosphere building, hall 1.56E-05 m2 market for building, hall | building, hall | Cutoff | Global diesel, burned in diesel-electric 0.22 MJ market for diesel, burned in diesel-electric generating set, 10MW | diesel, generating set, 10MW burned in diesel-electric generating set, 10MW | Cutoff | Global electricity, low voltage 1.65 kWh market group for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff | Global lubricating oil 1.00E-04 kg market for lubricating oil | lubricating oil | Cutoff | Europe Water, well, RoW 0.02 m3 Water, well, Rest-of-World Table A 12: Items and chosen references for the waste category Input

Reference

Motivation

m3

market for biogas | biogas | Cutoff - RoW

0,5

kg

treatment of biowaste by anaerobic digestion | biowaste | Cutoff - RoW

1

kg

Based on Ecoinvent v3.8 an average yield of 100 litres of biogas per kg biowaste is assumed, thus per 0,5 kg biowaste this is 0,05 m3 biogas.

According to PEF methodology the following holds: Compost, including digestate coming out of the anaerobic digestion, shall be treated in the “material” with A = 0.5.

-1

kg

peat moss production, horticultural use | peat moss | Cutoff - RoW

Organic waste, composting, recycling

0,5

kg

treatment of biowaste, industrial composting | biowaste | Cutoff - RoW

Paper/cardboard, recycling Paper/cardboard, recycling, avoided virgin material Paper/cardboard, recycling, recycling

1

kg

-0,50

kg

paper production, newsprint, virgin | paper, newsprint | Cutoff - Europe

Based on 0,75 kg yield of paper, and a Qsout of 0,85.

0,78

kg

treatment of waste paper, unsorted, sorting | waste paper, sorted | Cutoff - Europe

0,58

kg

1

kg

paper production, newsprint, recycled | paper, newsprint | Cutoff - Europe

Based on an A factor of 0,8. The chosen reference for the treatment of paper waste is considered representative for all types of paper and cardboard waste Based on the amount recycled, and a yield of 0,75 kg paper

Organic waste, anaerobic digestion Organic waste, anaerobic digestion, avoided virgin material Organic waste, anaerobic digestion, recycling Organic waste, composting Organic waste, composting, avoided virgin material

Paper/cardboard, recycling, recycling Plastic, recycling

Amount

Unit 1

kg

-0,05

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

Ecoinvent v3.8 describes the humus factor shall be used for calculations of avoided burdens. The peat substitution based on humus factor = 0.42/0.21. Thus, avoided burdens are 0,5 kg * 2 According to PEF methodology the following holds: Compost, including digestate coming out of the anaerobic digestion, shall be treated in the “material” part with A = 0.5.

45

Plastic, recycling, avoided virgin material Plastic, recycling, recycling

-0,38

kg

polyethylene production, high density, granulate | polyethylene, high density, granulate | Cutoff

0,43

kg

polyethylene production, high density, granulate, recycled | polyethylene, high density, granulate, recycled | Cutoff, U - Europe

Plastic, incinerating

1

kg

Plastic, incinerating, avoided electricity

-1,86

kWh

electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Cutoff

Plastic, incinerating, avoided heat

-16,55

MJ

heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Cutoff

Plastic, incinerating, incineration

1

kg

treatment of waste polyethylene, municipal incineration | waste polyethylene | Cutoff - RoW

Residual waste, landfill Residual waste, landfill, landfill Residual waste, incinerating Residual waste, incinerating, avoided electricity

1

kg

1

kg

1

kg

The chosen reference is considered representative for landfilling residual waste.

The considered LHV is 11,7 MJ/kg, the electrical yield is 15% (Reiman, 2012). The considered reference is seen as representative for saved electricity.

The considered LHV is 11,7 MJ/kg, the heat yield is 37,1% (Reiman, 2012). The considered reference is seen as representative for saved heat.

The chosen reference is considered representative for incinerating residual waste.

