Tuskan Times Volume 10 Issue 3 by Tuskan Times

TUSKAN TIMES VOLUME 10 ISSUE 3

ISF

FROM KYOTO TO GLASGOW: HOW HAVE CLIMATE CONFERENCES EVOLVED?

CULTURE

SCIENCE

POLITICS

IN THIS ISSUE

STROZZI PROJECT

ALISIYA ERMOLENKO

5 7

APPRECIATING ISF AFT

COVID ANTIVIRAL PILLS

THE WORLD OF SUPERHEROES THE DEADLY REALITY OF CROWD SURGES FACEBOOK REBRANDING AND THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

SIMON KARÁCSONYI

SOL GUENDOGDU

CAMELIA PALLANTI

SOPHIA LOVALVO

LOUISE GUTBROD & CAMILLA VITALE

ON THE COVERS CLIMATE CHANGE IS A VERY REAL THREAT TO ALL LIFE ON THIS PLANET, I WANTED TO SHOCK THE VIEWER A BIT AND SHOW THE PLANET ON FIRE WITH A HAND THAT IS OBVIOUSLY DEAD.

EVA GOULDER THIS ART PIECE IS BASED ON JEFF KOONS' WORK AND THE STROZZI PROJECT COLLABORATION WITH THE SCHOOL AT PALAZZO STROZZI. IT’S A KEY ELEMENT IN THE STROZZI PROJECT AND IT’S AN ARTWORK THAT IS FAMILIAR TO EVERYONE. IT ACTS AS A SYMBOL FOR THOSE INVOLVED IN THE STROZZI PROJECT FROM SCHOOL AND IS A SYMBOL FOR MODERN CONTEMPORARY ART, WHICH GOES TO SHOW HOW NORMAL EVERYDAY OBJECTS CAN BE TURNED INTO A MASTERPIECE - YOU JUST HAVE TO THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX AND FREE YOURSELF FROM THE STANDARD OF WHAT ART IS.

GINEVRA FONTANA

MEET THE TEAM

Dear Readers,

As another year comes to a close, it is important to recognize our community for having been steadfast in maintaining a positive outlook and continuing to thrive despite obvious challenges. We encourage everyone to enjoy an extremely well deserved break, hopefully reconnect with loved ones, and be prepared to start 2022 well-rested and serene. Happy Holidays! The TT editorial team

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

LAYOUT

BERNARDO PETOCHI

KATHERINE DICK

ALISA TILLMAN SASHA WILCOX ANNA PAPINI PIETER VERBANCK SELINA MARTON MARJORIE CARLSON

HEAD OF LAYOUT

EDITORS

GIUSEPPINA LOPEZ

JACK BACH DEVAKI MENON LUISA REGO AVERY FERNIE GUSTAVO REGO CAROLINA HOHAGEN SELINA MARTON

ASSISTANT EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

SUPERVISOR KATHRYN VAN FORST

WRITERS

ALISIYA ERMOLENKO SIMON KARÁCSONYI SOL GUENDOGDU CAMELIA PALLANTI SOPHIA LOVALVO LOUISE GUTBROD CAMILLA VITALE

ART

EVALIN GOULDER GINEVRA FONTANA REBECCA BUDRONI ISABELLA BALDUINO ALISA TILLMAN

ISF

In this section of the issue, our writers explore topics related to ISF and our community as a whole

High schoolers playing soccer at the lower field.

ISF

STROZZI

THE STROZZI PROJECT

By Alisiya Ermolenko, '24

In collaboration with Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, the International School of Florence has provided grades 9 through 12 a rare opportunity to place themselves in the shoes of an art museum tour guide. In this thrilling experience, students are able to immerse themselves into the world of modern art and get a taste of what it's like to help others connect with the exhibition on a deeper level beyond what we see at first glance. Over the course of several meetings with the exhibition coordinator, the Strozzi participants will get a chance to improve their confidence and public speaking skills as well as expand their knowledge on various artists and their art movements. When walking through the different sections of the exhibit, you are able to see some of the most famous art pieces of Jeff Koons, such as his Balloon Dog, Seated Ballerina, and Hulk (Tubas).

