How to pass Ramadan

(1) &mrfZmefvjrwf\&ufrsm;udk rnfodkY jzwfoef;ukefvGefrnfenf; &mrfZmefvjrwfonf vlom;\ 0dnmOfa&;tiftm; awmifhwif;cdkifrmvmap&ef? aumif;rIrsm;ü qxufwydk; wdk;wufvkyfaqmifvmap&ef vma&mufaom tjrwfqHk; vwpfvjzpfonf/taMumif; rl xdv k jrwfwiG f tbufbufrS aumif;rIjyKjcif;qdik &f m avjynfnif;wdYk wdu k cf wfavaomaMumifjh zpf onf/xdt Yk wGuaf Mumifyh if xdv k jrwfü rdrcd E¨mtpdwt f ydik ;f wdik ;f udk aumif;rIüyg0if&ef Ed;I aqmfay;ae& rnfjzpfNy;D usr;f jrwfu&k t f meftajrmuftrsm;½Gwzf wfjcif; ? tpf(pf)oD*zf m&f (tjypfvw T af Mumif;w&m;) ? '½l;of½S&D;zf ESifh tjcm;aom'dktmawmif;qkrsm;udk ½Gwfqdkwojcif;wdkYjzifh EIwfyg;pyfrSmpdkqGwfaeap &rnf/xdkYjyif vlom;tusdK;jyKtvkyfrsm; vkyfcGifhMuHKwdkif; vHk;0vufvGwfrcHbJ ulnDvkyfaqmif&rnf/ xdv k ü rdrOd pöm"eudv k nf; t½Siv hf rf;awmfwiG f vI'gef;&rnfjzpfNy;D rdryd ikd t f csed u f v kd nf; omoemhtusKd ; aqmifjcif; ? omoemjzefcY sjd cif;wdüYk ESpx f m;&ayrnf/xdjYk yif atbm'of(qnf;uyfr)I udv k nf; ajrmuf rsm;pGm 0wfjyKvsufae&ayrnf/ tpövmrfomoemawmf½Sd MudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrI(5)&yf urÇmah emufq;kH aeYrsm;\ tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vf rqD[Ef iS rhf [f'b D UJG cH [mZ&wfr&D Zf m*lvmrft[fr'f(t)ocif MuD; rdefYMum;awmfrl&mrSm]tv’m[f½iS jf rwfonf tpövmrfomoemawmfü MuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf MI u;D (5)&yfukd wnfxm;awmfr\ l / ,if;um;-ermZf?½kdZm?Zum;of(qG'um[f)?[*sf ESifh tpövmrfh&efolrsm;tm; EIwfjzifhjzpfap?uavmif jzifjh zpfap jyefvnfacsyjcif;wdyYk ifjzpfaMumif; uk&t f mefusr;f jrwftm;jzifh taxmuftxm;&½Sad yonf/ xdkYaMumifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;taeESifh ,if;tm;xkwfMudK;yrf;rI (5) &yfudk MudK;pm;vdkufemMu&rnf/½kdZm onf wpfEpS yf wfv;kH aerS wpfvomvma&mufjcif;jzpfonf/tcsKd aY om yk*K¾d vrf eG rf sm;uawmh ezDv½f Zdk m apmifhxdef;Muonf/odkYaomf tjrJxm0pOf ½kdZmcsnf;yJ xm;aejcif;udkawmh omoemawmfu wm;jrpf ayonf/qdkvdkonfrSm t½Sifjrwfonf tpOfojzifh tcsdef½Sdoa½GU ½dkZmxm;aejcif;udk rESpfjrdKYUbJ &Hzef &Hcg ezDvf½dkZmxm;EdkifNyD; wcgw&H rxm;bJ ae&jcif;jzpfonf/ ½dkZmOyk'fapmifhxdef;jcif;qdkif&m'óe(tawG;tjrif) &mrfZmefvjrwf\ tvGejf rifjh rwfaomoGeo f ifcsurf mS um; rnfrQyifvt kd yfcsuw f Ukd jzifjh ynfEh u S af eonf

(2) jzpfap tv’m[f½Sifjrwfudk ouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;taeESifh t½SifhESpfvdkUawmfrljcif;tvdkYiSm xdkvdktyf csuf?rjynfhpkHrI[loa½GUudk Oayu©mjyK?ausmcdkif;Muavonf/usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefu ½kdZmOyk'f\ tppf trSefoabmESifh tawG;tjrif'óew&m;udk azmfusL;jyo&mrSm ]td-k rdt k rf ifeo f uf0if,MkH unfot l aygif;wdYk - toifwx Ykd uftvsiu f vlrsm;udk Oyk'o f v D apmifx h ed ;f &ef jyXmef;cJhonfhenf;wl toifwdkYtay:odkYvnf; jyXmef;awmfrl\/odkYjzifhtoifwdkY ouú0g(jzLpifajzmifh rwfjcif;)w&m; &½SdpdrfhaomiSmjzpfonf/} xdktm,wfawmf\ qdkvdk&if;teufoabmrSmum;-] ½kdZmonf uGsEkfyfwdkY ouú0gw&m; aqmuf wnfEdkiftHhaomiSm tusifhjzpfap&ef apmifhxdef;cdkif;&jcif;jzpfonf/½dkZmOyk'fapmifhxdef;olwpfa,muf taeESifh t½SifjrwfcGifhjyKxm;aom t&m[loa½GUudk tcsdefydkif;taeESifh pGefYvTwf&\/ ]ight½Sifocif u ighukd 'Dtcsed t f ueft Y owfrmS cGirhf jyKxm;vdyYk J } qdak omtawG;ESihf cGijhf yKxm;aom tpm;taomuf rsm;udkyif acwåcsKyfwnf;&jcif;jzpfonf/odkYqdkvQif cGifhjyKxm;aomt&mawGudkyif wm;jrpfxm;onfh tcsdefüroHk;aqmif&vQif cGifhrjyKxm;aomt&mrsm;udk oHkpGJrIjyKzdkYqdkonfrSm a0;avpG/xdkYjyif cGifhrjyK xm;aomt&mrsm;udkpm;aomufjcif;?umrqE´jznfhqnf;jcif;rsm; todkYvQif jyKvkyfygOD;rnfenf;/ } xdjYk yif ½dZk mOyk'af pmifx h ed ;f jcif;aMumifh 0dnmOfü tpG"J mwfwpfrsKd ; ? cdik rf mrIwpfzkH ? tiftm;wpfo, G f wdkY&½Sdvmum b0\wu,fhtppftrSef vdktyfaom 0dnmOfa&;&du©mudk jznfhwif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ 0dnmOfütiftm;wpf&yf &½Sv d map&ef?aumifrrI sm;ü qxufwyd;k wnfwnfjird jf ird Ef iS hf wd;k wufjyKvyk f vmEdkifap&efvnf;jzpfonf/½kdZmOyk'fapmifhxdef;&jcif;\ tjrifhrm;qHk;aom &nf½G,fOD;wnfcsufrSm½kyfcE¨monf pdwf0dnmOfESifh qufEG,fvsuf½SdNyD; ½kyfcE¨m\usef;rmMuHhcdkifa&;onf pdwf0dnmOf\MuHhcdkif ½Tifysa&;ESifh euf½Idif;pGmEG,f,Sufvsuf½Sdaeayonf/½kyfydkif;tpmwdkif;onf pdwf0dnmOfudk tusdK;ouf a&mufaponf/xdrk w S qifh pdw0f n d mOf Mumnfvifoef½Y iS ;f pifMu,faejcif;onf ½kycf E¨mü EkysKd vef;qef; usef;rmoefpGrf;rIudk jzpfay:apavonf/ tv’m[f½Sifjrwfonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefü vlom;udkzefqif;&jcif;\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufonf yifvQif t½Sijf rwf\ *kPaf wmftaoG;ta&mifukd qd;k ,l&efjzpfaMumif;rdeMYf um;xm;avonf/xdUk aMumifh uGsEkfyfwdkYonf t½SifjrwfESifhwlnDrIjyKum wpdwfwa'o *kPfa&mifqdk;onfhtaeESifh t½Sifjrwfonf rtdypf ufonf?h ridu k rf sn;f onf?h rpm;raomufonfeh nf;wl xdv k jrwfwiG f uGsEyfk w f v Ykd o l m;rsm;onfvnf; ttdyaf vQmMh u?tpm;taomufrpm;bJaeMuonf/nSi;f yef;ESyd pf ufc&H olwpfO;D taeESihf ol\tm½k?H pdwf aomu?qE´tvHk;pHkrSm rdrdvGwfajrmuf&mvrf;jzpfonfh tv’m[f½SifjrwfbufodkY tm½kHwpfpkwpfpnf; wnf;jzifh OD;cdkufavonf/xdkYjyif MuJjyefYaeonfh rnfonfht&mürqdk tm;tifr½SdbJ wpfpkwpfpnf; wnf;½Sad eonft h &mwdik ;f wGio f m tiftm;½So d nfeh nf;wl ½kZd mOyk'af pmifo h w l pfO;D rSmvnf; t&Sijf rwf