The Rest-of-World geography shall be used as a worst-case scenario.

kWh

electricity production, natural gas, combined cycle power plant | electricity, high voltage | Cutoff

-4,34

MJ

heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW | heat, district or industrial, natural gas | Cutoff

Residual waste, incinerating, incineration

1

kg

market for municipal solid waste | municipal solid waste | Cutoff - RoW

Stone wool recycling – per m3 Stone wool recycling – per m3, avoided virgin material

1

m3

-23

kg

sand to generic market for inert filler | inert filler | Cutoff - Global

225

kg

market for ground granulated blast furnace slag | ground granulated blast furnace slag | Cutoff | Restof-World

Stone wool recycling – per m3, recycling

The considered LHV is 44,6 MJ/kg, the electrical yield is 15% (Reiman, 2012). The considered reference is seen as representative for saved electricity.

The considered LHV is 44,6 MJ/kg, the heat yield is 37,1% (Reiman, 2012). The considered reference is seen as representative for saved heat.

The chosen reference is considered representative for incinerating of all types of plastics.

treatment of municipal solid waste, sanitary landfill | municipal solid waste | Cutoff - RoW

-0,46

Residual waste, incinerating, avoided heat

Based on the amount of plastic recycling, corrected for the yield, and a Qsout factor of 0,9.

Based on a A factor of 0,5, and according to ecoinvent 0,905 kg sorted plastic, per 1 kg of unsorted plastic. According to Ecoinvent v3.8 the following holds: 1,0585 kg sorted plastic needed to produce 1 kg of HDPE granulates

The recycled stone wool can be used as a raw material in the production process of for example bricks and substrate mixes. Selection of filler as a reference is considered a worstcase approach. An A factor of 0,5 shall be considered. The dry weight stone wool density is 46 kg/m3.

There is no specific reference available in ecoinvent v3.8 for recycling of stone wool.

According to a study by Bondt, Janssens & de Smet (2010), stone wool is shredded, sieved, and then separated into three fractions: clean stone wool, foil chips and residual waste. The dry weight of stone wool is assumed 46kg/m3.

The wet weight is assumed 450 kg/m3.

The chosen reference has similar recycling processes ((i) quenching/granulation, (ii) dewatering and/or drying, (iii) crushing, (iv) grinding, and (v) storage in pile and silo). The liquid metal and the slag are regularly tapped from the blast furnace and separated. As these processes are similar to recycling of stone wool, it is considered most representative.

An A factor of 0,5 has been considered.

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

46

Table A 13: Inputs and references for production and emissions of the chemical pesticides Amount of active Pesticide Active ingredient(s) Reference production ingredients (unit) AA Terra ME Etridiazool 0.7 (g) market for diazole-compound | diazole-compound | Cutoff | Global Abamectine HF-G Abamectine 0.02 (g) market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global Abir Bupirimaat 0.25 (g) market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global Admiral Pyriproxyfen 0.1 (g) market for pyridine | pyridine | Cutoff | Global Admire Imidacloprid 0.1 (g) market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global Afepasa greenhouse Sulfur 0.995 (g) market for sulfur | sulfur | Cutoff | Global sulphur tablet Altacor Chlorantraniliprole 0.35 (g) market for pyridine-compound | pyridinecompound | Cutoff | Global Bifasto Difenoconazole – 0.05 (g) 0.125 (g) market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Emission to soil (90%)

Emission to freshwater (1%)

Emission to air (9%)

