Rejuvenating the urban identity of howrah through place led development

Rejuvenating the Urban identity of Howrah through Place-led developments Sudeshna Sarkar Registration no. 150104542 Supervisor: Dr. Florian Kossak

University of Sheffield School of Architecture ARC6982 Urban Design Project 3: Thesis Academic Year 2015/2016 Module leader: Beatrice De Carli

Rejuvenating the Urban identity of Howrah through Place-led developments

Sudeshna Sarkar Registration no. 150104542 Supervisor: Dr. Florian Kossak

Thesis submitted to the University of Sheffield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA in Urban Design Sheffield, 2 September 2016

Abstract This thesis work investigates the causes of decaying of the existing urban condition of Howrah, an idustrial city of India, and identifying the potentials for rejuvenating the socio-economic conditions through spatial developments.

This ‘design led’ research project focuses on Place-led developments and the importance of identity in urban rejuvenation. Identifying the extream deficiency of dedicated public spaces in this overcrowded urban context of Howrah, makes the backdrop for the ‘placemaking’ approach of designing the rejuvenation strategies for the sustainable future of this city.

The research questions guiding the project are related to identifying the pattern of spatial, social and economic changes in Howrah and the other industrial and post industrial cities along with the current potentials and obstructions for rejuvenation in Howrah. By analysing and evaluating the interplay of the key questions, I have developed inclusive rejuvenation strategies to restore the city’s urban structure from further declining and provide the citizens a quality living experience.

This report contains four stages; theoretical framework, methodological analysis of the site contexts, Precedent studies and propositions of several strategic projects which can act as a stepping stone towards the rejuvenation of the whole city. The main tested site for the strategic interventions in this project is at the riverside along the upper foreshore road. Another area of ‘Sibpur Bazar’ has also been chosen to imply as an Urban Acupuncture for creating a prototype of rejuvenating the similar neighborhood areas and connecting them to the main development zone. This can provide as a model for placeled developments in other dense mixed use areas in the city and ultimately rejuvenate the whole city in an incremental way. By relying the thesis in some parts on the original research of other researchers and Government strategies and proposals, the project can form an important part of the research for informing the established regional discussions and widening the approaches for balanced development.

Acknowledgement I am grateful to many wonderful people who have contributed to my thinking process and guided me throughout the whole project. First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents and husband whose encouragements provided me with the strength from the beginning of my research. Beside supporting me the intellectually, they have helped me to gather site data by recording videos in different timescales, interviewing people with my provided questionnaire and contacted many authorities to gather important maps and documents. I want to thank my supervisor, Dr. Florian Kossak for sharing his broad knowledge in urbanism and guiding me from the initial stage till the final product. Besides providing directions and criticizing constructively, his structured group tutorials have helped me in managing the thesis schedule and finally achieve the outcome with integrity. I want to thank Professor Anis Mukhopadhyay, Centre for Urban Economic Studies, University of Calcutta, for his continuous support by providing resources and feedbacks throughout the research period and for being the most generous with his time.

CONTENTS

01

3-7

Introduction Motivation Personal Background PROJECT

02

8-15

Project Overview Aim Research Questions Site Basic Research Research Process Map

03

16-29

Theoretical Studies Concept Theoretical Framework Overview of Theories Theoretical Framework and Howrah Context

04

30-71

-Major Urban Developments -Twin City: The dichotomy of Developments -Industrial Timeline -Development Plans Timeline -Existing Policies and Strategies -Organisational Structures -Existing Participatory Planning Approach

4.2 NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

4.1 CITY SCALE

Analysis Site Exploration Methods & Tools Subjective Mapping Urban Structure Analysis Landmark and Public Places Users’ Activities Timeframe Users’ Activities Network Land-use Mapping Land Ownership Mapping

05

72-83

Precedent Studies Comparative Study Organiztions Projects SHCF Rejuvenation strategies of Howrah

06

84-105

Design Proposals Summary of Analysis and Design Principles Strategies Interventions and Phasing Plan Design Development - Intervention Street 1 - Intervention Street 2 Proposed Land-use plan Proposed Land-ownership plan

07

Conclusion & Bibliography

107-113

01

INTRODUCTION Motivation Personal Background-

Introduction Howrah, a twin city to Kolkata, located at the eastern part of India covers an area of 95 sqkm with a population density of about 730/sq km as per the latest census. A 500 years old city and once known as the ‘Sheffield of the East’ for its industrial and engineering roots, Howrah comprises of a long riverfront, a premier and old engineering university, which is the second oldest (established in 1856), a 109 hectares area of ‘Indian botanical Garden’ (established in 1786) , Howrah Railway Station (established in 1854) the oldest and largest railway complex of India and many more important places. Despite these facts, the city suffers from gentrification, abandoned industrial complexes, marginalized city development over time, and often overlooked as a ‘Westside’ of the megacity Kolkata.

