EFS 12 Industrial AB by Syrian Educational Publishers

Activity Book

Vocational Stream Industrial Grade 12

Activity Book

Ω2012 - 2011 áYÉÑ£∏d áeÉ©dG á°ù°SDƒŸG

Contents Unit

Title

Woodwork

Metalwork

Textile Manufacturing

Test 1

Page

Maintenance of Motors and Engines

Maintenance of Home Appliances

Installation of Lifts and Escalators

Test 2

Advertising

Arc Welding

Refrigeration

Test 3

Automatic Control

Electrical Power Stations

Latest Discoveries

Test 4

Glossary

1 Woodwork Exercise 1 Vocabulary Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the box. Refer to the picture of the desk to help identify the fault. twisted cut cracked scratched loose broken bent . a The top of the desk is b A piece has off. c Someone has used a knife to make a on the surface of the desk. d It is no longer smooth because it has been all over with a sharp object. The legs of the desk are made of metal. e One of the legs is and might not hold up the table much longer. f The other leg seems to be , as if it were pulled out of its socket. g The third leg has been and so has become too crocked to stand straight.

Exercise 2 Matching Match the words in column A to their deﬁnitions in column B. Column A 1 furniture 2 carpentry 3 sculpture 4 joint 5 mahogany

Column B a a point where two things are fixed together b dark red wood that is used to make furniture c objects, like a bed or a chair, used in a room d the activity of making and repairing wooden things e a work of art made by carving into wood or stone

Exercise 3 Grammar Use the words in brackets to rewrite the following structures. You may change the tense used or the order of the phrases. 1 Have you forgotten to call the carpenter? (... yesterday?) 2 You don’t have to speak to the wood factory manager because she has already phoned him. (She has ... so ...) 3 Is it natural for a piece of furniture to take plenty of time to be made. (Does ... ?) 4 He is using large machines to cut down large trees, isn’t he? (Is he ... ?) 5 The carpenters made many pieces of furniture before the customer cancelled his order. (When the customer ...) 6 The logs arrived when the employees were having lunch. (The employees were ...)

Exercise 4 Reading Read the following text about teak wood and then answer the questions that follow. There are many types of wood that are extracted from different kinds of trees. Some woods are rare and come from specially grown trees. Teak is a hardwood that is grown in India and Burma. This type of wood contains oils that have many desirable as well as unfavourable characteristics. These oils help make teak wood water-resistant. On the other hand, they make the wood hard to be glued, since the oils have strong resistance to adhesive substances. Teak is easy to cut even though it is quite tough. Not only is it water-resistant, this type of wood is also fire-resistant. All these characteristics help make teak wood suitable for building the decks of ships. Questions 1 Where is teak wood grown? 2 Why is this type of wood water-resistant? 3 Are the oils present in teak wood a positive or negative thing? Explain your answer. 4 Find words from the text that have the same meaning as: a take out of b includes c something that is wanted d ability to withstand

Unit 1 Exercise 5 Speaking Work with a partner and hold a discussion about the importance of wood in our daily lives. Use the phrases below while discussing and then share your answers with the class. • • • • •

There are so many types of wood … We use wood to … Wood can be found in … (Type of wood) can be used to … For example, wood helps …

Exercise 6 Writing Write a set of instructions in the form of a short paragraph to explain how to take down an old shelf. Use these groups of words in the correct order to write full-sentence instructions. unscrew / screws / from / wall / take / plugs / holes / take / shelf / brackets / unscrew / screws / shelf / take / brackets / wall / fill / holes / plaster

2 Metalwork Exercise 1 Vocabulary Fill in the blanks with the words that best complete the process of iron shaping. hammered bent heated mixed cooled (x2)

melted slag

To begin with, the raw iron is (1) at very high temperatures. This molten iron is then (2) with a by-product of metal called (3) . After this mixture, the iron is then (4) so that it becomes hard again. It is then (5) or (6) into shape by force. The iron is then (7) again, so it is not too hot to handle. Finally, the iron is (8) at a slightly high temperature.

Exercise 2 Matching Match the following words with their deďŹ nitions. 1 molten 2 reservoir 3 casting 4 slag 5 mill

a a machine that modifies the shape or size of a workpiece b fused material formed during the melting of metals c a chamber or place where a liquid or fluid is held d made liquid by heat; melted e the process of moulding metal into shape under pressure

Unit 2 Exercise 3 Grammar A Choose the correct words to complete these sentences. the iron when it is hot. 1I a will hammer b hammers c am hammering 2 you heat from the torch, the metal will start to get hot. a As soon as, apply b Before, will apply c Until, apply 3 When you heat a metal, it thicker. a gets b will get c is going to get 4 You to read the instructions you start any experiment. a have, after b will have, before c will have, until 5 If you a magnet, it will help you distinguish metals from non-metals. a will use b used c use B Write six sentences about metalwork using the future time clause.

Exercise 4 Reading Read the text and answer the questions. Metals come from earth. They are removed from the ground through mining. This process results in rocks also known as ores that contain important elements, especially metal. Metals are then taken out of these ores by chemical processes. They are used to carry heavy weights or for jobs where it is important to resist being damaged under great forces. Metals are best for such tasks since they have properties of firmness and endurance. They are also good conductors of electricity and so are used in electrical appliances as well. Questions 1 What does mining result in? Explain. 2 How are metals extracted from ores? 3 Why are metals used to lift heavy loads or resist great forces? 4 What other characteristic of metals is mentioned in the text? 5 Define these words from the text using a dictionary. a mining b element c conductor d endurance

Exercise 5 Speaking Use the steps below to discuss with your partner how to drill a hole into a steel plate. Step 1: Mark the hole on the plate. Step 2: Put the plate into a vice on the table. Step 3: Move the table and the vice until the bit is over the mark. Step 4: Tighten the vice. Step 5: Switch on the power. Step 6: Lower the bit and drill the hole carefully.

Exercise 6 Writing Write a short paragraph to describe the process of continuous casting of steel. Refer to the diagram for help and use the suggested notes below.

molten steel / pour / into / reservoir / top / casting machine steel / pull / slowly / between / rollers / water sprays outer shell / of / steel / become / solid in / rolling mill / steel / roll / into / long / pieces / steel / become completely / solid / straight in / cutting machine / steel / cut / to / correct length

3 Textile Manufacturing Exercise 1 Taxonomic skills

Rearrange the following steps in the correct order. Removing Shine Lift the press cloth and brush the fabric briskly to roughen its surface slightly in order to take away the shine. Repeat this process until every trace of the shine is removed. Dry the steamed material thoroughly, holding the iron close enough to the press cloth so that the fabric will appear to have been carefully pressed, although the iron has not touched it. Hold a hot iron very close to the press cloth, but not on it, keeping the iron in one position long enough to give the steam an opportunity to penetrate the fabric. Place over the item of clothing a press cloth that is slightly damper than the one needed for ordinary pressing.

Exercise 2 Grammar Anymore is used in affirmative sentences. Yet and anymore are used in negative sentences. Still is used in affirmative or negative sentences. Use still, yet or anymore depending on the meaning. 1 He came an hour ago. He’s here. 2 I expected him an hour ago, but he hasn’t come 3 He came yesterday and he is here today. 4 He didn’t come yesterday and he hasn’t come. 5 He came last week but doesn’t come .

Exercise 3 Reading Read the text and answer the questions. Knowledge of how materials should be pressed is very important to the person who sews. If the work is done properly, pressing should always follow every step in the construction of all tailored garments, especially in the case of woollen ones. Pressing not only improves the fit of the finished garments, but also adds much to their finished effect. If care is taken with the pressing of the seams, corners and curves during the making, very little pressing will be needed when the garment is completed. In pressing woollen materials, the iron should be hot, but not so hot as to scorch. It is important to remember that wool scorches more easily than cotton. Even though the press cloth is always between the material and the iron, hard pressing, which is usually necessary, causes the heat to penetrate easily into the material. To press woollen material, lay it smoothly on the ironing board and brush the nap (if there is one) straight with a whisk broom. Beat any extra heavy seam or thickness with the back of a tailorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brush. Then lay a dampened press cloth over the part to be pressed and run the hot iron over it using a rotary motion until it is thoroughly pressed. Never permit the iron to rest in one place very long at a time as this will cause iron prints to form on the material. Also, never push or drag the iron over the material. Rather, lift it carefully from one part to another in order to prevent creasing the material or pulling it, otherwise the garment will be out of shape. When you want to change the press cloth, be sure to place the iron on a holder stand so that you may have both of your hands free to make the change and there will be no danger of burning the material. Questions 1 Give the text a suitable title. 2 Are the following statements true or false? a Pressing improves the fit of the finished garments and adds much to their finished effect. b The time needed to press clothes after they are completed depends on the effort made during the sewing process. c You may leave a hot iron in one place as long as necessary if you have a dampened press cloth over the part to be pressed. d Use one hand to change the press cloth. 3 List the tools that are used while pressing woollen clothes. 4 Why is it important to put the iron on a holder stand if you want to change the press cloth?

Exercise 4 Speaking

Unit 3

Work in groups. Do some research about the different types of ďŹ bres that could be used in textile manufacturing. Choose one type and make an oral presentation about it.

Exercise 5 Writing Write a paragraph about textile manufacturing using the steps in the ďŹ&#x201A;ow chart. The major steps in the manufacturing of textiles and clothes are: harvesting and cleaning the fibre or wool -------> spinning the fibres into threads -------> weaving the threads into cloth -------> sewing the cloth into clothes

Test 1 Part One: Reading comprehension (35 marks)

Part Two: Grammar and structure (60 marks)

I Read the text and then answer the following questions.

II Fill the text with words from the list.

Features of bamboo fibre clothing and textiles Bamboo fibre is a revolutionary new fabric that has unparalleled advantages, including strength, versatility and luxurious softness. Bamboo fabric is used for a range of clothing, such as shirts, dresses, socks and slacks, and because of its antimicrobial properties, it is ideal for active wear. Bamboo is often blended with 30% cotton to add structure to garments. Bamboo is also used for sheets and pillowcases, because its smooth fibre lends a satin feel; bamboo sheets also feel warmer in winter and cooler in summer. Bambooâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s organic and naturally smooth fibre properties are non-irritating to the skin, making it ideal for people with sensitive skin. A cross section of bamboo fibre reveals various micro holes, giving bamboo cloth a superior ability to absorb liquids. This allows bamboo cloth to absorb human sweat and cause it to evaporate rapidly. Bamboo fibre is four times more absorbent than cotton. Several different manufacturing processes can be used to convert bamboo from a plant into a woven fabric, with varying environmental costs. Mechanical methods which crush the bamboo into pulp are the least harmful but the most expensive. More often, chemical processes are used which can pose a threat to workers when processing plants and to the environment around the processing facilities. Questions 1 What are the features of bamboo fibre? 2 Why is bamboo fabric better than other fabrics? 3 Is bamboo manufacturing processing harmful? Why? 4 Explain the words in bold.

cottonseed made from absorbent textile recycled blend ginned refining Cotton is used to make a number of products. These include highly (1) (2) bath towels, robes, socks, underwear, most T-shirts and bed sheets which are often (3) cotton. Fabric can also be made from (4) or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials (5) cotton with other fibres, such as polyester. The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is (6) is used to produce (7) oil which after (8) can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. III Complete the dialogue.