Etridiazole to soil / unspecified

Etridiazole to water / fresh water

Etridiazole to air / unspecified

Abamectin to soil / unspecified

Abamectin to water / unspecified

Abamectin to air / unspecified

BUPIRIMATE to soil / unspecified

Bupirimate to water / unspecified

Bupirimate to air / unspecified

Pyriproxyfen to soil / unspecified Imidacloprid to soil / unspecified

Pyriproxyfen to water / fresh water Imidacloprid to water / unspecified

Pyriproxyfen to air / unspecified Imidacloprid to air / unspecified

Sulfur to soil / unspecified

Sulfur to water / unspecified

Sulfur to air / unspecified

-

-

-

Difenoconazole to soil / unspecified

Difenoconazole to water / unspecified

Difenoconazole to air / unspecified

Azadirachtin A+B to soil / agricultural

Azadirachtin to water / unspecified

Azadirachtin to air / unspecified

Etoxazole to soil / unspecified

-

-

Abamectin to soil / unspecified

Abamectin to water / unspecified

Abamectin to air / unspecified

BloomAzal

fluxapyroxad – 0.075 (g) Azadirachtine

0.01 (g)

Borneo

Etoxazool

0.11 (g)

Budget Abamectine 18 EC Budget Propamocarb Calypso

Abamectine

0.02 (g)

Fosetyl

0.84 (g)

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Fosetyl to soil / unspecified

Fosetyl Al to water / unspecified

Fosetyl Al to air / unspecified

Thiacloprid

0.48 (g)

Thiacloprid to soil / unspecified

-

-

Cantack

Acequinocyl

0.16 (g)

Acequinocyl to soil / agricultural

-

-

Closer

Sulfoxaflor

0.12 (g)

-

-

-

Collis

Boscalid – 0.2 (g)

0.3 (g)

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Boscalid to soil / unspecified

-

-

Kresoxim-methyl to soil / unspecified Deltamethrin to soil / unspecified

Kresoxim-methyl to water / unspecified Deltamethrin to water / unspecified

Kresoxim-methyl to air / unspecified Deltamethrin to air / unspecified

Ethephon to soil / unspecified

Ethephon to water / unspecified

Ethephon to air / unspecified

Isopropyl 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylate to soil / unspecified Mepanipyrim to soil / unspecified

Isopropyl 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylate to water / unspecified -

Isopropyl 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylate to air / unspecified -

Imazalil to soil / unspecified

Imazalil to water / fresh water

Imazalil to air / unspecified

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Kresoxim-methyl – 0.1 (g) Decis

Deltamethrin

0.0035 (g)

Ethrel-A

Ethefon

0.48 (g)

Floramite 240 SC

Bifenazaat

0.24 (g)

Frupica SC

Mepanipyrim

0.44 (g)

Fungaflash

Imazalil

0.1 (g)

market for pyrethroid-compound | pyrethroidcompound | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

47

Gazelle

Acetamiprid

0.2 (g)

Imex-Abamectine 2

Abamectine

0.2 (g)

Inter Peki

Flonicamid

1 (g)

Karma

0.85 (g)

Kumulus S

Potassium hydrogen carbonate Sulfur

Luna Privilege

Fluopyram

0.5 (g)

NeemAzal-T/S

Azadirachtine

0.01 (g)

Nimrod vloeibaar

Bupirimaat

0.25 (g)

Nissorun Spuitpoeder Nissorun Vloeibaar

Hexythiazox

0.1 (g)

Hexythiazox

0.25 (g)

Nocturn

Pyridalyl

0.1 (g)

Nomolt

Teflubenzuron

0.15 (g)

Oberon

Spiromesifen

0.24 (g)

Oikos

Azadirachtine

0.03 (g)

Oroganic

Sinaasappelolie

0.3 (g)

0.8 (g)

market for pyridine-compound | pyridinecompound | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global 0.2 (g) Other market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff |Global

Acetamiprid to soil / unspecified

Acetamiprid to water / unspecified

Acetamiprid to air / unspecified

Abamectin to soil / unspecified

Abamectin to water / unspecified

Abamectin to air / unspecified

-

-

-

-

-

-

Sulfur to soil / unspecified

Sulfur to water / fresh water

Sulfur to air / unspecified

-

-

-

Azadirachtin A+B to soil / agricultural

Azadirachtin to water /unspecified

Azadirachtin to air / unspecified

Bupirimate to soil / unspecified

Bupirimate to water / unspecified

Bupirimate to air / unspecified

Hexythiazox to soil / unspecified

Hexythiazox to water / unspecified

Hexythiazox to air / unspecified

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global pyridazine-compound production | pyridazinecompound | Cutoff | Europe market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global 0.00005 (kg) Benzeensulfonzuur, C10-13alkylderivaten, natriumzouten market for alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear, petrochemical | alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear, petrochemical | Cutoff | Global