The case of Howrah represents many similar industrial cities of the developing countries; hence by designing inclusive rejuvenation strategies, this thesis will explore the approach of ‘Placemaking’ to integrate the citizen’s social and economical expediency by creating public spaces, which in turn can lead to the successful regeneration of the physical environment of the neighborhood.

Placemaking and citizens’ participation in design developments are not a common approach of development in the developing countries. Therefore, through the theoretical framework and precedent studies in this research project, I intended to establish the importance of placemaking approach for an inclusive development of any city. Consequently, I have adapted the placemaking approach in this thesis project with an aim to explore this approach from the perspective of Howrah context and provide a new paradigm of development by using the participatory technique.

3

8/31/2016

Howrah to become a mega city ­ T

Printed from

Howrah to become a mega city TNN | Jul 12, 2014, 04.07 PM IST

KOLKATA: Howrah is all set to become a mega city. The state governmen

growth in a planned manner and to have urban facilities like its neighborin

The district of Howrah is witnessing a development in real estate prices fo Nabanna that was earlier earmarked as a garments park. "There has been the last 30 years that has resulted in various civic problems like poor wate problems including water logging problems due to the faulty drainage and government will preparing a blueprint for the district's overall developmen

According to sources, the government is elaborately planning on the deta Howrah to become a mega city. According to sources, Howrah's populatio

district must have over a crore of residents, among other facilities to beco implementing the plan, areas falling under Bally municipality will be merge new buildings will be sanctioned keeping in mind the environmental param the prime concerns.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Howrah­to­become­a­mega­city/articleshowprint/38260786.cms?null

4

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j , by ea go ee land. r a ap chief sto Banerjee, the state urban v minister rMamata sa gy (B Prodded n ow tion r y_ id. esu econ rah. " point ernm an 230 , no om But ed m ent d 75. pr M w I idepartment jsp c development og formed a coordination committee headed IES reju cKin anaghas #.V 8B7 T) ven sey em ramm wa en lby ecoordination U0 Howrah mayor f io 's p proper t s atoathave between different agencies r LIU ske n rep ropos cons unde ult d d o ort a nts by dr . Be l was aHowrah like Howrah Municipal tCorporation, Improvement Trust, Howrah aw ng up al an district administration and others to utilize the land and implement the

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ollowing the shifting of the state secretariat to n unplanned urbanisation taking place in Howrah for er supply, bad condition of roads and conservation d sewerage system. All these will change as the state nt," said a government official.

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ails as to how the development will take place for on was about 32 lakh after the 2011 census and the

ome a mega city. As a first step towards the ed with the Howrah municipal corporation. Plans for meters with slum and traffic management to become

Coordination committee to utilize land in Howrah

planned projects.

Accordingly, the committee has been formed to take comprehensive approach on use of land for development purposes and 1/2 other matters.

The Howrah corporation mayor is the Chairman of the eight-member committee, with the other members include the chairman of HIT, the district magistrate, CEO of KMDA, CEO of HIT, ADM(LR) Howrah anCoord CP, Howrah police commissionarate.

The topic of my thesis research has originated from my personal experience and interests in the urbanization of my home town Howrah, an industrial city of India. Because of the industrial prosperity the city used to be called ‘The Sheffield of the East’. Although that prosperity did not match with the urbanization and infrastructural development with time. Moreover, the current trend of market driven unplanned urbanization is leading to the further decaying of the spatial, social, environmental and economic context of the city.

The upper collage of newspaper gives a view of the situation and the government’s initiatives in 1/1 the recent http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Coordination­committee­to­utilize­land­in­Howrah/articleshowprint/53282568.cms?null time to uplift the condition; hence acted as a pioneering aspect of my research topic and intrigued me to delve into details to analyse and propose inclusive urban rejuvenation strategies for Howrah and contribute to the current discussion and research landscape in this regard.

5

MOTIVATION

HOWRAH, INDIA Urban Density: 19473 persons/km2

-‘Sheffield of the East’ - TWIN CITY in the shadow of Kolkata Traffic congestion, Population explosion, pollution

Lack of Public Spaces Oldest Industrial town in India Declining Industries

‘Coolie Town’ ‘A horrible place’ ‘A hopeless case’

SHEFFIELD, UK

‘Critically polluted areas’

Urban Density: 3,949. 2 persons/km2

KOLKATA, INDIA Urban Density: 24,000 persons/km2

‘City of Joy’ ‘City of Palaces’

Industrial Heritage Greenest City of UK

The third-most populous metropolitan area in India

Major Economy: metallurgy and steelmaking, Coal Mining, Universities, Retail

India's oldest operating port and sole major riverine port

Capital of British Empire in India till 1911

The main commercial and financial hub of East and North-East India

Thesis Objective

Rejuvenation through Place-Led Development These present urban scenarios of Howrah with respect to Sheffield and Kolkata led me to select this thesis topic and has been a source of inspiration and guiding factor in this research.

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

My personal experience with the site has provided me with the basic knowledge for this research.