Teacher: Metalworking predates history. No one knows . Student: Which metal and by whom? Teacher: Gold was by the Egyptians. Student: Why gold? Teacher: Because it is found in nature as the metal that it is. Moreover, it is workable as it is found. Only a stone hammer and an anvil to work the metal is needed. Student: Therefore, gold is and Teacher: Yes, very good reasoning.

IV Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Test 1

1 After Samar (had studied / studied) in Syria, she (had gone / went) to England. 2 She (has finished / finished) her studies in Syria in 2007. 3 While she (was living / lived) in England, she (was working / worked) on her masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree. 4 She (has received / received) her degree three months ago. 5 Now she (is working / works) in Syria. 6 Next week, she (will travel / will travelling) to England for a seminar.

V Insert commas where necessary.

1 Alan who did not come to class yesterday explained his absence to the teacher. 2 Jack who speaks Russian applied for the job. 3 We enjoyed the city where we spent our vacation. 4 We enjoyed Damascus where we spent our vacation. 5 The elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.

Part Three: Writing (25 marks) VI Write a paragraph about an artefact made of wood and iron combined, using the following guide words.

Sculpture / made of iron and wood / fun/ successful invention / plan ahead/ organise the needed tools / appropriate plan / careful measures / individual safety / woodcarving / iron pieces / scrubbed clean / attach to the woodwork / assemble the parts / outstanding artefact.

4 Maintenance of

Motors and Engines

Exercise 1 Vocabulary A Complete these sentences by ﬁlling in the blanks with the correct words from the box. batteries

radiator

engine

fuel

exhaust

1 Filling the car with clean energises it and makes the engine run. so that it doesn’t overheat. 2 Water must always be filled in the car’s provide electricity to run a car’s engine. 3 then there must be something wrong with 4 When white smoke comes out of the car’s the engine. runs smoothly. 5 The car’s oil must be constantly changed to make sure the B Use each of the following words in a meaningful sentence. 1 pump 2 repair 3 combust 4 energy

Unit 4 Exercise 2 Dialogue Work in pairs. Refer to the dialogue on page 20 of your Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Book. Student A plays the role of a mechanic. Student B is a customer who wants to have his car serviced. A B A B A B

Exercise 3 Grammar A Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice. Use an appropriate auxiliary or a modal verb to make meaningful sentences. 1 It / say / that / cleanliness of electric motor / operation / and / maintenance / is largely / a matter / of prevention / than correction. 2 While in operation, / the belt drive / inspect / periodically / for any improper tension. 3 The alignment / of the sheaves / also / check and inspect. 4 Electrical connections and conductors / also / inspect / for proper insulation security / from time-to-time. 5 A useful and deadly / force of energy / carry / by this machine. 6 To reduce combustion temperature, / the exhaust gas / send back / into the cylinders.

B Put these sentences in the passive form. 1 Compared to carbon-based fuels, electric cars may give good acceleration. 2 Diesel engines will develop heat when a mixture of compressed fuel and air burns inside a cylinder. 3 Because of the danger of working with electric motors, people should observe safety precautions. 4 Dirt inside the electric motor can reduce ventilation.

Exercise 4 Reading Read the passage below about fuel warning lights and answer the questions that follow. How Fuel Warning Lights Work Many cars have a fuel warning light. When the level of fuel in the tank is very low, this light switches on and the driver can see that he needs more fuel. How does this light work? When the level of fuel falls, a float moves downwards. When this happens, an arm also moves downwards and makes a lever touch an electrical contact. This switches on the fuel light in the car. When the driver sees the fuel warning light, he puts more fuel into the tank. This makes the fuel level rise and pushes the float upwards. When the float rises, it makes the arm move upwards and this causes the lever to move upwards too. The fuel warning light then switches off. Questions 1 When does the fuel warning light switch on? 2 How does the light go on? 3 What should be done when the light goes on? 4 Find words from the text that have the same meaning as these words / phrases: a notify b turns on c degree d goes up e petrol

Exercise 5 Speaking Carry out a conversation with a partner about the importance of maintaining motors and engines. Refer back to the exercises in this Activity Book as well as the lesson in your Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Book for ideas.

Exercise 6 Writing Write a short paragraph describing what one can do to maintain a running engine and make sure it works smoothly. Give your paragraph a suitable title.

5 Maintenance of Home Exercise 1 Vocabulary

Appliances

Choose three common faults (1-10) for each device (a-j). Some devices have more than three answers. Device

Fault

a b c d e f g h i j

.............................................. 1 The paper doesn’t come out. .............................................. 2 The cover doesn’t open. .............................................. 3 The sound goes quiet. .............................................. 4 The fan doesn’t turn. .............................................. 5 The engine doesn’t start. .............................................. 6 The screen goes black. .............................................. 7 The tape doesn’t turn. .............................................. 8 The tyre has a puncture. .............................................. 9 The antenna is twisted. .............................................. 10 The power doesn’t come on.

computer television radio car motorbike video recorder fax mobile phone camera air conditioner

Choose from this list:

Exercise 2 Dialogues Write questions and answers based on the chart above. Examples: A: What’s the problem? B: My computer is broken. A: What’s wrong with it? B: The power doesn’t start.

Exercise 3 Grammar Rewrite the following questions in the reported speech form. 1 Khaled: “How can I learn about maintaining home appliances?” 2 Ruba: “How do I keep my appliances safe during thunderstorms?” 3 The manager: “Who can take care of my broken TV?” 4 Amer: “Can you finish restoring my laptop by tomorrow?” 5 Hani: “Is it possible to identify the reason why the radio keeps breaking down?”

Exercise 4 Reading Read the following, then answer the questions. Mobile phone troubleshooting guide Problem

Probable cause

Possible solution

When the phone is switched on, there is no power.

The battery may not have been recharged, and it could have gone flat.

Recharge it immediately.

The power is on, but the other person’s voice can’t be heard.

The phone may not be able to Go outside or to a room transmit or receive a signal when where the signal can be obstructed by physical barriers (such received. as concrete walls).

Fax to: Telco Phone Co. From: Mr Ali Gaafar Dear Sir I wish to complain about the mobile phone that I bought from you last week. After I switch on the phone, I key in the number. The phone rings, but when the other person replies, I cannot hear him clearly. Questions 1 What do the words in bold refer to? 2 What barrier can stop a mobile phone from sending a signal? 3 Which structure A,B or C should go into the flow chart box below? A Can the other speaker be heard? B There is some power. C Has the battery been recharged? YES Is there any power?------->

NO ------->

Go outside

NO Recharge battery. 4 Where do you think Ali Gaafar must have telephoned his friend from? Give a reason for your answer.

Unit 5 Exercise 5 Situations What would you say in the following situations? a You work in an electrical repair shop. You want to tell a customer that you have not been able to repair his VCR yet. b A customer writes to your repair shop to complain. He says that his radio broke down after you repaired it. Write a reply in which you tell him that your shop will repair his radio free of charge. c A customer enters the shop and gives his radio to you. You take it, but then you accidentally drop it on the counter.

Exercise 6 Writing Write a short paragraph of ďŹ ve sentences to describe the computer mouse in the picture below.

6 Installation of Lifts Exercise 1 Vocabulary

and Escalators

Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1 The of the lift can’t carry more than four people. a cabin b clutch c cable d cord 2 lifts involve the use of a jack and a certain type of fluid. a Traction b Pump c Lift d Hydraulic 3 The cabin of a lift is held up with a motorised a clutch b cable c wire 4 The through it. a shoot

. d connection

should be the same shape as the lift cabin so that it can pass up and down b shuttle

c shaft

d shade

and the elevator will take you to 5 Press the number of the floor you want on the that floor. a control panel b board c button control d control

Exercise 2 Grammar A Rewrite the sentences using the phrases in brackets to give the same meaning. 1 “I think that this escalator is not well installed.” (He does not think ...) 2 “The public might not be aware that the lifts are still out of service.” (I don’t believe ...) 3 “Installing escalators will not reduce the number of customers who will use the stairs.” (I don’t expect that ...) 4 “Even though we have the best experts on installing lifts, we will still face maintenance problems and complaints from customers.” (I believe that even though ...)

Unit 6 B Identify the functions in the following reported sentences. e.g. Hani suggested going for a walk at the weekend. suggesting 1 Tina was not advised to take the lift when the fire alarm went off. 2 Dalia didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t warn Tarek about the consequences of overloading the lift. 3 Ramziâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parents never encouraged him to become a mechanical engineer. 4 The teacher decided to stop reminding Lama of her low grades. 5 Lama requested help from her teacher.

Exercise 3 Reading Read the text and answer the questions. Control Panels When installing a lift, it is important to give special attention to the control panel. This panel is set with buttons that indicate the floors that the cabin can stop at. With the simple press of a button, the passenger can control what floor he / she wants the lift to go to. For a user-friendly control panel, the installer must consider a few basic points. This panel should provide the available choices the passenger can make. Then it should be able to allow the individual to make his choice. And lastly, the control panel should be able to confirm the choice made with a certain type of feedback. Taking these points into consideration will help in installing a user-friendly control panel for a lift. Questions: 1 What is the main idea of the text? 2 Who do you think this text is written for? 3 What are some points to consider when installing a control panel? 4 According to the text, what is a control panel?

Exercise 4 Speaking Discuss these questions. 1 Would you ever consider installing a lift? Why or why not? 2 What type of educational background would a lift installer need? Explain. 3 Which type of lift do you prefer: traction or hydraulic? Why?

Exercise 5 Writing Choose one of the following types of lifts and write a paragraph in which you state its advantages and disadvantages. You can refer to the lesson in the Students’ Book for ideas. • Hydraulic lifts • Traction lifts

Test 2 Part One: Reading comprehension (35 marks)

Part Two: Grammar and structure (60 marks)

I Read the text then answer the following questions. People who are responsible for examining, servicing and fixing vehicles such as cars and light trucks are called automotive service technicians. Their main tasks include changing the oil and checking the spinning of the tyres as well as identifying more serious problems. During systematic check-ups, technicians test and lubricate engines and other major parts. Occasionally, they renew or substitute old parts before they crash or harm the automobile. Technicians usually follow a checklist in order to make sure that they haven’t missed anything during their inspection. Nowadays with the invention of computerised vehicles, the duties of automotive service technicians and mechanics have progressed from simple mechanical repairs to high-level technology-related services. Unified electronic networks and complicated computers adjust cars and their performance while on the road. This is why automobile repair technicians must know how to operate computerised shop equipment to work with electronic parts and be skilful enough to use traditional hand tools. Technicians’ knowledge must evolve and progress constantly to understand how vehicles’ complex components work and interact. Moreover, their work requires knowledge of electronic diagnostic equipment and digital manuals and reference materials.

II Complete the paragraph with words from the list.