Hexythiazox to soil / unspecified

Hexythiazox to water / fresh water

Hexythiazox to air / unspecified

3(2h)-Pyridazinone, 4,5-dichloro-2phenyl- to soil / unspecified Teflubenzuron to soil / unspecified

3(2h)-Pyridazinone, 4,5-dichloro-2phenyl- to water / unspecified Teflubenzuron to water / fresh water

3(2h)-Pyridazinone, 4,5-dichloro-2phenyl- to air / unspecified Teflubenzuron to air / unspecified

Spiromesifen to soil / agricultural

-

-

Azadirachtin A+B to soil / agricultural

azadirachtin to water / unspecified

Azadirachtin to air / unspecified

ALKANE SULFONIC ACIDS (SODIUM SALT) to soil / unspecified

Alkane sulfonic acids (sodium salt) to water / unspecified

Alkane sulfonic acids (sodium salt) to air / unspecified

0.15 (g) Ethoxylated alcohol market for ethoxylated alcohol (AE11) | ethoxylated alcohol (AE11) | Cutoff | Global

Alcohols, C12-14, ethoxylated to soil / unspecified

Alcohols, c12-14, ethoxylated to water / unspecified

Alcohols, c12-14, ethoxylated to air / unspecified

0.1 (g) Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate alkylbenzene sulfonate production, linear, petrochemical | alkylbenzene sulfonate, linear, petrochemical | Cutoff | Europe

DODECYL BENZENESULFONATE to soil / unspecified

Dodecyl benzenesulfonate to water / unspecified

Dodecyl benzenesulfonate to air / unspecified

0.8 (g) Pyridine pyridine-compound production | pyridinecompound | Cutoff |Europe potassium carbonate production, from potassium hydroxide | potassium carbonate | Cutoff | Global market for sulfur | sulfur | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

48

Ortiva

Azoxystrobin

0.25 (g)

Paraat

Dimethomorph

0.001 (g)

Pediment Rookontwikkelaar Pirimor

Pirimicarb

0.1 (g)

Pirimicarb

0.5 (g)

Plenum 50 WG

Pymetrozine

0.5 (g)

Previcur Energy

Fosetyl – 0.31 (g)

0.84 (g)

Prolectus

Propamocarb – 0.53 (g) Fenpyrazamine

0.5 (g)

Proplant

Propamocarb

0.72 (g)

Proxyral

Pyriproxyfen

0.1 (g)

RanmanTop

Cyazofamide

0.005 (g)

Reflect

Isopyrazam

0.13 (g)

Rocket EC

Triflumizool

0.15 (g)

Runner

Methoxyfenozide

0.24 (g)

Scala

Pyrimethanil

0.4 (g)

Scelta

Cyflumetofen

0.2 (g)

Scomrid

Imazalil

0.02 (g)

SEQUOIA

Sulfoxaflor

0.12 (g)

Signum

Boscalid – 0.27 (g)

0.33 (g)

Pyraclostrobin – 0.07 (g) Sivanto Prime

Flupyradifuron

0.2 (g)

Spyro

Pyrethrinen

0.05 (g)

Steward

Indoxacarb

0.03 (g)

Switch

Fludioxonil – 0.23 (g)

0.63 (g)

Cyprodinil – 0.39 (g)

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Azoxystrobin to soil / unspecified

Azoxystrobin to water / unspecified

Azoxystrobin to air / unspecified

Dimethomorph to soil / unspecified

Dimethomorph to water / unspecified

Dimethomorph to air / unspecified

Pirimicarb to soil / unspecified

Pirimicarb to water / fresh water

Pirimicarb to air / unspecified

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Pirimicarb to soil / unspecified