(3) bufawmfodkYom ¤if;\0dnmOfrSm pD;qif;oGm;um b0toufudk&½Sdavonf/ xdkenf;wl jrpf jyifus,fwpfpif;\ wpfae&m jrpfqHkav;wGif usOf;ajrmif;oGm;NyD; a&pD;rSm t½Sdeft[kefjzifhpD;awG onhfenf;wl Oyk'foDvapmifhxdef;olwpfa,mufrSmvnf; rdrdonf tjcm;rnfonfh bufrQ tm½kHr½Sd awmhbJ t½SifhbufodkYom t½Sdeft[kefjzifh tm½kHpD;qif;avonf/odkYjzifh vlom;\zefqif;cH &jcif;&nf½G,fcsufudkvnf; ½kdZmOyk'fapmifhum t½Sifhtm;c0yfqnf;uyfonfhatbm'ofwdkYjzifh ayguf a jrmuf r I & ½S d a vonf / ½k d Z mOyk ' f o D v apmif h & jcif ; ud k

wpf v H k ; wpf y g'wnf ; jzpf u m

t"dygÜ ,fjynf0h aom pum;vH;k jzifh qd&k onf½adS omf ]vtvfvuGro f ufoul;ef }(odjYk zift h oifwo Ykd uú0g pifMu,fjcif; w&m;&½Sdap&efjzpfonf) [laom ouú0g ((tv’m[fhtm;aMumufod½kdusdK;pdwf) yifjzpf avbmawmhonf/ vjrwf&mrfZmefwGif tv’m[fhtm;csD;usL;axmremjyKjcif;? t&SifjrwfoefY&Sif;pifMu,faMumif;>rwf[jcif;?t&SifjrwftvdkYiSm t&mwdkif;ESifhtquftoG,fjzwfvsuf t&Sifjrwfa&SUawmfarSmuf cpm;0ifa&mufjcif; [mZ&wfrqD[farmftl'f(t)ocifMuD;rdefYMum;&mrSm]tpövmrfhr@dkif(5)csufü wwd,ajrmuftcsufonf ½kdZmjzpfonf/odkYaomf ½kdZm\ tppftrSef oabmESifhpyfvsOf;í vlwdkY rodEdkifjzpfaeMuayonf/wu,fawmh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHodkY ra&mufzl;aom olonf xdEk ikd if t H aMumif; tb,foaYkd jymqdw k ifjyEdik t f eH nf;/½kZd m[lonf tiwfc½H o Hk ufoufuo kd m ac:qdkonfr[kwfbJ ½kdZm\tppftrSefoabmESifh tusdK;oufa&mufrIudk udk,fwdkifMuHKawGUrS odjrif cHpm;Edik o f nfh t&mrsKd ;jzpfonf/vlo Y bm0pdw(f 0dnmO)t&qdv k Qif tpm;avQmph m;av?pdw(f 0dnmOf)ü oefY½Sif;jzLpifvmum tm;aumif;vmNyD; ½lyg½kHjrifuGif;jrif&jcif; (Asm'dwf&½Sdjcif;) wdkYü wdk;wufvm avjzpfonf/tv’m[f½Sifjrwf\qE´awmfonfum; tpmtm[&wpfrsdK;udkavQmhNyD; aemuftpmtm [m&wpfrsdK;udk wdk;apjcif;jzpfonf/xdkYaMumifh ½kdZmOyk'fapmifhxdef;oltaeESifh ]tiwfcH½kHoufouf r[kw}f qdo k nfukd tpOfojzifh ESvo kH iG ;f xm;&rnfjzpfNy;D t&Sijf rwfuo kd wd&wojcif; (Zdu&D )f tajrmuf trsm; jyKvsuaf e&ayrnf/odjYk zifh avmuDtm½kw H t Ykd qufjywfum t&Sijf rwfbufoYkd vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; OD;nTwEf ikd v f rd rhf nfjzpfonf/xdaYk Mumifh ½kZd mOyk'af pmifx h ed ;f &jcif;\ t"dygÜ ,foabmrSm ½kycf E¨mavmuf udkomtm;ay;onfhtpmudkpGefYvsuf 0dnmOfudktm;aumif;vmatmifjyKay;onfh t&Sifjrwfudkowd& wojcif;xJrmS epfaejcif;udq k v kd o kd nf/t&Sit hf wGuo f ;D oefY Oyk'o f v D apmifx h ed ;f um?xHw k rf;"avhwpf &yftaeESihf apmifx h ed ;f Mujcif;r[kwaf omolrsm;taeESihf t&Sijf rwftm;cs;D rGr;f axmremjyKjcif;?t&Sif

(4) jrwfoefY½Sif;pifMu,faMumif;>rwf[jcif;wdkYüom xdktcsdefrsm;udkukefvGefap&rnf/odkYjzifh 0dnmOftpm udk&½SdtHh/ udk,fawmfjrwfMuD;(qG)onf &mrfZmefvjrwfü atbm'of(qnf;uyfjcif;)tajrmuftrsm;jyK vkyaf vh½o dS nf/,ciftcsed rf sm;uxufyí kd vjrwf&mrfZmefwiG f atbm'ofyv kd yk af vh½o dS nf/xdo k aYkd om &mrfZmefvrsdK;wGif pm;jcif;?aomufjcif; tawG;rsm;rS z,fcGmvsuf t&Sifjrwfa&SYawmfarSmufwGif 0yf qif;vsufae&rnfjzpfonf/ vjrwf&mrfZmefonf uk&ftmefzwfjcif;?awmif;qk'dktmrsm;jyK&m txl;jyK&ufjrwfrsm;yif

vjrwf&mrfZmef&ufrsm;twGif; txl;ojzifh usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefzwf½GwfrIjyKvsuf ae&ayrnf/uk&ftmefwpfapmifvHk;udkyif xdkvü ESpfcgrQ zwf½GwfNyD;pD;aeoifhonf/rwwfEdkifvQif tenf;qHk; wpfacgufavmufawmh NyD;oifhonf/uk&ftmefzwfae&if; &[frofu½kPmESifhqdkifaom tm,wfawmfrsm;a&mufwdkif; t&SifjrwfxHrS u&kPmw&m;rsm;udk&SmazGvsuf ae&rnfjzpfNyD; tjypf 'PfEiS q hf ikd af omtm,wfrsm;a&mufwikd ;f vnf; tjypfraS &Smifjcif;w&m; tpf(p)oD*zf m&f &Gwzf wfvsuf ae&ayrnf/ þvjrwfwGif t&Sifhtm;owd&wojcif;?'dktmawmif;qkjyKjcif;wdkYü tm;tif pdkufxkwfvsuf jyKvkyfae&ayrnf/'dktmqkawmif;rIjyKpOfwGifvnf; t&Sifha&SUarSmufü xdkifaebgouJhodkY cHpm;rdae& rnfjzpfNyD; ]t&SifjrwfuMunfhaeNyD; wdkUuvnf;t&Sifjrwfudk jrifae&ygvm;} qkdonfh cHpm;csufrsdK; pdwEf v S ;kH ü aygufzmG ;vm&ayrnf/'dt k mawmif;qkjyK&müvnf; tpövmrfomoemawmfw;kd wufpnfyif vmapzdkU ? tpövmrfomoemawmfrSm t&SifjrwfuwdjyKxm;csufESifhtnD rqD[fESifhr[f'DyGifhay:um tpövmrfhatmifyGJawGqD tvsiftjref wdk;wufvSrf;csDEdkifzdkY ? vlom;xkwpf&yfvHk; tpövmrfrnfaom at;&dyfom,matmufü cdkvIHvmMuum at;csrf;om,mrI&SdapzdkY pojzifh a0a0qmqm rdrdwdkU'dktm awmif;qkrsm;ü xnfhoGif;awmif;cHvsufae&ayrnf/xdkYjyif þvjrwfü trsm;qHk;awmif;cHae&rnfh 'dktmawmif;qkrsm;um;]&Afem tmodem zD'f'Gef,m [peaomif0f 0zDvftmcd&od [peaomif0f 0udem tZmAem&f} ]td-k uGseaf wmfrsKd ;wdt Yk m;zefqif;arG;jrLawmfral omt&Sijf rwf-uGseaf wmfrsKd ;tm; þ'GE, Dé mavmuüa&m aemifwrvGeftmcd&ofüyg aumif;jcif;tjzmjzmcsD;jrSifh ay;oem;awmfrlvSnfhyg/}