Questions 1 Give the text a title. 2 What do the words in bold refer to? 3 Write synonyms for the following words. a execute b inspection c evolved d requires

vibration noises

failure loose connecting leaks disassemble site internal

Maintenance and repair of home appliances are the responsibilities of repairmen. However, their job is not limited to repairing home appliances, they are also responsible for installing these appliances and sometimes (1) them to a gas or water pipeline. Once this is done, they need to check the pipelines in case there . are (2) If you have a problem with one of your home appliances, you ought to call a repairman and visit in order ask him to make a (3) to visually examine the appliance and detect might be its fault. The cause of (4) , immoderate recognised by loud (5) or (7) parts. If pipe (6) one of these indications exists, the repairman the appliance and might have to (8) look for signs of corrosion in the appliance’s parts. If the fault isn’t in these (9) parts, then the technician has to examine the electrical connections. III Complete the dialogue. Saber: This is Syria Lift Instalment and Repair Company. Saber speaking. How can I help you? Customer: My name is Noha Ramadani. (1) Saber: What seems to be the exact problem, Madam? Customer: (2) Saber: Is it insured? Customer: (3) Saber: (4) Customer: Isn’t today possible? Saber: I’m afraid not. Customer: (5) Saber: In the meantime, stop using it to avoid further damage.

IV Change the following sentences into reported speech. 1 He asked, “Where will the meeting take place?” 2 The authorities asked, “Why did the plane land at a different airport?” 3 The teacher asked, “Who can draw this picture?” 4 He asked, “Who is going to be nominated vice president?” V Choose the correct word in brackets. 1 I don’t want to (do / make) the homework for this class. 2 Are you (doing / making) progress on the new building? 3 We (did / made) an agreement with the opposing party last week. 4 Did you (make / do) the laundry? VI Write correct or incorrect next to each sentence. Change the incorrect ones to passive sentences. 1 The phone will answer automatically. 2 They have been informed of this plan before. 3 My essay must write today. 4 The medication should stop if it begins to produce side effects.

Part Three: Writing (25 marks) IV Write a paragraph in which you describe the advantages and disadvantages of being a repairman.

7 Advertising Exercise 1 Vocabulary Match the underlined phrases in column A with their deďŹ nitions in column B. A 1 Stella works for an advertising agency. 2 She started as an Accounts Executive. 3 She is now an Accounts Manager. 4 She regularly speaks to her client. 5 They want to advertise a new product. 6 She is planning an advertising campaign. 7 Stella is familiar with the product. 8 She has a lot of expertise in advertising. 9 She might look for a job in consulting.

B a the company that advertises its goods b knows enough about something c a series of adverts d expert knowledge e an assistant who works on an advertising account f a company that produces adverts g advising companies h something that is produced in a factory i the person in charge of an advertising account

Exercise 2 Dialogue Use the following sentences to write a conversation between two parents discussing the advertisements on TV. Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re amusing They give you time to have a snack Children see things on TV and want you to buy them I agree They interrupt the films too often

Exercise 3 Grammar A Combine the given sentences using the second conditional and the proper form of the verbs. 1 You want your business name to be known. You can design a logo or write a slogan on your business cards and materials. 2 It is beneficial and time saving. You talk to the advertising representative of the newspaper. 3 You attract the clients’ attention. You use words, graphics and colours attractively. 4 You advertise in a newspaper. You can, in your advertisement, direct viewers to the company’s website. 5 Your company has a fleet of vehicles. The company turns them into an advertising tool by wrapping them with a vinyl graphic of the company’s products. 6 You can donate a product. There is a charity auction. 7 First, you begin searching what types of advertisements are available and suitable for your target clients. You want to develop an effective advertising campaign. B Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. 1 If you used short creative words in your advertisement, they (attract) the viewers’ attention. 2 It would be profitable and cheaper if you (advertise) on the web page. 3 If the company (have) a website, it (start) selling its exquisite products.

Exercise 4 Reading Read the text and answer the questions. Changes in Advertising Advertising has been considered a one-way form of marketing communication. This is changing. In the near future, technologies will be readily available to enable a television viewer to click a button to request more details of a product seen on TV. In fact, it is expected that advertising will become highly interactive. In addition, advertising has never stimulated immediate demand for the product advertised. In other words, customers cannot quickly purchase a product they see advertised. This is going to change soon. The introduction of Internet advertising has also made do-it-yourself advertising an easy-to-manage process and has empowered small businesses to manage their advertising on their own. They can handle the creation and placement of advertisements that appear on the Internet such as creating advertisements that run on local television. Finally, digital advertising convergence refers to a growing trend for using computer technology to deliver media programming and information. Convergence allows one media outlet to take advantage of features and benefits offered through other media outlets. For instance, the convergence of television and Internet opens many potential opportunities for marketers to target customers in ways not available in traditional television advertising. For example, technology may allow adverts delivered to one household to be different from adverts delivered to a neighbour’s television even though both households are watching the same programme. Questions 1 How many advertising changes does the text describe? Identify them in the form of an outline. 2 What keywords helped you identify the developing ideas? 3 Explain the words in bold in the text. 4 Write an introductory sentence and a concluding sentence for the text.

Unit 7 Exercise 5 Writing Use the notes to write in your own words a magazine advert for a seven-day holiday. Lay it out like an advert in the box below.

Notes: Seven-day holiday 2,100 SYP (full board); Five Star Hotel, Maysaloun St.; Syria – Damascus – Syria; Western and traditional food; café; water sports; horse riding

8 Arc Welding Exercise 1 Vocabulary Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box. filler

metal

fuse

welding

current

After waiting for the welder all day, I decided to fix the broken chair myself. The chair was not . So it needed (2) to be fixed. I needed to made of wood, but of (1) (3) the metal bars together at the joint, so that they would hold together. I used a machine that worked by having an electric (4) pass through it and heat the metal. After I had welded the chair’s joint, I used some (5) material to protect the work I had done.

Exercise 2 Dialogue Complete the dialogue with phrases from the box. • After I have put on all my protective gear, will I be ready to get to work? • What does my safety gear consist of? • It is when we melt metal to fuse it using an arced current of electricity. • This will help protect your work so that it lasts longer. • Your job here is to fuse metals together using a technique we call arc welding. Welder: Alright. Now before you begin working, make sure you have your safety gear on. Apprentice: (1) Welder: It includes a helmet to protect your head, an apron to keep your body safe and special shoes and gloves. Apprentice: (2) Welder: Yes, you will be ready to start working in the welding room. (3) Apprentice: I’ve heard of this method. (4) Welder: Exactly! Just make sure to always use filler material after you have finished welding. (5)

Unit 8 Exercise 3 Grammar A Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. any idea about arc welding, I would not have asked you about it. 1 If I (have) 2 If you (share) your skills in arc welding, many people would have been impressed. 3 If you hadnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t protected your eyes while arc welding, it (lead) to a condition called arc eye. 4 If welders (use) masks, they would not have inhaled dangerous gasses. 5 If we (organise) more campaigns about the dangers of welding, people would have been more aware of precautions. 6 If welders had not had their goggles on, their eyes (suffer) great damage. B Write six sentences of your own about arc welding using the third conditional.

Exercise 4 Reading Read the text and answer the questions. Safety During Welding Arc welding can be quite safe when carried out under safety regulations. There are certain dangers that a welder faces but if steps are taken to make the workplace secure, the risks of injury will be reduced. Such steps include having the welder wear protective clothing that would provide suitable coverage but also allow freedom of movement. Protective clothing includes overalls, goggles, a welding helmet with a flash filler, steel-capped boots and other items. In addition to wearing protective clothes, the arc welder should also work in a safe environment. Constant inspection and maintenance of the equipment and machinery can help reduce injuries. Special procedures must be taken to make sure that the place is safe electrically, well-ventilated and free of fire or explosion risks. So, for arc welding to be a safe occupation, it is important to have a secure area and wear protective clothing. Questions 1 Why is safety important in arc welding? 2 What are some of the items a welder must wear for protection? 3 How can the welderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workplace be safe and suitable to work at?

Exercise 5 Speaking Look at the picture of a welder and a safe welding station. With a partner, carry out a conversation and discuss what items help make the welding station a safe work place for the welder.

Exercise 6 Writing Use the following sentences and phrases to write a short paragraph describing the job of a welder. An arc welderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s job includes ... Welding can be dangerous since ... For protection, a welder must ... Arc welding is used to ... Arc welding is still used today. An individual who welds metals together is known as a welder.

9 Refrigeration Exercise 1 Vocabulary A Use the following words in a meaningful sentence. 1 spoil 2 leak 3 condenser 4 coil 5 climate 6 prevent 7 contamination

B Complete the following crossword. 1

4 8

3 7

DOWN:

ACROSS:

1 diminish or destroy the value or quality of

5 micro-organisms that can cause diseases

2 a piece of equipment used to condense vapour

6 frozen water

3 an appliance that is kept artificially cool and used to store food and drink

7 the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object

4 a refrigerated compartment for preserving food at very low temperatures

8 any nutritious substance that people eat 9 a piece of equipment used to turn liquid into vapour

Unit 9 Exercise 2 Grammar Complete the sentences below with the right tag question. 1 Refrigeration is a good way to keep food from being spoiled, … ?

2 Refrigerators don’t need any maintenance, … ? 3 She has bought a new refrigerator, … ? 4 The manager did not call anyone to repair the refrigerator, … ? 5 The employees can have the refrigerator ready by Monday, … ? 6 Refrigerators are indispensable nowadays, … ?

Exercise 3 Reading Read the text and answer the questions.

The invention of refrigerators is one of the most important in history. Without it, life would be so much harder. Foods that spoil quickly could not be preserved. This means that a lot of food would go to waste if it was not consumed at once. Luckily, nowadays refrigerators are very common and found easily. They come in various sizes and shapes. They are even used for different purposes other than the preservation of food and drinks. It is important for example, that some medicines are kept in a refrigerator before use. As a result, we can see that the influence of refrigeration is very big and people have become very dependent on it. Questions 1 Give the above text a suitable title. 2 What are the setbacks of not having refrigerators according to the text? 3 What other setbacks can you think of on your own? Explain your answer. 4 Are refrigerators only used for storing food? Explain your answer and give examples. 5 Define the following words used in the text: a invention b spoil c setback d consume e dependent

Exercise 4 Writing Write a short paragraph to explain how a low temperature in a refrigerator preserves food. You may use some of the information provided in the fact box below to help support your ideas. Refrigeration Fact Box Bacteria grow in temperatures ranging from 4°C to 60°C. Some types of bacteria can cause illness. Low temperatures stop bacterial growth on food.

