38
The Global Partnership for Development at a Critical Juncture
Table 6 Preference schemes provided for exports from least developed countriesa
Programme or country
Entry into force
Product coverage
Duty-free access for LDC exports in 2007 (percentage of tariff lines)
Australia
2003
100 per cent
100
Moderate
Indefinite
Brazil
2010
Initially, 80 per cent of tariff lines by mid-2010; to be expanded to reach 100 per cent
..
..
Announced in late 2009
Canada—Least Developed Country Tariff
2003
100 per cent (excludes quota-controlled dairy, poultry and eggs)
98.9
High
Extended through 2014
China—Forum on China-Africa Co-operation
2008
Starting with 60 per cent of products, expanding to 95 per cent (for LDCs in Africa that have diplomatic relations with China)
..
Moderate
..
China—DFQF for Asian LDCs
2006
DFQF on selected tariff lines only
..
Moderate
..
EU—Everything But Arms (EBA)
2001
100 per cent as of 2010 (excludes arms and ammunition)
99.4
Moderate
Indefinite
Iceland
2002
Essentially all products, but not 100 per cent
..
Low
Indefinite
India—Duty Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) Scheme
2008
85 per cent of tariff lines within five years (fully operational for 14 LDCs in 2010)
..
Moderate
..
Japan
2007
98 per cent of tariff lines (excludes certain agriculture, fish and leather products)
98.2
Low
Extended for 10 years (through 2011)
Republic of Korea
2008
Presidential decree providing DFQF access expanded to 75 per cent
17.4 (in 2006)
Low
Uncertain
New Zealand—LDC/ LLDC GSP Scheme
2001
100 per cent
100
Moderate
Indefinite
Norway
2002
100 per cent
100
Low
Indefinite
Switzerland
2007
100 per cent as of 2010
85.2
Low
Indefinite
Turkey (EBA)
2005
100 per cent as of 2010
..
High
Indefinite
United States—GSP for LDCs
1976
83 per cent (excludes apparel)
82.5
Moderate
Ad hoc/usually 1-2 years (extended through 2010)
United States— African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
2000
Varies up to 98 per cent (24 sub-Saharan LDCs)
..
High
Extended for 11 years (through 2015); 5 years for apparel
United States— Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement Act
2006
Duty-free entry for garments manufactured in Haiti
..
Moderate (potential flexibilities under discussion through the Haiti Economic Lift Program Act of 2010)
Extended for 10 years; ongoing discussions to extend through 2020
Rules of origin: level of flexibility
Programme length
Source: World Trade Organization, Market access for products and services of export interest to least developed countries (document WT/ COMTD/LDC/W/46/Rev.1); Kimberly Elliot, Opening markets for poor countries: are we there yet?, CGD Working Paper 184 (Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2009); Kimberly Elliot, Open markets for the poorest countries: trade preferences that work, CGD Working Group on global trade preference reform (Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, April 2010). a Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, Morocco, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan also implement preference programmes in favour of exports originating from all or selected LDCs.