As a participant of both Strozzi projects, my overall experience is that I began to feel more connected with art and I am able to apply the same analytical skills I applied to the artworks of last year’s exhibit to art in general. Looking back at last year's Strozzi Project, when asked about her favorite part of the experience, Vittoria Shao replied, "My favorite part of the project was after various online practices I finally reached the point where I became the host of my designated room. One of the most memorable moments was when I was informed that the visitors were entering the museum and we had to prepare ourselves to welcome them." Many students agreed that this experience was enriching and valuable as all of them had a chance to demonstrate their knowledge of their selected pieces of art to eager listeners. "This exhibition is a great opportunity to engage a vast number of people.

This exhibition is a great opportunity to engage a vast number of people.

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ISF

STROZZI

I really believe that the students will be able to come up with something very interesting for the Jeff Koons exhibit as his art is direct and sometimes shallow on one hand, yet fine and intellectual on the other", says Martino Margheri, the leader of the project. From his past experiences working with students he found out that the two most important factors in a project like this is the enthusiasm of the students towards the exhibition and mutual trust between themselves. "Some of the students I worked with decided to take a career in Art; this is the most tangible feedback. When I meet students from older educational projects at Palazzo Strozzi it always makes me proud. I feel like I have made a positive impact and that hopefully the project has inspired them to pursue art", Mr. Margheri comments.

two most important factors in a project like this is the enthusiasm of the students

enables students to experience and see art in the real world in addition to understanding the artist's purpose

Instead of having a typical art history class, this project enables students to experience and see art in the real world in addition to understanding the artist's purpose behind their work. This year's project focuses on the Jeff Koons exhibit that will be running until the 30th of January, 2022. The final event evening for ISF community and the public will be on Friday, 21st of January from 4pm to 8pm at Palazzo Strozzi. We hope to see you there!

In an interview with Ms. Nufer, who is and was helping with both projects, reported "It was really difficult to manage the in-person versus the online development of the project and what was striking was the difference it made when we were able to start with the inperson meetings in the exhibit straight away. I felt like the way the students connected with each other, with the educational staff, and with the work was way more powerful, more personal, and you could immediately feel people understanding what it was like to stand on the bridge between the work and a stranger."

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APPRECIATING ISF ART

ISABELLA BALDUINO '23 (above)

ALISA TILLMAN '23 (above)

GINEVRA FONTANA '23 (left)

Follow @isf_creativearts for more! 7 TUSKAN TIMES

REBECCA BUDRONI '25

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POLITICS

In this section, our readers explore topics relating to politics around the world.

POLITICS

CLIMATE CONFERENCES

FROM KYOTO TO GLASGOW: THE EVOLUTION OF CLIMATE CONFERENCES By Simon Karácsonyi, '23

The 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference took place in Glasgow, Scotland between the 31st of October and the 12th of December. The conference attracted a lot of attention from the media, particularly the youth. While the conference received significant criticism, it was more successful than previous events. The first major international climate accord was the Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force on the 11th of December, 1997, and was designed to stabilize the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The accord was a considerable failure, given that the overall amount of CO2 emissions increased by 30% since its ratification. Many countries, such as China or India, brought up the fact that they were oppressed by Western nations for a lengthy period in their history, so they must be given a chance to catch up to their former colonizers.

The accord was a considerable failure, given that the overall amount of CO2 emissions increased by 30% since its ratification.

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The second important agreement in the fight against climate change was the Paris Accord signed in 2015. The signatories of the agreement, which included the overwhelming majority of UN member states, agreed to limit the global temperature increase to 2Cº, preferably to 1.5Cº. While the accords were significant, many countries did not implement policies that could make such a target achievable. This was the case with the United States of America. While President Barack Obama, who has attempted to take action to mitigate climate change, supported the Accords, his successor, Donald Trump, opposed it. President Trump has repeatedly accused climate scientists of inciting panic and called climate change a hoax. He has attempted to prove this point through pseudoscientific claims. Under his administration, the United States left the accords; however, with the election of Joe Biden, the country fully rejoined it.