Test 3 Part One: Reading comprehension (35 marks) I Read the following text and answer the questions. Have you ever noticed the amount of adverts you are subjected to every day? Have you considered their effect on how you see things? It’s interesting to know when and how advertising started. The earliest form of advertising could be traced back to Greek and Roman times. Public criers used to shout about the goods of local traders in markets. In the nineteenth century, new manufacturing techniques since the Industrial Revolution saw the start of the modern tendency phase of ‘overproducing’ goods. New policies in various countries had to be adopted to find markets, such as removing taxes on advertising. Producers, on the one hand, had better facilities to attract consumers, and consumers began to recognise the possibilities and attractions of mass consumption on the other hand. Some adverts were then considered unrealistic and the issue of the effect of this on female consumers was raised. While we see new opportunities of work for women in the field of advertising, it was also believed that women became easily attracted by simple displays in windowshops and pictures in public places. The introduction of supermarkets aided the independence of shoppers to make decisions without a salesperson to advise them. Now in the twenty-first century, there are also different advertising media: audio, visual and audio visual. A family sitting at home receives a number of adverts through the radio or TV. Other people get adverts through newspapers and magazines, billboards, leaflets and banners. Let’s stop and ask ourselves: to what extent do we allow adverts of any form to influence our need and decision to buy things? Could they ever blind us to our reality? Questions 1 How old is advertising? 2 What factors influenced the development of advertising? 3 What are the positive and negative effects of advertising on women?

4 In your opinion, are women more influenced by advertising than men? Give reasons for your answer. 5 Name at least two forms of advertising that are not mentioned in the text. 6 Do you allow adverts to control your decisions in buying things? 7 Suggest a title for the text.

Part Two: Grammar and structure (60 marks) II Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in brackets.

A business company uses advertising to create an image for a product. Advertising is a means of (provide) (1) information about something they want to promote. It can reach people through (vary) types of mass (2) communication. People come into contact with many different kinds of advertising (day) . They come across (3) adverts in (print) (4) newspapers and magazines. They find poster on adverts (place) (5) buses and neon signs or billboards along streets. break up (Commerce) (6) radio and television programming. (Manufacture) will choose the most (7) suitable means to encourage people to buy their products. They use (advertise) to gain new customers (8) and increase sales.

Test 3 III Complete the dialogue. A Hello, what’s your major plan for the season? B A How are you going to advertise the new collection of metal shelves? B A And what about the collection of new chairs? B A Would you consider making metal benches in the future? B A Would they be inspired by any famous arc welding designs? B

Part Three: Writing (25 marks) VI Choose a product (clothes, electrical appliances, handy tools, art craft) and write an advertisement. Use adjectives, technical words and imagery to describe it to attract customers to buy it.

IV Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Then write if the condition is realistic or likely to happen (the ﬁrst conditional), impossible or unreal now (the second conditional) or unreal in the past (the third conditional). 1 If you go to Damascus, you (see) the old Souk Al Hamidiyah.

2 The tourists (come) known about the hurricane.

if they had

3 If I rented the apartment, you (live) with me. 4 If Rania (buy) the magazine, she would have seen the advertisement. 5 You would learn how to fix a refrigerator if the course with me. you (take) V Complete the sentences by using the correct tag question. 1 The arc welders suggested a modern design, ? 2 You are going to the library, ? 3 My parents are not in town, ? 4 Salma hasn’t been to the National Advertising seminar yet, ? 5 The students should learn about arc welding on a broken piece of metal, ?

10 Automatic Control Exercise 1 Vocabulary Circle the odd word out. 1 a computer

b printer

c dishwasher

d grater

2 a automatic

b manual

c reaction

d independent

3 a function

b use as

c act as

d formula

4 a mistake

b maintenance

c correction

d adjustment

5 a device

b characteristics

c object

d tool

Exercise 2 Word formation Put the words in brackets in their correct form. control system. 1 A computer is an example of an (automate) 2 The systems studied within automatic control are mostly the (line) systems. of a 3 In automatic control systems, a controlling device regulates the (operate) machine with (minimum) human intervention. 4 The First and Second World Wars saw major (advance) in the field of automatic control systems.

Unit 10 Exercise 3 Dialogue Complete the following dialogue. A: What would I use an automatic control system for? B: It can be used to help simplify your life. A: How can it do that? B: A: Give me an example from our daily life. B: A: So, in other words, what you’re sayng is B:

Exercise 4 Grammar A Complete the text using an indeﬁnite pronoun from the box. both

one all anything

everybody somewhere any everyone

innovations have brought some change in (2) ’s lifes. (1) (3) old and recent innovations derive from the need to make life easier and more practical. (4) of the most important innovations in history is the aeroplane, which can transport people and goods to any country in the world. If you choose to go (5) outside your country, catching an aeroplane would be the easiest and fastest means of transportation available to (6) . You can also ship almost (7) to (8) country in the world, and it would arrive in a relatively short time. Aeroplanes have been a crucial innovation in the history of transportation. B Write six sentences of your own about automatic control using indeﬁnite pronouns.

Exercise 5 Reading Read the following text about the function of automatic control systems and answer the questions. Control systems have been developed to ease humansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lives. Many tasks that people need to do or oversee are too difficult to control. As a result, control systems make it easier by carrying out the tasks that humans find difficult to do in a shorter period of time. At the same time, automatic control systems save money and reduce risks. The basic functions that these systems carry out include measurement, comparison, computation and correction. Such functions are controlled by measurement, error detection and final control elements. They all work together to help take over a task humans find difficult. Questions 1 What is the main idea of the text? 2 What functions do automatic control systems carry out? 3 Find the meaning of the following words in the dictionary: a variable b oversee c hazardous d error

Exercise 6 Writing Write a short paragraph discussing the importance of automatic control systems, based on what you have learned in this lesson.

11 Electrical Power Stations Exercise 1 Vocabulary

Reorder the jumbled letters to find the term that fits the definition. 1 ahurldyic operated by a liquid 2 rolas relating to the sun 3 rarnegote a piece of equipment that converts energy into electricity 4 bintrue a machine for producing power by a wheel or rotor 5 celercyitit a form of energy resulting from charged particles

Exercise 2 Grammar A Choose the correct preposition from the box. by

on of

in to

across for before

1 Our science teacher took us a field trip the power station. 2 A power station provides electricity buildings. 3 Solar power and wind power are examples energy sources. 4 Were you talking about electric power stations I came? 5 We will be looking power station pictures. 6 The first power station started operating 1882. 7 This was the first electric tramway to be powered hydroelectricity. 8 Electric pylons for carrying cables are being built navigable rivers.

B Read the text below. There are FIVE mistakes in the use of prepositions. Correct them by replacing them with the appropriate preposition from the box. into

after

by(x2)

Our school took us to a trip to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power station. We went on bus, since the distance was too far to walk. There, we saw how electricity was produced and then distributed around the city. We went in one of the control rooms and observed the technicians at work. Before we saw the control room, we then went to learn how the generators of the station worked. The turbines were moved on water or wind currents.

Exercise 3 Reading Read the text and answer the questions. Power stations generate electrical power. Many power stations use thermal (heat) power to create energy. However, there are other sources of energy used to generate electricity, such as water, sun and wind. These three sources are transformed in hydroelectric, solar and wind plants respectively. Hydroelectricity is produced through dams built as reservoirs that store water. This water runs through and moves turbines which are connected to electricity generators. In solar power plants, photovoltaic cells, or solar panels, turn sunlight into electricity. Wind turbines also create electricity in wind power plants. It is vital that such plants are located in areas with strong, steady winds. Electricity can therefore be generated in more than one way. Questions 1 Give the text a suitable title. 2 What are the four sources of energy that could be used to generate electricity? Briefly describe each. 3 What is an important condition for a wind power station to be set up and why? 4 Define the following words, using context clues from the text: a thermal b power station c solar d dams

Unit 11 Exercise 4 Writing Think about the location where you live. Consider what sources of energy you have most in that area: thermal, fuel, water, wind or sun. Write a short paragraph discussing what type of power station you think would be most suitable to produce the most energy in your area.

12 Latest Discoveries Exercise 1 Vocabulary

Write the words in brackets in the right form. Dragging your luggage around with you is a (pain) (1) task, especially on the way back from a holiday. This new (invent) (2) allows you to stop pulling around your luggage or wheeling it back home. This luggage bag is a mini scooter, allowing you to scoot around with your luggage (safe) (3) tucked away. When everyone else is carrying around their luggage, you will be jumping on your scooter, shortening your trip back home and making the journey more fun. The scooter also folds up, allowing you to use it as a normal luggage carrier. It’s a simple idea but an (extreme) (4) effective product, which we think will become very popular. This gadget allows you to recharge four devices (simultaneous) (5) . It is compatible with over 1,000 products. It is a (practice) (6) and (afford) (7) charging station and it is offered in white or black. It is an extraordinary good looking product, designed for the office and every room in the house. Its advantage is that you can (charge) (8) most of your electronic devices simultaneously.

Exercise 2 Dialogue Imagine you are a salesperson standing on the road trying to convince passing customers to buy the following item. Write a dialogue between you and one of the customers. This new LED umbrella comes equipped with a built-in light which illuminates in the dark. At the touch of a button, the light shines offering you a safe and secure passage to your destination. The light is embedded inside the handle to lighten the area under the umbrella’s hood. For those of you who can’t handle a long walk home in the dark, this LED umbrella is sure to make that walk a little brighter.

Unit 12 Exercise 3 Grammar A State whether the following sentences are fragments or run-ons. a While many people have digital cameras these days. b Though advancements in microelectronics made the vision of a computer a realistic one. c All televisions make use of an image which is scanned to produce a representation time signal, it is then reversed and decoded by the human eye. d Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard to decide which inventions are the most important, they are so many. e The transistor possibly the most important of the famous inventions of the twentieth century. f Received a patent that was needed to bring about the industrial age. g The engineer whose high-frequency alternator gave America its start in the field of radio communication. h The Internet something which many of us now take for granted. i Through various experimentations with electricity, he invented a basic electric battery, it was followed by electric light once he realised that carbon glowed, producing light when connected to the battery. j These great men and their ideas have changed the world, the way we live our lives. B Correct the fragments and run-ons in task A.

Exercise 4 Taxonomic skills Unscramble the following sentences to make two advertisements about two new inventions. a The blues and greens indicate a mellow mood, compared to pinks, reds and oranges which indicate a stressed-out individual. b The stress watch is aimed at busy people, with hectic lives, as it monitors stress levels throughout the day and indicates your levels via a black bar graph on the screen. c There is no better alarm system than the round of a vicious dog barking ferociously at the intruderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s awaiting entry point. d Once the stress levels hit a peak, you can take a rest and watch as your levels begin to drop. e The alarm noise is sounded whenever the door knob is touched or door is pushed, so the alarm is designed to be set off under the slightest of pressures. f This invention is called an Alarm Security Bar which adds instant protection to any home without the need for expensive installation and monitoring. g Thankfully, the watch also tells the time, so you will never miss an appointment or a meeting. h This watch does not only look fantastic, but also serves a great purpose. i The alarm can either be set to a powerful siren or the alternative barking alarm sound.

