Disaster Relief Shelters | Design Strategies & Impacts on Affected Communities

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS: DESIGN STRATEGIES AND IMPACTS ON AFFECTED COMMUNITIES

SYAZA HARZANI BINTI EZUMI HARZANI 2017654814

AAR 635 TOPICAL STUDY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) (ARCHITECTURE) FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PUNCAK ALAM

MARCH 2020 – JULY 2020

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

DISASTER RELIEF SHELTERS: DESIGN STRATEGIES AND IMPACTS ON AFFECTED COMMUNITIES

This report has been submitted to the Centre of Studies for Architecture (CoSA), Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, to fulfil the requirement of AAR 635 TOPICAL STUDY course.

Prepared by: Name

: SYAZA HARZANI BINTI EZUMI HARZANI

UiTM No.

: 2017654814

Program

: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE (Hons.)

Year/Semester

: 03/06

Session

: SEPTEMBER 2019 – FEBRUARY 2020

Faculty

: Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this research paper and the research to which it refers are the product of my own work and that any ideas or quotations from the work of other people, published or otherwise are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard academic practices.

Name : SYAZA HARZANI BINTI EZUMI HARZANI UiTM No.

: 2017654814

This research had been checked by: Supervisor

: Ms Kartini Binti Kasmuri

Course Coordinator

: Dr. Mimi Zaleha binti Abdul Ghani

_____________________________

____________

Signature of Supervisor

_____________________________ Signature of Supervisor

Date:

____________ Date:

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to allude my sincere gratitude to the Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA for producing a comprehensive course which is AAR 635 Topical Study as a medium to expose and enhance students’ education in preparing, developing and producing a dissertation paper throughout this semester.

Furthermore, my immeasurable appreciation and acknowledgement is to be mentioned to my supervisor, Miss Kartini Kasmuri for her open insights, constructive comments and patience in guiding me to comprehend the fundamentals of doing a proper research and dissertation. With her endless help, it has made this study a successful one indeed.

In addition to that, I would like to thank my course coordinator, Dr. Mimi Zaleha binti Abdul Ghani for planning and coordinating a well considerate schedule throughout the whole process of this subject’s submission tracking as the research is collateral with the internship programme.

My earnest gratitude to my family and friends for their support and advices throughout the duration of this study. Last but not least, my respondent, Mr. Hafiz Amirrol who willingly participated in the interview session that was impactful on this research paper.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

ABSTRACT Disasters. are. constantly. happening. all. around. the world. Many people have to leave their usual accommodation and move into temporary. shelters/housing on the result. of. some. form. of disasters. The first. priority. of displaced. people. is the provision. of shelter as with shelter comes other necessities such as food and sanitation.

Until the original dwellings of victims are reconstructed or a new permanent settlement is provided, which can take up to several months or even years, DR shelters will be used to temporarily house the displaced people with safety and security.

Therefore, various factors must be taken into consideration when planning and designing DR shelters, such as the choice of location for shelter set up, the availability of materials and skills, and the physical and psychological needs of affected victims.

DR shelters shall be able to respond to a variety of psychological needs, support community life and livelihood of the occupants, and provide an ideal sense of privacy and security to the affected communities. A comprehensive study of existing DR shelter is conducted to analyse the quality of life of the affected people after some design interventions are introduced to them.

The analysis was carried out based on a set of parameters including the DR shelter response to emergency, design approach or intervention of DR shelter and the impacts on occupants’ life. Throughout this research, it can be concluded that the study has identified and reviewed different design interventions from different case studies, compared to varying factors of quality of life. The design intervention towards quality of life of disaster-affected people can be addressed not only to solve health issues, but also the environmental, economical, technical and sociocultural aspects of DR shelters.

This research has explored the varying factors of DR shelters in relation to occupants’ quality of life, thus providing an improved design considerations for future DR shelter design and response. Further studies can be done to analyse, evaluate and identify in a quantitative manner of the quality of life that are affected by the features of DR shelters and propose possible improvisations on the existing features. v

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Keywords: Disaster relief, quality of life, post-disaster, DR shelter design, interventions.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

ABSTRACT

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

viii

LIST OF TABLES

x

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

13

Research Background ........................................................................................ 13 Research Problem .............................................................................................. 15 Research Aim and Objectives ............................................................................ 16 Method of Study ................................................................................................ 16 Scope of Study ................................................................................................... 17 1.6 Limitations of Study ......................................................................................... 17 1.7 Significance of Study ........................................................................................ 18

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

19

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 19 Definition of Adequate Shelter .......................................................................... 19 Impacts of Disaster towards Quality of Life...................................................... 20 vi

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2.3.1 Impacts toward physical and psychological health

21

2.3.2 Impacts toward livelihood and community life

22

2.3.3 Impacts toward privacy and security

23

Definition of Adequate Shelter ....................................................................... 24 2.5 Current Guidelines for DR Shelters ................................................................ 26 2.5.1 Sphere Standard 2018

26

2.5.2 Factors Affecting DR Shelters

28

2.6 Types of DR Shelters ...................................................................................... 29 2.6.1 Emergency Shelter

29

2.6.2 Temporary Shelter

31

2.6.3 Transitional Shelter

32

2.6.4 Temporary Housing

33

2.6.5 Permanent Housing

34

2.7 Issues Related to DR Shelters ......................................................................... 35 2.7.1 Environmental Issue

35

2.7.2 Economical Issue

36

2.7.3 Technical Issue

37

2.7.4 Sociocultural Issue

37

2.7.5 Physical and Psychological Issue

38

2.8 Summary ......................................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

40

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Research Approach ......................................................................................... 40 vii

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

3.2.1 Part A – Desk Study

40

3.2.2 Part B – Interview

41

3.3 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 42 3.4 Research Schedule ............................................................................................ 43

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS

44

Part A – Desk Study Findings ........................................................................... 44 4.1.1 Case Study 1: Japan Earthquake – Paper Partition System

45

4.1.2 Case Study 2: Syrian Refugee Crisis – Emergency Floor

59

4.1.3 Case Study 3: Senegal Coastal Erosion – Better Shelter

71

4.2 Part B – Interview: Case Study 4 (Aceh Post- Disaster) ................................... 82 4.2.1 Background of Disaster

83

4.2.2 Stage 1: IDP Tents

84

4.2.3 Stage 2: Barracks

86

4.2.4 Stage 3: Core House

88

4.2.5 Interview Summary

90

4.3 Synthesis of Findings ........................................................................................ 91 4.3.1 Part A : Case Study 1-3

91

4.3.2 Part B : Case Study 4

94

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

95

BIBLIOGRAPHY

96

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

LIST OF FIGURES Figures

Title

Page

Figure 1.1

Statistic of displaced people

13

Figure 2.1

What Shelter Provides

24

Figure 2.2

Example of Emergency Shelter Set Up

29

Figure 2.3

Temporary Prefabricated Tents

30

Figure 2.4

Temporary Communal Shelter

30

Figure 2.5

Prefabricated and Locally Resourced Transitional

31

Shelters Figure 2.6

Temporary Housing

32

Figure 2.7

Core House Layout

32

Figure 2.8

Permanent Houses

33

Figure 4.1

Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake Estimated Radius

43

Figure 4.2

Destroyed Housing in Iburi Earthquake

43

Figure 4.3

Temporary communal shelter

44

Figure 4.4

Kiyota Ward Gymnasium Site plan

44

Figure 4.5

Gymnasium hall occupied with displaced people

45

without partitions Figure 4.6

Design Development Process

46

Figure 4.7

Isometric view of Paper Partition System 4 (PPS4)