POLITICS

CLIMATE CONFERENCES

The Paris Climate accords were followed by several years of empty promises. This seemed to have changed during the 26th COP Conference, which took place in Glasgow. It appears progress was made before and during the conference, however, it should be taken with a grain of salt. While parties, including Brazil, agreed they will reverse deforestation by 2030, knowing President Jair Bolsonaro’s record and opinion on environmental issues, it is unlikely that he will comply with his promises. What is more promising, however, is that India, one of the biggest emitters of CO2, has agreed to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050 and climate neutrality by 2070.

India has agreed to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050 and climate neutrality by 2070.

With all these kept and unkept promises, one can ask whether it will be possible to avoid total disaster or not. Though the path to it will be challenging, I believe it is certainly possible. Some steps in the right direction were taken in recent years, however, they are not near enough to keep global warming below 2Cº.

Is it possible to avoid total disaster?

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SCIENCE

Our writers provide fascinating insight on new scientific breakthroughs.

SCIENCE

COVID PILLS

COVID ANTIVIRAL PILLS By Sol Guendogdu, '23

In just over a month, two antiviral pills have been found to cut COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in clinical trials of people treated soon after their initial infection. These pills could change the course of the pandemic as cases are once again starting to grow uncontrollably. In Germany alone there are 40,000 new cases daily, a new record, and the worldwide death toll has passed 5 million. At the start of November, the UK became the first country to approve ‘molnupiravir’, which was developed by the pharmaceutical companies Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics. The approval came just over a month after the companies announced that the antiviral drug, which will be named Lagevrio, halved the risk of hospitalization for people with Covid-19. A day later, Pfizer announced that its antiviral drug ‘Paxlovid’ cut hospitalizations by 89%. According to Charles Gore, executive director of the Medicines Patent Pool, a United Nations-backed organization based in Geneva, the new antiviral pills could be “game-changers” for the pandemic.

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He says they are easy to manufacture and would greatly help large parts of the world that don't have good vaccine coverage.

How do the drugs work?

Covid-19, like many other viruses, attacks the body by inserting itself into cells and hijacking their machinery to make copies of itself. The copies then burst out of the cells and invade other cells, spreading through the body. Molnupiravir and Paxlovid both aim to stop the coronavirus from replicating, but they use slightly different methods.

Molnupiravir works by stopping the virus’s genetic material from being replicated accurately. It fools the enzyme responsible for replicating the virus’s RNA by inserting errors, or mutations. The mutations then get replicated over and over, until there are so many mutations that the virus can no longer survive.

SCIENCE

COVID PILLS

According to Katherine Seley-Radtke, a medical chemist at the University of Maryland who specializes in antiviral drug development, this method is very effective. However, she states: “it’s also a little bit risky, because it could also hit human host enzymes, as well,”. Some research suggests that drugs similar to molnupiravir can have effects on other enzymes in the body when they are given for longer periods of time, but this is unlikely to be a problem, as molnupiravir is only taken for five days. Pfizer’s drug, Paxlovid, on the other hand, blocks a different enzyme (called a protease) that cuts apart long strands of nonfunctional viral proteins into smaller, functional proteins. This same technique is also used in drugs that treat HIV.

Are the new antiviral pills safe?

While this makes it hard to confirm its safety, it is to be expected as the pill is still a very recent development. In addition, a major advantage the new drugs have over existing Covid-19 drugs is that they come in pill form, and their methods, which are FDA approved, are used to treat hospitalized patients. Hopefully, Covid-19 drugs in the form of pills will not only help cure people, but also stop the spread of the virus. “About 80 percent of the people (with Covid-19) don’t need to go to the hospital,” SeleyRadtke said. “They could be treated very early on and shut that virus down immediately,” preventing it from spreading even further. “That’s going to be huge.”

The clinical trials for both treatments reported no unfavorable side effects, which experts say is promising. Both companies ensure the drug is safe, however Pfizer hasn't released a lot of data about its new drug.