(5) ]vmtdvm[ tdvfvmtefom pGAf[meu tifefeDuGefok rifefeufZGf ZGmvDrD;ef} ]t&Sijf rwfrv S í JG c0yfu;kd uG,jf cif;cHxu kd &f m t&Sirf &Syd g/t&Sijf rwfonf oef&Y iS ;f jrifjh rwfpifMu,fawmf rlyg\/{uefrkcs uGsefawmfrsdK;onf usL;vGefolrsm;teufrS jzpfyg\/} ],m[dkif,k ,mudkif,f,k bd&m[frodu eufpfo*D;pf} ]tdk-rdrdbmom&yfwnfEdkifawmfrlNyD; xm0&touf&Sifvsuf&Sdawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf-uGsefawmfrsdK;wdkY onf t&Sifhu&kPmawmfudk awmif;cHwdk;vsdK;aeonfh olzkef;pm;rsm;jzpfyg\/} xdkYjyif pl&m[fzmwD[mudkvnf; tajrmuftrsm;½Gwfqdkvsufae&ayrnf/ '&l;oftajrmuftrsm; ½Gwfqdkvsufae&rnf

tv’m[f&iS jf rwfxaH wmfrS b&uof r*Fvmaumif;jcif;w&m;rsm;&&Sad p&ef '½l;of½&S ;D zfuv kd nf; ajrmuf rsm;pGm ½Gwfqdkvsufae&rnf/rqD[farmftl'f(t)ocifMuD;onf '½l;of½S&D;zftajrmuftrsm; ½Gwfzwf onf&h v'ftaejzifh ocifMu;D \ ESv;kH om;ü tarT;eHo Y mMuKd ijf zifh yufjzef;jcif;cHvu kd &f ovdck pH m;vdu k f &Ny;D tdyrf ufü aumif;uifwrefEpS yf g;onf ocifMu;D \tdraf wmfwiG ;f odYk tvif;a&mifpOfwef;Mu;D udk pGo J iG ;f ,laqmifvmaeonfujkd rif\/xdt k cg aumif;uifwrefEpS yf g;xJrS wpfyg;u ]þonfrmS toif rd[ k r®'(f qG)ay:odYk tajrmuftrsm;ydo Yk aom '½l;of½&S ;D zf\ &v'fyifwnf;/} [kred >Yf rwfcahJ yonf [l\/ vjrwf&mrfZmefonf 'dktmqkawmif; vufcHjcif;cH&rI\ txl;owfrSwfxm;aom &ufrsm;wnf; tv’m[f&Sifjrwfonf omrmeftcsdefrsm;üvnf; bef'gtapawmf\ 'dktmawmif;qkudk Mum;emawmf rlum vkt d yfcsurf sm;udv k nf; jznfq h nf;ay;onfy/J odaYk omf vjrwf&mrfZmefumvonf 'dt k mawmif; qkvufcjH cif;\ txl;owfrw S x f m;aom&ufrsm;yifjzpfonf/xdUk aMumifh uGsEyfk w f t Ykd aeESihf þ&ufrsm; wGif tusdK;&,lcHpm;oifhonf/xdkYjyif tv’m[fESifheD;pyfEdkifrnfhvrf;rsm;udk &SmazGvsuf ae&ayrnf/ odrYk [kwyf grl vjrwf&mrfZmefwiG v f nf; uGsEyfk w f v Ykd ufAvmjzpfaernfqu kd txufow Ykd ufvrS ;f Edik pf rG ;f

(6) &Sdawmhrnfr[kwfacs/ 'dktmvufcHjcif;ESifh½kdZmapmifhxdef;jcif;wdkYrSm euf½Idif;pGm qufEG,fvsuf&Sdayonf/nSif;yef;ESdyf pufcH&olwpfOD;\ tvHk;pHkaom tm½kH[lorQ wpfae&mwnf;üom pkpnf;oGm;vsuf rdrdvGwfajrmuf &mvrf;jzpfonfh tv’m[f&iS jf rwfbufawmfoo Ykd m tm½kw H pfpw k pfpnf;wnf;jzifh OD;cdu k af vawmhonf/ xdkpOf ¤if;\pdwftpOfrSm rnfonfhbufodkYrS rjyefUvGifhawmhbJ t&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf; bufodkYom pD;qif;avawmhonf/xdo k yYkd if vjrwf&mrfZmefwiG v f nf; ½kZd mOyk'af pmifx h ed ;f xm;Muonfh rGwpf vifrf rsm;tm;vH;k t&Sijf rwfbufoo Ykd m tm&kjH yKO;D vSnMhf uavonf/jyefMY uaJ eaom rnfonft h &mrqdk wpf pkwpfpnf;wnf;jzpfomG ;onft h cg tiftm;wpf&yfay:aygufvmonfrmS taotcsmyifjzpfonf/xdjYk yif jrpfjyifus,w f pfpif;\wpfae&mü usO;f ajrmif;oGm;onft h cg a&pD;rSm t&Sed t f [kejf zifh oefavonf/ xdOk yrmrsm;enf;wl vjrwf&mrfZmefonfvnf; 'dt k mrsm;vufcjH cif;cH&pdrahf omiSm tiftm;wpf&yfayguf zGm;apavonf/xdkvjrwfü rGwfpvifrfrsm;onf ntcgrsm;ü xMuvsuf t&Sifjrwfa&SYawmfarSmuf awmif;qk'dktmrsm;jyKMuonf/xdkYjyif q,f[f&Dpm;aomtcgwGifvnf; xMu&jyD; atbm'ofjyKzdkY&m tcGit hf a&;&aponf/xdo k jYkd zifh vjrwf&mrfZmefü ode;f aygif;rsm;pGmaom rGwpf vifrrf sm;\ awmif;qk rsm; t&Sijf rwfa&SaY wmfarSmuf a&muf&o dS mG ;onft h cg t&Sijf rwfonf xdak wmif;qk't kd mrsm;tm; ry,f awmhbJ vufcaH wmfrv l u kd af vonf/xdak &mtcg rdt k rf ifeo f uf0if,MkH unfot l yk pf Mk u;D rSm pl;pl;pdu k pf u kd f t&Sifha&SUarSmuf awmif;qka>caeonfudk t&SifjrwftodkUvQif vufrcHbJ &SdEdkiftHhenf;/ xdkYaMumifh vjrwf&mrfZmefonf 'dktmrsm;vufcHjcif;ESifh tvGefeuf&Idif;pGm EG,f,Sufvsuf&Sdae jcif;jzpfonf/'dktm\xljcm;eufeJrIudk t&Sifjrwfu &dkZmOyk'fESifhqdkifaom tm,wfawmfrSmyif azmfusL;jyoxm;jcif;udku xdkvjrwfESifh'dktmawmif;qkjyKjcif;rSm tb,frQqufEG,fvsuf&Sdonfukd rSe;f qEdik af yonf/xdt k m,wfü awmif;qkjyKorl sm;u t&Sijf rwfEiS phf yfvsO;f í ar;aomtcg t½Sijf rwf u ] tifefeDu&D;Af } (igt&SifteD;qHk;ü&Sd\) [laom pum;vHk;udk a½G;cs,foHk;EIef;xm;ayonf/xdkodkY 'dktmawmif;qkrsm; vufcHrnf[lí uwdjyKxm;aom vjrwfwGifrS uGsEkfyfwdkYofn teD;qHk;ü&Sdaom t&SifESifh reD;pyfEdkifcJhvQif tb,ftcgrQ eD;pyfEdkifygOD;rnfenf;/ pdwfESvk;om;rsm;ü t½Sifhtcspf ysdK;&m vjrwf uGsEfkyfwdkYonf rdrdwdkYrsdK;qufopfrsm;udk yJhjyifxdef;ausmif;ay;Edkifatmif MudK;yrf;Mu&rnf/]at bm'of r&SdbJ rif;wdkY&JU b0awG[m bmt"dyÜg,frSr½Sd tcsnf;ESD;bJ } qdkonfudk rdbrsm;taeESifh

