|
74 E-GOVERNANCE AND URBAN POLICY DESIGN
|
quality of life of citizens, ensuring transparency, accountability and
use advantages of the technologies, to use cyberspace, to create
public participation.
communication and activity networks free from the usual spatial and
In general, the broad adoption of the Internet around the world has
temporal constraints is a crucial element in providing a democratic counter-balance to other technological and global trends.” (Carter,
enabled a new class of participatory systems that allow people to
1997: 151–152).
contribute, share information and work together in real time (Eysenbach, 2008).
The potential in achieving that in developing countries is very exciting, but it also poses serious challenges, given the constraints that need
Furthermore, engaging the public transforms users from passive recipients of information to active participants in a collaborative
to be overcome to ensure access and exposure to the potential empowerment properties of ICTs. Local government, in its role as
community, helping to improve their own environment and quality
facilitator of development, would thereby have a key role to play in
of life. “The ability of small-scale initiatives in cities and regions to
fostering this process.
References AfDB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011, p.13. Almirall, E., and Wareham, J. (2008). Living labs and open innovation: roles and applicability. eJOV: The Electronic Journal for Virtual Organization & Networks, 10 Baccarne, B., Mechant, P., Schuurma, D., De Marez, L., and Colpaert, P. (2014). Urban socio-technical innovations with and by citizens. Interdisciplinary Studies Journal. Special Issue on Smart Cities, 3(4) Batty, M. (2003). Planning support systems: technologies that are driving planning’. (S. Geertman, and J. Stillwell, A cura di) Planning Support Systems in Practice, v - viii. Benkler, Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press. Bird, J., and Rogers, Y. (2010). The pulse of tidy street: Measuring and publicly displaying domestic electricity consumption. In Workshop on Energy Awareness and Conservation through Pervasive Applications (Pervasive 2010). Bishop, I. (1998). Planning Support: hardware and software in search of a system. ComputersEnvironment and Urban Systems, 22, 189-202. Bødker P., Ehn J., Kammersgaard M., Kyng M. & Sundblad Y. (1988). A Utopian Experience, in Bjerknes G.et al.(Eds.), Computers and Democracy: A Scandinavian Challenge, Williston, VT: Avebury. Borja, J., and Castells, M. (1996). Local and global: management of cities in the information age. Earthscan: London. Bouw, M., de Lange, M. and de Waal, M. (2013). De hackable wereldstad. In j. Lekkerkerker, & S. d. Vries (Eds.), Ruimtevolk jaarboek 2013. nieuw kapitaal (pp. 163-167) Ruimtevolk. Calabrese, F., Kloeckl, K., and Ratti, C. (2007). Wikicity: real-time urban environments. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 6(3), 52-53. Carter, D. (1997). Economic regeneration and the information economy. The governance of cyberspace: Politics, technology and global restructuring, 136. Carter, D.(1997).‘Digital Democracy’ or ‘information aristocracy’? Economic regeneration and the information economy. In B. D. Loader (Ed.), The governance of cyberspace: politics, technology and global restructuring. London: Routledge. Coenen, T., Graaf, S. v. d., & Walravens, N. (2014). Firing up the city - A smart city living lab methodology. Interdisciplinary Studies Journal. Special Issue on Smart Cities, 3(4), 118-128. Couclelis, H. (1989). Geographically informed planning: requirements for planning relevant GIS. 36th North American Meeting of Regional Science Association. Santa Barbara. de Bruijn M. E. (in press). Mobile Telephony and Socio-Economic Dynamics in Africa, in Ingram G.K. & Brandt K.L. (Eds.), Global Infrastructure: Ongoing realities and emerging challenges, Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute for Land Policy. de Lange, M., and de Waal, M. (2013). Owning the city: New media and citizen engagement in urban design. First Monday, 18(11) de Waal, M., & Melis, G. (in press). Urban Living Labs & Citymaking: Open innovation and urban design. In Cohen, B. & Almirall, E. (Eds.) Open Innovation as a driver for Smart Cities, Springer. Eagle N. (2009). Economics and power within the African telecommunications industry, in Ekine, S. (Ed.), SMS Uprising: Mobile Phone Activism in Africa. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press. Ehn P. (1990), Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts, Amsterdam: Lawrence Erlbaum. Ekine, S. (Ed.) (2009). SMS Uprising: Mobile Phone Activism in Africa. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press. Eysenbach G. (2008). Medicine 2.0: Social networking, collaboration, participation, apomediation, and openness. J Med Internet Res, 10: e22. Friedrich, P., Karlsson, A., and Federley, M. (2013). Report 2.1 boundary conditions for successful urban living labs. SubUrbanLab project report. Retrieved July 2014. Available from http:// jpi-urbaneurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Report-Boundary-conditions-for-successful-Urban-Living-Labs.pdf Frissen, P.(1997). The virtual state: postmodernisation, informatisation and public administration. In B.D. Loader (Ed.), The governance of cyberspace: politics, technology and global restructuring. London: Routledge. Geertman, S., and Stillwell, J. (Eds.). (2003). Planning Support Systems in Practice. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Gibbson W. (2011). Life in the Meta City, Scientific American, September, 88-89. Glaeser E. (2011). Engines of Innovation, Scientific American, September, 50-55. Goldstein, J., and Rotich, J. (2008). Digitally Networked Technology in Kenya’s 2007–2008 Post-election Crisis. Berkman Center Research Publication. Gordon, Th., Karacapilidis, N., Voss, H. and Zauke, A. (1997). Computer-mediated cooperative spatial planning, in Timmermans, H. (Ed.), Decision Support Systems in Urban Planning (pp. 299–309), E. and F. N. Spon. Harris, B., and Batty, M. (1993). Locational models, geographical information and planning support systems. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 12, 84-98. Hemment, D., and Townsend, A. (2013). Smart citizens, FutureEverything Publications.