Pirimicarb to water / fresh water

Pirimicarb to air / unspecified

Pymetrozine to soil / unspecified

Pymetrozine to water / fresh water

Pymetrozine to air / unspecified

Fosetyl to soil / unspecified

Fosetyl Al to water / unspecified

Fosetyl Al to air / unspecified

Propamocarb to soil / unspecified -

Propamocarb to water / fresh water -

Propamocarb to air / unspecified -

Propamocarb to soil / unspecified

Propamocarb to water / fresh water

Propamocarb to air / unspecified

Pyriproxyfen to soil / unspecified

Pyriproxyfen to water / fresh water

Pyriproxyfen to air / unspecified

Cyazofamid to soil / unspecified

-

-

-

-

-

TRIFLUMIZOLE to soil / unspecified

TRIFLUMIZOLE to air / unspecified

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Methoxyfenozide to soil / unspecified

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

Pyrimethanil to soil / unspecified

Methoxyfenozide to water / fresh water Pyrimethanil to water / fresh water

TRIFLUMIZOLE to water / unspecified Methoxyfenozide to air / unspecified Pyrimethanil to air / unspecified

-

-

-

Imazalil to soil / unspecified

Imazalil to water / fresh water

Imazalil to air / unspecified

-

-

-

Boscalid to soil / unspecified

-

-

Pyraclostrobin (prop) to soil / unspecified -

Pyraclostrobin to water / unspecified -

Pyraclostrobin (prop) to air / unspecified -

Pyrethrin to soil / unspecified

Pyrethrin to water / fresh water

Pyrethrin to air / unspecified

Indoxacarb to soil / unspecified

Indoxacarb to water / fresh water

Indoxacarb to air / unspecified

Fludioxonil to soil / unspecified

Fludioxonil to water / fresh water

Fludioxonil to air / unspecified

Cyprodinil to soil / unspecified

Cyprodinil to water / fresh water

Cyprodinil to air / unspecified

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

49

Takumi

Cyflufenamid

0.1 (g)

Teldor

Fenhexamide

0.5 (g)

Teppeki

Flonicamid

0.5 (g)

Thiram Granuflo

Thiram

1 (g)

Tomcat Blox

Bromadilon

0.005 (g)

Topaz 100 EC

Penconazool

0.1 (g)

Tracer

Spinosad

0.48 (g)

Vectine PLUS

Abamectine

0.018 (g)

Verimark

Cyantraniliprole

0.2 (g)

Verismo

Metaflumizone

0.24 (g)

Vertimec Gold

Abamectine

0.02 (g)

Vivando

Metrafenon

0.5 (g)

Zwavel

Sulfur

0.8 (g)

market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global pyridine-compound production | pyridinecompound | Cutoff | Europe market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for pesticide, unspecified | pesticide, unspecified | Cutoff | Global market for sulfur | sulfur | Cutoff | Global

FVO Guidelines for the selection of references - Draft version 3 16-05-2023

Cyflufenamid to soil / unspecified

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Thiram to soil / unspecified

Thiram to water / unspecified

Thiram to air / unspecified

Bromadiolone to soil / unspecified

-

-

Penconazole to soil / unspecified

Penconazole to water / unspecified

Penconazole to air / unspecified

Spinosad to soil / unspecified

Spinosad to water / unspecified

Spinosad to air / unspecified

Abamectin to soil / unspecified

Abamectin to water / unspecified

Abamectin to air / unspecified

N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1methylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide to soil / unspecified -

N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1methylcyclohexane-1-carboxamide to water / unspecified -

N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)1-methylcyclohexane-1carboxamide to air / unspecified -

Abamectin to soil / unspecified

Abamectin to water / unspecified

Abamectin to air / unspecified

Metrafenone to soil / unspecified

-

-

Sulfur to soil / unspecified

Sulfur to water / fresh water

Sulfur to air / unspecified

50