Exercise 5 Reading Read the text and answer the questions. Can you believe that going solar is cheaper than burning coal? Nanosolar is a new solar power invention without a panel but just a thin coat of paint that takes light and converts it to electricity. It draws power from the air; it is popular because it is cheap. The company produces its power sheet solar cells with printing-press-style machines that lay down a layer of solar-absorbing nanoink onto metal sheets as thin as aluminium foil, so the panels can be made for about a tenth of what current panels cost and at a rate of several hundred feet per minute. Cost has always been the biggest problem of solar panels. Traditional solar cells require silicon, and silicon is an expensive commodity. It also has to be put on glass, so itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heavy, dangerous and expensive to ship and install. Nanosolar cells use no silicon. Right now, the biggest question for Nanosolar is not if its products can work, but rather if it can make enough of them. California, for instance, has recently launched the Million Solar Roofs initiative, which encourages the installation of 100,000 solar roofs per year, every year, for 10 consecutive years. Questions 1 Give the text a suitable title. 2 Match the words with their meanings. a convert 1 existing b current 2 new idea or project c launch 3 uninterrupted d initiative 4 change e consecutive 5 begin 3 List two advantages of this new invention. 4 What are the disadvantages of the old solar systems? 5 Do you think this new invention is going to be implemented in many countries in the world? Why? Explain.

Exercise 6 Writing Can you imagine an electronic glove that allows you to write in thin air? It looks very similar to a ďŹ ngerless bike glove, but it has a built-in sensory computer program. It can recognise when you trace letters of the alphabet. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a pen? Write a well-organised paragraph.

Test 4 Part One: Reading comprehension (35 marks) I Read the following and answer the questions. Here are stories of two interesting inventions. The first is that of the English inventor and businessman Percy Shaw (1890–1976). Shaw lived in London where the streets were very dirty and the air was polluted with smog- a mixture of smoke and fog. That made it difficult for people to see the roads. Shaw wanted to find a means to light the roads. One evening, while he was driving, he noticed that his car lights reflected the eyes of the cats on the streets. This is how he invented the ‘Catseyes’ we see now in the middle of the road to guide people to keep in lane. The second invention is that of the American actress Mary Anderson (1859–1940). During a trip to New York in 1903, she noticed that drivers put their hands out of the vehicle they were driving to clear the windscreen. Anderson wanted to find a way to help drivers clean rain, snow or dirt from the windscreen and not get wet. The following year, she applied for a patent for a device that consisted of a lever that a driver could operate from inside the car. The lever caused a spring-loaded arm with a rubber blade to swing across the windshield and then back again to their original position. Anderson got the patent for the device in 1905.

2 Did Shaw and Anderson intend to be inventors, or did they become inventors by chance? Explain your answer.

3 The word ‘smog’ is derived from two words: smoke and fog. This is called the process of blending. Write down the two words used in each of the following: a sitcom b brunch c camcorder 4 Do you think anyone can invent a useful device? Could you?

1 Find a word in the text that means: a one of a line of small flat objects fixed in the middle of the road that shine when lit by car lights and guide traffic in the dark b the legal right to be the only producer or seller of an invention c the large window at the front of a vehicle (a car, bus, etc.)

II Complete the dialogue. Use the appropriate punctuation. • you are consuming. • I wonder what new inventions we’ll have soon. • Can you guess what it is? • How often do you check what it’s recording? • I’ll tell you. • Where do you keep it?

4 He came (along, up, with) us to the power station. 5 The chef has put the two trays (into, between, through) the oven. 6 The guard (into, at, up) the exhibition was attentive. V Correct the following sentences. 1 The advertisement one of the best I’ve ever seen.

A I’ve just bought this device from the shop. (1) B Well, it seems like an electronic device to measure something. A Yes, that is close. (2) It’s a digital machine that keeps record of your heartbeats and beeps when your heartbeats are irregular. B Oh, how interesting! It reminds me of another medical device that measures how many calories (3) A (4) B It has a strap that you can fasten around your wrist or ankle. A (5) B You have to check it every twelve hours. A (6) III Choose the correct word in brackets. 1 I met (somebody / anybody) on the bus whom I knew at school. 2 They didn’t buy (something / anything) at the exhibition of new discoveries. 3 Samia found (nothing / nowhere) that she wanted to decorate her new dress with. 4 John couldn’t find his suitcase (anywhere / . somewhere) 5 I assured them they would find the product they’re looking for (nowhere / somewhere) . IV Circle the correct preposition. 1 Mum put the blanket (up, on, under) the bed when it became cold. 2 Mona found her notes (along, through, between) her books. 3 The child hid his new toy (over, under, along) the chair.

2 They produced the new kitchenware put it in the market they did not advertise it. 3 When I read the newspaper. 4 If they buy the car. 5 Since I saw Mona last.

Part Three: Writing (25 marks) VI Choose a profession and an appropriate place of work. Write a brochure that gives a list of safety instructions for people at work.

Glossary A absorb verb to take in or soak up energy, a liquid or other substance by chemical or physical action, typically gradually: Buildings can be designed to absorb and retain heat. accelerate verb to make something go faster than usual or sooner than you expect: The company has made a new plan to accelerate the rate of income. acceleration noun increase in the rate or speed of something: The introduction of digital machinery led to the acceleration of the industrialisation process. accountant noun a person whose job is to keep or inspect financial accounts: Tax advisers can also be qualified accountants who have undertaken formal training. accounts executive noun advertising firmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s representative who manages services for a particular client (called an account): What does an advertising agency accounts executive do?

accurate adjective (of information, measurements, statistics, etc.) correct in all details; exact: It is important that the doctors give their patients accurate information about their illness.

animated cartoon noun a film made by photographing a series of cartoon drawings to give the illusion of movement when projected in rapid sequence: The children watched animated cartoon together.

adhesive adjective able to stick fast to a surface or object; sticky: Could you please get me some adhesive paper?

annual adjective occurring once every year: I always attend the unionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s annual conference.

adjust verb to alter or move somthing slightly in order to achieve the desired fit, appearance or result: The interest rate should be adjusted for inflation.

appliance noun a device or piece of equipment designed to perform a specific task, typically a domestic one: He sells imported home appliances.

adjustment noun a small change made to a machine or system: They had to make some adjustments to their strategy.

apprenticeship noun the process of learning or training under a professional or skilled worker: I learned everything about the mechanics of a car because of my apprenticeship.

advertising agency noun marketing services firm that assists companies in planning advertisements: They own the largest advertising agency in the city. alternating current noun a current that can go back and forth: Direct and alternating currents are used in different electrical systems.

arc noun something shaped like a curve: A rainbow has the shape of an arc and is made of many colours. artefact noun an object that was made in the past and is historically important: Hundreds of unidentified artefacts are stored in the museum.

alternative adjective different from what is usual, expected or assemble verb to fit the pieces traditional: Solar energy is an or parts together: At the example of alternative energy. factory, we assemble used car parts to make new cars. 47

assistant noun a person who helps in particular work: My mother works as a laboratory assistant. audience noun the people giving attention to something: There will always be an audience for comedy. automatic adjective works by machine: The automatic door opens by itself. automation noun the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services: Unemployment has increased due to the spread of automation. automobile noun a car or any other vehicle that moves by engine: The company has produced many automobiles and trucks over the past years. average adjective of the usual or ordinary standard, level, or quantity: The manager was a man of average height. awful adjective used to emphasise the extent of something, esp. something unpleasant or negative: The fridge smells awful.

bacteria noun tiny organisms: Bacteria grows on food outside the refrigerator. baggy adjective big and not tightly fitted on your body: She was wearing jeans and a baggy T-shirt. banister noun a row of wooden posts with a bar along the top, that stops you from falling over the edge of stairs: She held on to the banister. banner noun a long strip of cloth bearing a slogan or design: A banner in the front window announced “Grand Reopening”. barcode noun a group of parallel lines printed on products which a computer can read to identify the product: Every product at the supermarket should have a barcode. basic adjective simple; unsophisticated: They equipped the studio with basic cooking facilities for the new cooking programme. battery noun an electric cell that gives an electric current: I took the battery out of the toy, so that it would stop working.

benefit verb to receive an advantage; profit; gain: The deal benefited them both.

back up verb to reserve or make a copy to store: Back up your files before you defragment your computer so that nothing is lost.

bend verb to shape something straight into a curve: You can bend metal best when it is heated.

bit noun a tool or piece for drilling, typically made of metal: The drill’s bit was broken. blend verb to combine different things in a way that produces an effective or pleasant result: He writes stories that blend fact and legend. blunt adjective not sharp or pointed: Sharpen all your blunt knives. bolt noun a screw with a flat head and no point for fastening things together: He bought some nuts and bolts from the new hardware store across the street. bonnet noun the metal lid over the front of a car: I’ll need to check under the bonnet. bore verb to make a round hole in or through a solid body: There are many tools for boring small holes in wood. bracket noun a piece of metal, wood or plastic, often in the shape of the letter L, fixed to a wall to support something such as a shelf: My dad went to the hardware store to buy some new brackets. branch noun a division or office of a large business or organisation, operating locally or having a particular function: He went to work at our local branch.

brand noun a type of product manufactured by a particular company under a particular name: She is selling a new brand of detergent. break down phrasal verb (of a machine or motor vehicle) to suddenly cease to function: His van broke down on the motorway. bridle joint noun a joint in which a mortise is cut into one piece of wood and a tenon is cut into the other piece: Bridle joints are used to join the legs of tables and chairs. briskly adverb quickly, swiftly: She walked briskly in the cold air. brochure noun a small book or magazine containing pictures and information about a product or service: The purpose of the brochure is for the customer to know what you do and what you offer. browse verb to search for information on a computer or on the Internet: Browse your hard drive, maybe you will find your lost files. budget noun the amount of money needed or available for a purpose, or a plan of how it will be spent: The budget for photography has been reduced. burl noun a lump in wool or cloth: The jumper should be sent to the burling department to remove the burls.

C cabin noun the area for passengers on a lift: The cabin could only fit five people, so some of us had to take the stairs. cable noun strong, heavy and thick rope or wire: The cable used to carry a lift is made of very tough material. calliper noun an instrument used to measure the thickness or diameter of something: A calliper is used in many fields such as metalworking, mechanical engineering, woodworking and medicine. campaign noun an organised course of action to achieve a particular goal: Our company will launch its new advertising campaign next week. capture verb to record or express accurately in words or pictures: She did a series of sketches, trying to capture all his moods. carer noun someone who looks after an old or ill person at home: Carers sometimes work for free. carry out phrasal verb to conduct; to perform: They carried out the operations in secret. cast verb the process of making or forming from a mould: Casting the metal is much faster than forming each piece on its own.

catalogue noun a publication containing details and often photographs of items for sale, esp. one produced by a mailorder company: They looked in the catalogue for new furniture. chamber noun room: Metals are melted in a heated chamber. charge noun the amount of money you have to pay for goods or services: Electricity charges will rise in July. charge verb to load or fill a container, gun, etc. to the full or proper extent: Will you see to it that your car battery is charged? chip verb to remove something, esp. something hard that is covering a surface, by hitting it with a tool so that small pieces break off: Archaeologists were carefully chipping away at the rock. chisel noun a metal tool with a sharp edge, used to cut wood or stone: He cut his hand with a chisel while he was carving a piece of wood. climate noun the temperature conditions over a long period of time: The climate on the equator is tropical. clutch noun the pedal that you press with your foot when driving a vehicle in order to change gear, or the part of the vehicle that this controls: Put your foot down on the clutch before you change gear.