(7) om;orD;rsm;udk qHrk Mo0g'ay;vsuaf e&ayrnf/tv’m[f&iS jf rwfxaH wmfyg;ü atbm'ofxuf jrwf aomt&m[lí ew¬dyif/odkYr[kwfygrl uGsEkfyfwdkYonfvnf; atbm'ofr½SdvQif þavmuü wd&dpämef rsm;enf;wl aooGm;MuNyD;vQif ajrpdkif?ajrcJrsm;yif jzpfoGm;Muayvdrfhrnf/wd&dpämefESifhvludk cGJjcm;ay; onfrmS wu,fawmh tv’m[fuo kd rd w S jf cif;? (atbm'of)qnf;uyfu;kd uG,jf cif;yifjzpfonf/wd&pd mä ef rsm;uawmh aoNy;D vQif vGwaf jrmufomG ;Ny/D olwb Ykd 0 tqH;k owfNy/D odaYk omf uGsEyfk w f (Ykd vlom;)rSmrlum; tqH;k rowfEikd af o;bJ wrvGeb f 0c&D;udq k ufMu&OD;rnfjzpfonf/qkvmbfEiS jhf ypf'Pfuckd , H &l ef t&Sihf a&SUawmfarSmuf cpm;0ifMu&vdrOhf ;D rnf/xdaYk Mumifh ckvkd odpw d rf sKd ; uGsEyfk w f rYkd sKd ;qufopfrsm;qDov Ykd nf; jzefu Y ;l ay;&ayvdrOhf ;D rnf/&mrfZmefvjrwfonf xdo k rYkd ;D ul;ay;&m taumif;qH;k aomvjrwfjzpfonf/ uGsEyfk w f aYkd &m uGsEyfk w f o Ykd m;orD; tquftEG,rf sm;udyk g pdwEf v S ;kH ü t&Sit hf cspw f Ykd ude;f 0yfatmifjyKay; zdkY&m txdkufqHk;aom vyifjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vjrwf&mrfZmefü rdbrsm;udk,fwdkifa&m rdrdwdkYom;orD;rsm;udkyg t&Sifjrwftm;cspf jcif;wnf;[lonfh rsdK;aph ysdK;axmifay;&rnfjzpfonf/xdkodkYaomenf;jzifh uGsEkfyfwdkYrsdK;qufopfrsm;udk a&avmif;aygif;oifjyK ay;oifo h nf/qdv k o kd nfrmS ¤if;rsKd ;qufopfrsm;udk aeYpOfEiS t hf rQ aumif;aom pum;?pifMu,fjrifjh rwfaompum;rsm; ajymjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdüYk vnf; oef&Y iS ;f jrifjh rwfaomtudik ;f tcwf rsm; jzmxGuv f mrnfjzpfonf/vjrwf&mrfZmefukd &kZd mOyk'o f v D apmifx h ed ;f jcif;jzifh jzwfoef;cJo h vdrk sKd ; usew f (hJ 11)vudv k nf; xdv k jrwfrmS &cJw h hJ 0dnmOfa&;tiftm;rsm;\tultyHjh zifh qufvufjzwfoef; Mu&rnfjzpfonf/uGsEyfk w f t Ykd wGuf t&Sijf rwfEiS hf teD;pyfapEdik q f ;kH ?aumif;rItjyKEikd q f ;kH ?0dÓPpGr;f tm; trsm;qHk;jznfhwif;EdkifonfhvrSm &mrfZmefvjrwfyifjzpfonf/taMumif;rl t&Sifjrwfonf xdkvudk txl;jyK&nf½, G u f m rdrEd iS ehf ;D pyf qufE, G rf &I ,lMuzdYk qH;k roGeo f ifxm;Ny;D xdv k jrwfwiG yf if atbm'of (c0yfqnf;uyfjcif;)tajrmuftrsm; jyKEdkifjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfayonf/ vjrwf&mrfZmefü vdrfnmrkom;qdkjcif;rS a½SmifusOfMuavmh [mZ&wftbl[l½kdif&m(&'D)ocif qifhjyefajymMum;\/udk,fawmfjrwfMuD;(qG)rdefYMum;awmfrl onfum; -]tMuifolonf vdrfnm\/vdrfnmajymqdkjcif;rS a&Smif&Sm;jcif;rjyKvQif t&Sifjrwfonf tiwfcHrIudk vdktyfvsuf&Sdaomt&Sifr[kwfacs/} xdkYaMumifh uGsEkfyfwdkYtaeESifh udk,fawmfhoGefoifqHk;rMo0g'jyKcsufudk tav;teufxm; em,l &rnfjzpfonf/xdkqHk;rMo0g'jzifh uGsEkfyfwdkY\ þvjrwf&mrfZmefc&D;pOfudk pwifMu&rnf/tm&S\

(8) þrSmbufjcrf;wGif aexdik Mf uukeaf om ygupöwef?tdE, d´ ?b*Fvm;a';½Sf paom Edik if rH sm;wGif vdrn f m rItvGefaygrsm;NyD; tmz&duwGifvnf; xdkenf;¤if;yif/wu,fqdk vdrfnmrIudk tpufqkyfqHk;rSm tpövmrfomoemüom tjrifhqHk;taetxm;ESifh awGU&ayonf/uGsEkfyfwdkYtaeESifh tiwfcH½kHrQcHNyD; vdrn f majymqdak ernf?EIwyf g;pyfukd csKyw f nf;rIr½S?d t&Sihf atbm'oftwGi;f 0yfqif;rIü tm;enf;jcif; ponfjzifh vjrwf&mrfZmefudk ukefvGefvdkufrnfavm/xdkodkYjyKvkyfum Oyk'fapmifhxdef;rnfqdkaomf tiwfcH½kHrQom½SdrnfjzpfNyD; tjynfht0tusdK;qkvmbf &½Sdrnfr[kwfacs/odkYqdkvQif vjrwf&mrfZmef udkjzwfoef;&onfrSm uGsEkfyfwdkYtwGuf rnfodkYaom&orS ½Sdrnfr[kwfonfhtjyif t½SifjrwfESifheD;pyf EkdifcGifhrsm;rSvnf; vufvGwfqHk;½IH;&rnfjzpfonf/ vjrwf&mrfZmefü Oyk'fonfrsm;taeESifh a&m*gb,jzpfyGm;jcif;rS a½SmifusOfrI &½Sd&ef awmif;qk'dktm ]td-k uGseaf wmfrsKd ;wd\ Yk tcsp&f qH;k aomt½Sijf rwf-þvjrwf&mrfZmefwiG f uGsEyfk w f o Ykd nf t½Sijf rwfEiS hf eD;pyfEdkifcGifh ? t½SifhtrdefYawmfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;vdkufemjcif; ? t½SifhESpfvdkYawmfrljcif;rsm;rS rqHk;½IH;&yg vd\ k /td-k uGseaf wmfrsKd ;\t½Si-f aemifvmrnfEh pS rf sm;wGif uGseaf wmfrsKd ;touf½iS ?f r½Sif [lonfurkd odyg/ xdkYtwGuf uGsefawmfrsdK; þvjrwfrS vufvGwfqHk;½IH;jcif;rjzpf&avatmif t½SifjrwfjyKpGrf;ay;awmf rlyg/}xdo k aYkd om awmif;qk't kd mrsKd ;udk jyKaeao;oa&GU t½Sijf rwfuvnf; xdq k ak wmif;udk vufcaH eOD; rSmomjzpfygw,f/ ½kZd mOyk'o f v D apmifx h ed ;f &jcif;onf uGsEyfk w f Ykd 0dÓPpGr;f tm;aumif;rGev f map&ef?aumif;rIrsm;ü qxufwydk; wdk;wufaqmif½GufvmEdkif&efjzpfonf/vlom;onf jzLpifopö½SdrI?tjrifhqHk;aom ajzmifh rwfpifMu,frw I jYkd zifh t½Sijf rwfxyH g; ]td-k t½Sijf rwf-uGseaf wmfrsKd ;tm; þvjrwf&mrfZmefrS vufvw G f qHk½IH;rIrjzpfygapESifh } [kawmif;qkjyKaomtcg t½Sifjrwfonf xdkol awmif;onfhqkawmif;twdkif; jznfq h nf;ay;vdu k af vonf/xdo k aYkd omtajctaerSmyifvQif emruse;f jzpfco hJ nf½adS omf xdo k jYkd zpfjcif; onf ¤if;twGuf &[frofu½kPmtoGifodkYajymif;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/taMumif;qdkaomf vkyf&yfwdkif; onf &nfpl;csufay:wGif tajcwnfvsuf½SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/rdktfrifefouf0if,HkMunfolwpfOD; taeESifh rdrdudk,fudk t½SifjrwfxHü ol&owåd½SdolwpfOD;tjzpf oufaocHEkdif&rnf/