47

Figure 4.8

Elevation and Plan View of PPS4

47

Figure 4.9

Jointing Method of PPS4

48

Figure 4.10

Material for assembly

48

Figure 4.11

Construction and assembly of PPS4

49

Figure 4.12

Structural Frame of PPS4

49

Figure 4.13

Envelope Assembly of PPS4

50

Figure 4.14

Public Usage of PPS4

50

Figure 4.15

Paper partition system installed

51

Figure 4.16

Paper partition system installed

51

Figure 4.17

Disaster Drill in Kiyota Ward Gymnasium

51

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani Figure 4.18

Paper partition system installed

52

Figure 4.19

Paper partition system installed

52

Figure 4.20

Victims Involvement in PPS4 Set Up

53

Figure 4.21

Installing PPS4 for Children’s Area

53

Figure 4.22

Paper Tube Beams Used to Hang Clothes

54

Figure 4.23

Community Art Activity in Kiyota Ward Gymnasium

54

Figure 4.24

Repurpose of PPS Paper Tubes into Planting Vase

55

Figure 4.25

Repurpose of PPS Canvas Cloth into New Household

55

Figure 4.26

Disaster in Syria

56

Figure 4.27

Refugee Living in Informal Tent Settlements

57

Figure 4.28

Area of Refugee Settlement

58

Figure 4.29

Temporary shelter during winter and stormy season

59

Figure 4.30

Emergency Floor Installed in Temporary Shelter

59

Figure 4.31

Thermal Regulation of Emergency Floor

60

Figure 4.32

Discarded pallets used to construct Emergency Floor

61

Figure 4.33

Close Up of Emergency Floor

62

Figure 4.34

Syrian refugees transporting Emergency Floor modules

62

to their shelter site Figure 4.35

Syrian refugees installing their own Emergency Floor

62

with guidance Figure 4.36

Emergency floor installed

63

Figure 4.37

Children in Makeshift Camp

64

Figure 4.38

Syrian Women Picking Tobacco Leaves

64

Figure 4.39

Delivery of EU-Funded Shelter Kits

65

Figure 4.40

Drying Process of Tobacco Leaves

65

Figure 4.41

Kibbeh Preparation by Refugee Community

66

Figure 4.42

Syrian girl Carrying Shelter Kit Materials

66

Figure 4.43

The breach at Langue de Barbarie

68

Figure 4.44

The ruins in Langue de Barbarie

68

Figure 4.45

Relocation of people from Langue de Barbarie to Khar

69

Yalla Figure 4.46

The people que for water in Khar Yalla camp

70

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani Figure 4.47

Camp in Khar Yalla

70

Figure 4.48

Family in the ruins of their home

71

Figure 4.49

Daoud Diallo sits under the bow of a boat for shade

71

Figure 4.50

Relocation of people from Khar Yalla to Diougop

72

Figure 4.51

Prefabricated transitional shelter aerial view

72

Figure 4.52

Better Shelter isometric

73

Figure 4.53

Children Playing Next to Shelter Kit

73

Figure 4.54

Better Shelter

73

Figure 4.55

Communal Transportation

74

Figure 4.56

Local materials adopted on Better Shelter

74

Figure 4.57

Two flat pack boxed of Better Shelter

75

Figure 4.58

Steel frame with anchor

75

Figure 4.59

LED light powered by solar panel

76

Figure 4.60

Ms Colle Fall and her daughter outside of Better

76

Shelter Figure 4.61

Temporary Shelter

78

Figure 4.62

Transitional Shelter

78

Figure 4.63

Temporary Housing

78

Figure 4.64

IDP Camps Set Up in Aceh

80

Figure 4.65

Community Work Together to Set Up IDP Tents

80

Figure 4.66

Construction of Barracks for People Displaced By

82

Tsunami In Aceh Figure 4.67

Structural System of Core House

84

Figure 4.68

Construction of Core House

84

Figure 4.69

Completed Core House

84

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

LIST OF TABLES Figures

Title

Table 2.1

Summary of Minimum Standard of Shelter Design based on

Page

26

Sphere Standards 2018 Table 2.2

Summary of Factors affecting DR Shelters

27

Table 3.1

Research Schedule

41

Table 4.1

Comparative Analysis of DR Shelters

88

Table 4.2

Comparative Analysis of DR Shelters Case Study 4

89

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Disasters. are. constantly. happening. all. around. the. world. There. is. a. wide. range. of. disasters. from. natural. disasters. such. as. earthquake. and. flooding. to. man-made. disasters. such. as war and political conflicts. Many people have to leave their usual accommodation and move into temporary. shelters/housing on the result. of. some. form. of. disaster. and some have to leave their countries. and. become refugees. The global. population. of forcibly. displaced. people. grew. substantially. from. 41.1 million. in 2010 to 79.5 million. in 2019, reaching the highest. record. according. to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, 2020).

Figure 1: Statistic of displaced people (source: UNHCR, 2020)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

The first. priority. of displaced. people. is the provision. of shelter as with shelter comes other necessities such as food, sanitation, etc. The. general. topic. of this research paper is concerned on Disaster Relief shelters (DR shelters). Meeting the needs of DR shelters remain a major challenge for governments, humanitarian agencies, and most importantly, to the affected victims. Previous researchers are not yet clear which type of shelter is the most appropriate, because there is no one-sizefits-all solution, given the different circumstances that can occur in different cases of post-disaster.

According to International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies (IFRC & RCS, 2013), DR shelters are considered vital for personal safety, climate protection, security, and resistance to disease and ill health. Typical examples of DR shelters are tents, prefabricated units and mass shelter in existing buildings such as sport venues, school halls and private rentals. Until the original dwellings of victims are reconstructed or a new permanent settlement is provided, which can take up to several months or even years, DR shelters will be used to temporarily house the displaced people with safety and security. Therefore, various factors must be taken into consideration when planning and designing DR shelters, such as the choice of location for shelter set up, the availability of materials and skills, and the physical and psychological needs of affected victims. Complementary support to relief shelters needs to come from all relevant stakeholders including local administration, government and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs).

DR shelters are not just made up of tents or walls, but also of people who live in them. Therefore, it has importance not just as a shelter from the physical elements but also as a shelter for social and psychological needs (Hadafi et al., 2010). Although main theories of temporary shelter consider it a low-cost, temporary unit that can be provided at little or no cost (UNDRO, 1982), it shall be able to; respond to a variety of psychological needs, support community life and livelihood of the occupants, and provide an ideal sense of privacy and security to the affected communities.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Therefore, this research seeks to explore different design interventions and how they respond to the quality of life of the affected communities in respect to the environmental, economical, and technical factors. Analysis of the design interventions can be used to further research on how to improve the quality of life of disasteraffected communities.

1.2 Research Problem

Quality of life of displaced people remains a major problem for displaced people even though many initiatives has been taken by humanitarian agencies such as UNHCR, IFRC, MERCY and other NGO bodies. Displaced people often have to live in cramped quarters without privacy. The impacts of this low quality of life leads victims to secondary source of stress which could develop as mental illness, especially after experiencing the shock of disasters. These situations relating to stress can bring even more detrimental issues such as gender-based violence, criminal violence, suicidal actions, protest demonstrations and other social and economical complications.

The questions that arise for execution of this research includes: •

What are the design issues/complications of existing DR shelters in relation to the quality of life of the occupants?

•

What are the strategies/initiatives that has been implemented by humanitarian agencies and NGOs to improve the quality of life of DR shelter occupants?

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

1.3 Research Aim This research seeks to explore design factors of disaster relief shelter that influence the quality of life of its occupants. Alongside the research aim, the objectives of this study shall complement the research questions as stated below: •

To discover the issues and challenges that occurred in the provision and performance of existing DR shelters.

•

To identify the initiatives and strategies implemented by involving parties in relation to DR shelters.

•

To discern the physical and psychological reaction of the affected people towards the initiatives taken by involving parties.

1.4 Research Methodology

There are two methods conducted for this study which includes a desk study and an interview session. The types of data for both methods are qualitative sets of data. The data of desk study is gained through internet resources that includes official humanitarian agency websites, online journal articles, and digital books. The interview session is made through online video conference with an official practitioner in the Medical Relief Society (MERCY) Malaysia. A thematic analysis is carried out based on these two sets of descriptive data to establish the guidelines aimed for this study.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

1.5 Scope of Study This study will explore on the factors influencing DR shelters in relation to the quality of life of occupants, involving their privacy and security, physical and psychological well-being; livelihood and community life. There is a wide range of topic that relates to the context of quality of life of disaster-affected victims such as the provision of basic necessities, aid of psychological support, governmental policies of IDPs or refugees, etc, that needs to be understood relatively before executing a disaster management plan that involves DR shelters. In this study particularly, this research will be narrowed down to the architectural scope of DR shelters, mainly in response of the occupants’ quality of life.

1.6 Limitations of Study

At the time of execution for this research, there was an occurrence of Covid-19 global pandemic which hindered some sections of the study involving data gaining, due to the national Restricted Movement Order (RMO). Studies involving fieldwork survey such as physical observation of buildings and spaces, face to face interviews and group discussions are not allowed to be carried out during RMO. Thus, an intended visit to one of the disaster relief centres in Malaysia was not continued.

Interviews and surveys must be made online and not involving physical contact and/or outdoor visits. However, flexibility was exercised in this matter to optimise the discussion process with supervisor, such as through Google Meet and Zoom Online Video Call, and Google Documents to improve organisation of writing. In addition, secondary data from secondary sources was allowed to be included in the findings with proper citation.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

1.7 Significance of Study

The findings and analysis of the study provide an improved design considerations of DR shelters to alleviate risks of illness, as well as enhance the quality of life of displaced people in numerous countries who now suffers from shelter inadequacy.

Through this research paper, government, humanitarian workers, architects and even the general public or affected communities, could help develop a well-designed and responsive DR shelter. Thus, the tendency for other detrimental issues to occur within the context of DR shelter such as violence and protest demonstrations is minimized.

Further studies can be done to analyse, evaluate and identify in a quantitative manner of the quality of life that are affected by the features of DR shelters and propose possible improvisations on the existing features.

In a micro perspective, the study might contribute to bring awareness of shelter inadequacy towards readers, which could incline towards engagement with humanitarian agencies such as through volunteer works and donations to provide help for current shelter issues and help to better the quality of life of the unfortunate displaced populations.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction This chapter establishes the premise of literature review from previous relevant research papers and other reliable sources such as official humanitarian websites on the subject of relief shelter within the context of emergency/post-disaster. Hence, this chapter provides advance knowledge on DR shelters and its relating context to readers.

Overview of previous researches validates the significance of the current research. In addition, parameters of this study were established through synthesis of various relevant literatures.

2.2 Definition of Disaster

Disaster is any occurrence that causes loss of human life, damage, ecological disruption, deterioration of health on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area (WHO, 1999). Disasters are a complex global problem. Every year individuals and communities are being affected by disasters, which disrupts their mental health and well-being. Economic and social development throughout the world is frequently interrupted by natural and man-made disasters (Kreimer A., 2001).

The United Nation International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR, 2004) defines disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Disasters are mainly of two types which are natural and man-made (Martin M. L., 2010). Natural disasters are the result of natural causes, for example, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis and tropical cyclones. Man-made disasters are brought about by human actions, including military conflicts, terrorism, political unrest and industrial accidents.

Disaster cannot be understood as a standalone issue. Borrowing the conceptualisation of Quarantelli (2014): 1. A disaster affects the social structure, and it creates an immense barrier on the usual functioning of the society. The disaster does not have physical consequences only, but it also encompasses the other domains such as the psychological and psychosocial dimensions.

2. The impact of disasters can be neutralised with the help of some variables such as the willingness for positive psychological adjustment of the victims, and the ability of the community to adapt to the environment.

3. There is no universal definition of disaster. The definition varies from context to context.

4. The coping mechanism helps to minimise the negative impact of disasters on mental health.

2.3 Impacts of Disaster towards Quality of Life

“Quality of life” is an inherently ambiguous term in which it differs from culture to culture and from individual to individual. WHO (1999) defines “quality of life” as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the person’s physical and psychological health, stability of livelihood, family and community relationships and surrounding environment that determines their privacy and security,

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

as well as dignity. The factors affecting quality of life are interconnected with one another, creating more subjectivity and different perceptions towards the term “quality of life”.

2.3.1 Impact towards physical and psychological health Impact of disaster towards the general health is directly proportional to the magnitude of disaster and varies from individual to individual whether they are directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. Victims who were close to the source of disaster magnitude has higher risk of physical damage and health issues. The severity of damage also depends on the range and type of disasters.

In natural disasters such as tsunami and earthquake, injuries are commonly caused by collision of surrounding environment such us clashing with objects or structures falling off onto victims, causing minor and critical injuries. There are various cases where victims of flood and tsunami were drowning and accidentally swallowed contaminated floodwater, causing short-term or long-term internal illness and respiratory problems. In man-made disasters such as war and terrorism, victims can suffer from critical injuries such as physical body damage, loss of hearing, respiratory problems, usually followed by psychological illness such as anxiety and trauma.

When a disaster strikes, the entire supply chain is disrupted, causing limited excess to basic necessities (Amirrol, 2020) such as food, water, electricity, and shelter.