As Howrah is my hometown, beside growing up there, I have done my Schooling and graduation study also in this city. This has enabled me to experience the city from a Citizen’s point of view with all its infrastructural, economic, environmental and social structure. My experience with the city in different ages has also provided me the basic understanding of the changes over time. Moreover, experiencing Kolkata closely from my childhood has also enabled me to identify the differences of development structure of these twin cities.

Beside my experience in Howrah, my masters study in Sheffield has also helped me to closely observe the effects of Post- industrial development in this city through various studio projects.

This practical knowledge have been a major influence to undertake this thesis topic with the aim to frame the rejuvenation strategies of Howrah which is a common case of many declining industrial cities around the world.

SHEFFIELD, UK HOWRAH & KOLKATA, INDIA

HOWRAH KOLKATA

02

PROJECT OVERVIEW Project AimResearch QuestionsSite Basic ResearchResearch Process Map-

8

Project Aim

Research Questions Background Analysis Propositions Reflection

Site Basic Research Site Location Urbanization Culture & Festivals

Research Process Map Research Process Urban Design Tools & Methods

9

PROJECT AIM The aim of this thesis is to design spatial rejuvenation strategies for Howrah, an industrial city in India. The decline of Industries of this city has led to several socio-economic changes in the last few decades and this has affected the built environment and living conditions in this city.

Therefore, I intend to analyse how the social and economic changes in the other post industrial cities carried out spatially along with the current potentials and obstructions for rejuvenation in Howrah.

Afterwards, I intend to propose contextual public place led spatial strategies for the rejuvenation of this city and I believe that can act as a stepping stone towards the Urban Regeneration of Howrah.

RESEARCH QUESTION

How the socio economic changes play out spatially in industrial cities?

VISION STRATEGIES & INTERVENTIONS

FRAMEWORK

How to revive the socio- economic condition of Howrah

by Spatial Strategies and Interventions?

What are the key reasons for the stagnation in the development of Howrah?

CONCERNS & POTENTIALS

Background Analysis Propositions Reflection 10

SITE BASIC RESEARCH SITE LOCATION

INDIA

CHINA NEPAL

BHUTAN

WEST BENGAL a state in eastern India. This is located between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal Area: 88,752 km² Capital: Kolkata Population: 90.32 million (2012)

HOWRAH

KOLKATA

INDIA

BANGLADESH

WEST BENGAL

HOWRAH is an industrial city located on the west bank of River Hoogly and is a twin city of Kolkata and the headquarter of Howrah District.

Area: 95 km2 Population: 1,072,161 (2011) Density: 730/km2 (1,900/sq mi) Official languages: Bengali & English

BAY OF BENGAL

The SITE is located at the riverside and through the streath of Upper Foreshore Road. The length is around two kilometers.

11

Level of Urbanization (%)

Share of Urban Population

Share of Area (%)

Urban Density (Person per sq. km.)

Howrah (District)

50.36

100

100

1446

Howrah Municipal Corporation

100

46.82

3.48

19473

URBANIZATION

Beside having half of the population in this area, the growth rate of the population of this area is also highest in the district.

This urbanization has a striking contrast with the urban development trend in this city causing spatial and socio-economic concerns. Therefore a rejuvenation plan for the urban scenario of city is an urgent requirement to restore the urban quality of the city.

HDRP : Howrah Development and Rejuvenation Plan

Census Towns Outgrowth

Howrah District

Bally Municipality

Rural Mouza Howrah Municipal Corporation

Uluberia Municipality

A survey by Janaagraha, a non-profit organisation based in Bangalore, India in 2013 on Indian Cities in the following Categories and position of Kolkata accordingly. Moreover it has been found that Metropolitan Planning Committees, mandated by the Constitution, has only been adapted in Kolkata.

Source: http://articles.economictimes. indiatimes.com/2013-04-04/ news/38278793_1_cities-urbanindians-urban-governance

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Kolkata River Hooghly

SITE BASIC RESEARCH CULTURE & FESTIVALS

In popular saying about Bengal there are “Thirteen festivals in Twelve months”. Hindu culture is predominant in the city. All the festivals involve the whole community and forms an important aspect of identity and community bonding.

“FESTIVAL OF DURGA”

Annual Hindu occassion lasts for mainly four days in October and celebrated in every localities.

CHHAT FESTIVAL A Hindu Vedic Festival celebrated annually for three days in November

-rezaulkabir85fr.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/ song-dance-poetry-harvest-festival-in.html -https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Durga_Puja_Pandal_-_Mandirtala_-_ Sibpur_-_Howrah_2015-10-21_6530.JPG -www.howrahonline.in/city-guide/ culture-of-howrah, - Pictures: Internet

HOWRAH BOOK FAIR NABANNA

In January for seven days

Bengali New Year

13

A systematic and focused study to investigate the spatial, social and economic blind spots and identifying objectives and line of actions.

A structured way to collect data and systematically processing them towards decision making for supporting the development of the design project.

