TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1:
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................3 PROPOSAL............................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................7 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.........................................................................8 SCIENCE BEHIND INTROVERSION............................................................... 14 BREAKING THE STEREOTYPES....................................................................... 16 CAN ANIMALS BE INTROVERTS?................................................................. 18 INTROVERTS AND TECHNOLOGY.............................................................. 22 INTROVERTS IN DIFFERENT CULTURES..................................................... 26 INTROVERTS AND NATURE........................................................................... 29 SPATIAL BEHAVIOR OF INTROVERTS.......................................................... 34 INTROVERTS’ SPATIAL PREFERENCES AND NEEDS................................ 36 INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS ON INTROVERTS........... 38 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................42 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................46 IMAGES REFERENCES......................................................................................51
1
2
ABSTRACT
This thesis will investigate introverts’ personality traits as it relates to their spatial environment preferences. The objective of this thesis is to determine whether introverts have specific spatial needs that help make their existence more safe and comfortable, improve their productivity and reduce stress in places of inevitable social interactions in private and public settings. This research aims to better understand introverts and to find out whether it’s possible to create environments where both introverts and extroverts will feel comfortable.
3
PROPOSAL
We live in an extroverted world. The majority of our population define
themselves as extroverts – outgoing, talkative and optimistic persons. It seems like most designed spaces are more suitable for their personalities. But what about those quiet, prudent and taciturn of us – introverts? They might feel uncomfortable and even vulnerable in typical extroverts’ open spaces, especially when they’re flooded with people. Even a residential setting can be a challenge for an introvert when one lives with someone else, especially if this someone is an extrovert. (Cane, 2012). The introversion-extroversion theory was initially proposed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung in the beginning of 20th century. He discovered that the main differences between these two personality types are the way they process information and gain energy. According to his theory, extroverts focus on external world whilst introverts find meaning within themselves, preferring solitude to socializing. Solitude helps introverts reenergize, nourishes them and provides the necessary feeling of comfort. Thus, because of their frequent need to spend some time alone, introverts are mistakenly seen as misanthropic or antisocial. It’s no wonder that our extroverted society might perceive introversion in a negative way. Susan Cane (2012), a true introvert herself, wrote a book Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking, where she appeals to the society to break the negative stereotypes about introverts and accept them for who they are. Introverts don’t hate other people, they just “find them tiring” (Rauch, 2003). Therefore, isolation from other people for a certain period of time is vital for their comfort. This is especially important in our world with ever growing population where “crowding has serious consequences and is a contributing factor to the deteriorating quality of life.” (Insel, Lindgren, 1978, p.1). However, Philip Bump (2012) states that “our always-on society is, in fact, becoming a Golden Age for introverts, in which it has become easier to carve out time for oneself.” The reason for that is technological progress. Instant text messaging and social networks create the environment of always on-line people that, on the first sight, might seem like a threat to introverts’ wellbeing. But “on the other hand, social media can be used by introverts in ways that they might not be comfortable with interacting in real life.” (Cane, 2012).
4
Introversion-extroversion theory might be applicable to all cultures, but some countries seem to have more introverted population (Luna, 2013). Interestingly, most of them are in Northern Europe and therefore share some environmental and climatic characteristics. Despite that American culture is a culture of extroverts (Bump, 2011), Oishu, Talhelm and Lee (2015) found out that residents of mountainous U.S. states were more introverted than residents of flat states which creates a hypothesis that the environment might shape and influence one’s personality. The main objective of this research is to determine if there are spatial characteristics that can serve both introverts and extroverts without isolating one from the other and can enhance their quality of life. Some important questions here are how to create well-balanced environments that would benefit both personality types, and to determine what level of separation and interaction is excessive and becomes the breaking point. The importance of this thesis is to make a contribution into environmental psychology, showing importance of considering personality types in the design of our environment. This research will also contribute into introverts’ physical and emotional wellbeing, the number of which we highly underestimate. Susan Cane (2012) claims that “one-third to half the population are introverts”. And it’s all in the hands of designers that are able to bring comfort in the life of those quietest of us who have to live in this bustling “world that can’t stop talking”. (Cane, 2012). Firstly, interpretive-historical research will be used in order to familiarize the reader with introversion-extroversion theory in psychology (and possibly break some stereotypes). Secondly, correlational research methods will draw the lines between introverts’ behavior and their spatial preferences. Lastly, qualitative research methods will be used to analyze various studies, books and other resources in psychology, environmental psychology, architecture and interior design.
5
6
INTRODUCTION “There are such a lot of things that have no place in summer and autumn and spring. Everything that’s a little shy and a little rum. Some kinds of night animals and people that don’t fit in with others and that nobody really believes in. They keep out of the way all the year. And then when everything’s quiet and white and the nights are long and most people are asleep—then they appear.” - Tove Jansson, Moominland Midwinter For a person who identifies as an introvert – a portion of society that comprises nearly one-third of our entire population – solitude is crucial. Constant exposure to social contacts, an endeavor both necessary and celebrated in our culture of extroversion, is in actuality, destructive for the wellbeing of an introvert. Public places built for human inhabitation, unsurprisingly, facilitate and maximize human interaction, encouraging and supporting socialization. These public spaces are therefore well suited for those who identify as extroverts and would appear to serve their social needs relatively well. However, introverts and extroverts are at opposing ends of the social spectrum. They possess vastly different personality traits and social behaviors. The needs and preferences of introverts versus their extroverted counterparts for social interaction reflect this disparity. The prospect of these two extremes inhabiting a single built environment poses a unique challenge – is it possible to create a well-balanced environment to accommodate both? Research on theories and major concepts of introversion-extroversion along with examination of the influence of modern technologies and spatial characteristics such as color and noise provide a useful guide for designers who want to create spaces that are equally comfortable for both personality types.
7
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The theory of introversion-extroversion was initially proposed by Swiss psy-
chiatrist Carl Jung in 1921 in his work Psychological Types. He states that mentally healthy individuals can be categorized as those who focus on external world, or extroverts, and those who are turned more inwards, or introverts. According to Jung, introverts might be described as those whose personal energy “moves toward the inner world of thoughts and ideas”, while extroverts’ energy “moves toward the outer world of people, places and things”. Simply stated, introverts are fueled by their own internal world, focusing on their dreams and fantasies, while extroverts find the external world as a constant source of energy and fueled by socializing and activity.
8
FIGURE 1
From everyday life perspective, when an introvert is in contact with people, he gradually expends his energy. The more people are involved in conversation and the longer and intense it is, the more energy is spent. In order to restore their energy, an introvert needs solitude, a time and place devoid of external stimulus. When it is not available, a drained introvert might become withdrawn and reserved, or “hide in his shell”. Solitude becomes essential for introverts’ sense of wellbeing; it nourishes them, helps recharge their energy and enables them to handle new social interactions again. This principle can be compared to a smartphone, where the smartphone is an introvert, the battery is his energy, FIGURE 2
and the charging cord is solitude. Extroverts’ mentality works other way round. In their case, the charging cord is people. When extroverts are faced with solitude, they become bored rather quickly; their energy diminishes as a response to a lack of stimulation around. Extroverts need social interaction to restore their energy.
FIGURE 3
9
Introversion and extroversion are not inherently good or bad, but rather equal. The opposing sensibilities complement each other, and each has its own weaknesses and advantages. Considering the main principles described above, Jung thereby determined that main weaknesses of introverts are “a lack of confidence in relation to people and things”, and a tendency of being shy, unsociable and hesitant. Extroverts’ weaknesses, on the other hand, are dependence on making a good impression, a fear and avoidance of being alone and a general lack of self-criticism. Jung noted that these two personality types often misunderstand and misjudge each other, tending “to notice the negative aspects of the other”. Introverts are often seen as egoistic, rude or antisocial, which is not necessarily the case (see chapter Breaking the Stereotypes). Similarly, extroverts might be perceived as superficial, annoying and too loud. However, the popular expression “opposites attract” has become manifest in the realm of marriage. Jung’s research noted that there is a “tendency for either type to marry its opposite” in perhaps a sub-conscious hope of complementing each other and balancing one’s shortcomings with the others. It is worth noting that according to Jung’s theory, none of us belong entirely to one personality type or another. Jung states:
“There is no such thing as a pure introvert or extrovert. Such a person would be in the lunatic asylum”.
Indeed, in reality, there is no line separating introversion and extroversion, but rather there is a continuum between them. We all fall somewhere along that continuum. Some of us change our “location” on the continuum and adjust according to various situations. However, Jung believed that ‘we are at home, or feel most comfortable, in one of these worlds over the other.”