When there’s no electricity, news is hard to travel; thus, it is not easy to seek immediate help. Disasters may cause destruction of crops, limitations to food production, and limited access to resources, thus increasing the tendency of starvations among disasteraffected victims. When edible food is inaccessible, victims look for other alternatives such as eating plants, leftover foods found in garbage or dumpsters, and even dirt, which leads to another series of unsettling illness such as food poisoning, diarrhoea, stomach virus, et cetera.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Besides food-related illness, the simple fact of not having adequate shelter increases the risk of hygiene-related diseases. For example, in Lebanon, many Syrian refugees who slept on dirt ground has been diagnosed with parasitic infections and anaemia (Every Shelter, 2019).

The psychological impacts of disasters are widespread, expand across a spectrum of severity, extend along a range of duration, and relate to the nature of the disaster event. The psychological consequences of disasters are directly proportional to the degree of exposure to hazards, loss, and change. Disaster impact, compounded by adversities in the aftermath, reshuffles the deck by creating new special populations of persons needing medical and psychological support composed of those who have sustained extreme exposure to trauma and harm. Along with the social and economic losses, the individuals and communities experience mental instability.

While most people exposed to disaster rebound quickly from transient distress reactions, others progress to psychopathology, including PTSD, major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. Those who lose loved ones in a natural disaster are likely to grapple with complicated grief. Death of a loved one leaves the victim in a state of insecurity because the sense of love, attachment and belongingness is deprived.

A home is a place which provides safety and security to the people. But, when the unavoidable situations induced by disaster, damage home, properties other valuable assets, it leads to a feeling of insecurity in the victims.

2.3.2 Impact towards livelihood and community life

A person’s livelihood refers to their “means of securing the basic necessities of life”. Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one’s life span. Such activities could include securing water, food, medicine, shelter, clothing. An individual’s livelihood involves the capacity to acquire aforementioned necessities in order to satisfy the basic needs of themselves and their household (Inner Eye Foundation, 2019). The activities are usually carried out repeatedly and in a manner that is sustainable and providing of dignity.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Impacts of disaster towards livelihood of the affected community depends on the scale and severity of disaster. On large scale disasters that cause disruption of properties, essential facilities and governmental support, the source of livelihood for the affected people is highly at risk.

Community lifestyle is reshuffled when the source of livelihood is disrupted. The affected community will likely experience social and economic losses. For instance, when a fishing community suddenly have to relocate due to flooding, they have to leave behind their fishing lifestyle and think of a new way to generate income and survive in a different environment.

2.3.3 Impact towards privacy and security

Privacy is a fundamental human right used to control unwanted interpersonal interaction and communication.

Security is freedom from, or resilience against,

potential harm caused by others.

When disaster strikes, homes of the victims are no longer a safe place whether for a short-term, long-term, or permanently unsafe for victims to go back to their dwellings. The state of not having a home leaves victim feeling insecure. In cases where disaster preparedness is inefficient, the provision of shelters would take some time, leaving victims more vulnerable without any sense of privacy and security. The larger the magnitude of disaster, the less efficient the provision of shelters to all affected victims (Amirrol, 2020), whether they are fully or semi-provided by aid agencies, or fully constructed by the affected people themselves.

Privacy and security can be simply addressed by enclosure, lighting, and establishment of boundary of access, which can be provided by shelter. The degree of privacy and security for the victims of disaster is hugely affected due to the loss of shelter and sense of home that denotes privacy and security.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2.4 Definition of Adequate Shelter

Adequate shelter has a significant impact on human survival in the initial stages of a disaster (The Sphere Project, 2018). An adequate shelter requires more than just a roof for a space to be habitable. According to UN/OCHA/ESB (2006), adequate shelter is defined as an “immediate environment for all aspects of family life, providing protection from the elements, secure tenure, personal safety, and access to clean water and sanitation, proximity to livelihood sources and health care facilities”.

Figure 2.1: What Shelter Provides (source: Sphere Standard, 2018)

Well-planned DR shelters are commonly roofed, secure, hygienic, and liveable locations for people to utilise during periods of disaster until they are able to reside in their previous dwelling or new settlement. When shared ideals and goals are achieved between the affected population and stakeholders, the tendency of achieving shelter adequacy increase.

Many DR shelters are designed and planned so that they can be erected, dismantled, and stored for future use (Arslan, 2007). However, there is no one-size-fitsall answer for providing adequate shelter because every post-disaster situation is different from one another.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Types of DR shelters include plastic sheets, tents, prefabricated units, and public community buildings such as leisure centres, school/residential halls, places of worship, sports venues, and rental of private-owned buildings DR shelters provide a foundation for victims to restart their social relations. As many victims would suffer from symptoms of trauma following the disaster, DR shelters shall provide a base for a sense of safety in the affected community. When the community life is re-established and people are giving support to each other, the social connections of the community strengthens.

DR shelters that are not prefabricated commonly implement cultural values of the affected community. There are cases where the affected community build DR shelters themselves using naturally sourced materials such as timber, bamboo, and mud, thus highlighting the cultural traits of the community. Cultural value is also highlighted through personalised designs of shelters, giving them a sense of home even in the fact that they could be relocated to a no man’s land.

DR shelters provide a baseline for the community to restart their livelihood. There are various ways how livelihoods in post-disaster situation can be re-established such as through the provision of assets to support entrepreneurial activities, including kitchen tools, sewing machines, construction tools; provision and establishment of microfinancing institutions to provide support to re-establish damaged business activities; agricultural support through seeds and fertilisers, as well as provision of livestock to support animal breeding programmes; capacity building and training activities to develop new skills, particularly in relation to construction and food production (IOM, 2011).

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2.5 Current Guidelines for DR Shelters A few guidelines have been analysed in order to understand how provision of such shelters must be executed, what are the relevant design intervention that must be followed, and how the guidelines cater to meet the needs of the affected populations.

2.5.1 The Sphere Standard 2018 The Sphere Standard has provided elaborative guidelines of Minimum Standards for Shelter and Settlement. This is the most legitimate source of guidelines that were made as reference and practiced by many humanitarian agencies and shelter designers.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Aspects

Guidelines / considerations

Planning

1.

2.

3.

Location Settlement Planning

and 1. Safe, secure and equitable access to essential services and facilities.

Living space

2.

3.

4.

5.

Minimum surface area of 45 sqm per person.

Ratio of shelter footprint to plot size of 1:2 or 1:3.

Consider drainage of rainfall/floodwater.

Consider condition of local needs and proximity to transport hubs for the supply of relief assistance.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Enclosed space with floor area adequate for daily activities.

Multiple exit routes from dwelling.

Interior spaces open into public areas.

Open public household living spaces that increase options for socialising.

Warm and humid climate: design and orient shelters to maximise ventilation and minimise entry of direct sunlight Hot and dry climate: heavyweight construction material ensures thermal comfort despite changes in night and day temperatures Cold and dry climate: Minimise air flow, particularly around door and window openings, to ensure personal comfort while also providing adequate ventilation for space heaters or cooking stoves

6.

7.

Household items

Technical assistance

Adequate for: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

sleeping, thermal comfort, lighting, and personal clothing; water storage, food preparation and storage, eating and drinking; cooking, boiling water and heating, including fuel or energy hygiene, including menstrual hygiene or incontinence items protection from vectors; for example, mosquito nets fire and smoke safety.

1.

2.

Participation and engagement with affected people.

Provide advice on issues such as site and spatial planning, local construction. techniques, damage assessment, demolition and debris removal, etc.

Increase community capacity by contributing to training and awareness-raising.

Where appropriate building materials can be provided quickly, the affected population can construct shelters themselves.

Construct or repair temporary and permanent public buildings so that they do not pose a public health risk and are disaster resilient.

3.

4.

5.

Environmental sustainability

Consider impact of crisis on living conditions including social, economic, political consequences.

Displaced people require specific support to make informed decisions about their shelter solutions.

Initiate debris management – can be reused, recycled or identified for separation, collection and/or treatment.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Aware of environmental impacts when sourcing natural resources.

Environmental impact assessments should inform site selection.

Retain trees and other vegetation to stabilise the soil and maximise shade and protection from the climate.

Debris management planning immediately after the crisis promotes the salvaging of debris for reuse, re-purposing or safe disposal.

Consider climate, available natural resources, indoor and outdoor pollution, health impact, safety, and user preferences when working on energy consumption.

Table 2.1: Summary of Minimum Standard of Shelter Design based on Sphere Standards 2018 (source: Author, 2020)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

The most relevant aspects that needs to be addressed in this research are: 1. Location and settlement planning 2. Living space 3. Technical assistance These aspects are the most directly related to disaster-affected populations as they physically and psychologically interact with the space of the provided/built DR shelter along their stay. However, other aspects listed above can eventually be detrimental if not taken into consideration.

2.5.2 Factors affecting design of DR shelters A study by Abdulrahman Bashawri (2014) focused on the well-being of disasteraffected communities through various factors. Bashawri divided DR shelter consideration into 4 parts, which concerns on the environmental, economic, technical and sociocultural aspects.

Aspects

Guidelines / Considerations

Environmental

1.

2.

3.

Climate variations Recycling, upgrading & disposal Hygienic (water &air)

Economical

1.

2.

3.

Type of shelters Lifetime Livelihood

Technical

1.

2.

3.

4.

Easy to erect and dismantle Materials and insulation Classification of hazards and performance Physical and psychological effects

Sociocultural

1.

2.

3.

Cultural difference Dignity and security Communication

Table 2.2: Summary of Factors affecting DR Shelters source: Author, 2020

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

From this table, it can be deduced that Bashawri (2014) looked at the impacts of DR shelters in order to better mitigate concerning risks At a macro context, both of the Sphere Standard and Bashawri guidelines aim for the same action to be taken by parties involved in the provision and performance of DR shelters which is to fulfil people’s right to live in security, peace, and dignity, with protection from forced eviction and the right to restitution.

2.6 Types of DR Shelters

Four key types of shelters are emergency shelters, temporary shelters, temporary housing and permanent housing, according to Quarantelli (1991). In addition, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2013) has developed different forms of shelters, such as transitional shelters, progressive shelters and core shelters.