Literature Review History Methodology Precedent studies

Tutorials Review Poster summarizing aim, research quations and methodology Socio-economic Spatial

Tutorials

Photographying Videographying Movement Built Space Activities

https:// bridgingdots. wordpress.com/

Literature Review History Policies & Strategies Socio-Economic Data

Remote Sourcing Collaborating

Precedent Study

Summarizing Movement Built Space Activities

Online Bloging

Tutorials

GATHERING

A tool to record the findings about the physical qualities, social relations and overlapping of usages to visually depict the different realities.

SURVEYING

A crucial method to mediate ideas or proposals with the target audience at any stage of the project for an engaged urban design practice.

MAPPING

Designing propositional strategies and scenarios in collaboration with other built environment professionals.

PROPOSING

COMMUNICATING

METHODS & TOOLS

Scenerio Building Prototyping

Precedent Study

Scenerio Building Intervention Site Developing

Precedent Study

Review Chapter structures, Analysis, Principles, Strategy overviews Tutorials

MARCH- APRIL - MAY’2016 JUNE - JULY’2016 AUGUST -SEPTEMBER 14

A situated approach to get placed actively in the site to get a subjective view of the site from personal perspective.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

SITUATING

RESEARCH PROCESS MAP How the socio economic changes play out spatially in the industrial cities?

How to revive the socio- economic condition of Howrah by Spatial Strategies and Interventions?

What are the key reasons for the stagnation in the development of Howrah?

BACKGROUND Personal Experience Concerns Changes over time

SELECTING THE TOPIC PROJECT AIM RESEARCH QUESTION

SITE ANALYSIS CITY SCALE Walking

Walking Across Walking Along

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

Interviewing Observing

PROBLEM FIELDS & POTENTIALS

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

DESIGN STRATEGIES INTERVENTIONS AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

REFLECTION

15

03

THEORETICAL STUDIES Concept of Theoretical Framework Literature Review Overview of Theories Theoretical Framework and Howrah Context -

16

Concept of Theoretical Framework

Three magnets for Rejuvenation Place-led Development Identity Connectivity

Literature Review Research Questions

Theoretical Framework

Book Reviews

Scope of Research

Overview of Theories Description Characteristics Principles Examples

Theoretical Framework and Howrah Context Inter-relationsip Howrah Context

CHAPTER OVERVIEW 17

THREE MAGNETS for Urban Rejuvenation Considering the aim of the project three principles have been chosen as the key theoretical framework. These key principles are Placemaking Identity and Connection. For proposing a sustainable and holistic rejuvenation of the city, coproduction of places has been chosen as the primary approach for designing, implementing and managing the urban development.

In this project, these key principles are acting as an umbrella of contextual theoretical framework and strategy proposals to summarise and provide a direction for a sustainable and inclusive rejuvenation of the city.

18

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Urban Rejuvenation

IT

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Urban A

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CONCEPT OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

19

PLACE-LED DEVELOPMENT

LITERATURE REVIEW With the aim to design sustainable rejuvenation strategies for Howrah, I have chosen the following literatures to study and analyse, according to my research questions and the key principles of the theoretical framework.

In addressing the first research question I investigated three aspects. Firstly, to know the pattern of Social, Economic, and Spatial changes in Howrah, I explored the other researches done so far on this topic by studying articles and related books.

Secondly, to learn the pattern of revival of other industrial and postindustrial cities, I studied the articles about the socio economic survey data and the Census data. The precedent study of the regeneration process of Sheffield through various articles, policies and strategies have been a guiding framework for the project.

In addressing the second question, I have analysed the land-use pattern, policy impacts and the implementation pattern of the existing rejuvenation strategies on the site. In this regard I have studied spatial land-use data, policies, strategies, census data and related articles.

To explore the third research question, I conducted precedent studies of similar revival projects and theoretical studies about the participative design process, community led development process and material politics in Urban Design.

Because of being a design-led research project, it has been a continuous process to search, comprehend and review of several literatures as per the necessity, emerged during the different stages of the research and framed the research process of this thesis.

PLACEMAKING

SCOPE OF RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS

VISION

How the socio

TACTICAL URBANISM PARTICIPATORY URBANISM

economic changes play out spatially in the industrial cities?

FRAMEWORK

IDENTITY URBAN IDENTITY

What are the key reasons for the stagnation in the development of Howrah?

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE

REJUVENATION/ REGENERATION CONCERNS & POTENTIALS

MATERIAL POLITICS

How to revive the

socio- economic condition of Howrah

by Spatial Strategies and Interventions?

GOOD CITY STRATEGIES & INTERVENTIONS

CONNECTIVITY SPATIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY

SHARING ECONOMY

20

LITERATURE REVIEW

21

PLACE-LED DEVELOPMENT

Activities • Necessary/functional • Optional/recreational • Social

Challenges •ROBUST PUBLIC SPACES - A necessity vs “nice to have”

Principles

Public Space as the core incremental process of city making to achieve multiple outcome quickly, effectively and democratically.