10
FIGURE 4
But what about those of us who can’t determine where they belong on that continuum? There are many people who feel equally comfortable both around people and in solitude. They would equally enjoy dancing in the middle of a dance floor at a loud party, or reading a good book with a cup of tea and the quiet sound of fireplace on the background. There is a special name for those who fall right in the middle of that continuum, and possess the quality of both personality types depending on situation. The ambiverts, those “who achieves a balance between introversion and extroversion” (Reber, 2009). Although Jung actually mentioned that the majority of the people fall somewhere in the middle, he has never developed a term for that. It is hard to determine who was the first to use the word ambivert. Interestingly, the Internet shows that sometimes people use the word omnivert to describe those who fall in the middle of introversion-extroversion continuum, but this happens very rarely.
FIGURE 5
Twenty years after the publication of Personality Types, an American author Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katharine expanded Jung’s idea of introversion-extroversion further. They created the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), which resulted in defining sixteen types of personalities. They are based on four principles: • introversion-extroversion, • sensing-intuition, • thinking-feeling • judging-perceiving. According to their theory, each person is one or the other from each of the four categories. The result is “your own personality type, which can be expressed as a code with four letters.”
11
12
FIGURE 6
German-born British psychologist Hans Eysenck (1967) also used Jung’s idea to develop his own theory of personality typology. He created four personality types, two of which are introverted, and the other two extroverted. Another concept besides extroversion used by Eysenck is that of neuroticism – a psychological condition that includes “such traits as nervousness, tenseness, moodiness, and temperamentality” (Colman, 2015). According to Eysenck’s theory, there are Melancholic and Phlegmatic introverted types, with the first being higher on the neuroticism spectrum than the other, and Choleric and Sanguine extroverted types, with Choleric being more “neurotic” than Sanguine.
FIGURE 7
13
SCIENCE BEHIND INTROVERSION
Remarkably, Eysenck (1967) was the first psychologist who tried to explain
the physical science behind the extroversion and introversion. According to his hypothesis, introverts and extroverts differ in levels of arousal in the cerebral cortex. Particularly, introverts have high cortical arousal, meaning that they are generally over-aroused. This is the underlying reason for their seeking of solitude and other low-stimulating environments and activities. High levels of activities around them, such as overcrowding and noise, affect them in a negative way, increasing their arousal and making them over-stimulated. In order to achieve the comfortable optimal level of stimulation, quiet time is essential. Extroverts, on the other hand, have low cortical arousal and therefore constantly seek stimulating situations that increase their cortical arousal up to pleasant levels. For the extrovert, social activities are critical for wellbeing. Eysenck’s hypothesis has been tested in multiple studies. One such study was an experiment conducted by German psychologists Hagemann, Hewig,
14
Walter, Schankin, Danner, Naumann in 2009 that found firm evidence for his hypothesis. They discovered that there is “a positive relation between EEG [electroencephalogram] alpha [activity] in a resting state and extraversion scores, which suggests that extraverted individuals are cortically less aroused than introverts”. It was also found that this arousal was “most marked at frontal brain regions”, that are involved in “monitoring behavior, resisting distractions, and providing an awareness of self and of time” and such brain functions as “working memory, abstract thinking, social behavior, and executive functions such as decision making and strategic planning” (Colman, 2015). Another scientific explanation of personality is related to a neurotransmitter called dopamine – a chemical that is released in our brain as a response to a pleasure feeling. “The more responsive the brain is to dopamine, the more likely a person is to be sensitive to incentives and rewards.” (Lang, 1996). Study that asked participants to perform a gambling task, discovered that extroverts and introverts react differently when the gamble pays off (Cohen 2005). Specifically, extroverts were more energized and had stronger reaction. It has been found that this occurs because extroverts have more active dopamine systems, which means that they are more responsive to rewards. It has a correlation with the previous findings on arousal, supporting the fact that extroverts become more energized by stimulation, while introverts become overstimulated by it. The physical, chemical composition of our brains and the manner in which our brains process stimuli is directly related to our discernible personalities. It is important to understand that “introverts and extroverts often need very different levels of stimulation to function at their best” (Cane, 2012).
FIGURE 8
15
BREAKING THE STEREOTYPES “…extroversion gets to be defined by what it is, but introversion is too often defined by what it isn’t.” (McHugh, 2015) Apparently, society has a tendency to mistakenly impose various qualities on introverts that they do not possess. Moreover, these qualities are often not the most socially acceptable, such as shyness. Indeed, introverts may be shy (definitely more when compared to extroverts), but not all introverts are shy. Susan Cane (2012), an author of the book Quiet, states that “Shyness is a fear of social disapproval or humiliation, while introversion is a preference for environments that are not overstimulating. Shyness is inherently painful; introversion is not. One reason people confuse the two concepts is that they sometimes overlap”. The social behavior and mannerisms of people who are shy are often similar to the behavior and mannerisms of introverts, but the reason behind the behavior is radically different. Cain also mentions that “the shy person is afraid to speak up, while the introvert is simply overstimulated – but to the outside world the two appear to be the same.” Another common stereotype about introverts is that they are antisocial, misanthropic and hateful towards people in general. The truth is, introverts do not hate other people, they just find them tiring (Rauch, 2013). As learned from previous chapters, introverts are energized by solitude and drained by social interactions. That is the underlying reason of their occasional avoidance of a company, which has little to do with a dislike of others. Furthermore, introverts usually prefer smaller groups of people because the more people are involved in a conversation, the faster an introvert’s energy is spent. As mentioned earlier, solitude is crucial for an introvert’s wellbeing and when it is not available, they can become withdrawn and reserved. To those who are not aware of this phenomenon, a reserved introvert might look rude, cold or even arrogant. It is important for extroverts to understand that a cold glance from an introvert is not an indicator of despise; it is just a natural reaction to overstimulating environment, that in many ways cannot be helped. That explains why introverts enjoy spending time alone, which by the way, does not make them lonely as many people think they are.
16
Some might perceive introverts as too quiet, as people who have nothing to say. In reality, introverts just do not talk until they are ready to do so. As evidenced in previous chapters, introverts are turned inwards and are focused on their thoughts. That is the reason why introverts usually talk after carefully thinking about what to say, and that process might take some time. Additionally, they do not enjoy small talk as they prefer to pay close attention to the meaning of every word. Many introverts would likely agree that it is better to remain silent than to say something that does not make sense; or talk just for the sake of talking. The last, and probably the most important stereotype to break is that of introversion perceived as a negative trait that should be fixed. That is especially relevant for American culture that values extroversion (see chapter Introverts in Different Cultures). Such an attitude towards introverts can make them behave defensively, which in turn can make them even more reserved. In fact, being an introvert does not mean one cannot be positive, successful and good at teamwork. Introverts, like their extroverted counterparts, have their own strengths and weaknesses. It is important for both to be considerate of each other’s needs in order to achieve a balance in a relationship between the two extremes. The more we understand the reasons for certain behavior, and the more respect we give to different preferences – the more likely we are to accept and even appreciate the differences between introverts and extroverts.
FIGURE 9
17
CAN ANIMALS BE INTROVERTS?
The concepts of introversion-extroversion cannot be applied to the animal
world, because these personality characteristics apply only to humans. Animals do not have that level of consciousness and therefore cannot express the traits inherent to introverts and extroverts. However, if we think about introversion and extroversion in terms of avoiding and seeking contact, then there are many examples in the animal world. For instance, Edward Hall (1990) in his book The Hidden Dimension writes about contact and non-contact species. Contact species require physical contact with each other for different reasons and usually huddle together. Some examples of contact creatures are “the walrus, the hippopotamus, the pig, the brown bat, the parakeet, and the hedgehog”. Non-contact species, on the other hand, do not require physical contact and usually avoid touching. Non-contact creatures include “The horse, the dog, the cat, the rat, the muskrat, the hawk, and the blackheaded gull”. Interestingly, “closely related animals may belong to different categories”. The great example are penguins, such as the great Emperor penguin, which is a contact animal, and the Adelie penguin, which belongs to non-contact group. Being non-contact makes the Adelie penguin less adaptable to cold, whereas the great Emperor usually huddle together in order to conserve heat.
18
FIGURE 10
The concept of personal space can also be applied to the animal world. Firstly, it is worth noting that some species have spatial perception mechanisms such as flight distance and critical distance (Hall, 1990). When another creature enters their invisible bubble of flight distance, the animal flees. If the critical distance has been intruded, an animal might attack. It is known that critical distance for some animals is “so precise that it can be measured in centimeters.” Animals, as well as humans, have a sense personal distance - a normal distance between non-contact animals that they maintain between themselves. Similarly to flight and critical distances, it also might be described as an invisible bubble. When bubbles of personal space overlap, it means that animals are intimately involved. Dominant animals tend to have larger bubbles of personal space. Another important measurement in animal world is social distance. Social animals need to stay in touch with each other in order to be safe, as loss of contact may become fatal “for a variety of reasons including exposure to predators”. Social distance is more of a psychological distance or, in other words, the distance at which an animal “can no longer see, hear or smell the group”. Hall FIGURE 11
mentioned that in man, social distance has been extended by technologies such as phones and TVs that made it “possible to integrate the activities of groups over great distances”. (see chapter Introverts and Technology for more info). Hall (1990) also mentioned that the lack of space in animal world often leads to population collapse. This is a negative effect of crowding, a factor that is applied to the human world as well. Crowding is defined by the condition of “too many people, too little space” (Kopec, 2006), or especially the combination of both. Human population of our planet is constantly growing, as evidenced by statistics. Crowding is a consequence of it and is “a contributing factor to the deteriorating quality of life” (Insel, Lindgren, 1978).