coated adjective covered with a layer of something: She prefers sugar-coated cereals to plain ones. coil noun circular wire: The coil in the light bulb heats up to give light. collapse verb to fall down: The roof collapsed when the heavy winds blew in. colleague noun a person with whom one works, esp. in a profession or business: Dadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s colleague invited me to the Embassy. combust verb to catch fire or burst into flames: Fuel can easily combust if there is a small flame close by. communications engineering noun the science of ways to connect with people and places (telephone, internet, etc.): Communications engineering has helped people to talk to each other even though they are very far apart. compartment noun a smaller enclosed space inside something larger: The refrigerator is divided into different compartments, each for a specific use. component noun the parts of a system or mechanism: The components of a refrigerator work together to cool objects within a closed cabinet. computer graphics noun visual images produced by computer processing: He studied computer graphics at university. 50

condenser noun a machine that puts pressure and turns a gas into a liquid: The water vapour passes through the condenser and comes out as water. conductor noun a material or device which allows the easy flow of electricity: Metals are used in cables and wires because they are good conductors of electricity. conference noun a formal meeting for discussion: He gathered all the men around the table for a conference. constant adjective occurring continuously over a period of time: The pain is constant. consulting noun the business of giving specialist advice to other professionals, typically in financial and business matters: He has a rich background in consulting. consumable adjective made to be used up and then replaced: Consumable paper products help keep the environment clean. contamination noun being affected or ruined by something: Food left at room temperature is at risk of contamination. control panel noun an electrical device that has switches that control another device: Samir is able to control the whole machine from his office, with a control panel.

control system noun is a device or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behaviour of other devices or systems: The professor said that my thesis has missing information about applications of control systems. convert verb to cause to change in form, character or function: The procedures followed converted raw material into useful forms. copywriter noun a person who writes the text of advertisements or publicity material: The key to being a successful copywriter is to be thorough and accurate. corrosion noun the process of slowly destroying or damaging metal, stone or other materials: Each aircraft part is sprayed with oil to prevent corrosion. cotton gin noun a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibres from the seeds: In the past cotton ginning was done by hand. cover verb to deal with a subject: This book covers the basic types of control systems. cracked adjective broken with or without separating into pieces: We replaced the cracked boards. crease noun a line on a piece of cloth, paper, etc. where it has been folded, crushed or pressed: She smoothed the creases from her skirt.

crew noun a group of people working together with special skills: They are the most efficient TV camera crew. critical adjective having the potential to become disastrous; at a point of crisis: The floods had not receded, and the situation was still critical. D damage verb to destroy: Be careful not to damage the new wall. damaged adjective objects that are physically harmed: Damaged cars are usually left in a scrapyard. deck noun the outside top level of a ship that you can walk or sit on: Let’s go up on deck. defect noun a fault that means that something or someone is not perfect: All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory. deflation noun the action or process of releasing air from objects such as a balloon or tyre: He explained to us the effects of tyre deflation on vehicle behaviour. defragment verb to reorganise a computer file: Tarek defragmented his computer to make it run faster. degree noun the level or measure of something: To what degree do you agree with his argument?

dehydrated adjective dry: Drink lots of water so that you don’t get dehydrated. delicate adjective very fine in texture or structure: The sun can easily damage a child’s delicate skin. deliver verb to take goods, letters, packages, etc. to a particular place or person: The morning mail has just been delivered. demonstrate verb to show: I will demonstrate how it is done. desirable adjective something truly wished for or wanted: Cut the wood to the desirable length before using it. detached adjective not connected: The mechanic tried to reconnect the detached cables. detect verb to locate: The machine detected that there was oil underground. device noun an object used for a specific purpose: The device used to select items on a computer screen is called a mouse. diesel adjective having an internal combustion engine in which heat produced by the compression of air in the cylinder is used to ignite the fuel: They specialise in manufacturing diesel locomotives.

dimensions noun measure of width, height and length: Take the dimensions of the table to build one of the same size. direct current noun a current flowing in one direction: Direct current is used to charge batteries. dispose verb to get rid of; to throw away: You should dispose of food that has become rotten. documentary noun a movie, television or radio programme that provides a factual record or report: The documentary is scheduled to be showed again. dovetail joint noun a type of joint made with a series of trapezoidal pins which interlock with similarly shaped tails: Dovetail joints can help make a piece of furniture look neat and attractive. drag verb to pull something forcefully in a way that could cause damage: Don’t drag the table because you might scratch the new tiles. drill noun a tool or machine used for making holes in something: He bought a new drill. drill verb to make a hole in something, mechanically: I drilled a hole in the wall to put a nail. dye verb to give something a different colour: She wants to dye her hair black.

E eclectic adjective including a mixture of many different things or people, esp. so that you can use the best of all of them: Their house was decorated with an eclectic collection of objects. efficient adjective if someone or something is efficient, they work well without wasting time, money or energy: My wife is an efficient secretary. eject verb to force out: The volcano ejected ash. electrical contact noun the place at which things touch and allow a current to pass: As soon as the key was put into the electrical contact, the engine was ready to start. electricity noun a source of energy: We use electricity for light and heat. electrode noun a solid that allows an electric current to run through it: Use an electrode to jump start a car if there are no cables available. electromagnetic radiation noun a form of energy used to produce heat in a microwave: The electromagnetic radiation of the microwave heated our lunch today. empower verb to give a person or organisation the authority to do something: We should encourage our children to try their best at school and empower them to take charge of their future. 52

endurance noun ability to tolerate force or pressure: She was praised for her endurance after walking all day.

exhaust noun a pipe through which waste is released: The exhaust in a car releases the bad fumes and gases.

energise verb to give energy or power to something: You need to energise the battery.

expertise noun expert skill or knowledge in a particular field: You have to possess technical expertise to apply for this job.

engine noun a machine that changes energy into a mechanical force: The engine is what makes a car run. ensure verb to make sure: Before eating the food ensure that the expiry date has not passed. enthusiast noun a person who is highly interested in a particular activity or subject: My brother is a sports car enthusiast. equipment noun the tools, machines, clothes, etc. that you need to do a particular job, or activity: They bought some brand new computer equipment. erosion noun the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain or sea: Erosion is changing the shape of the coastline. error noun mistake: The errors in the machine were fixed by the technician. evaporate verb to turn into gas: The heat of the sun made water evaporate from the sea. exceptional adjective unusual; not typical: Tonightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meal was exceptional.

extensively adverb widely, broadly: Computer-aided design is an important tool used extensively in many industries. extract verb to remove or take out, esp. by effort or force: The dentist extracted the decayed tooth. Extraction-Assist Robot noun a humanoid robot designed as a method for transporting wounded soldiers from the battlefield to safety: The battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot has the size and shape of an adult male human. extreme adjective very great in degree: Extreme poverty still exists in many rural areas. F face verb to confront and deal with something or a situation: Youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll just have to face the facts. facilitate verb to make an action or process easy or easier: Our research has been facilitated by private funding. facilitator noun someone who helps a group of people discuss things with each other or do something effectively: A facilitator is expected to offer guidance.

fan belt noun a tough, thin rubber belt on most automotive engines connecting the crankshaft to the cooling fan: The engine was heating up because the fan belt was broken.

fleet noun a number of ships, vehicles or aircraft operating together or under the same ownership: The agency fleet is replaced each year with new cars.

fault noun an error or mistake: Rami made sure there wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a fault in the computer program he had bought.

flow noun a smooth steady movement of liquid, gas or electricity: He struggled to swim against the flow of the water.

fibre mill noun a factory that produces a mass of threads used to make rope, cloth, etc.: His father works at the fibre mill. file noun a metal tool with a rough surface that you rub on something to make it smooth: He cleaned the ends of the pipes with a flat metal file. filler noun a substance used for filling cracks or holes in a surface, esp. before painting it: The carpenter poured quickhardening wood filler into the cracks on the surface of the table. finishing noun any process performed on yarn or fabric after weaving to improve the look, performance or feel of the finished textile: The finishing on this dress is awful. fire-resistant adjective not able to burn, or able to burn only with difficulty: Flameresistant is an alternative term for fire-resistant. firmly adverb not easily moved: The nurse held the patient firmly while the dentist was pulling out the broken tooth.

flux noun a substance mixed with a solid to lower its melting point: Many blacksmiths use flux when they are soldering and brazing metals. forge verb to make something from a piece of metal by heating the metal and shaping it: Some metals may be forged while they are cold. forum noun a place, meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged: Forums were held for doctors to exchange their views on medical research. fossil fuel noun a fuel such as coal or oil that is produced by the very gradual decaying of animals or plants over millions of years: Environmentalists would like to see fossil fuels replaced by renewable energy sources. fountain pen noun a pen with a reservoir or cartridge from which ink flows continuously to the nib: I got my brother a silver fountain pen for his birthday.

fuel noun a material such as wood, coal or gas, used to produce heat or power: The car broke down because we ran out of fuel. function noun the purpose of something: The function of a hammer is to hit nails into a hard surface. fuse verb to melt a material or object with intense heat, esp. so as to join it with something else: We need to fuse the two rods together. fusion noun the process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity: The fusion of hydrogen atoms generates energy. G gear noun clothing, esp. of a specified kind : It is raining outside, bring your rain gear. generate verb to produce: Some countries use water to generate electricity. generator noun a machine used to create energy: The generator produces energy that is used to make electricity. glacier noun a large mass of ice which moves slowly down a mountain valley: Water from a melting glacier may be the source of a river. glitches noun errors and mistakes: We fixed all the glitches that were in the machine. 53

goggles noun protective eyewear that protect the eye from glare, dust or water: Don’t forget to wear your goggles before you turn on the drill. greenhouse gas noun a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs infrared radiation: Methane and carbon dioxide are examples of greenhouse gases. grip noun the way you hold something tightly, or your ability to do this: Hold the drill in a firm grip and keep it still.

hazardous adjective dangerous: Miners work in hazardous conditions. heat up phrasal verb to become warm or hot: You need to heat up the food in a microwave. hectic adjective very busy or full of activity: I’m struggling to deal with the hectic demands of my job. highly adverb extremely; greatly: He was a highly successful surgeon.

H hair-washing machine noun a machine for washing a person’s hair or means to assist in the washing of it: Many salons are using automatic hair-washing machines which include an outer as well as an inner shell. halved joint noun a woodworking joint in which the two members are joined by removing material from each at the point of intersection so that they overlap: Halved joints can be cut by a handsaw and a chisel.

hoist noun a piece of equipment used for lifting heavy objects with ropes: The fisherman used a hoist to lift the big fish out of the water. household noun all the people who live together in one house: The best strategy for each household is to pay off all debts and save as much as possible.

handle noun the part by which a thing is held, carried or controlled: The knife’s handle is wooden.

housing joint noun a very simple, very strong woodworking joint that joins two workpieces at right angles by cutting a slot, or dado, into one piece and fitting the other piece into it: The housing joint is used particularly when joining parts of cabinets.

handle verb to do the things that are necessary to complete a job: I handled most of the paperwork.

hydraulic adjective involving or operated by a fluid: The engineer checked the aeroplane’s hydraulic systems.

harsh adjective difficult to live in and very uncomfortable: It was difficult for her to endure the harsh Canadian winters.

hydro prefix related to water: Hydroelectricity is generated by flowing water.