• Transformation of the natural, historical, social and economic environments of the city over time causing the change of identity influencing public projects

• Integrating diverse opinions into a cohesive vision - inclusive placesAccessible, flexible, multiple use • Translating that vision into a plan and program of uses - Collective interventions • Ensuring the sustainable implementation of the plan- Place-led governance

Characteristics • A deliberate, phased approach to instigating change; • The offering of local solutions for local planning challenges; • Short-term commitment and realistic expectations; • Low-risks, with a possibly a high reward; and • The development of social capital between citizens and the building of organizational capacity between public-private institutions, non-profits, and their constituents

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OVERVIEW OF THEORIES

“Cultures and climates differ all over the world, but people are the same. They’ll gather in public if you give them a good place to do it.” - Jan Gehl

Taipei organic acupuncture

PLACEMAKING

Public spaces are the “the window into a city’s soul” - Zukin

This is a socio-cultural theory of small-scale urban interventions.

Other Terms “guerilla urbanism,” “popup urbanism,” “city repair,” “D.I.Y. urbanism.” “pilot project”

This is a theory of small-scale, low cost and temporary interventions in the built environment.

Approach

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE

• Strategic Punctual Interventions.

"... a surgical and selective intervention into the urban environment," - John Southern “.... revitalizing not only that specific place but also the entire area that surrounds it.”

- Jaime Lerner

• Small scale projects with small investment and infrastructure that the municipalities can provide in ‘worn-out’ Urban crack areas to trigger positive chain reaction • Arts and cultural programming to trigger the public trust and deliver the vision forward for long term economic or social benefit

Benefits

TACTICAL URBANISM

functionalist, performative, symbolic, political and cultural This is a theory of an approach of designing by actively involving the stakeholders in the design process.

• “Pinpricks” of urbanism tp uplift the city life considering the city as a living organism

Principles

This is a theory regarding an approach of planning, designing and managing the public spaces.

PARTICIPATORY URBANISM

• Define needs (Desires and necessity) • Converges vested interests • Gets accurate information • Identifies conflict / trouble - shooting • Discovers alternatives • Provides continuty • Mobilise interests & resources • Positions problems accurately • Reduces dependency

- Nabeel Hamdi

Community Requirements to succeed Type • Strong local organizations • Place •Interests • Practice • Culture

• Political goodwill • Ownership of problem • common cause • stability or crisis • Trust • Good representation • Tangible results

“First life, then spaces, then buildings – the other way around never works.” - Jan Gehl • A bottom-up approach of power sharing in terms theory, policy and practice between the authority and stakeholders by sharing benefits and risks to drive more systemic change

Principles • The indigenous culture of decision making • “Advocacy Planning” if needed can be considered by the citizens • Community based projects • Collaborative action plans with a compendium of govt, private, public sectors • Transdisciplinarity • Community Land Trust for affordable Housing 23

IDENTITY Expression: Genius loci - the spirit of the place Zeitgeist - the spirit of the times

City Branding Principles

Challenges: Regional Identity vs. Globalization • Global market AND local economy • Homogenised city City Branding: Differentiation vs Identification • Poor and external reinforcement can lead to unauthentic and mixed messages.

Principles

• Local traditions • Iconic architecture, thoughtful design • Avoiding copying Tangible vs. Intangible • Community participation to • Natural • Socio-economic and strengthen sense of belonging socio-cultural• Artificial environment • Milestone events, strong leadership (Beyhan & Ünügür, 2005).

• Flexible and Adaptable process

“....... the architectural response becomes not merely site-specific, but an absorption and reflection of cultural, economic and sociological influences.”

URBAN IDENTITY

Source: Learning from Place: Urban Identity

REJUVENATION/ REGENERATION

Material realities (Sociotechnical definition) Focus on the material/ physical dimension of social relations and vice-versa (Latour)

Reverse Democracy - The economic and private interests get more emphasize than collective and cultural values in placemaking.

3 lenses of understanding material politics.

1) Metabolic infrastructures (agency of material flows) - The role of infrastructural and urban network in forming the pattern of urbanisation(goods, communication, transport) 2) Control structures (agency of material disruptions) - Re-discussing the development during control and risk management (e.g. disruption caused by unexpected collapse of infrastructure) 3) Socio-material interventions (agency of everyday material practices) - Social participation transforming the spatial interventions (e.g. waste-recycling and selfbuild collectives)

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This is a cluster of ideas making the character of any place.

‘Space is politics and politics is space’.

Principles • Setting the responsive agenda with public domain as the starting point.

• Using citizens ideas to influence the sites by using reverse liberal democracy.

• Re-establishing the politicospatial landscape boundaries to marginalize the use of rules, codes and regulations.

• Architects to become involved in the process other than as an expert of creating places.

• “Social Production of Habitat”

MATERIAL POLITICS

GOOD CITY

This is a theory about a program of renewing or redefining the urban character of a place.

This theory is about the relationship between politics and the city structure, social and economic factors.

“A great city is one where people want to go out of their homes.”

- Jan Gehl

Principles • The city for the people, by the people • Flourishment of fundamental human right: intellectual, spiritual , physical • Self organised civil society: religious, social, cultural, economic.