FIGURE 12
19
Wolf, Doorn and Weissing (2008) state that “in many animal species, individuals differ consistently in suites of correlated behaviors, comparable with human personalities.” They differ in their level of responsiveness to environmental stimuli. Thus, animals might be roughly belong to two categories: “fast”, who are highly responsive, and “slow”, who are unresponsive and show “routine-like behaviors”. David Sloan Wilson (2007) in his book Evolution for Everyone provides an interesting comparison between people and animals in terms of having personalities. He writes that if “fast” and “slow” animals had parties, “some of the fasts would bore everyone with their loud conversation, while others would mutter into their beer that they don’t get any respect”. He also writes that “slow animals are best described as shy, sensitive types”, which might be similar to a typical description of introverted person (although they are not necessarily shy, as discussed in the chapter Breaking the Stereotypes). If we think about bold and shy animals as extroverts and introverts, respectively, a study conducted by Pike, Madhumita, Lindstrom and Royle (2008) is notably illuminating. Specifically, studying the behavior of three-spined sticklebacks, they found that “bold individuals had fewer overall interactions than shy fish, but tended to distribute their interactions more evenly across all group members.” Also, they found out that when interacting, shy fish were less likely to move, while bold fish tendency to move was unaffected by interactions. As mentioned in previous chapters, introverts often become over-stimulated by being around people. This over-stimulation sometimes manifests itself as reserved or withdrawn. Metaphorically, we might say that one just “hid behind his shell”. Thus, analogies could be drawn between introverts and shelled animals such as turtles, although there is no scientific evidence on whether turtles or any other shelled animals are introverted.
20
FIGURE 13
There are innumerable movies, books and cartoons, where dogs and cats are usually portrayed as mortal enemies, chasing one another. While in real life it is not always the case, one would definitely agree that dogs and cats are just opposites, similar to opposing natures of introverts and extroverts. An online article argues that “introverts and cats have a lot in common” (Chung, 2014). Among these shared qualities are increased selectiveness with whom to show love, calm and cool behavior, being happy staying home without the need to go out often, and a tendency to make plans regardless of what others do. Chung also mentions “the in or out dilemma”, the inner dialogue that introverts might have when it comes to leaving the house. She compares it with cat’s indecisiveness in situations when they are “out for less than five minutes before they want FIGURE 14
to come back in again”. Dogs, on the other hand, usually have more active and cheerful behavior. Article that discusses whether dogs can be introverts or extroverts provides an opinion of Diane J. Gardner, a dog trainer (Brokaw, 2013). She writes that “dogs absolutely have a personality”, but instead of introverted or extroverted, they are usually referred as “outgoing” or “reserved”. She mentions that “dogs are not capable of introspection and do not have a thought process that is either inward or outward directed”, therefore they cannot belong to introversion-extroversion continuum. According to Gardner, outgoing dogs when compared to reserved ones are “less disturbed, or overwhelmed, by sights, sounds and tactile experiences”.
FIGURE 15
A lack of consciousness in animals does not allow them to belong to the introversion-extroversion continuum, but some of them definitely have personalities. Observation of their natural responses to the environment can be insightful in better understanding of human environmental behavior in accordance with personality type.
21
INTROVERTS AND TECHNOLOGY
Technology has become an integral part of our lives. How does it influ-
ence the life of an introvert? The relationship between introversion and modern technologies is a controversial topic. It might at first seem like a threat to introverts’ wellbeing, leaving them vulnerable from the constant availability of contact. Moreover, social media increases the sense of openness by providing an opportunity to add more and more details to the things that people post – from location to exact time and date. But in fact,
“our always-on society is becoming a Golden Age for introverts, in which it has become easier to carve out time for oneself while meeting the needs of our extroverted friends” (Bump, 2011) One study has shown that introverts actually prefer communicating online than in real life, because it is easier for them to do so (McIntyre, Wiener, Saliba, 2015). The reasons for this are anonymity and increased control that we “lack in real life socializing: the screen [serves] as a barrier between us and the world” (Cashmore, 2008). Indeed, email correspondence gives us an opportunity to respond when we are ready to do so, instant messages help us to convey necessary information, right to the point without the need to engage in long conversations. Moreover, social media helps to create “an illusion of busyness” (Bump, 2011). Also, another study has shown that introverts locate their “real me” on the Internet, while extroverted individuals do so through traditional in-person social interactions. (Amichai-Hamburger, Wainapel, Fox, 2002). As a result, introverts have lower chances of getting psychological disorder from inability to express their “real me” in real life.
“The same person who finds it difficult to introduce himself to strangers might establish a presence online and then extend these relationships into the real world” (Cane, 2012)
22
The same beneficial effect also comes from the gadgets that are used – “When faced with rooms filled with people in various conversations, an introvert may feel the urge to use her smartphone as a shield or just avoid the networking opportunity altogether” (Jarski, 2013). Similar effect might be achieved in a crowded subway, when a smartphone, a laptop or a tablet serves as a “fence” of one’s personal space from undesirable intruders. Basically, our devices have become a physical buffer, a social cue to “do not disturb” tag on a hotel room door. However, using a smartphone for one of its primary functions, calling, might be difficult for an introvert. Research shows that introverts communicate better in writing than talking and tend to talk after thinking (Cain, 2012). An online article How an Introvert Makes a Phone Call (Ramm, 2015) suggests that such a simple two-step process of making a phone call becomes a “21-step monstrosity FIGURE 16
of a nightmare” for an introvert. While 21 steps is definitely an exaggeration, many introverts would agree that some of these steps are true. They include carefully thinking of what to say before calling (or even jotting down notes for it), considering what the other person might say and how to respond to it, making sure it’s quiet around (and making sure it will stay that way!), and finding a place to call alone without any distractions.
FIGURE 17
23
Interestingly, research shows that introverts and extroverts use the Internet in very different ways. With regards to social networking websites, Lu and Hsiao (2010) found out that introverts and extroverts value different things in the services that such websites provide. For instance, extroverts, as people who are focused on outer expression and social interactions, consequently, pay more attention to “web services that enhanced their social self-concept”, such as photo-sharing or decorating their avatar services. Introverts, on the other hand, being people who are turned inward, cared more about price/value for money of services and the emotional value of them. They paid more attention to the “pleasure that web services provided them”, like online-games for example. The prevalence of introverts using social media may be the reason why designer Rebecca Lynch has created a set of emojis (small digital images used in online conversations to indicate emotions or some type of activity) specifically for introverts that she called Introjis. She felt the need to create it after realizing that commonly used emojis usually show types of activities that are not typically associated with introverts. The result is a set of emojis representing quiet activities that most introverts enjoy, like reading, thinking and re-energizing after social interactions. Some emojis also help to express common concerns of introverts and the emotional states that they are in, such as being “in the personal bubble”, worrying about interactions with large number of people and the need to leave the social gathering earlier than everyone else.
24
FIGURE 18
FIGURE 19
However, there is some evidence that the Internet also has a negative effect on introverts. For instance, it has been proven by multiple studies that introverts prefer online communications, which increases their time spent on the Internet and, therefore, decreases their face-to-face communication time (McIntyre, Wiener, Saliba, 2015). Another study also supports that communicating online decreases introverts’ social contact and even causes introverts to become lonelier (Kraut, 2002). Relatedly, a study of compulsive internet use (CIU) proves that introverts have higher rates of developing CIU than their extroverted counterparts (McIntyre, Wiener, Saliba, 2015). This illustrates the double-sided blessing/ curse of Internet use by introverts, and while the Internet definitely provides necessary comfort for the introvert, the excessive use of it has the potential for a negative impact.
