APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY Anti-bribery programme: The enterprise’s anti-bribery efforts including values, code of conduct, detailed policies and procedures, risk management, internal and external communication, training and guidance, internal controls, oversight, monitoring and assurance36.
Audit: The process by which the reliability of internal controls, documentation and reported performance is checked and verified to provide assurance to management, investors and other stakeholders.
Beneficial ownership: A beneficial owner is the real person who ultimately owns, controls or benefits from a company or trust fund and the income it generates (Transparency International)37.
Business Principles for Countering Bribery: A good practice model for corporate anti-bribery policies and programmes developed through a multi-stakeholder process initiated and led by Transparency International.
Downstream: The flow of materials and services from the company to users concluding in disposal of goods or products or completion of a service. See also Upstream.
E-procurement: Business-to-business purchasing and sale of supplies and services through the internet and other electronic communication methods.
FCPA: US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Integrity pact: A tool developed by Transparency International to counter corruption in public contracting and projects.
Open source information: Due diligence information obtained legally and ethically from public sources. Original equipment manufacturer (OEM): A company making a part or subsystem used in another company's end product. Politically Exposed Person (PEP): An individual who is or has been entrusted with a prominent public function.
Pre-qualification Questionnaire (PQQ): A self-assessment questionnaire sent to third parties as a preliminary information gathering exercise. PPQs provide basic information on all aspects of a third party, including company information, ownership, organisation board, governance, financial situation, expertise, experience and appropriate policies and procedures.
Radio frequency identification (RFID): Radio frequency identification is a technology used to identify and track chips attached to objects. The tracking provides information on status, locations and timings.
Stakeholder engagement: The process used by an organisation to engage relevant stakeholders for a purpose to achieve accepted outcomes. (AccountAbility, 2013).
36 Business Principles for Countering Bribery (Transparency International, 2013). 37 https://www.transparency.org/glossary/ [accessed 20th June 2016].
Transparency International | Managing third party risk: Only as strong as your weakest link
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