• Good governance: inclusive decisions

Laurenskerk church at Rottermdam loosing vitality after limiting public access.

This theory is related to defining the idea of a ‘utopian concept’ of a good city.

Castro Commons, San Francisco - a part of its Pavement to Parks program.

OVERVIEW OF THEORIES

Urban Rejuvenation Urban decline of a densely Background populated city or neighborhood The act of revitalization of an area to its former glory making it more sustainable and bringing back interests in a Aim neighborhood.

Small scale improvements in urban areas of moderate to Scale high density land use.

Funding Mostly Govt. and NGO funded

Industrial Port city

Building something new or more functional which may or may not incorporate the existing structures.

Large scale renovation or reconstruction of housing or public area To inject prime private investment into that area Public money is used as an attempt.

Economic decline of the industrial Sectors Bilbao, Spain By 1791, "the first manufacturing town in the world"

Birmingham, England

Unused Spaces/ Brownfields/ no longer functional urban areas

Kockums shipyard

Deindustrialization Service city through social, economic, and aesthetic revitalisation process

Urban Regeneration

•Housing, commerce, offices, public space

Western Harbour, Sweden

•Climate neutral energy system Monterrey Steel Foundry Factory area of 142 Hectors

-Bombing during Birmingham Blitz -Reccession Employment: Service sector - 88% Manyfacturing - 8%

Bankruptcy Fundidora Park, Mexico

Sustainable public park

25

CONNECTIVITY Principles • Multiple transportation modes and commuter options.

• Integrative solutions • Collective interventions • Sustainable transits, walking, bicycling • Designed as public realm other than just connecting two destination can contribute to the social and economic value of the city “Bicycle use is a great symbol of equality. Someone on a $30 bike and a $30,000 car are equal in the street. A cyclist has as much right to use the road space as does a car. In developing countries 15-35% of people’s income is saved by those who travel by bicycle. In the future, bicycles will continue to become more and more important.”

- Jan Gehl

SPATIAL MOBILITY

SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY

Knowledge Economy

Three areas to promote knowledge economy: 1. Industry sector 2. Occupational based 3. Innovation related

26

Principles

“ economic success is increasingly based on upon the eff ective utilisation of intangible assets such as knowledge, skills and innovative potential as the key resource for competitive advantage. The term “knowledge economy” is used to describe this emerging economic structure” (ESRC, 2005).

• Creating a knowledge sharing culture • Incentives policy to retain employees • Alliances for acquiring knowledge • Written knowledge management policy.

SHARING ECONOMY

Benefits

Principles

Co-Production of places

A bottom- up approach: • Saving local iconic buildings • Improving local Environment • Promoting economic regeneration towards a sustainable future • Community Cohesion • Add local details and proposals to the city centre master plan • A guide for development and investment decisions

• Recognising people as assets, because people themselves are the real wealth of society.

• Valuing work differently, to recognise everything as work that people do to raise families, look after people, maintain healthy communities, social justice and good governance.

• Promoting reciprocity, giving and receiving – because it builds trust between people and fosters mutual respect.

• Building social networks, because people’s physical and mental well-being depends on strong, enduring relationships.

- Cahn, E. (2001) ‘No More Throwaway People: The Co-production Imperative.’

Washington DC: Essential Books

Community Land Trust Statutory definition: Housing and Regeneration Act 2008, Part 2, Chapter 1, Clause 79: A Community Land Trust is a corporate body which: 1) is established for the express purpose of furthering the social, economic and environmental interests of a local community by acquiring and managing land and other assets in order - to provide a benefit to the local community, to ensure that the assets are not sold or developed except in a manner which the trust’s mmber think benefts the local community 2) is establishd under arrangements which are expressly designed to ensur that: • any profit from its activitis will be used to benefit the local community (othrwise than by being paid directly to members) • individuals who live or work in the spcified area have the opportunity to become members of the trust (whether or not others can also become members) •the members of a trust control it.

Classic CLT Model

Third Sector: Market oriented vehicles to provide service to local people 27

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HOWRAH CONTEXT Analysing the contexts of Howrah city through the lenses of these three aspects of theoretical framework is helpful to find out the problems and potentials of these aspects and frame a supportive background for the strategies and interventions for the rejuvenation of Howrah.