25
INTROVERTS IN DIFFERENT CULTURES “Introverts may be common, but they are also among the most misunderstood and aggrieved groups in America” (Rauch, 2013) American culture is undoubtedly a culture of extroverts (Bump, 2011). Americans value outgoing and enthusiastic people, the collective images of which are advertised everywhere – from TV to magazines. Such people are perceived as successful, happy and lucky. Employers want to get these people in their teams, teachers want their students to speak up. Smiling at a stranger and asking “How are you?” with no intention to hear a truthful answer is a steady part of everyday life of almost every American. But this was not always the case. The beginning of the 20th century marked a threshold when things started to change in the US. At this time, according to a historian Warren Susman (2003), “a Culture of Character” changed to “a Culture of Personality”. Two main triggers that made the American culture move towards extroversion are industrialization and extensive immigration. Prior to the turn of the last century, a large percentage of the American population lived in rural areas. In just a few short decades, everything has changed tremendously, rapid industrialization ushered in urbanization, and in 1920, “more than a third of the country were urbanities”. (Berger, 1978). In rural settings, people lived largely isolated from others or in small communities where everyone generally knows each other. With urbanization, people started to live surrounded by complete strangers, causing a new social phenomenon to emerge – the desire to make an impression on people they do not know to distinguish themselves somehow within the crowd. Later, the emergence of a competitive business culture was followed by a goal to sell yourself in order to
26
be successful, a task well suited for an extrovert. The other contributing factor in shaping extroverted American culture was the extensive immigration, which occurred in the 20th century. Those who immigrated were likely to be more active and extroverted, a trait the passed on to their children. While introversion-extroversion ratio seems to be similar in different countries, some cultures are perceived to be more extroverted, like American and Brazilian, and some to be more introverted, like Finnish and Japanese (Polushkina, Kovalenko, Yakimova, 2013). “America is a noisy culture, unlike Finland, which values silence. Individualism, dominant in the U.S. and Germany, promotes the direct, fast-paced style of communication associated with extraversion. Collectivistic societies, such as those in East Asia, value privacy and restraint, qualities more characteristic of introverts.” (Helgoe, 2010). Contrary to American social tendencies, “In Finland, silence is not equated with failure to communicate; it is an integral part of social interaction.” (Lewis, 2004). An interesting comparison of values and styles of communication between Western cultures, the Finns and Eastern cultures was done by Richard Lewis. It illustrated that Finnish and Asian people are generally introverts, exhibiting more modesty, are generally quieter and use much less overt body language and physical expressions.
FIGURE 20
27
Researchers J. Allik and R. McCrae analyzed data from 36 cultures and discovered that people from European and American cultures “appear to be outgoing, open to new experience, and antagonistic, whereas people from Asian and African cultures are introverted, traditional, and compliant.” (Allik, McCrae, 2004). East Asia in particular appeared to be the most introverted. “South America and South and Southeast Asia were also significantly lower on extraversion than the rest of the world.” (Schmitt, Allik, McCrae, Benet-Martinez, 2007). A map below illustrates “the Old World distribution for Extroversion”, where darker shades represent higher extroversion score. Countries with no shading have missing data.
FIGURE 21
Interestingly, a study by McCrae (1998) found that “differences between Chinese and Canadians of European ancestry were progressively attenuated with longer residence in Canada; in particular, Canadian culture appear to increase openness and agreeableness.” However, Chinese born and raised in Canada were still more introverted than Canadians of European ancestry. According to an online article by Luna (2013), the countries of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Latvia, Sweden and Switzerland are also perceived to be introverted. Remarkably, these countries share some climatic and environmental characteristics, which raises the question – Do environmental factors create a population of introverts? Or do introverts naturally gravitate towards certain environments?
28
INTROVERTS AND NATURE “Over every mountain there is a path, although it may not be seen from the valley.” Theodore Roethke It is no wonder that nature serves as a retreat to the modern human. The majority of our population living in urban settings, regardless of their personality type, would likely agree that living in a city makes them long for nature. Indeed, the cooling sensation of the water sparkling from the sun, or a calming atmosphere of a cloudy day in mountains can be restorative for our urban souls. Each of us who loves spending time outdoors has a preference of how and when to do it and a personality type could be a defining factor for that. Researchers from the University of Virginia (Oishi, Talhelm, Lee, 2015) conducted a series of studies to determine the preferences of American introverts and extroverts when it comes to choosing natural settings. Specifically, they decided to focus on two the most prominent geographic characteristics in the US – “mountainous terrains (including woods) relative to the ocean and plains”. They mentioned that unlike extroverts, introverts are “low in need for affiliation and exhibition” and hypothesized that consequently, introverts should “seek environments that allow them to be alone”. Oishi et al. suggested that introverts would prefer wooded and mountainous areas for several reasons. Firstly, these areas “have low press [functional value] for affiliation” as opposed to open plains and ocean areas, which offer more opportunities for affiliation. Secondly, according to Eysenck’s theory, introverts should seek calm environments because they are chronically over-aroused, and beaches are “typically noisier, with more people to watch, talk to and hang out with than mountains”. Finally, they proposed that introverts should be happier in secluded areas that facilitate isolation, whereas open areas facilitate socialization that extroverts need. Three studies were conducted in order to test these hypotheses. The first study simply asked 921 students of University of Virginia to report which environment they like more, the ocean or the mountains. Then, they were asked whether they like general activities such as walking, running, and biking; ocean-related activities such as swimming, sailing, and kayaking; and mountain-related activities such as hiking, skiing, rock climbing and mountain biking. The results
29
showed that the majority of participants, 669 students (or 72.6%) preferred the ocean, while the remainder, 252 students (or 27.4%) preferred the mountains. “As predicted, people who liked the mountains were more introverted than people who liked the ocean.” And it also followed that, introverts liked mountain-related activities more. The second study asked 226 participants to choose between ocean and mountains in two different scenarios: • when they want to decompress after a stressful week and to be alone; • when they want to have some fun with friends over the weekend. Consistent with researchers’ predictions, most chose the ocean (74.8%) when they wanted to have fun. Accordingly, when people wanted to have their quiet time, they chose the mountains. That supports the suggestion that mountains are more suitable for solitude, whereas oceans are more suitable for socialization. The third study asked participants to “rate psychological features of mountains and oceans (such as how likely they would be to meet other people there).” In order to get clearer results, instead of just asking, researchers showed participants pictures of specific beaches and mountains as they assumed that introverts and extroverts might think about different kinds of mountains and oceans. Additionally, participants were asked to report “whether they grew up near the ocean, mountains, or neither.” In total 12 pictures were shown, grouped in 6 pairs. Participants could choose only one picture from a pair as they favorite. Afterwards, they were asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 7 “how beautiful the location is, how open it is, how secluded it is, how easy it is to get there, how much work it would take to have fun there, and how likely it is to meet someone else there”. Results showed that on average, pictures of mountains were rated as more beautiful than those of an ocean. Overall, “participants perceived the pictures as intended”, which means that they rated ocean locations as more fun and open, easier to get to and with greater chance to meet someone than mountain locations. Mountains, on the other hand, were rated as “less open, more secluded, less conducive to meeting other people, more difficult to get to, and taking more work to have fun in than oceans.” Regarding the personality type, the initial hypothesis was fully proved: introverts preferred mountains, where seclusion could be achieved, while extroverts preferred the ocean more as a place that “take less work to have fun”.
30
FIGURE 22
31
The first three studies illustrated that introverts are more attracted to mountains, which raised a theory that “mountainous US states might have more introverts than non-mountainous states.” The fourth study was conducted to test this theory. The personality data of 619,397 respondents was collected over the course of six years. They discovered that “residents of states with higher mountains were more introverted than residents of states with lower mountains.” In other words, people who live in mountainous U.S. states (e.g. Vermont, Washington) defined themselves as more introverted than people in flat states like North Dakota and Wisconsin. The conclusion of this study raised a new question – Do introverts choose to be in the mountains, or does being in the mountains make people more introverted? To answer this question, the last, fifth study was conducted. The aim was to find out “whether being in a secluded, wooded area would make people quiet and introverted, whereas being in a flat, open area would make people more sociable.” In addition, researchers wanted to test the hypothesis that “extroverts should be happier than introverts in a flat, open area, whereas introverts should be happier than extroverts in wooded, secluded area”. The participants of the fifth study, 101 students from the University of Virginia were not made aware of the hypotheses. The experiment started with a 10-minute group discussion on unrelated topic and was conducted in a neutral setting. Afterwards, participants were led outside to “either a wooded, secluded area or a flat, open area on campus”, where the second 10-minute group discussion was conducted. During both discussions, the experimenters counted the number of times that each participant spoke. After the discussion, participants filled a brief questionnaire that asked to rate their state, mood and the location on a scale from 1 to 7. The results showed, as expected, that the wooded area was perceived as more secluded, calm, quiet and peaceful, while flat area was rated as more open and sociable. Regarding the original hypotheses about whether a specific environment would yield specific introverted or extroverted behavior, the first one found no evidence that “being in a secluded area makes people more introverted or that being in an open/flat area makes people more extroverted.” The second hypothesis, however, were supported, as the analysis of self-reports showed that “introverts were significantly happier in the wooded, secluded area than in the flat, open area, whereas the pattern was the opposite for extroverts”.
32
FIGURE 23
The introverts’ preference for more secluded locations such as woods and mountains may have something to do with the theory of prospect and refuge, initially proposed by a British geographer Jay Appleton in 1975. He suggested that “preferences for environments depend on both prospect (how far one can see) and refuge (how protected one is against possible enemies)” (Stamps, 2006). These factors also influence people’s perceptions of “how safe an environment appears to be.” (Ramanujam, 2006). From an evolutionary standpoint, we all need to be in a safe place. But, from an introvert’s point of view, it might be construed as the comfort and safety of being separated from others, which is dictated by their need for solitude.