2.6.1 Emergency shelter Emergency shelter is regarded as shelter that is instantly provided at the peak of post-emergency situation when lives are at stake and people are in need of immediate medical assistance. Emergency shelter is provided for brief amounts of time to offer life-saving assistance and is the most basic method of shelter help (IFRC / RCS, 2013) aside from moving into another permanent building (to be utilised for a temporary period) for a few days after an emergency.

Emergency shelter often involves operation tents (where injured people are treated) and inpatient tents (where treated victims stay to recover). For victims who aren’t physically impacted, usually stays in temporary tents that are located at some distance from the emergency tents. Emergency and temporary shelters are not

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

necessarily made up of tents. In some cases, emergency shelter can be established at any roofed space near the disaster site.

In the context of emergency, the physical and psychological health of victims are at a drastic stage after a disaster. Emergency tents shall provide victims with basic medical assistance.

It is most likely that even if the affected victims are not physically hurt, their psychological state of mind is not ready for acceptance of the unfortunate reality. Thus, community programmes at this stage focuses on building community resilience by providing psychological first aid to those in need and aid funding for basic needs in the short-term.

The privacy and security of victims at the emergency phase of shelter are not emphasised because the main aim of this typology of shelter is to provide medical assistance instantly. Commonly, this form of shelter does not require thorough food storage or extended medical care (Bashawri, 2011). Thus, victims tend to be more psychologically vulnerable in the emergency shelter compared to in other shelter typologies.

Figure 2.2: Example of Emergency Shelter Set Up (source: Author, 2020)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2.6.2 Temporary shelter A temporary shelter is intended for use in a short period of time. A basic household tent or a large community shelter used for a few weeks following a tragedy are considered as temporary shelters. Communal shelter is usually established within existing structures, for example, in school hall, sports avenues and private-owned buildings.

The duration of stay in these types of shelters could be restricted, thus, priority should be given to speeding up and reducing costs in the construction of these shelters.

At this stage of shelter, the physical and psychological well-being of victims are slowly shifting to a more stable state.

In temporary household tents, occupants have a higher degree of privacy compared to in communal shelter. However, communal shelter provides a stronger sense of community that might be needed to recover from the forces of harm following the disaster. However, the economic progress of each community differs depending on the regulations of their countries and the capacity of aid agencies in provision of supplies.

Figure 2.3: Temporary Prefabricated Tents (source: Author, 2020)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 2.4: Temporary Communal Shelter (source: Author, 2020)

2.6.3 Transitional shelter

Transitional shelters are conceptualised as intermediate step between temporary emergency shelter and permanent housing (Gaetz, 2014). The term “transitional shelter” has smaller branches that includes progressive shelter and core shelter. Bashawri (2014) stated that transitional shelter is typically built by displaced people themselves after a tragedy and should be assisted with resourcefulness and self-management support.

However, Shiozaki et al. (2012) stated that transitional shelters can also be of prefabricated temporary housing. A few types of transitional shelters can be moved to a new location from a temporary site, converted as part of a new house, sold as to generate income for rehabilitation support, reused as renovation, or utilised for other uses.

These types of shelters provide better sense of place and safety to the occupants as it usually offers a full height volume compared to temporary tents. The materials used for constructing transitional shelters are also thought to be more durable and more long-term compared to temporary tents. Daily household activities are slowly reestablished in this type of shelter.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

However, in cases where prefabricated shelters are used, latrines are provided outside of the shelters, just as cooking activities are done outside. Some livelihood programmes at this stage usually are slowly restarting such as implementation of agricultural activities, raising livestock, and construction activities. The sense of community is slowly regained as the affected people tend to help each other to sustain their lives.

Figure 2.5: Prefabricated and Locally Resourced Transitional Shelters (source: Author, 2020)

2.6.4 Temporary housing Temporary housing is often provided over long duration of stay, between six months to three years (Quarantelli, 2014). Temporary housing such as apartment homes and modular units help victims to reoccur to their regular everyday tasks. For several situations, temporary houses have been built on impermanent property.

Core house is also a type of temporary housing. It is designed and constructed with the intent of being permanent housing in the future, including main facilities like sanitation and electricity. The purpose of core shelter is to construct at least one or two rooms to reach sustainable settlement requirements as well as encourage improvement.

Though still, it is not meant to be permanently stayed in.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Temporary housing is the most durable type of temporary shelter as it provides adequate sense of privacy and security as much as a permanent house would provide.

At this phase of shelter, disaster-affected people tend to be less dependent on humanitarian aid. Community life is fully re-established as the livelihood of the people are mostly at a considerably stable state.

Figure 2.6: Temporary Housing (source: Author, 2020)

Figure 2.7: Core House Layout (source: Author, 2020)

2.6.5 Permanent housing Permanent housing can be transformed from a temporary shelter, a progressive shelter, a core shelter, or built as a new settlement (Quarantelli, 1991). These houses should be safe and impervious to potential threats and catastrophes. Permanent housing is an indicator of a successful shelter resettlement management. Many displaced persons

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

don’t even get the chance to restart their life through permanent housing provision and having to stay in temporary settlements for decades until the end of their lives.

When disaster affected people resides in permanent homes, whether in their reconstructed previous home or a new settlement, the community is considered fully recovered from disaster. The livelihood and community life is shifted towards the normalcy of before the disaster strikes. However, the lifestyle of the community depends on the context of the settlement. For instance, if the community was previously residing in a fishing village, having to move into a new settlement in the city would be a challenging environment to adapt with.

Figure 2.8: Permanent Houses (source: Author, 2020)

2.7 Issues Related to Disaster Relief Shelters 2.7.1 Environmental Issue Environmental problems emerge where the construction of DR shelters does not take into account of the climatic situation. As an example, by Johnson (2007), basic tents cannot be given to survivors throughout the winter season. This would have an adverse effect on the health of occupants, considering that it could take months or years before being able to move into a permanent house.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

The weather varies significantly between potential disaster locations by season.

People of different regions with different temperatures may find different types of shelter more appropriate and comfortable based on their home environment. Design details for example high ceilings and verandas can cause shelters in hot weather to be cooler and reducing air gaps or adding a vestibule can keep shelters warmer in cold weather according to IFRC/RCS (2013). Providers and aid suppliers need to be alert of the changes in climatic condition to ensure the most suitable design of shelter for the well-being of victims.

2.7.2 Economical Issue Funding plays an important role in disaster response and management. It is often a critical element in ensuring design and shelter costs. There are several types of materials for shelters that can be used in disaster responses, such as plastic sheeting, tents, prefabricated units, and permanent buildings to be used for a temporary period. It has been argued that upgrading and improving shelters is cheaper than moving from phase to phase, such as from an emergency response to temporary shelter to permanent reconstructions (International Organization for Migration, 2012). It would be a good practice to compare the price of different shelters between hosts and affected populations (IFRC/RCS, 2013).

Livelihood support for shelter users applies for the most part to long-term displacement scenarios (Camp Coordination/Camp Management, 2010). After providing initial shelters to affected people, support groups can assist locals to begin earning money by helping them to start small businesses. For example, people began to sell “Tamaki” and friendship bands made out of fishing nets following The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake (Yoshimitsu et al., 2013). In addition, items such as key chains, slippers, and fabric bags were hand-made by women. The psychological recovery process of an affected population can be facilitated by encouraging activities that support life and elevate the socioeconomic status of affected people.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2.7.3 Technical Issue Technical problems involve shortage of room and preparation for storage units and supplies and unauthorised shelter occupancy during a crisis time (Johnson, 2007).

In addition, some forms of systems are more complicated in architecture than others and involve highly trained technicians and packages (Hadafi and Fallahi, 2010). Shelter efficiency appears to decline where it is low, unpleasant and difficult to sustain and improve, and less insulation in materials (Arsalan and Cosgun, 2007).

Layout of DR shelter affects the degree of privacy and accessibility of a space.

As stated by Benjamin et al. (1998), latrines that were built some distance from the dwellings became the site of many sexual assaults on women and girls, and the situation improved after small four-family latrines were built nearer to dwellings. Therefore, it is crucial to provide proper layout of relief shelters to improve safety measures, both physically and mentally.

2.7.4 Sociocultural Issues Sociocultural issues include cultural differences between aid suppliers and survivors, which can create misunderstandings, when certain solutions are not suitable for users (Felix et al., 2013), poor social networks, lack of places to communicate, inequality between poor and rich survivors, lack of support to vulnerable people for example children, women, and elderly, gender issues, religious issues, and educational issues (Camp Coordination/Camp Management, 2010, International Organization for Migration, 2012).

Shelter orientations, styles, and design details are different between regions, countries, and even ethnic groups within countries. As a result, they must be adapted to local communities and their cultures. Providers or aid suppliers must respect and understand users’ cultures to provide adequate shelter solutions for them (Felix et al., 2013). Shelter solutions must reflect the needs and requirements of users’ traditional values, religions, family sizes, genders, and local architectural styles.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2.7.5 Physical and Psychological Issues The above issues; environmental, economic, technical and sociocultural issues greatly impact the physical and psychological health of affected communities.

According to Carlier et al (1997), people whose homes have been completely destroyed have severe issues with depression. Losing a house has a major psychological effect which may induce signs of physical discomfort. Losing a house can not only cause severe distress, it may also induce long-term adverse effects, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Therefore, it is necessary to include elements to reduce the stress of affected citizens when planning and organising disaster telief shelters as described by Caia (2010). For example, wide windows or openings might be more desirable than solid walls to reduce the stress of victims.

Survivors staying in less home-like shelters, such as containers, have documented more psychological stress symptoms than people residing in more homelike shelters. For example, a 2010 Caia, Ventimiglia and Maass study has found that flood refugees who live in containers have documented a greater percentage of psychological stress symptoms, more general frustration and helplessness, that is, the sense of being controlled by their present condition unlike the victims who live in dachas, a tiny wooden cottage about the same size of containers in particular.

Dignity and health at the shelter have a major effect on individuals that range from country to country, from society to society, and from culture to culture. Shelters should not be built as a mere physical framework, but in order to make people feel socially accepted and have a place to stay with integrity and protection (IFRC / RCS, 2013). The requirements for the design of shelters must take into consideration the safety, integrity and protection of people, as well as promote versatility in construction, such as the right of people to attach partitions to shelters in order to gain greater safety.