PL

H O W R A H C O NT E X T

IDENTI

28

TY

MATER IAL POLITIC S

HOWRAH BRIDGE

UNIVERSITY

KING

MA ACE

GOOD C

ITY

AN URB TURE C PUN ACU

REJUVE N REGEN ATION/ ERATIO N

HOWRAH STATION

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE

D E LE C A PL

CO SOC NN IAL EC TIV ITY

SH EC ARE ON D OM Y

ORY IPAT C I T PAR BANISM UR

ENT

CO

INADEQUATE ACCESS TO RIVER LEADING TO CONGESTION

URBAN IDENTIT Y

NN

EC

TIV

ITY

SP MO ATIA BIL L ITY

L TICA TAC NISM A URB

EV

PM E LO

INFORMAL MARKETS IN ALL NEIGHBORHOOD STREETS LACK OF DEDICATED PUBLIC SPACE

UNORGANISED TRFFIC MARKET DRIVEN PROJECTS

DERELICT INDUSTRIAL LANDS AND BUILDINGS

COMMUNITY FESTIVALS

29

04

ANALYSIS CITY SCALE -Major Urban Developments - Important Places -Twin City: The dichotomy of Developments -Industrial Timeline -Development Plans Timeline -Existing Policies and Strategies -Organisational Structures -Existing Participatory Planning Approach NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE Site Exploration Methods & Tools Subjective Mapping Movement Analysis Urban Structure Analysis Landmark and Public Places Users’ Activities Network Land-use Mapping Land Ownership Mapping REFLECTION & DESIGN PRINCIPLES

30

City Scale -Major Urban Developments - Important Places -Twin City: The dichotomy of Developments -Industrial Timeline -Development Plans Timeline -Existing Policies and Strategies -Organisational Structures -Existing Participatory Planning Approach

Site Exploration Methods & Tools

Neighborhood Scale Subjective Mapping Movement Analysis Urban Structure Analysis Landmark and Public Places

Remote Sourcing Walking Photography Videography Collaboration

Users’ Activities Network Land-use Mapping Land Ownership Mapping

Concerns & Potentials

Design Principles

CHAPTER OVERVIEW 31

32

CITY SCALE

33

1495

1714

The place was mentioned as ‘Bator’ in a poem ‘Manasamangal’ written by Bipradas Piplai

1578 This place was mentioned as a Commercial Port in the journal Circa by Cesare Federici, an Italian merchant and traveler

Settlement of

Five villages

on the west bank of river Hooghly

1760 Howrah District came under the control of East India Company.

1781 Burn Standard Company was Established

Adopted as exit

and entry point of sea fareing business hubs

Journey from a temporary port to an Industrial City. However, During the last part of the seventeenth century there was a conflict of favour between the east and west bank of River for East India Company to build their fort.

If Howrah would have been chosen instead of Kolkata, the fate of this city would have been different.

2014 Avani Riverside Mall PVR Kolkata The first shopping mall and multiplex cinema hall in Howrah

Nabanna Building

2013

State Secreteriat Building On the top floor the chief minister’s office is located

2007 Nivedita Bridge A cable-stayed bridge over the Hoogly river

Total length: 880 metres Width: 29 metres Number of spans: 7

This mall is frequently termed as Kolkata mall and became one of the reason of people coming from Kolkata to Howrah other than just using the train station.

CITY SCALE 34

Primarily this building was designed as the government’s garment park, although as the recent retail traders were unwilling to move here, it was turned within a month and half to the new Temporary State Secretariat of West Bengal

Because of th eageing and heavy traffic of on the Second Hooghly Bridge, Nivedita Bridge was constructed.

This was constructed by keeping the height lower than the nearby temple; hence it became a technological wonder.

MAJOR URBAN DEVELOPMENTS 1823

1854

Described as “Chiefly inhabited by shipbuilders”

•Howrah Railway Station was established • Oldest station and largest railway complex in India

by Bishop Reginald Heber

• Served by two Indian Railways zones: Eastern and South Eastern • 23 platforms, daily 600 trains and more

than a million passengers

The establishment of Howrah Station and the prosperity of Kolkata port helped the industrial landscape to flourish and Howrah became the most prosperous industrial district of the country.

Although that prosperity did not reflect on the civic amenities and urban facilities of this city.

1992 • Second Hooghly Bridge • Total length 2700 ft: the longest cable–stayed bridge in India • Daily traffic: 61,000 vehicles by early 2008, against a maximum capacity of 85,000

1943 • Howrah Bridge : for

transport between Kolkata and Howrah.

• A famous symbol of

Kolkata and West Bengal • It’s a toll free service.

Pontoon Bridge which was changed to Howrah Bridge

• Cantilever bridge with the

longest span of 1500 ft • Daily traffic: Approximately 100,000 vehicles and 150,000 pedestrians The construction of this bridge took 22 years because of many political and administrative issues.

Afterwards, this bridge created a ‘Backwash effect’ as the people from Howrah became more dependent on Kolkata for Education, health and entertainment. Besides, the lack of planning of civic amenities of Howrah has make the future of this city questionable.

This bridge form the identity of Howrah, Kolkata and Bengal. Therefore, this bridge has many cultural significance. As the bridge is toll free and pedestrians are also allowed, this has become the busiest cantilever bridge in the world.

EFFECTS ON URBANIZATION 35

Santragachi Jheel • 13,75,000 sqft. lake attracting 40005000 migratory ducks and Moorhens in the winter (October to March).

40 m -45 in .

-30 25 in. m

Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden • This was created in 1787. The land area is 270 acres and has 12,000 specimens of plants.

• Famous for 250 years old ‘The Great Banyan’ tree od 330 m. peremeter and doesn’t have the original trunk.