I import verb to bring from an outside source: We import all the vegetables and fruits that cannot be grown in our country. impulse noun a sudden strong and unreflective urge or desire to act: She had a sudden impulse to run. industry noun a group of factories that produce goods: The timber industry produces wood. infectious adjective disease that can be passed from one person to another, esp. through the air you breathe: Flu is highly infectious. inspect verb to study something carefully for any flaws: The manager inspected the work of the new trainee. inspection noun to check on or examine: Every year, we have an inspection to make sure everything in the factory is running smoothly. install verb to place or fix an equipment or machinery in position ready for use: We’re planning to install a new shower. insulation noun the process of preventing the passage of electricity or heat to or from something by covering it in nonconducting material: Good insulation can save you money on heating bills.

interaction noun a process by which two or more things affect each other: Price is determined through the interaction of demand and supply. invention noun the act of designing something new: The invention of the control system has made life much easier. invoice noun a bill or receipt: I prepared an invoice for all the material I had bought. issue noun an important topic or problem for debate or discussion: Money is not an issue. issue verb to come out of: The government issued a statement yesterday. J jack noun a device used to lift heavy objects: He used a jack to help change the tyres. joint noun a place or part where two or more things are joined: The leg of the chair folds and unfolds because it has joints. K key in phrasal verb to enter information or instructions in a computer or other device by means of a keyboard or keypad: If you want to make a phone call, you just key in the number and press OK.

L ladle noun a vessel for transporting molten metal in a workshop or factory for casting metal: Pour the metal from the ladle carefully.

lubricate verb to apply a substance such as oil or grease to an engine to minimise friction and allow smooth movement: Remove the nut and lubricate the thread. M

leak noun seep through a tiny hole: The water was flowing out from the leak. lever noun a handle used to control a machine: Pulling the lever will allow the flow of the liquid through the pipes. lift noun a device used to carry passengers up and down a building: We took the lift up to the 4th floor. line with phrasal verb to cover the inside surface of a container or garment with a layer of different material: She bought a basket lined with a cloth. liquefy verb to turn into liquid: The heat liquefied the ice. load noun heavy weight: It increased the load on the wheels. loose adjective not tight: The leg of the table fell off because it was loose. lubricant noun a substance, such as oil or grease, used for minimising friction, esp. in an engine: I need to buy some lubricant to oil my bike chain.

mail-order adjective selling of goods to customers by mail, generally involving selection from a special catalogue: My mum works as a mail-order distributor for a cosmetics company. maintain verb to keep in good condition: You should constantly maintain your appliances. maintenance noun the repairs, painting etc that are necessary to keep something in good condition: My dad asked the mechanic to include the cost of repairs and maintenance in the bill. manual adjective works by hand: We used to use a manual pump to get water from the well. manual noun a book that gives instructions about how to do something, esp. how to use a machine: Consult the computer manual if you have a problem. manufacture verb to make something on a large scale using machinery: He owns a company that manufactures paint-by-number sets. material noun resources: The material used to build a house includes wood and metal. 55

mechanic noun one who repairs machines, cars or tools: I took my car to the mechanic for a checkup.

modify verb to change: I modified the measurements of the board to fit through the door.

mechanism noun a natural or established process by which something takes place or is brought about: We have no mechanism in place for assessing the success of forwarded inquiries.

moisture noun small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance or on a surface: Plants use their roots to absorb moisture from the soil.

media noun the main means of mass communication (esp. television, radio, newspapers and the Internet) regarded collectively: The campaign won mediaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention. media outlet noun a publication or broadcast programme that transmits feature stories and news to the public through various distribution channels: This guide includes contact information for local media outlets to help you publicise your events! mellow adjective relaxed and good-humoured: He was less of a fighter and more of a mellow kind of man. mend verb to repair something that is broken or not working: When are you going to mend the table in the living room? mill noun a building fitted with manufacturing machinery: I would like to work in a steel mill. minimise verb to reduce: Machines minimise the time it takes to do a job.

molten adjective a hot thick liquid: Molten metal becomes hard again when it cools. monitor noun the computer screen: Today, monitors are flatter than before and come in smaller sizes as well. monitor verb to observe: Monitor the temperature for any changes. mortise noun a usually rectangular cavity in a piece of wood, stone or other material, prepared to receive a tenon and thus form a joint: Generally the size of the mortise and tenon is related to the thickness of the timber. motor noun a machine or an engine that helps an object move: If the motor of the car breaks down, the car would stop running. motorised adjective having an engine (used , esp. when something does not usually have an engine): She has a motorised wheelchair. mouth noun the open part at the top of a bottle or container: The mouth of the bottle had a lid.

N napping verb a finishing process that raises the surface fibres of a fabric by passing it over rapidly revolving cylinders covered with metal points: This machine is excellent for napping all fibre types. notify verb to inform or tell: Please notify me when the car is done, and I will come and pick it up. novelty noun something new and unusual: We sell seasonal novelties. nut noun a small piece of metal with a hole through the middle which is screwed onto a bolt to fasten things together: Use a spanner to loosen the nut. O occupation noun a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s regular work or job: Haniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupation is to repair appliances. operate verb to control the function of a machine: The technician operates the machine. opportunity noun a set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something: We may see increased opportunity for exports. optimal adjective best or most favourable: This design makes optimal use of the available space.

ore noun rock or earth from which metal can be obtained: The ores are extracted through mining. out of service expression not available for use: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Out of Serviceâ&#x20AC;? tags should be used to prevent the accidental operation of machines that are being maintained or cleaned. out of shape expression not having its usual or original shape, esp. after being bent: Check that the pipes are not bent out of shape. outstanding adjective (of a debt) remaining to be paid or dealt with: There was a small charge outstanding. overhead adjective situated above the level of the head: A plane flew overhead. overload verb to put too many things or people on or into something: Be careful not to overload the washing machine. oversee verb to look over; to observe: The manager oversees the work of his employees. oxide noun a substance which is produced when a substance is combined with oxygen: Sulphur dioxide is a typical acidic oxide. P packaging noun wrapping up: Packaging makes food last longer.

page setup noun the way in which a page is organised, planned or arranged: If you want to create professional quality documents, then learning to use the page setup tools is a must. panel noun a board in a car, plane, boat etc that has the controls on it: The low voltage pump is powered by an independent solar panel. panel verb to cover a wall or other surface with a thin, typically rectangular piece of wood or glass: The walls in their dining room are elegantly panelled. Paper-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries noun ultra-thin batteries that could be used to power electronic newspapers: Paper-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries were developed by Stanford researchers. penetrate verb to enter something and pass or spread through it, esp. when this is difficult: Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty windows. percentage noun an amount expressed as if it is a part of a total which is 100: Tax is paid as a percentage of total earnings. periodically adverb occurring or appearing at intervals; occasionally: The magazine is released periodically.

perishable adjective can go bad: Most fruits and vegetables are perishable, and so must be eaten as soon as possible. permit verb to allow: The police would not permit me to enter the closed shop. Perpetual Motion Device noun any device or system that indefinitely produces more energy than it consumes, resulting in a net output of energy for indefinite time: The laws of physics have to be broken for the perpetual motion device to work properly. physics noun the study of matter and energy: The astronaut studied physics at university. pincers noun a tool made of two crossed pieces of metal used for holding things tightly: Our hardware store has the widest selection of quality tools such as hammers and pincers. plaster noun a substance used to give walls and ceilings a smooth, even surface. It consists of lime, water and sand: The plaster covering the bricks has started to crack. pliers noun a small tool made of two crossed pieces of metal, used to hold small things or to bend and cut wire: There are many kinds of pliers made for various general and specific purposes.

peripherals noun extra or things not related to the main or central object: The peripherals of the computer include the mouse and the speakers. 57

plug noun a small object at the end of a wire that is used for connecting a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity: The plug on my iron needs changing. plywood noun a material made of several thin layers of wood that are stuck together to form a strong board: I prefer bamboo plywood to hardwood because it is beautiful and distinct. polishing noun the work of making something smooth and shiny by rubbing or waxing it: Polishing is usually a multistage process. potential adjective having or showing the capacity to become or develop into something in the future: She has the potential to become a great pianist. precaution noun a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous, unpleasant or inconvenient from happening: The traffic barriers were put there as a safety precaution.

prestigious adjective of such high quality that people respect you for being associated with it: He hoped to be invited to the most prestigious event of the year. prevent verb to keep from happening: Cooking the food prevents bacterial growth.

pump verb to force liquid, gas, etc. to move in a specified direction as if by means of a pump: I pumped air out of the tube.

print noun a mark that is made on a surface by something that has been pressed onto it: His feet left deep prints in the soft soil.

puncture noun a small hole made accidentally in a tyre: She was cycling home when her bike got a puncture.

print verb to produce words, numbers, or pictures on paper, using a machine which puts ink onto the surface: I need to make a few changes before I print the document.

procedure noun an established or official way of doing something: The procedure to build a boat should be followed or else you risk getting something wrong.

process noun a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end: Military operations could jeopardise the peace process.

press verb 1 to make clothes smooth using a hot iron: Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll need to press my suit. 2 to push a button, switch, etc. to make a machine start, a bell ring etc: Press the power button to turn on the computer.

profile noun a short description that gives important details about a person, a group of people, or a place: The manager gave the new employee a job profile.

press cloth noun a piece of cotton, linen or wool cloth used to protect the garment from steam and/or heat when pressing: A press cloth will protect and extend the life of clothing and other fabric items.

pulley noun a piece of equipment consisting of a wheel over which a rope or chain is pulled to lift heavy things: Pulley systems are used when there is a need to lift heavy objects.

pump noun a machine used to raise or move fluids in a specified direction: The water would not reach the third floor without a pump to lift it.

qualified adjective professional: He is a qualified mechanic.

radiator noun a series of pipes used to heat or cool a car engine or other engines by running steam, water or other fluids through it: The radiator of the car should always be filled with water so that the car doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t heat up. radio waves noun an electromagnetic wave used for long-distance communication: Radio waves can travel for thousands of miles. rapidly adverb happening in a short time or at a fast pace: The countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy is growing rapidly. rare adjective not commonly found: Diamonds are very rare and therefore very expensive.

raw adjective in its natural state: Birds use twigs as raw material for building nests.

reservoir noun a receptacle or chamber for storing a fluid: The mechanic checked the reservoir to detect where the leak was coming from.