(9) ½kdZmOyk'foDvapmifhxdef;jcif;onf usef;rma&;udk taxmuftuljzpfaponf

udk,fawmfjrwfMuD;(qG)rdefYMum;awmfrl&mrSm- ]pl;rloqGD[f[l} ]toifwdkY usef;rma&;aumif;rGefapa&; ½kdZmOyk'faqmufwnfMuavmh/} ]wdkYawG tpm;taomuf tvGeftuGsH pm;aomufwm ravsmfuefwJh tjyif ab;Oyg'fjzpfapNy;D use;f rma&;udyk gxdcu kd Ef ikd yf gvm;} qdo k nft h odukd uGsEyfk w f Ykd ½kZd mOyk'af pmifh wJhtcgrSom &½SdcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/xdkYaMumifh ½kdZm[m nSif;yef;aeonfhtoGifrayguf?usef;rma&; udkxdcdkufaponfr[kwf½kHomru usef;rma&;udk taxmuftulyif jyKaeayao;onf/xdkYjyif &mrf ZmefvjrwfuyJ uGsEyfk w f u Ykd kd pm;aomufypkH epf?twdik ;f twm?enf;edó&nf;awGukd oifMum;ay;aejcif; yifjzpfonf/½kdZmOyk'fapmifhxdef;ol[m tpm;taomufudk vHk0avQmhcsypfvdkuf&NyD; wu,fawmh þ odaYk vQmch sypfjcif;onfyif ½kZd mOyk'af pmifx h ed ;f &jcif;\ tjrifrh m;qH;k eJY tESpo f m&t½Sq d ;kH aom &nf½, G f csufjzpf\/taMumif;rl ½kyfcE¨monf pdwf0dnmOfESifh qufEG,fvsuf½SdNyD; ½kyf\usef;rmMuHhcdkifa&;onf pdw\ f MuchH ikd ½f iT yf sa&;ESihf eufepJ mG EG,, f u S v f suf ½Sad ejcif;aMumifjh zpfonf/½kyyf ikd ;f tpmwdik ;f onf pdwf 0dnmOfukd tusKd ;oufa&mufrjI zpfaponf/xdrk w S qifh pdw0f n d mOfoef½Y iS ;f pifMu,faejcif;onf ½kycf E¨m ü EkysKd vef;qef;use;f rmoefprG ;f rI jzpfay:apavonf/xdaYk Mumifh ukvrYkd &Edik [ f k vufavQmv h u kd &f aom a&m*gqef;rsm;yif Oyk'fapmifh?atbm'of(w&m;bm0emqnf;jzef;jcif;)?ZduD&f(t½Sifjrwftm;owd& wojcif;)rsm;jyKvyk v f u kd o f nft h cg wjznf;jznf;aysmufuif;csr;f omrI &½Sv d mavonf/xdo k Ykd ½kZd mOyk'f apmifx h ed ;f aeonfu h mvwavQmuf vlom;\tm½kH ? pdw0f n d mOfrmS aumif;rIrsm;bufoo Ykd m tm;oef NyD;vQif t½Sifjrwf\&ifcGifxufodkY a&pD;onf txufrSatmufodkY t½Sdeft[dkifjzifh pD;qif;ouJhodkY pD;qif;avawmhonf/xdkodkjzifh uGsEkfyfwdkYtwGif;tZÑwåü xljcm;aompGrf;tifrsm; aygufzGm;vmum tm½kiH g;yg;yif rxdawGUEdik f ? raygufa&mufEikd o f nfh 0dnmOfa&;avmuwpfco k Ykd qdu k af &muf&avonf/ xdkYaMumifh ½kdZm\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm ½kyfydkif;tpmbufrS 0dnmOfa&;tpmbufodkY OD;vSnhftm½kHjyK ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/xdkonfhaemuf t½Sifhtm; owd&wojcif;\ &oxl;udk cHpm;&apNyD; uGsEkfyfwdkY\ pdwf0dnmOfudk topfwzefjyefvnf ½Sifoefapavonf/ uav;rsm;udk Oyk'fapmifhjcif;tusifh arG;jrLay;Muukef ½S&DtofOya'u toufrjynfhao;onfh ? t½G,fra&mufao;onfh uav;i,frsm;udk ½kdZm

(10) Oyk'af pmifjh cif;rS wm;jrpfayonf/odaYk omf t½G,af &mufcgeD; uav;i,frsm;udrk l tusi&hf ap&ef ½kZd m &ufjcm;pD apmifhcdkif;oifhonf/12 ? 13 t½G,fwGif ½kdZmOyk'fapmifhxdef;Edkif&ef pwifavhusifhay;&rnf jzpfonf/wcsdKYaomolrsm;qdkvQif uav;i,f 6 ?7 ESpft½G,frSmyif ½kdZmOyk'fapmifhcdkif;Muavonf/ wpfvvHktjynfh twif;t"r® r&ru apmifhcdkif;wwfMuonf/þonf todOmPfxHkjcif;omjzpfNyD; omoemudk rav;rpm;jyK&ma&mufavonf/NyD;awmh ]wdkYawmh tusdK;qkvmbf aumif;aumif;MuD;& Ny}D [kyif txif½adS eMuonf/þonf tusKd ;qkvmbfr&onft h jyif uav;udk rw&m;nSi;f yef;&myif a&mufao;onf/odaYk omf 6 ? 7ESpt f ½G,[ f o l nf zGUH jzKd ;umpt½G,jf zpfNy;D xdo k ½Ykd Zdk mOyk'af pmifch ikd ;f rnf qdv k Qif zGUx H mG ;Mu;D jyif;rIukd &yfqikd ;f ypf&musrnfjzpfonf/xdjYk yif uav;i,f\use;f rma&;üvnf; qd;k usdK;rsm;jzpfay:vmum xdcdkufEdkifayonf/xdkYaMumifh t½G,fa&mufvka&mufcifjzpfonfh 12 ? 13 ?

14 t½G,frsm;udkom avhusifhay;onfhtaeESifh ½kdZmOyk'f MudKMum;MudKMum; apmifhcdkif;oifhonf/xdkodkY 12ESpfrS pwifum ESpfpOf &mrfZmefvjrwf a&muf½Sdvmwdkif; &ufjcm;pDtusifhjyKvkyfay;oifhonf/þ onfrmS vnf; wpfvvH;k tjynfh apmifch ikd ;f &rnfr[kwaf cs/xdjYk yif ][m...'Duav; wpfvvH;k tjynfh bmvdkY ½kdZm rxm;wmvJ} [lívnf; a0zefapm'uwuf Mudrf;armif;rIrsm;rjyKoifhacs/taMumif;rl þt½G,fuav;i,frsm;taeESifh ½kdZmtjynfhapmifhrnfqdkvQif aemufaemif apmifhxdef;Ekdifawmhrnf r[kwaf cs/wcsKd Uuav;rsKd ;qdk toufuom 15 ? 16/odaYk omf ¤if;wdrYk mS oem;u½kPmoufp&maumif; avmufatmifyif arG;puwnf;u nSyfMuNyD; ao;auG;ydefvSDMuonf/wu,faocsmMunfhvQif 8ESpf 9ESpft½G,fcefYom xif&onf/xdkodkYaom uav;rsm;tzdkYvnf; tjynfht0½kdZmapmifhxdef;EdkifpGrf;r½Sd Muí &ufjcm;pD apmifx h ed ;f cdik ;f &rnfjzpfonf/rnfoq Ykd akd p 12 ? 13ESpf t½G,rf pS wifum(use;f rma&; pHraDS om)uav;i,frsm;tm; &ufjcm;pD MuKd Mum;MuKd Mum; ½kZd mOyk'af pmifw h wfonfh tusijhf zpfvmap&ef jyKvkyfay;&rnf/ vjrwf&mrfZmef aemufqHk;q,f&uf [mZ&wftAd af etlr&f (&'D) qifjh yefonfrmS -ud, k af wmfjrwfMu;D (qG)rdeMYf um;awmfr\ l /]jyKru l sihf MujH cif;qdik &f m½Iaxmift h &qdv k Qif &mrfZmefvjrwf\ aemufq;kH q,f&ufxufyí kd jrwfaom ? ydí k jrwfE;kd p&maumif;aom tjcm;&ufrsm;r½Sad wmhacs/b&fuofaumif;cs;D t&qdv k Qiv f nf; xdq k ,f&ufxufrnf onf&h ufrQjrwfonf[í l r½Sad cs/}xdaYk Mumifh ,ck&uftenf;i,f&adS eao;í aumif;cs;D r*Fvm&Sad paomf/ ,ckaomf aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm; uGsEkfyfwdkYxHrS tNyD;tydkif rcGJcGmoGm;ao;acs/uGsEkfyfwdkY xdk&ufrsm;udk urf;vifhMudKqdkrnfqdku xdkonfhb&fuofrsm;onf uGsEkfyfwdkYtdrfrsm;xufodkY oufqif;vmMurnfrSm