FIGURE 24
33
SPATIAL BEHAVIOR OF INTROVERTS
In a restaurant, it often occurs that one has a certain preference on whether
to sit in the middle of the rooms or in nooks and alcoves. One also chooses between merging with the flow of the crowd and taking an alternative path to avoid it. These everyday decisions must be somehow related to personality types. As previously demonstrated, introverts prefer lower levels of stimulation than extroverts do, and as such, they organize their behavior in accordance with this preference (Eysenck, 1967). For instance, Insel and Lindgren (1978), the authors of the book Too Close for Comfort mentioned Vanderveer’s study which discovered introverts’ tendency to choose “defensive seating” away from the center of a restaurant. He found that introverts prefer “seats in nooks and alcoves that would ensure the maximum in privacy and provide some protection against the anticipated influx of customers”. (Insel, Lindgren, 1978). Dak Kopec, an author of the book Environmental Psychology for Design writes that introverts tend to choose close furniture arrangements “that establish distances appropriate to their comfort zones” (Kopec, 2006). He also mentioned that introverts prefer to sit in chairs as oppose to sofas, as they allow them to avoid physical contact with others while seating. Introverts that Kopec called guarded, feel more safe and comfortable when furniture separates them from others, while extroverts that Kopec defined as social, prefer to be near other people and therefore do not like to use furniture as a buffer to keep themselves separate from others. However, while preferring a safety of separation, introverts would not be happy to see that their path of exit is obstructed as this prevents them from “free mobility and easy escape”. (Kopec, 2006). In support of Kopec’s findings, researchers from Iowa State University who studied relation of personality to interior office design, discovered that “occupants of offices using an open desk placement reported significantly greater degrees of extroversion than did occupants of offices with a closed desk position” (McElroy, Morrow, Ackerman, 1983). An exploratory study by Marta Losonczy-Marshall and P. Douglas Marshall asked 346 college students to explain why they choose specific seats in class. The study revealed that students high on Asocial factor that “referred to sitting next to no one or not standing out in class”, tend to choose seats in the back of
34
the room. They assumed that “students high on this factor are very introverted (shy)”. This leads to a conclusion that some introverts would prefer to sit closer to the back of a class, away from others. The preference for spatial locations carries over into introverts’ choice of living environments. Thus, introverted and extroverted students prefer different types of it. The dissertation by Doctor of Philosophy E. A. Grandpre (1995) from Ohio State University examined “differences in perceptions of ideal, or desired, and real, or actual, residence hall environments, by psychological type”. The results indicated that introverts preferred “an environment with significantly greater emphasis on purely academic pursuits that extroverts did”. One reason for this is because that type of environment provides introverts with an inward focus of their energy on academics and ideas. Extroverts, on the other hand, preferred “a residence hall environment with significantly greater emphasis on group and individual spontaneity, the amount and variety of activities that the introverts did”, allowing them to focus their energy on “people, places and things”.
FIGURE 25
The physical reality of a given space will be interpreted and regarded in a different way depending on where one falls on the introversion-extroversion spectrum. According to a re-analysis of the data reported by Oishi, Schiller, and Gross (2013), it has been found that extroverts “overestimated the slope of a hill more than introverts”. Specifically, extroverts thought that “the 5-degree slope was significantly steeper than did introverts”. While an observation made about a natural landscape form, it can be potentially applied to the forms of the built environment.
35
INTROVERTS SPATIAL PREFERENCES AND NEEDS Introverts’ behavior and personality traits described in previous chapters
determine their specific needs in built environment that need to be fulfilled for their comfort. Kopec (2006) believes that there should be a safe haven for ensuring introvert’s privacy in space. In her book Human Factors in the Built Environment, Linda Nussbaumer (2014) writes that, considering the difference in energy orientation between introverts and extroverts, they also have different spatial needs. She notes that while social-active extroverts need areas for interaction with others, their introverted counterparts, on the other hand, need areas to observe but not interact with others. Additionally, introverts need areas for solitude and areas for reflection, while extroverts primarily need an “area to work through ideas generated during group interaction”. The study A Room With a Cue examined physical environments in relation to their inhabitants. They hypothesized that individuals “select and craft physical environments that reflect and reinforce who they are” (Gosling, Ko, Mannarelli, 2001). In support of Nussbaumer findings, their experiment showed that “compared with introverts, extraverts’ offices appeared to be crafted to encourage interaction; they were relatively warm, decorated, and inviting.” A valuable study Personal Bias: The Influence of Personality Profile on Residential Design Decisions (Matthews, Hill, Allisma, 2010), conducted among 91 design students at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has proven that personality type has an influence on preferences in residential interior design. “From 2001 to 2004, students in a third-year interior design studio were assigned the task of designing a home for themselves” within tight spatial parameters. Prior to designing, students completed MBTI personality test that identified introverted and extroverted individuals among them. Additionally, they were asked to “select up to five principles from each of the two modes”: organizing principles described by Ching (1979) and Clark and Pause (1996), and pattern languages described by Alexander et al (1977). Organizing principles included “balance, symmetry,
36
grid, collision of geometries, asymmetry, organicism, progression, and additive forms”. Pattern languages included “own room, secret place, varied ceiling heights, half open walls, open stairs, entrance transition, window place, window overlooking life, flow through rooms, bathing room, shape of interior space, and hierarchy of spaces”. Five main aspects of a designed space that the researchers focused on were “entry directness, interior openness, public/private connectedness, color warmth, and texture richness.” The results showed that inward focused introverts “tended to create indirect entry sequences, less open interior space, and designed more separation between public and private spaces” than their extroverted counterparts. Additionally, the study showed that introverts “opted to incorporate certain pattern languages into their design solutions such as “own room, window place, and window overlooking life”, that reflects their need for separation and privacy.
FIGURE 26 - Examples of design projects of extreme extrovert (on the left) and introvert (on the right).
Pattern languages that introverts preferred the most are described in the book A Pattern Language by Christopher Alexander (1977). He suggests that windows overlooking life should be placed in each room “in such way that their total area conforms roughly to the appropriate figures for your region…and place them in positions which give the best possible views out over life: activities in streets, quiet gardens, anything different from indoor scene.” (Alexander, 1977). Window place, according to Alexander, should substitute at least one regular window “in every room where you spend any length of time during the day”. To create a well-done window place, there should be created an alcove with a builtin seats; the sill should be kept low; frames and mullions should be in the exact positions according to the view outside, and the window should be deep into the wall to soften light around the edges. Regarding the own room, Alexander writes that each member of the family room should be given his or her own FIGURE 27
room, especially adults. Each room should include a minimum of one alcove, a desk, shelves, and curtain.
37
INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS ON INTROVERTS Every built environment has specific characteristics such as color, scale, ma-
terials, light intensity, and noise level that influence us in a different way. At the same time, all of us have various individual preferences for favorite colors, music or architecture styles. Some might feel comfortable spending their time in silence in a dark-colored room with low ceilings, while others would prefer to be in a big, well-lit space with bright colored furnishings and some background music. But what about introverts? Do they have specific preferences in space? The spatial preferences of introverts and extroverts have also been found to be unique and not surprisingly contrasting. Color studies, conducted by Robinson, have shown that, generally speaking, introverts prefer certain colors to others. For instance, it has been found that introverts prefer cooler and calmer hues such as greens and blues, while extroverts prefer warmer and more intense hues such as reds and oranges (Robinson, 1975). Another study has showed that choosing between gray and purple colors, “gray was significantly more preferred than purple by introverts when compared with the extraverts’ ratings.” (Aguilera, 1980). Another study that researched preferences for modern artworks indicated that introverts preferred more subdued colors in paintings, while extroverts leaned towards more lively colors (Eysensk, 1941).
38
FIGURE 28
Swiss and British environmental psychologists Kuller, Mikellides and Jannsens (2008) conducted three experiments to test psychological and physiological effects on people when placed in gray and colorful interior rooms. The first experiment tested participants in red and gray rooms. “They were required to perform various tasks for a total of 3 h in each room”. During these tasks, participants’ physiological recordings were taken, alongside with self-reported mood. The second experiment tested participants in identically furnished red and blue rooms, where they were asked to “write a story about what the room made them think about”, that was then scored for number of words. In the third experiment another red and blue rooms were used to test participants in two types of office work: “routine clerical” and creative. Routine test included “proof reading and correcting of a lengthy text”, while creative test included “an essay with a content, form and length of their own choice”. It is worth mentioning that participants of the first two experiments wore clothes of neutral colors, while participants of the third experiment wore clothes of their own choice. The results showed that introverts “become more affected by strong, especially red, colors and patterns, which causes severe changes in their performance.” (Kuller, Mikellides, Jannsens, 2008, p. 11). They have concluded that such colors “put the brain into a more excited state, sometimes to such an extent as to cause a paradoxical slowing of the heart rate”. The heart rate of introverts in these studies was found to be “slowed by as much as 10%” in colorful rooms.