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CULTURE

A music concert

POLITICS

MOVIE REVIEWS

FROM THE X-MEN TO THE ETERNALS: HOW INCLUSIVITY HAS CHANGED IN THE WORLD OF SUPERHEROES

By Camelia Pallanti, '22

The Eternals have come to theaters with the most diverse team of superheroes ever seen. What about the comics? The Eternals have made a noteworthy entrance into the cinematic universe with their cosmic origins, semi-divine powers and, above all, a cast of superheroes, unique in size and diversity. It is a film full of firsts for the Marvel Cinematic Universe: the first openly homosexual protagonist, the first deaf protagonist (played by a deaf actress, Lauren Ridloff), the first twelve-year-old superheroine, and many bodies, ethnicities, and skin colors. Those who were amazed by the diversity of the Eternals clearly do not remember the history of comics. In 1975, superhero enthusiasts watched with wide eyes the relaunch of the X-Men, a title that had lost much of its appeal over the years. Chris Claremont introduced readers to an almost entirely new team, consisting of a Russian mutant (Colossus), a black woman from Africa (Tempesta), a bad tempered Canadian with a decidedly short stature (Wolverine), a German Catholic from evil appearance (Nightcrawler) and a wiry Native American descendant (Proudstar) soon to be joined by a 13-year-old Jewish girl (Kitty Pryde).

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It is a film full of firsts for the Marvel Cinematic Universe

Giant-Size X-Men 1 was for the world of comics what The Eternals is today for the Marvel Cinematic Universe: a new beginning, for many unsettling, with a cast of characters built to be as diverse as possible. Then, as now, there was no shortage of controversy regarding the characters, and public opinion was conflicted. But over the course of the years, those characters managed to win a place in the hearts of readers - naturally, thanks to the energetic imagination of Chris Claremont, but also thanks to the heterogeneity of what had been seen before. At the time, Claremont did nothing but replicate and amplify the spirit of the X-Men origins, the spirit of those first issues of 1963 in which Stan Lee and Jack Kirby invented a group of young superheroes marginalized for their diversity and led by a leader in a wheelchair. Inclusivity has been around in the superhero world for decades, even though it took a long time to become mature and honest - a journey that has yet to be completed.

CULTURE

MOVIE REVIEWS

Superheroes were born to tickle the power fantasies of young readers. In 1945, Captain America celebrated victory over the Nazis, Superman lifted cars and Wonder Woman joined the Justice Society of America as a secretary. It was only in the 1960s that the intuition of superheroes with super problems helped the comics industry to overcome the basic flaw of the genre, namely that of responding (in a more or less literal way) to the Nietzschean ideal of superman, which was hardly compatible with the notion of diversity. The first inclusive superhero, after all, was SpiderMan, also known as Peter Parker: a shy boy, with glasses, bullied by his classmates from the very first page of his introductory book. However, even in the case of Spider-Man selective inclusiveness continued, this time aimed at an audience of young, male, white readers.

Despite all the progress made regarding the representation of characters, the problem of inclusiveness has a less visible root. That is, inclusiveness of the authors who work behind the tables of each register. According to statistics elaborated by author and historian Tim Hanley, in 2020 the percentage of female and non-binary authors oscillates between 20% and 30% between the Marvel and DC Comics books. In October, DC Comics announced the Milestone Initiative Development Program to identify and support emerging black and ethnic artists. On that occasion, however, disarming statistics for the industry emerged: to date, black authors represent 4.9% of screenwriters and 3.4% of artists; for Asians the percentages amounted to 4.2% and 8.4%. For Hispanic and Latin American authors it rose to 7.1% and 11.7%. This raises a dilemma which the comic book sector will have to answer: how sincere and effective are the advances in the representation of superheroes, if inclusivity remains relegated to the drawings but not to those who sign them?

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CULTURE

CROWD SURGES

THE REALITY OF CROWD SURGES

By Sophia Lovalvo, '22

"I was fighting for my life... there was no way out.", said Chris Leigh when recounting the events of the crowd surge at rapper Travis Scott’s Astroworld festival in Houston Texas on November fifth. At nine in the evening Travis Scott took the stage, causing thousands of fans to begin pushing forward. In an effort to fight the shoves, fans in the front began pushing back, causing ripples throughout the crowd. The audience transformed into a wave of bodies, and when a powerful force surged through the venue, it caused some to collapse or become unconscious. The crowd lifted to safety many of those who needed medical attention, but in the seventy minutes that Scott performed, ten people lost their lives and hundreds of others were injured.