(11) rkcsyifjzpfonf/xdkYjyif aemufqHk;&ufrsm;ü pkjyHKvma&mufrnfh aumif;jcif;tjzmjzmonf uGsEkfyfwdkY\ tdrfrsm;xJwGif tpOfwnfvsuf tb,ftcgrS rcGJcGmoGm;ap&ef xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkq,f&uftwGif; jyKae&rnfhZdud&fESifhywfoufí udk,fawmfu ]pGAf[mevfvm[f ? tvf[rf 'kvv d v f m[f ESihf tv’m[f[t k ufub&f} udk txl;jyKred MYf um;awmfrcl ahJ yonf/þonfh Zdu&d rf sm;onf rGwfpvifrfuav;i,frSpí tm;vHk;tvGwf&aeonfh ½kd;½Sif;vG,fulaom Zdud&frsm;yifjzpfonf/ rsuf&nfprsm;pGmESifhawmif;qk'dktmrsm;pGm

aemufqHk;q,f&ufa&muf½SdvmNyD; vjrwf&mrfZmefcGJcGmcgeD;avav 'dktmawmif;qkrsm;onf rsuf&nfrsm;jzifh wefqmqifjref;um &Gmcsav\/xdkYaMumifh xdkaemufqHk;q,f&uftwGif; rdrdwdkY\ awmif;qk't kd mrsm;udk idak <u;jrnfwrf;jcif;jzifh pDumjc,fum t½Siahf jcawmf&if;0yfqif;vsuf ae&rnf jzpfonf/xdkYjyif t½SifjrwfESifh tjynfht0 cspfuGsrf;0if&m &ufrsm;udk þaemufqHk;q,f&uftjzpf owfrw S jf cif;cH&\/uGsEyfk w f t Ykd aeESiv hf nf; xdak emufq;kH q,f&ufukd tjynft h 0 cspo f uf0ifum uGsEyfk f wdEYk iS hf &mrfZmefvjrwfaemufq;kH q,f&ufrmS wom;wnf;aysm0f ifaygif;pnf; oGm;&rnfjzpfonf/odjYk zifh xdkq,f&ufrS &½Sdvmrnfh b&fuofaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udkvnf; uGsEkfyfwdkYü udef;0yfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ 0dnmOf topfwzef jyefvnfvef;qef;vmjcif; owif;aumif; vjrwf&mrfZmefwdkif;onf uGsEkfyfwdkY 0dnmOftopfwzefjyefvnfvef;qef;apjcif;iSm owif; aumif;ay;avonf/ud, k af wmfjrwfMu;D (qG)u ]vjrwf&mrfZmefwikd ;f onf 0dnmOfukd topfwzef jyef vnfvef;qef;&Sio f efvmap&ef ? a&S;,cifjyKcNhJ y;D orQ tjypfacs;anSmaf wGukd aq;aMum&m taMumif; cHjzpfaMumif;} jzifh rdefYMum;awmfrlxm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh uGsEkfyfwdkYtaeESifh ESpfpOvjrwf&mrfZmefwdkif;wGif ½kdZmOyk'foDvudk tjynfht0 aqmufwnfum ½kyfydkif; ? emrfydkif; ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ydkif;awGrSmyg jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkif MuygapaMumif;jzifh qkrGef'dktmjyKtyfygonf/

bmomw&m;wdkif;wGifOyk'foDv½Sdonf a&S;tvGefusaom bmomw&m;?t,l0g'rsm;üyif Oyk'foDvapmifhxdef;jcif;[lonf &dSMuyg onf/xdkonfhbufodkYyif &nfnTef;vsuf tv’m[f&Sifjrwf usrf;awmfjrwfuk&ftmefü þodkYrdefYqdkxm; awmfrlonf/ ]toifwt Ykd vsiu f &Scd o hJ rl sm;tm; owfrw S jf yXmef;cJo h nfeh nf;wl toifwt Ykd m;vnf; Oyk'o f v D apmifh xdef;&ef jyXmef;xm;awmfrl\}(2;184) tpövmrfh½kdZmOyk'fESifh tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;\Oyk'foDvrSm Oyk'fapmifhxdef;jcif;trnfomwlNyD; Oyk'af pmifyh akH pmifeh nf;?&uftcsed u f mvowfrw S cf sut f ppt&m&mrSm uGmjcm;rI&ydS gonf/odaYk omf bm omw&m;wdik ;f wGiaf wmh vlpY w d (f 0dnmOf)oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,fapaom taMumif;cHjzpfonfh Oyk'o f v D apmifh jcif; tajccHawmh&SdcJh (&Sdae) aMumif;uk&ftmeft&od&ygonf/ udk,fawmfjrwfMuD;(qG) rdefYawmfrl onfum;-]½dZk mxm;&mü igud, k af wmfwEYkd iS hf usr;f &olrsm;tMum;wGif q,f[&f D pm;jcif;üvnf;uGmjcm; ao;onf/}xdo k yYkd if[Ed L´ bmom0ifrsm;onfvnf; Oyk'af pmifah epOf trsKd ;rsKd ;aom pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm; pm;aomufEdkifonf/odkYwdkifatmif ¤if;wdkYOyk'frSmusdK;roGm;bJ qufvufwnfaeonf/qdkvdkonfrSm ¤if;wd\ Yk Oyk'üf tcsKd Uaom t&mrsm;udo k m rpm;raomuf&efwm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonf/c&pf,mefrsm;üvnf; xdkenf;¤if;yif/c&pf,mefrsm;wGifawmh Oyk'fapmifh&mwGif rnfonfhtom;udkrQrpm;Mu&acs/xdkYjyif waq;ygaom rnfonft h pm;taomufurkd v S nf; rpm;oH;k &acs/tcsKd Uaom bmom0g'rsm;üqdv k Qif waeukew f aecef; q,f[&f rD pm;bJ Oyk'af pmifMh u&jy;D naeydik ;f a&mufrS Oyk'af jzMu&onf/wcsKd Ubm omrsm;üqdk trmpmrsm;omrpm;&bJ taysmhpmrsm;jzpfonfh EdkYESifhtoD;tcsdKUudk pm;cGifh&Sdonf/ þonfrSmvnf; a&S;acwfbmom0g'rsm;onf wpfacwfwpfumv?vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;ESifhomqdkifNyD; OD;aESmuftodOmPfyikd ;f qdik &f mrSmvnf; ud, k af wmfjrwf(qG)ryGiahf y:xGe;f rDtxd qifu h zJ UHG jzKd ;rIjzpfpOft& tNy;D jynfph q kH ;kH twd;k wufq;kH umvra&muf½adS o;í ¤if;wdw Yk wfEikd o f avmuf?¤if;wd0Yk n d mOfa&;&mESihf avsmfnDoavmufom jyXmef; xm;cJhjcif;jzpfayonf/udk,fawmfjrwf(qG)yGifhay:xGef;vmumrS ½kZd mOyk'o f v D udk ,ckrw G pf vifrrf sm; usio hf ;kH apmifx h ed ;f vsuf &So d nft h wdik ;f jyXmef;cJjh cif;jzpfayonf/ taMumif;rludk,fawmfonf wpfavmuvHk; ? acwftqufquf ? urÇmwnfoa½GUwnfwHh aernfw h refawmfcsKyMf u;D ESihf uk&t f mefOY ya'orSmvnf; urÇmah emufq;kH aeYxw d ikd f wnfwahH eayvdrOhf ;D rnfjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm Oyk'foDvudkvnf;wpfavmuvHk;?vlrsdK;EG,fwpf&yfvHk;twGuf avsmfnDwJh enf;edó&nf;udk jyXmef;&rnfjzpfjcif;aMumifhyif/usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefyg ]toifwdkYtvsifuvlrsm;}[l onfh pum;pkuaxmufjyvsuf½SdonfrSm bmomwdkif;wGif Oyk'foDv½SdcJhaMumif;&nfnTef;aeayonf/

xdkYaMumifhvnf; jAdwdoQpG,fpHkusrf;MuD;u urÇmYbmomomoemwdkif;wGif Oyk'foDvapmifhxdef; jcif;&SdaecJhMuonf[k azmfjy&jcif;jzpfonf/jAdwdoQpG,fpHkusrf;(11)Mudrfajrmuf (Encyclopedia Bri -tannica 11th edition ,1911)xkwa f 0rIt& xdu k sr;f \ Oyk'af qmufwnfjcif;u@wGif ]]Oyk'o f v D onf

pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifhomoema&;ydkif;qdkif&m u@wpfckjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ynwfcsuftjzpfjyXmef; xm;onfh txl;wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf/xdkYjyif Oyk'faqmufwnfjcif;yHkpHrSmvnf; trsdK;rsdK;?tzHkzHkyif/ Oyk'af qmufwnfjcif;qdik &f menf;vrf;rsm;ESihf ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mvdt k yfcsurf sm;onfvnf; &moDOwktvdu k ?f vlrsdK;tvdkuf?vlaerI0ef;usiftvdkuf odkYr[kwf tjcm;taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;tvdkuf odompGm uGJjym;Mu avonf/xdaYk Mumifh omoemwpfcck si;f pDvu kd í f Oyk'w f nfaqmufjcif;yHpk rH sm;udk avhvma0cGJ &onf rSm cJ,Of;avonf/}} 0DuDay;'D;,m; (tifwmeufay:rSS ordkif;pG,fpHkusrf;) (Wikipedia) t&od&onfrSm ]]ordkif;pwifay:aygufxGef;um;vmpOfuyif 0dnmOfa&;&m at;csrf;om,mcdkifrmrI &½Sda&;twGuf Oyk'af qmufwnfjcif;onf vlom;wdt Yk avhtx\ tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfck jzpfavonf/Oyk'af qmufwnf jcif;udk "r®a[mif;usrf;?"r®opfusrf;?uk&ftmefusrf;?r[mbm&wfESifh OyedoQusrf;rsm;ü jyXmef;xm; avonf/Oyk'faqmufwnfjcif;udk bmomMuD;rsm;ü 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&m <u,f0jynfh0apa&;twGuf omoemha&;&m tpOftvmwpf&yf taeESiv hf nf;jyXmef;xmMuavonf/}}[líyif/1962-65 twGi;f usif;ycJhonfh AmwDuefauifpDJrS pwifí ½kdrefuovpfbmomtwGif; Oyk'faqmufwnfjcif;udk yHkpHopfwpfrsdK;jzifh zefwD;cJhMuonf/odkYaomf vef;xf (Lent) Oyk'faqmufwnfjcif; t&uf^40½Sd yxrOD;qH;k &ufEiS hf vef;xf Oyk'af qmufwnfjcif; t&uf 40twGi;f a*gh'zf ½kid ;f a'; God Fridaywdw Yk iG f Oyk'faqmufwnf&ef jyXmef;xm;avonf/y½kdwufpfwifhuf(c&pf,mef*dkPf;uGJwpfck)wdkYurl a,sbl ,stm;jzifh rdrdwdkYtpDtpOfjzifhom pdwfMudKufOyk'faqmufwnfrIudk jyXmef;Muavonf/}}("fasting."

Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 Aug. 2008)

Ak'¨omoem od'¨dwårif;om;onf Ak'¨tjzpfodkYra&mufrD 'kuú&p&d,utusifhudk av;ESpfwdkifwdkifusifhMuHcJhonf/ ,if;udk r[m,me okwåefusrf;xJwGifazmfjyxm;onf/(ax'0g' okwåefusrf;xJüvnf; azmfjyxm; onf)Ak'¨bmombkef;awmfMuD;rsm;ESifhoDv½Sifrsm;onf aeYvnfcif;rwdkifrD qGrf;pm;MujyD;aemufwdkif; tpmpm;oHk;jcif;rjyKMuawmhacs/,if;onf Oyk'faqmufwnfjcif;r[kwfbJ w&m;xdkifjcif;twGuft axmuftuljzpfaprnfh pnf;urf;csuo f mjzpfonf/tcsKd aY om Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;\ t,ltqrsm;t& rl Oyk'faqmufwnfjcif;onf tv,ftvwfvrf;ESifhqefUusifojzifh aqmufwnfp&mrvdk[kvnf; od&ayonf/trsm;tm;jzifh 0gwGif;umv[lí owfrSwfumOyk'faqmufwnfMuonf/

Eve Adamson

ESifh Linda Horning wdkYa&;om;onfh “The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Fasting”

pmtkyft&rl Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJMuD;rsm;twGif; trsm;pkrSm pdwfavhusifhcef;twGuf taxmuftul &ap&ef[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh Oyk'faqmufwnfMuonf/tcsdKYurl tcgMuD;&ufMuD;rsm;wGifO yk'af qmufwnfMuonf/xdak eYrsm;wGif Oyk'af qmuforl sm;rSm tzwf(t&nfomaomufo;kH Edik )f udak ½Smif MuOfMuonf/Ak'b ¨ mom0ifrsm;onf taMumif;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh Oyk'af pmifMh ujy;D tcsKd Uurl tqH;k pGeaf om edAmÁ efvrf;udjk rif&&eftwGuf þavmurS tm½krH sm;udw k eG ;f vSezf ,fcmG rI &,lEikd &f efOyk'af pmifMh uonf rsm;vnf;½Sdonf/xdkodkYjzifh w&m;xdkifjcif;ESifhOyk'fapmifhjcif;wdkYrSm 'GefwGJvmMuonf/

c&pf,mefomoem wrefawmftDpm(t)onf wrefawmftjzpfa½G;cs,fjcif;rcH&rDtvsif Oyk'faqmuf wnfcJh aMumif;udk od&ayonf/,if;udkbdkifbvfrSm a,½Ionf c&pfawmfrjzpfrD Oyk'faqmufwnfavh½Sd aMumif; &SifróJ 4;2 wGifazmfjyxm;ayonf/c&pf,mefbmomwGif vefYxf [lonf tDpwmrwdkifrD tjypfrsm;rS aemifw&jcif; txdr;f trSwt f jzpf Oyk'af qmufwnfMujcif;jzpfonf/bdik b f vfwiG f Oyk'f aqmufjcif;ESiyhf wfoufí trsm;tjym;awGU½S&d onf/vltrsm;onf tajctaeoH;k rsKd ;wGif &ufaygif; 40 Oyk'faqmufwnfMuonf/odkYaomf ,if;odkY aqmufwnfjcif;rSm tavhtxwpfckr[kwfbJ tcsdKY aomtajctaersm;wGio f musio hf ;kH onfh omrmefr[kwaf omtavhtxjzpfonf/wrefawmf rd;k puf \ Oya' 10csuf vufc&H &Sjd y;D aemuf yxrOD;qH;k Oyk'af qmufwnfjcif;tavhtx jzpfay:vmonf/ (xGufajrmuf&musrf; 34;28)'kwd, Oyk'faqmufjcif;udk {vd,u {vd½SJtm; bdodwfray;rDtvsif bk&m;tm; zl;ajrmfawGUjyD;onfhaemufwGif jzpfay:vmonf/("r®&mZ0if 3?19;8 ½I )wwd, Oyk'fudk a,½I awmtwGif;ü½SdaepOf jzpfay:cJhonf/(½SifróJc&pf0if 4;2 ½I ) cufcrJ rI sm;ESiphf w d yf ikd ;f qdik &f mxdcu kd rf rI sm; ½Sv d monft h cg Oyk'af qmufwnfMuonf/Oyk'af qmuf wnfjcif;jzifh aMumuf½GHU½kdusdK;jcif;? ylaqG;aomu? pdwfxdcdkufrI? aemufw&&Sdjcif; ponfwdkUtm;jzifh bk&m;ocifEiS hf tquftoG,u f kd &&Sad vonf/rdr\ d tm½krH sm;udk Oyk'af qmufwnfjcif;aMumifh xde;f csKyjf cif;jzifh oefU&Si;f pifMu,fjcif;?jzLpifajzmifrh wfjcif; tjzpfoYkd qdu k af &mufavonf/xdjYk yif Oyk'af qmuf wnfjcif;jzifh cufcv J su&f adS omtajctaeudk 0dnmOfa&;&mtultnDjzifh vGwaf jrmufapEdik jf y;D bk&m; &Six f aH wmfyg;wGif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;onfh tajctaewpf&yfukd awmif;qd&k eftwGuv f nf;aumif; ?bk&m;&Sif tm; rdrw d v Ykd yk af qmif&rnfh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk MunfjzLpGmxrf;aqmifygrnft h aMumif; jyqd&k mtjzpf vnf;aumif; oufa&mufapEdkifygonf/({owm0w¬K 4;3 ½I ) a,½Ivufxuf zm&d&SJrsm;onf yHkrSeftm;jzifh Oyk'faqmufwnfcJhMuonf/xdkYaMumifha,&Itm; ol\om0ursm; tb,faMumifh Oyk'frapmifhoenf;udk ar;jref;onfwGif a,&Iu yHkjyifwpfyk'fjzifh Oyrmay;ajzqdkcJhavonf/(&Sifvkum5;33-39 )