(International Organization for Migration, 2012). In certain cases, additional features could be required in a shelter, such as lockable doors and windows, to provide a simple degree of protection.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2.8 Summary From the various literature reviews, the key parameters are extracted as a method of collecting data. The extracted parameters are as follow:

1) DR shelter response: a. Location & settlement planning b. Type of DR shelter c. Living space and household items d. Technical assistance

2) Design approach/intervention of DR shelter: a. Environmental b. Economical c. Technical d. Sociocultural

3) Impacts on occupants’ quality of life a. Privacy & security b. Livelihood & community life c. Physical & Psychological health

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

The research method used to establish the guidelines of improving DR shelters involves qualitative set of data. There are two methods conducted for this study which includes a desk study and an interview session.

The interview session is made through online video conference with an official practitioner in MERCY Malaysia, who is also the Head of Strategic Planning in the organisation. MERCY Malaysia is an international non-profit organisation focusing on providing medical relief, sustainable health-related development and risk reduction activities for vulnerable communities, in both crisis and non-crisis situation.

Due to the government-imposed RMO in managing the Covid-19 pandemic, the data collection methods were restricted to online meetings, secondary data and desk analysis.

3.2

Research Approach

Secondary data is collected through the desk study and primary data is gained through the interview session. The types of data for both methods are descriptive data.

The study comprises of two different parts as below:

3.2.1

PART A – Desk Study A comprehensive study of existing disaster relief shelter is conducted to analyse the quality of life of the affected people. A comparative analysis is carried out from three case studies to determine the: 1.

2.

3.

4.

DR shelter response shelter post-occupancy issues architectural solutions implemented quality of life following the solutions

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

The selection criteria of case studies are as listed below: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Existing DR shelters (not conceptual) Issues that are tackled by architectural means Initiatives that are acknowledged by UNHCR Has clear impacts or feedbacks from occupants

The case studies selected for this research are as listed below: 1. Paper Partition System – Post-earthquake disaster in Japan 2. Emergency Floor – Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon 3. Better Shelter – Soil erosion in Langue de Barbarie, Senegal The data of desk study is gained through internet sources that include; 1. official websites of humanitarian agencies such as UNHCR, IFRC, MERCY, etc.

2. online journal articles from official databases such as Sage Journals, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, etc.

3. digital books published by humanitarian agencies on existing shelter guidelines and disaster management.

3.2.2

PART B – Interview An interview was conducted with Mr. Hafiz Amirrol, an active member of

MERCY Organisation, who is the Head of Strategic Planning and Building Resilient Communities in the organisation. The interview took approximately two hours through Zoom online video conference.

Mr. Hafiz was trained as an architect and has been involved with MERCY Malaysia since early 2005 for the relief project of tsunami disaster in Aceh, Indonesia.

Architects were called in due to the magnitude of disaster. Outcome of the interview includes: a) Overview of Aceh post-disaster situation b) Issues encountered in provision of DR shelter c) Solutions/strategies implied d) Impacts of the solutions/strategies toward affected communities e) Advices for future DR shelter designers

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

At the end of the interview, Mr Hafiz provided MERCY Shelter Book and his journal paper titled “Architecture for humanity: sharing the experience of MERCY Malaysia Core House Project in Banda Aceh, Indonesia” as a reference for further reading.

Photographs of the findings of interview section were retrieved from these two sources.

3.3

Limitations

The limiting factors of the study comprise of several elements including: 1. Gaining the feedback from DR occupants – especially on their psychological wellbeing (no assessment is made available). Thus, some of the impacts that are analysed may be general and not the individual impacts faced by the affected people.

2. The only humanitarian agency interviewed is MERCY Malaysia. The research would be more effective if other humanitarian agency is involved as well to understand different perspective of issues and strategies.

3. On-site observations were withdrawn due to the government-imposed Restricted Movement Order (RMO) to manage the Covid-19 pandemic, which began on 18 March 2020 and is still ongoing.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

3.4

Research Schedule

MARCH 1

2

3

APRIL 4

1

2

MAY 3

4

1

2

JUNE 3

4

1

2

JULY 3

4

1

2

Introduction Literature Review Methods Data Collection Findings/ Results Conclusion First Draft Final Draft Final Repository

Table 3.1: Research schedule (source: Author, 2020)

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3

4

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS

The findings comprise 2 parts following the methodology.

Part A: Findings from Desk Analysis Part B: Findings from Interview

4.1

Part A - Desk Study

This section of findings explores various strategies, approaches and consideration to disaster relief shelter design. Case studies were analysed based on these 4 parameters; 1) Background of disaster 2) DR shelter response: d. Location & settlement planning e. Type of DR shelter f. Living space and household items g. Technical assistance

4) Design approach/intervention of DR shelter: a. Environmental b. Economical c. Technical d. Sociocultural 5) Impacts on occupants’ quality of life a. Privacy & security b. Livelihood & community life c. Physical & Psychological health

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

4.1.1 Case Study 1: Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake 2018

1. Background of disaster The Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake was an earthquake with the maximum intensity of 7 on the seismic scale, that occurred on September 6, 2018, and caused major damage mainly in the Hokkaido Iburi region. The earthquake disrupted electrical service throughout Hokkaido, leaving 5.3 million residents without power. 41 people were confirmed dead and 691 were injured. Overall, damage in Hokkaido was estimated to be at least 367.5 billion yen. The earthquake crippled multiple industries and public facilities in the region.

Figure 4.1: Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake Estimated Radius (source: Google Maps, 2020)

Figure 4.2: Destroyed Housing in Iburi Earthquake (source: Shimbun, 2018)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

2. DR shelter response

Figure 4.3: Temporary communal shelter (source: Author, 2020)

The displaced citizens were transferred to various evacuation centres in Sapporo, Atsuma, and Abira of the Hokkaido prefecture to live indefinitely until the crisis was eased. The shelter typologies are considered communal temporary shelters that were set up in existing buildings such as school halls and gymnasiums. The highest number of evacuees are transferred to Kiyota Ward Gymnasium in Sapporo.

Figure 4.4: Kiyota Ward Gymnasium Site plan (source: Google Maps, 2020)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.5: Gymnasium hall occupied with displaced people without partitions (source: World Architecture, 2018)

After occupying the communal halls, many families found themselves sleeping on the floor, sharing one space with strangers in the same situation. In large scale disasters, many victims are forced to live without long-term privacy in a large space. The affected people are forced to live in this situation for a few months, before temporary housings are deployed. They suffer from the lack of privacy and high density, which could cause damage both mentally and physically, and the impact grows with time.

3. Design approach and intervention Voluntary Architects Network in collaboration with Keio University SFC Shigeru Laboratory set up a simple paper partition system (PPS) using paper tubes and cloth at the aforementioned evacuation centres to divide among the affected families in the mass communal shelters. The largest number of units installed is in Kiyota Ward Gymnasium with a total of 95 PPS units.

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.6: Design Development Process (source: Design Boom, 2020)

Figure 4.7: Isometric view of Paper Partition System 4 (PPS4) (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2019)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.8: Elevation and Plan View of PPS4 (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2019)

Materials that were used for construction of PPS are as follows: -

Column: paper tube (Large)

-

Beam: paper tube (Medium)

-

Joint: paper tube (Small)

-

Curtain：white cloth

-

Others：pins, clip

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.9: Jointing Method of PPS4 (source: Design Boom, 2020)

Figure 4.10: Material for assembly (source: Design Boom 2020)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.11: Construction and assembly of PPS4 (source: World Architect, 2019)

Assembled in a matter of hours, the procedure includes cutting holes in the supports of the paper tube to build an interlocking frame on which a canvas of fabric is hanged to create a private space of 4 sq m.

Figure 4.12: Structural Frame of PPS4 (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2019)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.13: Envelope Assembly of PPS4 (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2019)

Figure 4.14: Public Usage of PPS4 (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2019)

Limited availability of materials during times of disaster relief is a major concern for reconstruction and involves higher market prices. On the other hand, paper tubing is comparatively cheap and very accessible, not being a typical building material.

The paper partition system used in Japan consists of two sizes of cardboard tubing, plywood, ropes and white curtains, and the modular system makes it possible to quickly and easily assemble and disassemble. Depending on where the white curtain is hung, the structure can be made to different sizes for different families. 1,800 individual PPS

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

units were installed for the disaster-affected evacuees in 50 temporary shelters. It is a cost-effective solution for harnessing easily available and recyclable materials.

Figure 4.15: Paper partition system installed (source: World Architecture, 2018)

Figure 4.16: Paper partition system installed (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2019)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.17: Disaster drill in Kiyota Ward Gymnasium (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2019)

4. Impacts of design intervention

Partitioning is an integral part of a refuge in mass shelter. The impact of partitions is nearly equal to permanent walls. It extends across privacy, mental well-being and security. Unlike in family unit tents, mass shelter in an existing building provides less privacy to the occupants because the main purpose of this type of shelter is to locate all affected persons immediately under a roof. Thus, privacy among the occupants is not given an attention.

Figure 4.18: Paper partition system installed (source: World Architecture, 2018)

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Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

Figure 4.19: Paper partition system installed (source: World Architecture, 2018)

The columns and beams are made of paper tubes, and each unit has a cloth hung on the beam. During the day, the cloth can be opened, and only closed at bedtime.

Assembling is very easy, volunteers and, in some cases, the evacuees set up their own units themselves (Ban, 2018). In cases where a large number of insects such as mosquitoes and flies appear, a mosquito net is installed around the paper partition system to ensure personal safety of victims and prevent ill health.

Figure: Victims Involvement in PPS4 Set Up (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2018)

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Figure: Installing PPS4 for Children’s Area (source: Shigeru Ban Architects, 2018)

The design of PPS4 is light and versatile enough to let the victims including children to set up the partitions on their own. Through this participatory approach, the sense of community is well-established in the gymnasium.

Figure: Paper Tube Beams Used to Hang Clothes (source: World Architecture, 2018)

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Figure 4.: Community Art Activity in Kiyota Ward Gymnasium (source: Kids Earth Fund, 2018)

Extra sheets of white cloth are used to restore the sense of community by using them as canvas for painting. Communal activities can keep victims occupied, thus reducing the tendency of developing secondary stress,

Figure 4.21: Repurpose of PPS Paper Tubes into Planting Vase (source: Every Shelter, 2020)

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Figure 4.22: Repurpose of PPS Canvas Cloth into New Household (source: Every Shelter, 2020)

Ban was able to get paper tubing for free in a particular case in Turkey in 1999.