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We’re all one. You’re moving with the crowd. The crowd’s like water. It’s like an ocean

Unfortunately, crowd surges are not a new phenomenon – they have been happening all over the world at large events, from soccer games to religious pilgrimages, for decades. In 1979, at a concert for English rock band The Who, a stampede occurred at the entrance gates to the venue resulting in eleven deaths. Similar events have occurred multiple times at soccer stadiums, such as that at the Hillsborough Stadium in England in 1989, which led to the deaths of nearly a hundred fans. One of the largest crowd surges, which left almost eight hundred dead, took place in 2015 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the annual Hajj pilgrimage.

CULTURE

CROWD SURGES

According to Dr. Keith Still, who has a PhD in crowd dynamics and specializes in crowd risk analysis, a crowd surge is essentially an issue of space. It happens when a large group of people tries to crowd into a small space all at once. High crowd density – the number of people in a given amount of space – can lead to intense swaying and cause individuals in the audience to lose balance, becoming vulnerable to increased pressure and movement from the people around them. In the case of the Astroworld Festival crowd surge, the power of the crowd was enough to jossle six foot two Steven Gutierrez, who explained that it felt as if "we’re all one. You’re moving with the crowd. The crowd’s like water. It’s like an ocean."

a high energy performer like Travis Scott creates a high energy crowd which often leads to crowd density issues.

A crowd surge can become dangerous because it triggers large scale crowd collapses, which in turn create a domino effect as individuals fall on top of those in front of them. Due to the increased pressure and heat caused by high crowd density, those who collapse often suffocate or fall into cardiac arrest, and others still risk being trampled or pinned to the ground.

The question of how to stay safe in a crowd surge has resurfaced after the incident at Travis Scott’s Astroworld Festival. When attending a concert or other large scale event, the first preventative measure is to be aware of the crowd density. Keep your eyes

open, and leave the area if dense pockets of people begin forming around you. If you find yourself in a crowd surge, and have no time to leave the area, do whatever possible to remain upright. Crowd surges pose the most danger to those who fall to the ground. Compressive asphyxia is the most common cause of injury and death during a crowd surge, and is caused when one’s airways become restricted due to pressure from the surrounding crowd. The best way to avoid this is to place your arms in front of your chest to create space between your ribs and the person in front of you. Although it is great to be prepared for a possible crowd surge, preventing this issue in the first place has become the priority. According to Dr. Keith Still, crowd surges are both predictable and avoidable. Dr. Still elaborates that the most important preventive measure is to have sufficient crowd managers as well as an appropriate crowd management plan that is prepared for the expected behaviour of the crowd based on the event. For example a high energy performer like Travis Scott creates a high energy crowd which often leads to crowd density issues. This means that organizing a specialized crowd management plan that addresses the unique issues that an event presents is an extremely significant part of preventing a situation like that of the Astroworld Festival.

If you find yourself in a crowd surge, do whatever possible to remain upwright.

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CULTURE

CROWD SURGES

Another crowd science expert Paul Wertheimer states that crowd surges continue to occur because no one is held responsible for the gross negligence that causes them in the first place. In the case of the stampede at The Who concert in Cincinnati in 1979, there were no federal regulations in the United States regarding crowd safety. Now more than forty years later, nothing has changed in this regard.

A lack of government enforced regulations places an even greater importance on crowd management which is designed to observe the crowd and predict potential problems rather than placing a focus on controlling the crowd and keeping people in designated areas. In regards to Travis Scott’s concert, inadequate numbers of security and medical personnel were a possible cause for the tragedy at this year's festival. Another crowd science expert Paul Wertheimer states that crowd surges continue to occur because no one is held responsible for the gross negligence that causes them in the first place. In the case of the stampede at The Who concert in Cincinnati in 1979, there were no federal regulations in the United States regarding crowd safety. Now more than forty years later, nothing has changed in this regard.

For now, the golden rule for crowd safety is left to the National Fire Protection Association’s 101 safety code which places regulations on important issues such as crowd density, access to exits, and the presence of crowd managers. Although more than four hundred jurisdictions and agencies have accepted the code, the lack of federal regulations surrounding this issue means that there is no obligatory nationwide standard for crowd safety.

Now more than forty years later, nothing has changed in this regard.