FIGURE 29
FIGURE 30
39
Multiple studies have investigated the influence of various sounds on introverts and extroverts. These sounds include instrumental and vocal music and different levels of background noise. British psychologists in 1999 conducted an experiment to investigate “the distracting effect of vocal and instrumental music on cognitive performance of introverts and extroverts” (Furnham, Trew, Sneade, 1999). The result showed that cognitive performance of introverts in reading tasks was significantly impaired by introduction of background music and was impaired even further with addition of vocals to it. Conversely, extroverts’ performance in these tasks was enhanced by introduction of music, and enhanced even further with introduction of vocals. The same study also provided a summary of prior research showing interesting findings on the topic of the effects of sound. Introverts reported that although they listen to soft music while studying, they do it twice as seldom as extroverts. It also has been proven that while both personality types perform equally well in silence with the TV off, extroverts perform better than introverts with TV on. Interestingly, it has also been shown that “in the presence of pop music songs, separated by a male voice, scores on a reading comprehension test and scores on a delayed recall short-term memory test were significantly reduced for introverts and significantly increased for extroverts”. (Furnham, Bradley, 1997). Daoussis and McKelvie (1986) found that “in a mental arithmetic task applied on 123 medical students under quiet (42 dB(A) Leq) and noisy laboratory conditions (recorded traffic noise, 88 dB (A) Leq), extroverted subjects performed significantly faster in noise. In introverted subjects, concentration problems and fatigue were more pronounced in noise.” (Belojevic, Jakovljevic, Slepcevic, 2003). Cassidy and Macdonald (2007) investigated “the effects of contrasting forms of background music and background noise on the cognitive task performance of introverts and extraverts.” They measured their scores in various tasks in different acoustical conditions – music with high arousal potential (HA), music with low arousal potential (LA), everyday noise and silence. Under all sound conditions, the results showed overall greater performance of introverts in immediate recall, free recall and delayed recall tasks, and significantly poorer performance in Stroop task, that involved visual stimulation, suppression and vocalization. However, only the Stroop task showed negative influence of sounds on introverts, specifically, HA music and noise.
40
The questionnaires used in this study have also revealed that introverts prefer pop, classical and more relaxing music while studying, while extroverts preferred more aggressive types like rock, metal and hip hop music. Another study, made by Dobbs, Furnham and McClelland (2011) tested introverts and extroverts under conditions of music, noise and silence. These tests included Raven’s test of abstract reasoning, The Wonderlick Personnel test and Verbal reasoning test. Raven’s test consisted of “60 items arranged in five sets, each of 12 items. An item contains a figure with a missing piece, below which are either six or eight alternative pieces (one of which is correct) to complete the figure”. The Wonderlick Personnel Test consisted of “50-items graded in difficulty, and is administered in 12 minutes. The items include word and number comparisons, disarranged sentences, serial analysis of geometric figures and story problems that require mathematical and logical solutions.” Lastly, the Verbal reasoning test consisted of a mixture of question types: Antonym identification, sentence completion and grammar. As a result, first and second tests that were taken in silence, showed almost no relationship between performance and introversion/ extroversion. However, the same tests under noisy conditions showed significant decrease in test performance of introverts, while extroverts’ performance stayed almost unaffected. It’s worth noting that noise was more detrimental to performance than music for both introverts and extroverts. Yet another study investigated test performance under condition of low frequency noise (LFN) found out that although introverts performed faster than extroverts in that case, their accuracy levels were less was when compared to extroverts’. The researchers explained the results that “introverts performed the tests faster to get rid of noise, and therefore, accuracy decreased.” (Alimohammadi I., Sandrock S., Gohary M., 2013). The information above shows the significant differences in the effect of sound on performance of introverts and extroverts. Generally speaking, introverts perform better in quieter conditions, and their productivity is decreased with noise, while extroverts adapt much better to presence of various background sounds. The findings on color and noise described above provide a useful tool when considering the design of spaces for people with extreme tendencies towards introversion or extroversion.
41
CONCLUSION
There is no definitive line between introverts and extroverts – in fact they are
connected by a rich and varied continuum. We all belong somewhere along this continuum, but introverts by far comprise the minority. What is more is that they are often underestimated and misunderstood. While Western cultures put more value to extroversion, it is important to understand that we should treat and appreciate both extremes of the scale equally. Introverts and extroverts are fundamentally different, like the Sun and the Moon, cats and dogs, black and white; but the world is much more interesting for the diversity. There is room enough in this world for both introverts and extroverts. In order to ensure comfortable coexistence, both personality types need to be considerate of each other’s specific needs and preferences. While mutual respect between introverts and extroverts can reach a balance on a mental level, the built environment is what provides a balance on a physical level. Extroverts have an advantage in that because most public places are designed to facilitate socialization, which can be undesirable for introverts. One of the major differences between introverted and extroverted individuals is the way in which they gain energy. Extroverts are fueled by socialization, while introverts are re-energized by solitude. Therefore, extroverts need to have people around them much more than introverts do. While some public places can be avoided by an introvert, another public places have to be occupied by necessity, such as workplaces and schools. One of the main goals for a designer here is to ensure that introverts have their safe haven, a quiet place for solitude, reflection and contemplation. However, it would be a mistake to think that only introverts need such places. Depending on how close to the middle of the scale an extrovert is, he may also need his quiet time alone. Introspection, reflection and even meditation are of benefit to all human beings. Another major difference between introverts and extroverts is that introverts function at their best with low levels of external stimulation, while extroverts thrive with high levels of it. High levels of stimulation include overcrowding, background sounds and excessive openness in the space. Thus, it is important to mitigate these external stimuli and minimize the negative effects of these factors on introverts. Not to eliminate them altogether, as they are desirable for extroverts, but to provide a variety of levels of stimuli. Overcrowding can be reduced
42
by breaking the long or large spaces into smaller segments. Careful consideration of how people circulate in certain spaces helps provide places free of traffic and minimize the intrusion into personal space and affords a level of control and comfort for introverts. Acoustics can control the levels of noise in various parts of a space, which is especially important in workplaces and schools, as it has been proven that introverts and extroverts react to noise in different ways. A place should not be completely silent or prone to make noise throughout. Instead, it would be helpful to provide potentially quiet places within a space and consider the placement and proximity of areas that will be the noisiest. Designers should not underestimate the extent to which a space can influence an introvert’s wellbeing. Specific spatial characteristics can both improve or worsen introverts’ mood and productivity. For instance, when designing with introverts in mind, it would be smart to avoid heavy use of the “red family” of colors and patterns as they affect introverts’ productivity negatively. However, in order to achieve balanced spaces for both personalities, it would be better to use such colors in moderation instead of avoiding them altogether. Considering the introverts’ preferences for subdued colors and cooler hues such as blues and greens, it can be beneficial to use them in spaces that are created specifically for solitude. Moreover, the symbolic meaning of such colors in many cultures is associated with peace, calm, harmony, stability and nature that supports the concept of solitude. Controlling the natural environment can also be a useful tool when designing for introverts. Designers should pay attention to the spatial and audible components unique to natural environments that introverts are attracted to, such as mountains and forests. Their characteristics can be potentially applied to the built environment in order to yield similar positive effects that nature has on the introvert. One of the most salient characteristics of mountainous and wooded areas is the seclusion. Beaches, by contrast, are more open and more conducive to meeting other people, which makes them more attractive for extroverts. Specific features of the typical beachscape such as wind, splashes of water, buzz of sunbathing people work towards overwhelming and over-stimulating the introvert. Additionally, wide open and flat spaces afford little opportunities for refuge. An uncomfortable sense of physical exposure in turn put the introvert into uncomfortable emotional state. When translated into the built environment, wide open public spaces have much the same effect on introverts.