Paper tubing also proved useful for the construction of emergency shelters during the 1994 Rwandan refugee crisis, where the use of trees for framing raised problems with deforestation, and alternate building materials were difficult to find. The United Nations replaced wood with aluminium piping, but it was very costly, and the refugees eventually traded for money off the metal. Instead the refugees went back to chopping trees to create structures (Japan Architecture News, 2018). Switching to frame paper tubing helped conserve energy, deter vandalism, and protect the local trees.

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4.1.2 Case Study 2: Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon 2016

1. Background of disaster

Figure 4.23: Disaster in Syria (source: CFR, 2020)

Conflicts in Syria had its citizens fleeing for cover, affecting its neighbours, especially Lebanon. Of the 5.6 million people who have fled Syria since 2011, more than 1 million have settled in Lebanon (Every Shelter, 2018). The strain of hosting a dramatic influx of refugees has affected the infrastructure and resources of Lebanon.

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Figure 4.24: Refugee Living in Informal Tent Settlements (source: CFR, 2020)

2. DR shelter response Syrian refugees reside in various locations in Lebanon including Bekaa Valley, Masharia al Qaa and, Hermel District. The Hermel District in the north eastern region of Lebanon, is an area less reached by humanitarian organizations due to instability.

Thus, the refugees residing in camps of Hermel District are the most vulnerable compared to other camps.

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Figure 4.25: Area of Refugee Settlement (source: Google Maps, 2020)

Lebanon is already home to v Palestinian refugees, and while this small country has extended incredible generosity in hosting a new wave of refugees, there is only so much that one country can handle. In an effort to mitigate the probability of Syrian refugees staying long-term, Lebanon has banned the construction of formal camps. As of 2015, Syrian refugees are no longer allowed to register, a policy which has not necessarily decreased numbers, only the official registration of those who come. Refugees are living in substandard tents, unfinished buildings, sheds, and garages. Many regions of Lebanon experience freezing temperatures and snowfall during the winter, and these makeshift shelters (most often built by refugees themselves) cannot adequately address these environmental challenges.

Lebanon further restricted the construction of more controlled settlements when the number of Syrian refugees unexpectedly increase. Any concrete or permanent structure is banned in an attempt to minimise the possibility of refugees remaining long-term.

Syrian refugees are no longer deemed eligible as of 2015. However, the figures did not simply decrease. Refugees still live in degraded tents, unfinished buildings, sheds, and garages until today.

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Figure 4.26: Temporary shelter during winter and stormy season (source: Emergency Floor, 2019)

Refugees are having a hard time adapting to the inadequacy of shelter provided.

Besides the tarps leaking of rainwater over time, most of the tents are not provided with floor or ground covers, complying to the policy restriction imposed, making the displaced people vulnerable to ill health and diseases.

- Design Approach and intervention

Figure 4.26: Emergency Floor Installed in Temporary Shelter (source: Author, 2020)

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A study of refugee families in Lebanon showed that they lived an average of 16.54 hours a day on the floor of their shelter. Help agencies are forbidden from pouring concrete or having any permanent flooring solution, so Every Shelter Organisation (an NGO body) designed and established modular Emergency Floor that offers occupants with warm, comfortable, clean floors that is both temporary and easy to transport.

Figure 4.27: Thermal Regulation of Emergency Floor (source: Emergency Floor, 2019)

Flooring serves as a thermal break between our bodies and the ground and has a significant impact in maintaining a safe internal temperature. However, consideration of flooring in keeping shelters warm (called “winterization”) has been largely overlooked and is not included in standard winterization kits, and the common addition of a thin rug or tarp on the floor does not provide a thermal barrier.

In response to this need, Every Shelter’s founders designed a lightweight, insulated modular flooring system called Emergency Floor. It is specially engineered to insulate against conductive heat lost to the ground. All other factors being equal, a 63

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shelter with Emergency Floor will stay at least 5-7°F warmer and use 19.29% less fuel to maintain the same inside temperature (Every Shelter, 2018). This impact is not only for the millions of people living in tents and camps. For the even greater numbers of displaced people who wind up in urban settings, our floors can help insulate the sub-par abandoned concrete buildings often used as refuge. Emergency Floor can have a great impact on making the home warm and comfortable where traditional methods have little effect.

Many refugees still live in shelters that are basically tents, with dirt floors that can spread disease or lead to hypothermia when people living in cold climates have to sleep on the ground. With an unprecedented number of refugees living in camps today, aid organizations often can’t afford to provide anything more.

Discarded pallets help offset the cost of the new flooring system. The design, called Emergency Floor, uses modular plastic tiles that fit exactly over standard pallets, creating a raised platform that keeps emergency shelters cleaner and warmer. Shipping and warehousing is easy, because the bulkiest part of the design is already on-site.

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Figure 4.32: Discarded pallets used to construct Emergency Floor (source: Emergency Floor, 2019)

Figure 4.33: Close Up of Emergency Floor (source: Emergency Floor, 2019)

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Figure 4.34: Syrian refugees transporting Emergency Floor modules to their shelter site (source: Emergency Floor, 2019)

Figure 4.35: Syrian refugees installing their own Emergency Floor with guidance (source: Emergency Floor, 2019)

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Figure 4.36: Emergency floor installed (source: Every Shelter, 2020)

Emergency Floor is a fast-deploying, lightweight, waterproof flooring solution that is suitable for wintering efforts. Setup is easy and does not require any devices. For most environments, first time installers will complete an entire installation in less than 10 minutes (Every Shelter, 2020). This may be placed on the field, on concrete slabs and also on pallets or sand bags for shipment.. Each tile weighs approximately 0.6 kg and covers 0.5 sqm each, meaning they are easily handled and great for logistically challenging camp settings.

we partnered with Gruppo di Volontariato Civile (GVC)-Italia to bring Emergency Floor to the most vulnerable refugee population. With the flooring came warmth, a better shot at staying healthy, and a bit of dignity

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Figure 4.37: Children in Makeshift Camp (source: GVC-Italia, 2017)

Children play in their makeshift camp where GVC has provided latrines and shelters with EU funding.

Figure 4.38: Syrian Women Picking Tobacco Leaves (source: GVC-Italia, 2017)

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A group of Syrian women with their children pick tobacco leaves in the vicinity of their makeshift home where GVC provided EU-funded shelter materials and latrines.

Figure 4.39: Delivery of EU-Funded Shelter Kits (source: GVC-Italia, 2017)

A blind Syrian child smiles during the delivery of EU-funded shelter kits.

Figure 4.40: Drying Process of Tobacco Leaves (source: GVC-Italia, 2017)

Refugees, hired by Lebanese landowners, dry tobacco leaves in a shack near their makeshift shelter camp.

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Figure 4.41: Kibbeh Preparation by Refugee Community (source: GVC-Italia, 2017)

A GVC-supported Syrian family prepares “kibbeh”, a traditional food from the Levant.

Figure 4.42: Syrian girl Carrying Shelter Kit Materials (source: GVC-Italia, 2017)

- Impacts of design intervention Flooring is an important part of every shelter, with an impact that extends across sanitation and health, mental well-being and thermal comfort. When not fully cared for, residents are left to sleep on the soil or to put inexpensive tarps and rugs on the earth.

Similar to partitioning system, it can be tolerated for a few days, but most of the time, refugees have been living in these situations over several years, so the consequences 70

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can be critical. Dirt floors, especially in dense camps with poor drainage, floods and nearby latrines, are difficult to keep clean. In camp environments, Emergency Floor encourages better morale because it provides protection and easily cleaned. It thus brings a greater degree of dignity to the unfortunate families. After a four-month winter with Emergency Floor, 54% of people reported better health and 89% reported better sleep quality due to comfort and warmth (Better Shelter, 2019).

Research on the impacts of the Piso Firme (Firm Floor) development system has been undertaken in Mexico. Researchers have noted that replacing soil floors with cement has improved children’s health considerably. Their study findings indicate that the use of a sterile floor reduces parasite diseases in children by 78%, diarrhoea by 49%, anemia by 81% and cognitive growth by up to 96% (Iman, 2018). Adults have responded with lower rates of depression and anxiety, and increased life satisfaction rate. ARCHIVE Global has observed similar effects in its initiative to provide dirt homes with cement floors in Bangladesh, after finding that thousands of Bangladeshi children die each year from parasites residing on the floors of their own homes.

4.1.3

Case Study 3: Langue de Barbarie Coastal Erosion 2018

1.

Background of disaster Approximately two thirds of Senegal’s population live along the country’s 700 km

shallow coastline. Due to its exposed location, the country is vulnerable to coastal hazards and erosion. Human interference is also changing the natural coastal dynamics.

These include sand mining and ineffective urban planning, as well as climate change related changes with rising sea levels and changing storm patterns.

This is already affecting the people of Senegal, where seaside tourism, fishing along with other socioeconomic activities represent 80 percent of the country’s economy.

The speed of coastal erosion is increasing. 80,000 people live along the Langue de Barbarie peninsula in the historical city of Saint-Louis, where five to six meters of beach recede every year.

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Figure _: The breach at Langue de Barbarie (source: UNHCR, 2019)

Figure _: The ruins in Langue de Barbarie (source: Woo, 2018)

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2. DR shelter response

Khar Yalla camp

Figure _: Relocation of people from Langue de Barbarie to Khar Yalla (source: Google Maps, 2020)

In recent years hundreds of families have been forced to leave their destroyed homes.

At the time of the storm surges, their houses started crumbling around them. Although there were no fatalities, numerous people sustained injuries and were rushed to hospital.

Over 2,500 people have been displaced inland to a camp at Khar Yalla, as the sea levels kept rising and their homes were beyond repair.

3.

Issues surrounding shelter post-occupancy

Living conditions in Khar Yalla were dire, where families had to live in makeshift tents and with no access to water and sanitary infrastructure. Residents of Khar Yalla camp– the “temporary” site where people whose homes have been destroyed are relocated– queue for water. The arid land at the camp is not connected to sufficient water lines, so people must collect it from a single tapped source for all their washing and cooking needs.

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Figure _: The people que for water in Khar Yalla camp (source: Woo, 2018)

In this camp site, the affected people often live with 3 or 4 other families in a single structure. Roughly 14 people from 3 separate families live in each tent, which can be hot & stifling during the day.

Figure _: Camp in Khar Yalla (source: Woo, 2018)

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Figure _: Family in the ruins of their home (source: Woo, 2018)

Fatou Ngueye, 34, sits within the last 2 remaining walls of her living room -which is now open to the sand and ocean- with her children. The family has been sleeping on the floor of a neighbour’s home for over a year so that her husband, a fisherman, can remain close to the sea for work.