Zdk½kdtufpwmomoem Zdk½dktufpwmomoemrSm tpövmrfrwdkifcif tD&efEdkifiHü ay:aygufcJhaom omoemjzpfonf/ bDp5D 49 rS 652 tMum;ESpaf ygif;axmifcso D nfu h mvrsm;twGi;f tiftm;Mu;D xGm;cJjh y;D yg&Se;f tifyg,m oHk;qufwdkif Zdk½kdtufpwmbmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfjyXmef; cJhMuonf/tmac;ar;eD;,ef; (Achaemenian Empire)

tifyg,mae vltrsm;pkjzpfonfh *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;onf wrefawmfZ½kd t dk ufpwm

\ oGefoifcsuftcsdKUudk c&pf,mefomoem ay:aygufvmonfhwdkifatmif vufcHvdkufemcJhMuonf/ Zdk½dktufpwmomoemudk *&dbmomjzifh Zdk½dktufpwm[kodMuaom wrefawmfZ&mokpx&m u wnfaxmifco hJ nf/a½S;a[mif;tdE, d´ ESit hf &D efEikd if rH sm;½Sd bk&m;trsm;ud;k uG,Mf uolrsm;tMum; w refawmf Zd½k t dk ufpwmrSm bk&m;wpfyg;wnf; ud;k uG,af omoljzpfaMumif;ESihf olonfurÇmv h o l m;rsm; ordkif;wGif ueOD;a½S;usaom wpfql&Sif0g'Drsm;xJrS wpfOD;jzpfaMumif;od&onf/wrefawmf Zdk½dktuf pwmu t[k&rZf'g (Ahura Mazda) [kac:aom bk&m;wpfyg;wnf;&Sad Mumif;udk a[mcJo h nf/t[k& qdo k nfrmS bk&m;&Si[ f t k euf&jy;D rZf'g rSmrl OmPfynmtaygif;\t&Si[ f k teuf&avonf/xdaYk Mumifh Zd&k t dk ufpwmu bk&m;½Siu f kd OmPfynmtaygif;ESijhf ynfph akH omt&Si[ f k ac:a0:cJjh cif;jzpfonf/wref awmf Zd&k t dk ufpwmonf rnfonft h csed u f þurÇmajrwGif touf&iS af exdik o f mG ;cJah Mumif;udrk l rod Muacs/,ckumvwGifrl Zdk&kdtufpwmonf bDpD 1000 rS 1500tMum;wGif yGifhay:cJhaMumif; rSef;q Muonf/ 'DqmwD;&f (Desatir) pmtkyf odkUr[kwf aemufqHk;wrefawmf qpef \tcef;u@udkazmfjy xm;onfh rkvfvm[faz&kZfbifefaumifZf jyKpka&om;onf[k ,lq&aom 'DqmwD;&f ac: Zdk&kdtuf pwmbmom0ifwdkY\ rl&if;toHxGufusrf;pmESifh tus,fzGifhcsufusrf;onf r[mbwf (Mahabad) tcsed u f mvrS qpef tcsed u f mvxd ysUH ESUH cJo h nfh a&S;a[mif;yg&Se;f wrefawmfrsm;\ a&;om;csurf sm; ukd pkpnf;xm;onfhusrf;jrwfjzpfaMumif; a,bl,s,lq&ayonf/yxr &Sufqpef\usrf;pm (The Book of the Shet Sasan)

,Zf'ef ac: 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mudk;uG,frItm;jzifh tdkufZufonf wpfyg;

trsdK;om;wdkYxHrS z,fcGmí woD;yk*¾vaejcif;?vHkYvOó[xkwfíaejcif; wdkYtjyif 0dnmOfa&;&m tajctaeay:wnfrí DS Oyk'o f v D aqmufwnfjcif;?w&m;xdik jf cif;wdUk udk jyKavonf/,if;odjYk zifh ¤if; onf ,Zf'ef ac: 0dnmOfa&;&mtajctaeudjk rifavonf/xdjYk yif xdo k jYkd rif&olwo Ykd nf w&m;rQwqH;k aom 'g'g&f (Dadar = God) ESifheD;pyf jcif;udk&av\/

uGefjzL½Syfomoem Revelation Rationality Knowledge And Truth

pmtkyfygazmfjycsuft& w½kwf

vlrsKd ;trsm;pkonf uGejf zL½Syb f momudk urÇmay:wGif 0dnmOfa&;&menf;vrf;tm;jzifh Asm'dwaf y;jcif;

cH&onfh omoemwpfck[k ,HkMunf,lqMuaomfvnf; tcsdKYurl 'óewpfcktjzpfom ,lqMu aMumif;?odkYaomfuGefjzL½Syf\ a½S;OD;umvua&;om;csufrsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvmygaomf þonf vlom;wpfOD;jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;aom'óer[kwfonfudk vG,fulpGm oufaojyEdkifrnfjzpfaMumif; ?,if;'óeonf tedpo ö abmw&m;r½So d nfh bk&m;½Sit f m;om odik ;f jcKH &pfaxG;aeonfh tvm;wlyif xdkbk&m;&SifxHrS oufqif;vmjcif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh xdkbk&m;½Sifonf þpMu0VmavmuMuD;tm; pdk;ydkifawmfrlaMumif;?aumif;uifonf xdkbk&m;&Sif\xif;vif;&mjzpfonfhtavsmuf bk&m;&Sif udk,f wdkifonfyif wcgw&Hü aumif;uif,Hjzifhwifpm;rIjyKjcif;cH&aMumif;jzifh od&ayonf/ pwef;zdk'f 'óepG,fpHkusrf; ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - http:// plato.stanford.edu ) t&

uGefjzL½Syf\ yk*¾vdua&;&mrsm;udk Book X of the Analects (uGefjzL½Syf

'óeaumufEw k cf surf sm; pmtkyf eHygwf 10) wGif a&;om;xm;&mü olu Y kd tawG;tac:orm;tae ESiv hf nf;aumif;?q&mtaeESihf vnf;aumif;?tpd;k &0efxrf;tjzpfvnf;aumif; axmifrh sKd ;pHrk S avhvmpd ppfcahJ Mumif; wcsKd v Y rl sm;u xdak zmfjycsurf sm;udk (uGejf zL½Syf 'óeaumufEw k cf surf sm; pmtkyf eHygwf 10) tqifhjrifh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\ aexdkifjyKrl ajymqdkaqmif½Gufonfh "avhrSjzpfjyD; ,if;udk uGefjzL½Syf 'óetjzpf uifyGef;wyfjcif;jzpfonf[k ajymqdkazmjyMuaMumif; tpOftquftm;jzifh Book X of the Analects (uGejf zL½Sy' f óeaumufEw k cf surf sm; pmtkyf eHygwf 10) onf uGejf zL½Sy\ f toGit f jyif

udk ydkrdktuJjzwfEdkif&ef oifhawmfaeMumif; ,if;pmtkyftm; uGefjzL½Syfax½kywåd aMum½kd;taejzifh rSwfom;avhvmMuaMumif; atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufwcsdKYudk OyrmtaeESifh azmfjyay;vdkufyg onf/ á Oyk'faqmufwnf&ef tcsdefumvqdkufa&mufvmvQif ol(uGefjzL½Syf)onf csnfom;yg;yg; (vDeifom;)jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onfh tjzLa&mif0wf½kHudk 0wfqifonf/ol\ pm;aeus tpm;tpmudk pGefYvTwf&efvdkjyD; olaeYpOf xdkifaeus jzpfonfhae&mudkvnf; pGefYvTwf&efvdkonf/olonfpm;oHk;onfh tcg xrif;(qef)roefYonfudkvnf;aumif; ? tom;rsm;aooyfusepGm pOfrxm;vQifaomfvnf; aumif; jiif;qef uefYuGufjcif;r½Sday/(Lunyu 10.7, 10.8) ( http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ confucius/ )

á uGefjzL½Syfa&;om;csufrsm;pmtkyft&od&onfrSm bDpD 551-474 twGif; touf½Sifaexdkif cJo h nfh uGejf zL½Syo f nf pum;rajymEdik af om vlwpfa,muftvm; qdwjf ird v f suaf ewwfNy;D ½k;d ½Si;f aom opöm0g'DwpfOD;\ oGifjyif½SdaMumif;yif/ áv\yxrOD;qHk;&ufwGif ol\tay:0wf½kHudk0wfqifvsuf w&m;½kH;wGifxdkifavh½SdaMumif;?O yk'faqmufwnfonfhtcg olonf ol\0wf½kHrsm;udk jzLpifawmufyaeaponfhtjyif csnfyg;yg;jzifh

jyKvkyfxm;onfudkom0wfqifaMumif;?Oyk'fapmifhonfhtcg tdrfwGifrdrdxdkifaeusae&mrSajymif;xdkif avh & S d a Mumif ; azmf j yxm;onf / (http://www.international.ucla.edu/eas/documents/ lunyuCh10.htm)