Raytheon’s XOS 2 Exoskeleton noun a robotic suit that allows the user to lift 200 pounds resistant adjective cannot hundreds of time without be harmed by: My waterproof exhaustion: Raytheon’s XOS 2 watch is water resistant. Exoskeleton was named one of the best inventions of 2010. resource noun a stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets that readership noun the readers can be drawn on by a person of a newspaper, magazine, or or organisation in order to book regarded collectively: function effectively: Local It has a readership of 100 authorities complained that million. they lacked resources.

response noun reaction: The alarm goes off in response to a possible threat.

refrigeration noun the act of cooling or preserving: Our refrigeration system helps keep all the food in good condition.

restore verb to repair or renovate a building, appliance, vehicle, etc. so as to return it to its original condition: The old building has been restored.

renewable adjective energy that replaces itself naturally, or is easily replaced because there is a large supply of it: Water, wind and solar power are examples of renewable energy. repair verb to fix: I tried to repair the broken chair myself. request verb to politely ask someone to do something: The items I requested aren’t available at the moment.

rusty adjective coated with rust, corroded: He fell and hurt himself on a rusty nail. S

refrigerant noun a substance used for refrigeration: Refrigerants can be bought online.

regulations noun rules: Follow the regulations, and you won’t get into any trouble.

run verb 1 to operate: The car runs on unleaded fuel. 2 to flow in a particular direction or place: Water was running off the roof. 3 to organise or be in charge of an activity, business, organisation or country: Courses are currently being run in London and Edinburgh. 4 to move very quickly, by moving your legs more quickly than when you walk: Several people ran to help her when she fell.

revolutionary adjective involving or causing a complete or dramatic change: The new cancer medicine is a revolutionary breakthrough. roughen verb to make or become rough: The wind was roughening the surface of the river. routine noun a sequence of actions regularly followed; a fixed programme: I settled down into a routine of work and sleep.

scan verb to examine or look for viruses in a computer: Tarek scanned the computer for any possible viruses. scoot verb to move quickly and suddenly: They scooted off on their bikes. scrap metal noun discarded metal for reprocessing: Scrap metal can be melted down and reused. scratch verb to mark something with a sharp object: Someone scratched the car door with a key. screw verb to move or close in a spiral motion: To make sure the frame is hung well on the wall, screw an extra nail into it.

screw joint noun a joint that uses threads on the ends of two pipes to draw the two pieces together and form a leakproof seal: Pipes are usually joined together by screw joints. sector noun an area or portion that is distinct from others: I work in the private sector. securely adverb fastened tightly, esp. in order to make something safe: All detergents should be locked away securely from children’s reach. segment noun each of the parts into which something is or may be divided: Lines can be divided into segments. selvedge noun the edge of a piece of cloth, made strong so that the threads will not come apart: Selvedges are created to protect the fabric during weaving. seminar noun a conference or other meeting for discussion or training: A seminar is relatively more informal than a lecture. service verb to perform routine maintenance or repair work on a vehicle or machine: You must have your car serviced regularly. shaft: noun a long column or vertical passage: The cable which holds up the cabin runs all the way through the shaft. shear verb the process of removing by cutting off or clipping: I’ll shear off the sheep’s fleece. 60

sheave noun a wheel with a groove for a rope to run on, as in a pulley block: One or more sheaves make up a pulley. shielding adjective protecting: The shielding gas is used to protect the welding surface. shower head noun a perforated pipe or tube for spraying water on the person taking a shower: My mum bought a new shower head to match the taps. showroom noun an area where merchandise can be displayed: A showroom is also known as salesroom. shut down phrasal verb to turn off: You should shut down the computer before you unplug the wire. simultaneously adverb occurring, operating or done at the same time: Two letters from the library arrived simultaneously. siren noun a device that makes a loud prolonged sound as a signal or warning: A police siren sounded as the car sped past my window.

socket noun a point in the wall or a piece of equipment where you can connect to a power supply: I plugged the washing machine’s wire into the socket to get electricity. solar adjective related to sun: Solar power uses the sun as its source of energy. solar panels noun metal sheets that absorb sunlight and turn it into energy: We installed solar panels on our roof to use the energy provided by the sun. solder noun a soft metal, usually a mixture of lead and tin: Alloys of copper with either zinc or silver are the most common hard solders. solder verb to join or repair metal surfaces with solder: The new wires have been soldered on to the loom. soldering iron noun a tool which is heated, usually by electricity, and used for melting solder and putting it onto surfaces: Before you start, make sure that you have a soldering iron with a suitable tip to hand.

slag noun the waste left after melting ores: The worker collected the slag to make iron from it.

spanner noun a metal tool that fits over a nut, used for turning the nut to make it tight or to undo it: Wrench is the American term for spanner.

slogan noun a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising: They designed a new slogan for their product.

specific adjective precise and clear in making statements or issuing instructions: When ordering goods, be specific.

spin verb to make cotton, wool, etc. into thread by twisting it: They spin wool into yarn for weaving.

strike verb to deliberately hit someone or something with your hand or a tool: You should strike the iron while it is hot.

spinning noun an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic fibres are twisted together to form yarn: Yarns are characterised as S-twist or Z-twist according to the direction of spinning.

substance noun a solid, powder, liquid or gas with particular traits: Varnish is a substance used to protect the surface of wood.

spoil verb to go bad; to rot: Most foods donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t last long and spoil.

suit noun a set of clothes to be worn on a particular occasion or for a particular activity: I bought my brother a new business suit for his birthday.

stabilise verb to make stable and immovable: The air conditioner helps stabilise the temperature in the room.

suit verb to be convenient for: Does this room suit your needs?

stain noun 1 a special liquid that you use to change the colour of something, esp. wood: He sells a wide variety of stains for wood. 2 a mark that is difficult to remove, esp. one made by a liquid such as coffee or ink: There was a dark stain on the sofa. stain repellent adjective the ability of a fabric to resist wetting and staining by water: I need to buy some stainrepellent fabric to make a new jacket. steam engine noun an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power: The steam engine left many people unemployed when it was first invented. steer verb to control and direct: The driver steers the bus into the correct direction.

supersonic adjective faster than the speed of sound: Supersonic aircrafts fly at a speed between 1500 and 2500 mph. supervise verb to watch over and maintain order: The manager had to supervise his employees. supply verb to provide: The city is supplied with water from the lake. surface noun the outside of an object: Wipe the surfaces of tables before using them. switch noun a device used to break or open an electrical current: I pressed the switch to turn off the lights in the room. switch on phrasal verb to turn on a machine, light, radio, etc. using a switch: He switched on the torch.

T target verb to aim or direct something: The advertisement was designed to target a particular audience. technician noun a person who works with a certain technical skill: The technician was the only one who could fix the broken refrigerator. telecom noun telecommunications; communication over a distance by cable, telegraph, telephone or broadcasting: Telecom is the abbreviated term for telecommunication. tenon noun an end of a piece of wood that has been cut to fit exactly into a mortise in order to form a strong joint: The tenon is cut to fit the mortise hole. tension noun tightness or stiffness in a wire, rope, muscle, etc.: Tension in the neck muscles can cause headaches. tenter noun a framework with hooks used for stretching and drying cloth: The wet cloth was stretched and dried on a tenter rack. textile noun type of clothing or woven fabric: The shop had a beautiful collection of textiles. thermal adjective related to heat: Thermal energy is produced from high temperatures.

thermometer noun a tool used to measure temperature: The thermometer read ten degrees Celsius yesterday. tilt verb to move or cause to move into a sloping position: Youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll have to tilt the sofa to fit it through the door. tin verb to cover with a thin layer of tin: You need to tin the copper pans. torch noun a long stick with burning material at one end that produces light: The players ran across the field carrying the Olympic torch. tough adjective rough, strong and difficult to break: Rope is much tougher than string. tower noun a tall cabinet that holds a computer system: We put the tower on the floor so that it would not take up too much space next to the screen. trace noun a mark, object or other indication of the existence or passing of something: Will you please help me remove all traces of the adhesive on the sofa? traction adjective the act of pulling: A traction lift is based on a pulley system. transport verb to take goods from one place to another in a vehicle: They use large trucks to transport oil.

transportation noun a way to move around from place to place: The bus and car are some of the ways of transportation used to get to places. tread-walk noun kinematic walking machine with active velocity control: The walking patterns of a tread-walk are different from the treadmillâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. turbine noun an electrical mill or fan-like machine: The turbine turns water to produce power. twisted adjective turned around: He hurt his foot on a twisted nail. U unfavourable adjective not preferred: Circumstances are unfavourable for economic growth. unprecedentedly adverb having no previous example: During the Great Depression of the 1930s, unemployment was unprecedentedly high. update verb to make something more modern or up to date: Security measures are continually updated and improved. V vaccine noun a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases: In the past, there were no vaccines against flu.

valuable adjective very useful: He learned a valuable lesson. variable noun something that may be different in different situations, so that you cannot be sure what will happen: There are too many variables in the experiment to predict the result accurately. variety noun a number or range of things of the same general class that are different or distinct in character or quality: The centre offers a variety of leisure activities. veneer noun a thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood or other material: Wood workers use different types of veneers for different purposes. ventilated adjective cause fresh air to enter and circulate in a room, building, etc.: Gas heaters should only be used in well-ventilated rooms. ventilation noun a system that provides fresh air: The ventilation system in this room keeps the air clean. via preposition by means of: He sent the file via email. vicious adjective very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feelings or make their character seem bad: They were recalling the vicious things that were said.

video editing verb the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new work: If you want to do video editing in your browser, youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll need to login or register to do that. vice noun a metal tool with movable jaws that are used to hold an object firmly in place while work is done on it: His sleeve was caught in the vice while he was tightening it. visual adjective related to seeing or sight: I enjoyed the visual effects in the film. Visually Impaired Assistant (VIA) noun a device aiming to help people who canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see find a simpler way to get around: Designer Noam Klopper has introduced the Visually Impaired Assistant (VIA).

weld verb to join metals by applying heat: Tamer had to weld the broken chair back together. withstand verb to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such as great heat, cold, pressure, etc.: This fabric can withstand high temperatures. wrinkle noun a small untidy fold in a piece of clothing or paper: Wrinkle is an alternative term for crease. wrought adjective metal that is beaten out or shaped by hammering: Usually, blacksmiths use wrought iron to make gates and fences.

vital adjective important: Refrigeration is vital in preserving food. W water-resistant noun able to resist the penetration of water to some degree but not entirely: Is this watch waterresistant? weaving noun the textile art in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads, called the warp and the filling or weft are interlaced with each other to form a fabric or cloth: Weaving was an art practised since early times.

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬

322 Old Brompton Road, London SW5 9JH, England Maktabat El Nashr El Tarbawi El Souri (Syrian Educational Publishers) Omar El Mukhtar 2nd Str., Bldg. 6 El Mazraa, Damascus-Syria Phone: (011) 44676789 Fax: (011) 44676788 e-mail: info@syrianep.com website: www.syrianep.com © York Press 2011 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers.

English for Starters,Vocational Stream â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Industrial

English for Starters,Vocational Stream â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Industrial, is an English language course that was specially written for vocational / industrial secondary schools in Syria. The course progresses from an intermediate level of English in Grade 10 to an advanced level of English in Grade 12. The book introduces students to concepts in industry; it assumes no prior knowledge of industrial skills on the part of students and teachers. The course aims to review and consolidate the language and skills learnt at previous levels and equip students for their future foreign language needs in the following areas: language skills (reading, listening, speaking and writing), grammar, vocabulary and industrial knowledge. It enables students to perform routine tasks at work and to take part in social interaction in an industrial context.

Components: Studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Book Activity Book including a glossary Teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Book Audio CD

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