Because the Khar Yalla camp is way inland, it makes it even more difficult for the displaced to reach their fishing grounds and maintain their traditional livelihoods.

Figure _: Daoud Diallo sits under the bow of a boat for shade (source:Woo, 2018)

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Fisherman, Dauod lives in a single room of a neighbour’s house that he shares with 9 other people after his family home became inhabitable due to erosion.

4.

Design approach & intervention As part of the Saint-Louis Emergency Recovery and Resilience Project (SERRP),

and with funding from the World Bank, UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and national agency in Saint-Louis, L’Agence de Développement municipal (ADM) prepared a site in Diougop. The site is 10 kilometres from the sea, and 226 Better Shelter units have been installed as of 2019.

So far 42 families have moved to the site. Their children can go to a school, which was temporarily constructed using Better Shelter units. And while these families are now living further from the coast, they can still reach the sea from Diougop by public transportation so they can continue to make a living from the fishing industry. The families in Diougop will eventually relocate to permanent housing.

Diougop Khar Yalla camp

Figure _: Relocation of people from Khar Yalla to Diougop (source: Google Mpas, 2020)

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Figure _: Prefabricated transitional shelter aerial view (source: Better Shelter, 2019)

Figure _: Better Shelter isometric (source: Author, 2020)

Figure 4.53: Sticks found on site used to stand canvas (source: Every Shelter, 2020)

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Figure 4.53: Nodes for children to play (source: Every Shelter, 2018)

Figure _: Store to restart livelihood (source: Every Shelter, 2020)

Figure _: Communal public transportation (source: Every Shelter, 2020)

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Figure _: Local materials adopted on Better Shelter (source: Better Shelter, 2019)

The Better Shelter is an all-in-one shelter solution designed to provide rapid protection in relief operations where it is hard to obtain local shelter materials. The design allows field personnel and beneficiaries to replace panels with local roof, walls and floor materials should they become available at a later stage. Upgrading a shelter can extend its life span, make it more durable and improve its cultural suitability.

The Better Shelter is a cost-effective and sustainable shelter system built to fulfil the needs for daily life, safety, protection, and comfort activities – a safe base that offers a sense of peace, identity, and dignity. The flexible architecture of the shelter enables the alteration and adaptation to specific areas of usage, making it a robust and portable shelter alternative for humanitarian organisations working worldwide in various environments where local approaches cannot be applied.

Figure _: Two flat-pack boxed of Better Shelter (source: Better Shelter, 2019)

The shelter comes in 2 boxes with flat packs. The contents extend to 17.5 sqm with room for a five-family.

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Figure _: Steel frame with anchor (source:Better Shelter, 2019)

Figure _: LED light powered by solar panel (source: Better Shelter, 2019)

The strong steel frame withstands heat, rain, and UV rays and provides all-round standing area. Mosquito nets reduce the chance of sickness. An inner partition provides different sleeping/storage rooms. An LED light is powered by a solar panel and charges cell phones. A lockable door provides increased privacy and security for the refugees.

The shelter is secured with a sophisticated anchoring system and can be set up by a team of 4 people in just 5 hours. The smart prefab solution offers safe and dignified accommodation for refugees.

Selected teams of beneficiaries installed 160 shelters in 15 days. Better Shelter staffs supported them with shelter installation training.

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-

Feedbacks of occupants

Figure _: Ms Colle Fall and her daughter outside of Better Shelter (source: Better Shelter, 2019)

“The site is very pleasant. Unlike Khar Yalla, it is airy and very clean. I can let the children play outside. At Khar Yalla I was even ashamed to receive people in my tent, especially with all the luggage piled up; whereas here I was able to arrange my room well. The work of UNOPS has really exceeded my expectations. I am pleasantly surprised by the mobile units. When we installed the units, I already knew that they were good; but I didn’t think they would be so spacious and comfortable”. Ms. Collé Fall as cited by UNOPS. On behalf of UNHCR, Impact Initiatives carried out an independent assessment of 4,995 shelter units in six different countries across three continents during 2018 and 2019. The respondents were women and men living as refugees or internally displaced, using the shelters either as family shelters or communal infrastructure in formal camps, transit centres or outside of camps. 43% of the respondents were women. 81% of them reported feeling safer in the shelter. It was also the second most preferred shelter option, second only after durable solutions like permanent housing.

Many displaced people end up spending several years in displacement, living in crowded camps with little to no privacy. Simply having a temporary but safe place to call home can dramatically improve their physical, emotional and mental well-being (Better Shelter, 2020).

As of 2019, Better Shelter has reached many displaced

communities in different countries such as Indonesia, Iraq, Senegal and Mexico. The Better Shelter provision has different goals for different communities affected. Many of Better Shelter’s typologies have been seen as an academic and recreational area for children, a centre for medical treatment, resettlements for refugee families and even shops to rebuild livelihoods.

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4.2 Part B – Case Study 4: Aceh Post-Tsunami and Earthquake 2005 (Interview)

An interview was conducted through an online video conference with the Head of Strategic Planning and Building Resilient Communities of MERCY Malaysia, Mr. Hafiz Amirrol. Mr. Hafiz is trained as an architect and were involved with MERCY Malaysia since early 2005 for the relief project of tsunami disaster in Aceh, Indonesia.

Due to the magnitude of disaster, architects were called in to systematically help alleviate the situation.

Stage 1: IDP tents (temporary shelter)

Figure _: temporary shelter (source: Author, 2020)

Stage 2: Barracks (transitional shelter)

Figure _: transitional shelter (source: Author, 2020)

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Stage 3: Core house (temporary housing)

Figure _: temporary housing (source: Author, 2020)

4.2.1

Background of Disaster In December 2005 a village in Aceh, Indonesia was affected by the Indian Ocean

earthquake and tsunamis. About 400 foreign relief agencies had arrived in Aceh within a month of the tragedy, with more than a fifth of these focusing on housing rehabilitation. Any of the initiatives of national governments and relief agencies to rehouse the citizens impacted included the relocation away from their initial position and repeated on a wide scale into a one-size-fits-all housing model. Such projects were criticised for lack of connection with social infrastructure and amenities and for their isolation from the livelihoods of the people.

Many thousands of citizens were homeless, agricultural land and homes had been lost and students, growers and government employees’ livelihoods were in threat. Just before the disaster, millions of people were living in states of deprivation unknown to other citizens in the impacted countries. Several years of armed conflict have threatened the security of lives, possessions, and infrastructure at Aceh. According to the government’s own estimates, almost 48.5% of the population did not have access to safe water in 2002, 36.2% of children under the age of five were undernourished, and 38% of the population did not have access to health care services The poverty rate doubled, from 14.7% in 1999 to 29.8% in 2002. These problems intensified with the ongoing annual catastrophe that struck Indonesia.

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Part of the village already occupied by sea water, thus there’s no more land for some villagers, making them feel discriminated. A villager took more materials than he should to make furniture for his temporary house and made other villagers angry.

Gender-based violence vary from one community to another community due to stresses, uncontrollable biological needs, educational background, etc. Gender-based violence is amplified because of the situation of the disaster. Mercy Malaysia had an idea of having “rumah kelamin”, a shelter where married couples could have their sexual intercourse to prevent gender-based violence such as rape.

4.2.2

DR Shelter Response - Stage 1: IDP Tents (temporary shelter)

The remaining 600 villagers were temporarily relocated to IDP camps before rebuilding works could be carried out. The process of housing people and providing shelter may involve several phases, with those affected by the disaster seeking their own shelter before receiving emergency tents in the initial emergency phase. In the second phase, people moved from tents to temporary accommodation involving the construction of their own shelter.

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Figure_: IDP camps set up in Aceh (source: Amirrol et al., 2010)

Figure: Community work together to set up IDP tents (source: Amirrol et al., 2010)

-

Design Intervention On a vacant land donated by one of the tsunami victims 231 tents were erected.

The tent settlement has contained communal areas such as a worship center, mobile hospitals, expansive bathroom facilities, nursery, a children’s and women’s play field, settlement administration office space and tents that can be used as stores to help restore the victims’ social and economic ability. The tents, manufactured of lightweight and

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sturdy materials, were easily constructed with limited logistical requirements (no expertise workers required). The villagers lived in this tent settlement peacefully while waiting for a completion of the modern core houses (Amirrol, 2010).

-

Impacts and Issues surrounding IDP Tents Post-Occupancy

IDP camps have been successful in preventing secondary disasters such as healthrelated diseases that could have spread because of a lack of clean water and sanitation.

Nevertheless, six months after the tsunami disaster, amid enormous contributions by state, national and foreign players, there remain challenges in the recovery and reconstruction process. Individuals and communities are still living in makeshift, uninhabitable shelters; compensation is insufficient and has not reached many of the affected; health and nutritional needs are undermined; livelihood reconstruction is slow; and protection and security, particularly of women and girls, is under threat.

4.2.3 DR Shelter Response - Stage 2: Barracks (transitional shelter) The initial strategy of the Indonesian Government was to relocate people away from tsunami-prone areas. To provide victims with better sense of safety and security, the government proposed the construction of barracks that would temporarily rehouse victims.

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Figure_: Construction of barracks for people displaced by tsunami in Aceh (source: Sudiatmo et al., 2009).

-

Design Approach and Intervention Following the issue of IDP tents, the aim for constructing barracks is to provide

higher sense of safety particularly of the female population. Each barrack is comprised of twelve tin-roofed rooms measuring 3 x 4 meters, raised up on stilts for protection against the torrential tropical rains. Communal porches run the length of each block providing shade and a little extra space for drying clothes and storing the clutter of everyday life. In a humid climate, where temperatures can reach forty degrees, six people live and sleep in each room - it is a hot and cramped environment -

Issues surrounding Barracks Post-Occupancy While the barracks offered more security from the weather than the emergency

tents, due to lack of privacy and amenities, they were not common with those impacted by the tragedy. In fact, the barracks were used by the building workers who constructed them. A key concern has been women’s security and privacy in the barracks (UNHIC, 2006).

After the disaster Elliott (2010) spoke with the Acehnese people. The citizens impacted demonstrated their desire to go home to the coastal city. Rather than feeling 87

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better after going to inland temporary shelters, these residents said they were unhappy away from the water, primarily because the water is the center of their livelihood. Thus, the barracks located in town made them feel more dominated and unfamiliar with their previous coastal lifestyle. The children often drew images of the sea and their house portraying the wish to return to their previous homes.