43
An awareness of how to mitigate intense natural elements, of how to incorporate moments of refuge, offer a sense of shelter, to break-down the intense expanse (of both people and space) into more digestible components are all important considerations for a designer. Good design should always be mindful and sensitive to providing a variety of scales, and the modulation of space - but these considerations become critical when designing for those at the extreme end of the introvert continuum. Mountains, on the other hand, provide an opportunity to see everything from above, but not to be seen by everyone down below. It has a correlation with the prospect-refuge theory that was initially applied to the natural environment, but can be successfully translated and applied the built one. Areas created solely for detached observation should be incorporated adjacent to areas for interaction to provide a choice of stimulating or calming environment in relation to one’s personality type. In public spaces where the presence of other people is inevitable, designers should take behavior of introverts into account. For example, there should be single seats available along with sofas and other seats that accommodate more than one person. Single seats are more favorable to introverts as they can avoid touching other people while sitting. It would be smart to consider both sociofugal (furniture arranged so that people face each other) and sociopetal (furniture arranged to minimize intimacy among their users) arrangements to ensure that there are seating places that facilitate socialization and ones that do not. Introverts also prefer close furniture arrangements. However, it should be done carefully as arrangements that are too close together can limit the free mobility and sense of easy “escape” required by the introvert. Designers should consider paths that do not have obstacles in order for introverts to have the feeling of escaping whenever they want to. Alcoves and niches could also be incorporated as they provide the necessary feeling of safety. Residential places may have less flexibility in terms of balance between introverts and extroverts, because they are limited to accommodating only one or several people. If all dwellers are introverts, there is no need to incorporate many areas for extroverts. It is a different situation if dwellers belong to the opposite ends on introversion-extroversion continuum. In that case, it is important to reach the balance between excessive openness and excessive separation – qualities that extroverts and introverts, respectively, tend to desire in their space. Additionally, it is important to understand that our homes serve as a retreat for
44
all of us, but for introverts a notion “a home as a shelter” is crucial. This is a place where an introvert can find solitude and feel safe. Designers should be alert of approaches that can enhance these feelings. The presence of modern technologies is also a critical design consideration. Designers should make sure they are incorporated properly, as technologies can be beneficial for introvert’s general wellbeing. Modern technologies can reduce the number of more traditional face-to-face social interactions in a public place. One should have a choice whether to use a machine (e.g. for registering in the hotel, airport or library or for making an order at a restaurant) or to be served by a real person. Also, I would be smart to consider an opportunity to express one’s mind in a written form instead of by public speaking or by telephone. Strongly introverted individuals express their opinion much clearer on a paper or a computer screen. It is important to introduce these practices at workplaces and schools. Technological devices can also serve as a buffer between introverts and the world around them. When they want to decompress, but retiring to a quiet place is not an option, devices may help reduce the tension of overstimulating. We design for people, but all people are different. Considering personality type in the design of built environment is an important step in the process of creating spaces that enhance our human existence. Designers should be alert and sensitive to various personality types. At the start of a design project, a simple conversation with a client, or a questionnaire might shed light on their personality type. By doing so, architects and designers can create spaces that better accommodate our needs and preferences.
FIGURE 31
45
BIBLIOGRAPHY Aguilera, D. M. (1980). A Comparison of Color Preferences, State Anxiety, and Introversion-Extraversion. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/ docview/303076179?accountid=10559 Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press. Alimohammadi, I., Sandrock, S., & Gohari, M. R. (2013). The effects of low frequency noise on mental performance and annoyance. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(8), 7043-7051. doi:10.1007/s10661-013-3084-8 Allik, J., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Toward a geography of personality traits: Patterns of profiles across 36 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(1), 13-28. doi:10.1177/0022022103260382 Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2002). “On the Internet No One Knows I’m an Introvert”: Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Internet Interaction. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 5(2), 125-128. doi:10.1089/109493102753770507 Appleton, J. (1975). The experience of landscape (1996 ed.). New York: Wiley. Belojevic G., Jakovljevic B., Slepcevic V. (2003). Noise and Mental Performance: Personality Attributes and Noise Sensitivity. Noise & Health 6(21), 67-89. Retrived from: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA164795735&v=2.1&u=drexel_ main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=83d5508b10de30f562c0325f4e2b88c8 Berger A., (1978). The City: Communities and Their Problems. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown Co. Bielski Z. (Interviewer) & Cane S. (Interviewee). (2012). Giving introverts permission to be themselves. [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from The Globe and Mail website: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/giving-introverts-permission-to-be-themselves/article2316483/singlepage/#articlecontent Brokaw J. (2013). Can dogs be introverted or extroverted? Retrieved from http://www.patheos.com/blogs/heavenlycreatures/2013/02/can-dogs-be-introverted-or-extroverted/ Bump P., (2011). 4 Ways Technology Can Enable Your Inner Introvert. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/07/4-ways-technology-can-enable-your-inner-introvert/242469/ Cane, S. (2012). Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can’t Stop Talking. New York: Crown Publishers. Cane, S. (2012). The Power of Introverts (TED talk). Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/ talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts#t-170415 Carl Jung & Psychological Types. Retrieved from http://mbtitoday.org/carl-jung-psychological-type/#in-practice Cashmore P. (2008). IRONY ALERT: Social Media Introverts? Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2008/08/15/irony-alert-social-media-introverts/#i8jGZtvLUaq4
46
Cassidy G., Macdonald R. (2007). The Effect of Background Music and Background Noise on the Task Performance of Introverts and Extraverts. Psychology of Music, 35(3), 517-537. Retrieved from http://pom.sagepub.com.ezproxy2.library.drexel. edu/content/35/3/517.full.pdf+html Chung M. (2014). Why Introverts Are Like Cats. Retrieved from http://introvertspring. com/introverts-like-cats/ Cohen, M. X., Young, J., Baek, J., Kessler, C., & Ranganath, C. (2005). Individual differences in extraversion and dopamine genetics predict neural reward responses. Cognitive Brain Research, 25(3), 851-861. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.018 Colman, A. (2015). neuroticism. In A Dictionary of Psychology: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/ acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681-e-5506 Daoussis, L., & McKelvie, S. J. (1986). Musical preferences and effects of music on a reading comprehension test for extraverts and introverts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 283. doi: 10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.283 Dobbs S., Furnham A., McClelland A. (2011). The Effect of Background Music and Noise on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(2), 307-313. DOI: 10.1002/acp.1692 Eysenck, H. J. (1941). “Type”-factors in aesthetic judgments. London: Cambridge, University Press. Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas. Furnham, A., & Bradley, A. (1997). Music while you work: The differential distraction of background music on the cognitive test performance of introverts and extraverts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(5), 445-455. doi:10.1002/(SICI)10990720(199710)11:5<445::AID-ACP472>3.0.CO;2-R Furnham, A., Trew, S., & Sneade, I. (1999). The distracting effects of vocal and instrumental music on the cognitive test performance of introverts and extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(2), 381-392. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00249-9 Gosling S., Jin Ko S., Morris M., Mannarelli T. (2002), A Room With a Cue: Personality Judgments Based on Offices and Bedrooms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 379-398. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.3.379 Grandpre, E. A. (1995). Comparison of the real and ideal perceptions of a student living environment by psychological types. (Order No. 9533979, The Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304225525?accountid=10559 Granneman J. (2015). These new emojis, called Introji, help introverts communicate their needs. Retrieved from http://introvertdear.com/2015/02/22/these-new-emojiscalled-introji-help-introverts-communicate-their-needs/ Hagemann, D., Hewig, J., Walter, C., Schankin, A., Danner, D., & Naumann, E. (2009). Positive evidence for eysenck’s arousal hypothesis: A combined EEG and MRI study with multiple measurement occasions. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 717. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.009 Hall E., (1990). The Hidden Dimension. New York: Anchor Books.