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Crowd surges continue to occur because no one is held responsible for the gross negligence that causes them.

CULTURE

CROWD SURGES

Ultimately, the safety of concert goers falls on concert organizers, as they have the duty of providing a safe environment for both audience members and performers. So far, 125 people who were affected by the incident have filed lawsuits totaling $750 million against various responsible parties including performer Travis Scott, concert promoters, Scott’s record label, the operators of the venue, firms who provided security and medical service, and Apple who streamed the event live. Whether it be a concert, football game, or a mall on Black Friday, crowd surges are a very real and common occurrence. Large scale events should be an opportunity for people to come together, have fun, and, above all, feel safe. However, crowd surges among other dangerous phenomenon can occur at these events and until organizers can employ expert and abundant crowd managers or new federal regulations are reinstated, it is important to be aware and knowledgeable about the danger that large scale events can present.

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CULTURE

FACEBOOK

FACEBOOK REBRANDING AND THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL MEDIA By Louise Gutbrod & Camilla Vitale , '23

Virtual concerts, sharing with a group of like-minded individuals, and the power to change your appearance at the push of a button: if Mark Zuckerberg and other major Internet entrepreneurs are to be believed, such things might soon become a part of our regular lives on the internet - in the metaverse. A metaverse may appear to an outsider to be a sort of virtual reality, but some believe it might represent the future of the internet. On the 28th of October, 2021, Facebook’s CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, announced the new name of the company, Meta. After having faced multiple scandals, the company wants to start a new phase with their rebranding. Rebranding offers an opportunity to refresh the brand and show consumers that they’re entering a new era.“ “Meta,”was inspired by the ancient Greek word, “beyond.” This was done to show how there is “always more to build”, specifically relating to Zuckerberg’s virtual world.

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The logo, which also changed, is now a blue, horizontal 8, resembling an infinity symbol. The metaverse, as described by Zuckerberg, will become a “virtual environment,” where you can enter a world of endless possibilities. In this metaverse, you can connect with other virtual communities, play games, work, and meet new people. This can all be done through a virtual reality headset, augmented reality glasses, or simply your smartphone. With the mix of virtual reality and various technologies, Meta will dominate the virtual universe and create an entirely new experience. It's a hybrid of technology features such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and video in which users "live" in a digital universe. Separating the main company from their subsidiary allows the parent company to expand into domains outside of their ordinary spectrum. In this case, renaming Facebook to Meta allows Mark Zuckerberg to focus on the new metaverse and the future of the internet. Recently it has become more evident that the popularity of Facebook in younger generations is decreasing. The level of engagement between teenagers and young adults that actively use Facebook has drastically declined in the presence of other social media goliaths like Tik Tok.

CULTURE

FACEBOOK

Zuckerberg has acknowledged that Facebook can’t be the future of social media. However, the metaverse could be. He is fascinated by the idea of constructing virtual worlds that he believes would revolutionize the human experience. Zuckerberg and other digital moguls increasingly demonstrate how they are working to make science fiction fantasies reality. For instance, the name metaverse comes from Neal Stephenson’s 1992 science fiction novel, although the original idea can even be traced back to the holodeck in Star Trek. Nevertheless, in the years to come, metaverse will no longer be a science fiction phenomenon but a companion of our daily lives. This idea of bringing fictional ideas into reality might sound good to the majority, however it doesn’t have the entire public’s approval.

Roger McNamee, who was one the first people to invest in Facebook, has his doubts about metaverse. Recently in a statement with BBC, he said that "it's a bad idea and the fact we are all sitting and looking at this like it's normal should be alarming to everyone." In the eyes of Mr McNamee, Facebook has done too much harm to society to be allowed to build the metaverse. Mark Zuckerberg also stated that social media is moving towards a more secure future, by concentrating on giving their users more privacy. As social media’s popularity increases daily, questions are raised about how safe and healthy the virtual world really is. Hopefully there will be a safer and advanced future of social media that will benefit our society rather than harm it. It is still too early to tell whether Facebook’s new change should be a cause for excitement or controversy. Only time and further innovation will show how the future of the internet will change our society, our world, and our lifestyle.

"it's a bad idea and the fact we are all sitting and looking at this like it's normal should be alarming to everyone."

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