4.2.4 DR Shelter Response - Stage 3: Core houses (temporary housing) Ensuring that it helps group self-reliance following crises is one of the key to progress in shelter initiatives. This includes a vernacular approach by MERCY Malaysia which allows as much use as possible of local construction methods and materials. Processes include active engagement and weekly meetings with villagers, community and religious leaders, local authorities and other non-governmental organisations, discussion of spatial order issues, various post-disaster management initiatives, and reconstruction issues. Thus, making the main houses established in Aceh more realistic for the population affected.

In most cases, the MERCY Malaysia used participatory approach, where humanitarian workers are encouraged to allow the victims to be part of the process. Just like conventional architectural process where architects are engaged with their client, it is similar for the case of disaster relief where the victims are the clients even though they’re not paying clients. In this approach, the affected people are involved in the construction physically or in the process of design – depends on the ability/skill set of the victims and also on the psychological health condition of the people. If the victims are too stressed out by the following events of disaster, it is best not to involve them in the process of setting up the shelter.

It also includes on-site discussions with each householder in determining their own land plot, house positioning, boundaries, nearest escape routes and ensuring that communities are well informed about designated mitigation plans. The main house is built of wood with bricks underneath to strengthen the foundation and improve earthquake resistance.

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Figure: Structural system of core house (source: Amirrol et al., 2010).

Figure: Construction of core house (source: Amirrol et al., 2010).

Figure: Completed core house (source: Amirrol et al., 2010).

The property was a 52 square meter single story seismic-resistant, semi-brick core house with the ability to build on potential uses, consisting of two apartments, a dining room and two terraces (front and back). These terraces can be converted into a kitchen, an extra bedroom or to increase the size of the house.

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-

Impacts of core house: The core house provided higher sense of safety and security to the displaced

people of Aceh. The Mercy Malaysia Organisation has not done any comprehensive evaluation on psychological condition of victims after occupying the relief shelters. Mr Hafiz has greeted and met a few occupants of the shelters and none of the occupants showed any critical signs of long-term stress or post-traumatic stress disorder. Most of the occupants admitted that they were more relieved as they were finally provided with a proper adequate place to stay and find a way to restart their livelihood. However, as a non-expert in psychology, this is considered a personal opinion, thus having less credibility compared to a professional opinion.

4.2.5

Interview Summary The interview had an output from many aspects of factors in designing disaster

relief shelter. Being physically involved in the process of setting up disaster relief shelters, Mr. Hafiz explained about how the design of disaster relief shelter shouldn’t be solely considered based on the physical and psychological health of the affected people. Before beginning to design a disaster relief shelter, designer must know the technical and economic factors as well. Disaster relief shelter can’t be over-designed, nor under-designed. The limiting factor of time and cost needs to be tackled alongside providing a human-centric design.

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4.3

Synthesis of Findings 4.3.1

Part A: Case Study 1-3

No. Parameter

Case Study Paper Partition System intervention in Japan

1

TYPOLOGY of DR Temporary community shelter shelters

2

ISSUES surrounding shelter post-occupancy

- After occupying the communal halls, many families found themselves sleeping on the floor, sharing one space with strangers in the same situation.

- They suffer from the lack of privacy and high density, which could cause damage both mentally and physically, and the impact grows with time

Emergency Floor intervention in Syria

Better Shelter intervention in Africa

Emergency / temporary tents

Transitional / progressive shelter

- Any concrete or permanent structure is banned to minimise the possibility of refugees remaining longterm.

- Besides the tarps leaking of rainwater over time, most of the tents are not provided with floor or ground covers, complying to the policy restriction imposed, making the displaced people vulnerable to ill health and diseases.

-

Families had to live in makeshift tents and with no access to water and sanitary infrastructure.

-

the affected people often live with 3 or 4 other families in a single structure. Roughly 14 people from 3 separate families live in each tent, which can be hot & stifling during the day.

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3

DESIGN APPROACH/ STRATEGIES

Technical (Versatility):

Technical:

Technical:

-

the paper partition system consists of two sizes - the design allows to replace panels with local roof, - fast-deploying, lightweight. easily handled and great of cardboard tubing, plywood, ropes and white walls and floor materials should they become for logistically challenging camp settings curtains, and the modular system makes it available at a later stage.

- setup is easy and does not require any devices. possible to quickly and easily assemble and - adjustable inner partition provides different disassemble.

Economical: sleeping/storage rooms.

- the structure can be made to different sizes for - discarded pallets help offset the cost of the new different families. flooring system, uses modular plastic tiles that fit Economical: - an LED light is powered by a solar panel and Economical: exactly over standard pallets. charges cell phones.

- shipping and warehousing is easy, because the bulkiest - harnessing easily available and recyclable - can be set up by a team of 4 people in just 5 hours part of the design (pallets) is already on-site. materials.

- may be placed on the field, on concrete slabs and also - paper tubing is comparatively cheap and very Environmental: on pallets or sandbags for shipment. accessible, not being a typical building material - strong steel frame withstands heat, rain, and UV - the materials used to construct PPS are able to Environmental: rays and provides all-round standing area. be repurposed and recycled.

- mosquito nets reduce the chance of sickness.

- creating a raised platform that keeps emergency - lockable door provides increased privacy and Environmental (Safety & protection): shelters cleaner and warmer. security.

- insulate against conductive heat lost to the ground - mosquito net is installed around the paper - shelter is secured with a sophisticated anchoring - waterproof flooring solution that is suitable for partition system to ensure personal safety of system wintering efforts victims and prevent ill health IMPACTS ON QUALITY OF LIFE

The perceived quality of life is improved as the community shown signs of elevated community life, sense of privacy and dignity, and improved physical and psychological health:

-

during the day, the cloth partition are mostly opened, and only closed at bedtime, which shows sign of controlled access of privacy

-

some of the evacuees set up their own units themselves, which proves that the design intervention is economical and sociocultural at once.

The perceived quality of life is improved as the community shown signs of improved physical and psychological health: -

Emergency Floor provides protection and easily cleaned.

-

it thus brings a greater degree of dignity to the unfortunate families.

-

after a four-month winter with Emergency Floor, 54% of people reported better health and 89% reported better sleep quality due to comfort and warmth (Better Shelter, 2019).

The perceived quality of life is improved as the community shown signs of elevated community life, sense of privacy and dignity, and improved physical and psychological health:

-

compared to the victims’ previous site and tent settlement, the new setting and Better Shelter provides a higher sense of home to the occupants as the site is cleaner and the shelter is more spacious and sturdy

-

the livelihood of the fishing community improved because the new site is not far from coastal line 92

Disaster Relief Shelters: Design Strategies and Impacts on Affected Communities Syaza Harzani Binti Ezumi Harzani

-

-

mosquito nets that were installed has improved the spatial comfort and health of the evacuees.

-

after moving into temporary house, the PPS equipments were brought home to be repurposed as plant vases and curtains for windows and doors, which could improve the psychological health of occupants as the need to spend for additional household items is reduced.

-

and can be reached by public transportation that’s available in the area.

The refugees including children were able to carry the Emergency Floors by hand and install them on their own as it is very lightweight and not harmful.

-

with Emergency Floors, the refugees could perform household activities with less concerns on their health

the community feels more civilised and dignified, given their livelihood was taken into considerations.

-

the layout of Better Shelters in the site creates nodes where children use as play area, hence providing sense of community and improving their psychological health

Table 4.1: Comparative Analysis of DR Shelters (source: Author, 2020)

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4.3.2 Part B: Case Study 4 No. Parameter

1

2

3

TYPOLOGY of DR shelters

DESIGN APPROACH/ STRATEGIES

IMPACTS ON QUALITY OF LIFE

Case Study 4: Aceh Post-Tsunami and Earthquake 2005

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Temporary tents

Transitional shelter

Core house

-

available communal areas: worship center, mobile hospitals, expansive bathroom facilities, nursery, a children’s and women’s play field, settlement administration office space and tents that can be used as stores to help restore the victims’ social and economic ability.

-

-

Following the issue of IDP tents, the aim for constructing barracks is to provide higher sense of safety particularly of the female population.

-

the tents, manufactured of lightweight and sturdy materials, were easily constructed with limited logistical requirements and no expertise required

-

communal porches run the length of each block providing shade and a little extra space for drying clothes and storing the clutter of everyday life

-

after 6 months of residing in IDP tents, compensation is insufficient and has not reached many of the affected

-

while the barracks offered more security from the weather than the emergency tents, due to lack of privacy and amenities, they were not common with those impacted by the tragedy.

-

health and nutritional needs are undermined

-

livelihood reconstruction is slow

-

protection and security, particularly of women and girls, is under threat

each barrack is comprised of twelve tin-roofed rooms measuring 3 x 4 meters, raised up on stilts for protection against the torrential tropical rains.

-

some regulation issues arise in the property of barracks, causing residents unable to reside in them.

-

the barracks were used by the building workers who constructed them.

-

vernacular approach which allows as much use as possible of local construction methods and materials.

-

active engagement and weekly meetings with villagers, community and religious leaders, local authorities and other non-governmental organisations, discussion of spatial order issues, various post-disaster management initiatives, and reconstruction issues.

-

most of the occupants are more relieved as they were finally provided with a proper adequate place to stay and find a way to restart their livelihood.

-

the community life was elevated following the issues comprise in previous temporary shelters

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

Throughout this research, it can be concluded that the study has identified and reviewed different design interventions from different case studies and compares to different factors of quality of life. The comparison of different design interventions allow clear differentiation of contextual application that can be adapted for future reference.

By comparing different contextual situation and elements of each case studies, the varying limitations and factors affecting quality of life can be seen as an opportunity to provide unique solutions to every DR shelter. For instance, by analysing the restricted construction issues in Lebanon, an Emergency Floor was designed to be impermanent and able to comply to the rules and regulations that was imposed by Lebanon government. The strategy demonstrates that design intervention towards quality of life can be addressed not only to solve health issues, but in this case, also the technical aspect of portability and adaptability.

The reviewed design interventions are deemed to improve victims’ quality of life and may have successfully improve physical and psychological health of occupants.

However, further studies can be done to analyse, evaluate and identify the degree of life quality that are affected by the features and propose for improvisations on the existing features.

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