47
Helgoe, L., (2010). Revenge of the introvert. Psychology Today, 43(5), 54+. Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/ic/bic1/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Magazines&dviSelectedPage=&limiter=&u=drexel_main&currPage=&source=&disableHighlighting=&displayGroups=&sortBy=&zid=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE|A238177287 Insel, P., Lindgren H.C., (1978). Too Close for Comfort: the Psychology of Crowding. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Jarski V., (2013). Networking Tips for Introverts and Shy Folks [Visual Sketchnotes]. Retrieved from: http://www.marketingprofs.com/opinions/2013/23941/networking-tips-for-introverts-and-shy-folks-visual-sketchnotes#ixzz3wftu8Urh Jung C. G., (1921). Psychological Types. Retrieved from https://deenrc.files.wordpress. com/2008/03/carl-jung-psychological-types.pdf Jung’s Psychological Types. Retrieved from http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/jung.html Kopec, D., (2006). Environmental Psychology for Design. New York: Fairchild Books. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva,B. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00248 Kuller R., Mikellides B., Janssens J. (2008). Color, Arousal, and Performance – A Comparison of Three Experiments. Color Research & Application, 34 (2), 141-152. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/col.20476/pdf Lang S. (1996). Dopamine linked to a personality trait and happiness. Retrieved from http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/1996/10/dopamine-linked-personality-trait-and-happiness Lewis, R. D. (2004). Finland, Cultural Lone Wolf. Yarmouth, ME, USA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu Losonczy-Marshall, M., & Marshall, P. D. (2013). Factors in students’ seat selection: An exploratory study. Psychological Reports, 112(2), 651. doi:10.2466/11.07. PR0.112.2.651-666 Lu, H., Hsiao K. (2010). The influence of extro/introversion on the intention to pay for social networking sites. Information & management, 47(3), 150-157. doi:10.1016/j. im.2010.01.003 Luna A., (2013). 11 Most Introverted Countries In The World. Retrieved from http://lonerwolf.com/most-introverted-countries-in-the-world/ Matthews C., Hill C., Case D., Allisma T. (2010). Personal Bias: The Influence of Personality Profile on Residential Design Decisions. Housing and Society, 37, 1-24. Retrieved from http://www.housingeducators.org/Journals/H%20&%20S%20 Vol_37_No_1_Personal_Bias_The_Influence_of_Personality_Profile_on_Residential_Design_Decisions.pdf MBTI Basics. Retrieved from http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/ mbti-basics/ McCrae, R. R. (2004). Human nature and culture: A trait perspective. Journal of Research
48
in Personality, 38(1), 3-14. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2003.09.009 McCrae, R. R., Yik, M. S. M., Trapnell, P. D., Bond, M. H., & Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpreting personality profiles across cultures: Bilingual, acculturation, and peer rating studies of chinese undergraduates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 1041-1055. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.1041 McElroy, J. C., Morrow, P. C., & Ackerman, R. J. (1983). Personality and interior office design: Exploring the accuracy of visitor attributions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(3), 541-544. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.68.3.541 McHugh A. (2015). The Gifts of Introversion. Retrieved from http://www.quietrev.com/ the-gifts-of-introversion/ McIntyre E., Wiener K., Saliba J. (2015). Compulsive Internet use and relation between social connectedness, and introversion. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 596574. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/ science/article/pii/S0747563215001193 Myers, I. B. (1962). The Myers-Briggs type indicator: Manual. Palo Alto, Calif: Consulting Psychologists Press. Nussbaumer, L. (2014). Human Factors in the Built Environment. New York: Fairchild Books. Oishi, S., Schiller, J., & Gross, E. B. (2013). Felt understanding and misunderstanding affect the perception of pain, slant, and distance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(3), 259-266. Retrieved from http://spp.sagepub.com.ezproxy2.library. drexel.edu/content/4/3/259 Oishi S., Talhelm T., & Lee M. (2015). Personality and geography: Introverts prefer mountains. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 55-68. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656615300027 Pike, T. W., Madhumita S., Lindstrรถm, J., & Royle, N. J. (2008). Behavioral phenotype affects social interactions in an animal network. Biological Sciences, 275(1650), 2515-2520. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0744 Polushkina T., Kovalenko E., Yakimova O., (2013). Sociology of Management. Russia, Moscow: Academy of Natural Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.rae.ru/monographs/219 Ramanuiam P., (2006). Prospect-refuge Theory Revisited: A Search for Safety in Dynamic Public Spaces With a Reference to Design. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Arlington. Retrieved from http://www.library.drexel.edu/cgi-bin/r.cgi/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/304904612?accountid=10559 Ramm P. (2015). How an Introvert Makes a Phone Call. Retrieved from https://coastalconservatory.com/2015/08/06/how-an-introvert-makes-a-phone-call/ Rauch J., (2003). Caring for Your Introvert. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/ magazine/archive/2003/03/caring-for-your-introvert/302696/ Reber A., Allen R. & Reber E., The Penguin dictionary of psychology. London, United Kingdom: Penguin. Retrieved from https://login.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fpenguinpsyc%2Fambivert%2F0
49
Robinson, C. (1975). Color preference as a function of introversion and extraversion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 40(3), 702-702. doi:10.2466/pms.1975.40.3.702 Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2007). The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 173-212. doi:10.1177/0022022106297299 Stamps A.E., (2006), Interior Prospect and Refuge. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 103(3), 643-653. DOI: 10.2466/pms.103.3.643-653 Susman W,. (2003). Cuture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003. Wilson D. S. (2007). Evolution for Everyone: How Darwin’s Theory Can Change the Way We Think About Our Lives. New York: Bantam Dell. Wolf, M., van Doorn, G. S., & Weissing, F. J. (2008). Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(41), 15825–15830. http://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.0805473105
50
IMAGES REFERENCES COVER – “The Introvert” http://outofthasewers.deviantart.com/art/the-Introvert-412404086 FIGURE 1 – Extrovert and Introvert. http://info.ipfw.edu/hubfs/Images/personality_test.jpg FIGURE 2 – Introvert’s batteries. http://www.petitpetitgamin.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/introvert-illustration-battery.jpg FIGURE 3 – Introvert vs Extrovert. http://www.ethos3.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/extroverts-vs-introverts-600x563. png FIGURE 4 – Introversion-Extroversion scale. https://brandimpact.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/introvertextrovertscalefinal1.png FIGURE 5 – Ambivert. http://leadwithgiantscoaching.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Three-minds630x265.jpg FIGURE 6 – MBTI test: What’s your personality type? https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/shrinknp_800_800/AAEAAQAAAAAAAARdAAAAJDM4NGZjMjI5LTBmMjctNGVjOS1hYWY2LWI1NzU1NWNiZDIzZQ.png FIGURE 7 – Types of temperament. http://ok-t.ru/studopediaru/baza8/824234087188.files/image011.jpg FIGURE 8 – Dopamine pathways in a brain of introverts and extroverts. https://visualpractice.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/brain.png FIGURE 9 – Stereotypical questions for introverts. http://files.brightside.me/files/news/part_5/54555/919705-650-1449146220-introvert9. png FIGURE 10 – Examples of contact animals. http://footage.framepool.com/shotimg/qf/799099209-standing-out-from-the-crowdemperor-penguin-black-and-white-color-ice-landscape.jpg http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/wabe/files/styles/x_large/public/bats_080515__070.jpg http://cx.aos.ask.com/question/aq/1400px-788px/group-pigs-called_4b3fc90d7588edb7.jpg FIGURE 11 – Example of a critical distance in animals. Hall E., (1990). The Hidden Dimension. New York: Anchor Books.
51
FIGURE 12 – Crowd of people. https://fsmedia.imgix.net/8b/92/c6/78/e8d4/487e/91a8/eec2c1cf8152/a-large-crowdof-people.jpeg FIGURE 13 – A turtle hiding in a shell. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KSr-pTg0NrY/VDXtt2e5ewI/AAAAAAAAAQk/PAVR9jRopmI/ s1600/turtle%2Bhiding.jpg FIGURE 14 – Why introverts are like cats. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PPNtZaRBhv8/VLvG3BITIkI/AAAAAAAAE7M/bnwTwe014sU/ s1600/Why-Introverts-Are-Like-Cats.jpg FIGURE 15 – Black and white dogs as representations of introvert and extrovert. h t t p s : / / s - m e d i a - c a c h e - a k 0 . p i n i m g . c o m / 7 3 6 x / e 5 / 1 7 / f f / e 5 1 7 f f f c 9 3 c 9 e ec59a18384618e3f226.jpg FIGURE 16 – “My words sounds better coming from my hands than from my mouth” https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/aa/a2/70/aaa270aeeb8ddb3c69e3e92e69df9282.jpg FIGURE 17 – The struggle of making a phone call for an introvert. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lG4C7y8fKbM/VI-7_hInj3I/AAAAAAAAAsQ/D7pL02zhha0/ s1600/sam%2Bphone.jpg FIGURE 18 - Introjis – emojis for introverts. http://stat.gid44.com/news/img/44/6/1423837930_20730_b.jpg FIGURE 19 – Social media. https://hpsconsultores.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/fotolia_60190532_l.jpg FIGURE 20 – Comparison of Western cultures, the Finns and Asian cultures. Lewis, R. D. (2004). Finland, Cultural Lone Wolf. Yarmouth, ME, USA: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com.ezproxy2.library.drexel.edu FIGURE 21 – a map of the Old World distribution for extroversion. McCrae, R. R. (2004). Human nature and culture: A trait perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(1), 3-14. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2003.09.009 FIGURE 22 – Illustrations used in the third study. Oishi S., Talhelm T., & Lee M. (2015). Personality and geography: Introverts prefer mountains. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 55-68. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656615300027 FIGURE 23 – A typical introvert at a party. Tom
Fonder.
https://40.media.tumblr.com/d3fde79662168d36e89aed5b4546285d/
tumblr_nllu3i7Aah1qhzfjko1_1280.jpg FIGURE 24 – The Introvert’s Heart. Gemma Correll (2014). http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/736x/78/7a/f6/787af631bdcf1acb62945a94e69c6c7d.jpg
52
FIGURE 25 – Residence hall of Roger Williams University. https://acdn.architizer.com/thumbnails-PRODUCTION/4f/28/4f281a9a6531ea25c9ae3dec4f719524.jpg FIGURE 26 – Illustrations of design projects of extreme extrovert (on the left) and introvert (on the right). Matthews C., Hill C., Case D., Allisma T. (2010). Personal Bias: The Influence of Personality Profile on Residential Design Decisions. Housing and Society, 37, 1-24. Retrieved from http://www.housingeducators.org/Journals/H%20&%20S%20Vol_37_No_1_Personal_ Bias_The_Influence_of_Personality_Profile_on_Residential_Design_Decisions.pdf FIGURE 27 – Pattern languages that introverts preferred the most. Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press. FIGURE 28 – Example of a painting with subdued colors. Zoran Rnjak (2014). http://zoranrnjak.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMG_8858.jpg FIGURE 29 – Example of a red room. https://houseofsiennamack.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/red_room_001-2.jpg FIGURE 30 – Example of a blue room. http://napidoktor.hu/content/uploads/2015/02/k%C3%A9k-szoba-2.jpg FIGURE 31 – May your introvert batteries always be charged. https://img1.etsystatic.com/062/0/9843461/il_570xN.777149971_ibb8.jpg
53