CITY SCALE 36

Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur • A national institute established in 1856 • This has been ranked as 7th in Research Parameter by MHRD / NIFR in 2016

IMPORTANT PLACES Belur Math • The headquarter of Ramakrishna Math and Mission and built by Swamy Vivekananda in1938.

• Architecture: A fusion of Hindu, Islamic, Buddhist, Rajput and Christian style • A famous religious, tourists and cultural place.

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport • Around 10 Million Passengers in the financial year of 2014-15

Major Tourist Destination of Kolkata • Victoria Memorial • Birla Planetarium • Fort Willium • Alipore Zoo • Race Course • Indian Museum etc.

Eden Gardens • Cricket Ground established in 1864 and has a capacity of 66,000 • This is the Largest Cricket stadium in India and Second largest in the world • It’s been called the “cricket’s answer to the Colosseum”

THE PATTERN OF CHANGE IN URBANIZATION Rural River Ganges

Urban Fort William

Before 1756

1756 - 1793

1856 - 1947

1793 - 1856

1947 - 1990

Between two world war, increase in population, unplanned development and complex landuse

Sprawl in 2000

Mass migration after the partition of India and liberation of Bangladesh and the flow is still continuing.

Source: http://cesa.asu.edu/ sites/default/files/Chandana%20 Mitra%20-%20Genetics%20 Workshop.pdf

DEPENDENCY

Industrial Economy Transport Hub

Howrah School Office University Health Entertainment Airport

CITY SCALE 38

Kolkata

“...... Yet Howrah cannot be thought of as a city in its own right. It is so completely tied to the economy, social structure and physical form of Calcutta and the Metropolitan District that it exists independently only in the political sense of its administrative boundaries.”

- Howrah Area Development Plan 1966-86 Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organization, 1967 “Howrah has always been neglected. Even though it’s much older than its sibling across the river, even though it generated more revenue as an industrial hub, it was always Calcutta that was the tilottoma (beauty),” - Sankar Sanyal, the president of the Howrah Chamber of Commerce and Industries

TWIN CITY: THE DICHOTOMY OF DEVELOPMENT DISTRIBUTION OF AMENITIES

20 km.

45 mnt.

by Bus 10 km.

25-30 mnt. by Bus/Taxi

Howrah Station

Kolkata Airport

Salt lake City New Town Kolkata CBD

Education

Office

Commercial

Hospital

Port & Industrial

10 km.

30 mnt.

by Bus/ Taxi

Cultural & Entertainment

Retail

Connections

39

INDUSTRIAL BACKGROUND “It’s difficult to change Howrah. It’s too steeped in corruption, mismanagement, decay and failure. The downfall started with flight of industry. There are lockouts in all big factories. It’s economically impoverished.” - Nikhilesh Das, Artist and a citizen Source: http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140112/ jsp/calcutta/story_17779249.jsp#.V8B5G00rLIX

MAIN INDUSTRIES MILLS JUTE FLOUR COTTON SUGAR

WAREHOUSES SALT RICE COAL

IRON & ENGINEERING WORKS

DOCKYARDS

MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSME) SECTOR

ADVANTAGES

Communication network by rail, road, waterways, airways and port facilities.

availability of Cheap and adequate Power supply

availability of High technical skill at a cheap rate

availability of Raw materials from nearby sources

availability of Finance and managerial skills from Kolkata

EFFECT ON ECONOMY

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Sectoral Composition of NDDP of Howrah (1999-2005)

Source: ‘ State Domestic Product and District Domestic product of West Bengal, Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal, 2010, Table 2.11, pp.77-8.

Despite of the decline of industries, Howrah is a front ranking district in the state in terms of growth rate of per capita income. The primary sector is at an almost stagnant stage, the secondary sector is also stagnant but improving stage and the tertiary sector is the main contributor in the economy at this time.

CITY SCALE 40

Established

Heavy Engineering Industry Now a part of Bharat Bhari Udyog Limited (BBUNL)

5 Jute Mills established near Howrah Station Sufferred during the partition of Bengal in 1947 as the main jute production areas became part of Bangladesh

1873 1870

Burn Standard Company was

1811 1781

1690

INDUSTRIAL TIMELINE The East India Company’s first Calcutta factory

(procurement centre)

Factories for Foundry and engineering works established Declined due to the growth of Steel Industry

The first large scale jute mill in Howrah district was Established

1902 1883

Shalimar Railway Goods Yard was established

Shalimar Paints established The first large scale paint manufacturing plant in the entire South-East Asia

1933– 1967 1966

Industrial sector in Howrah Flourished

Industrial Decline

- General Industrial Recession in India in 1960 - Freight Equalization Policy (greater the distance, lower the freight rate)

2001 ONWARDS

Fast Expansion of large, medium and small scale industrial and warehousing units

- Kona Truck Terminus - Kolkata West International City - Relocation of old foundry plants - Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

41

CITY SCALE 42

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT “ The environment problems in Howrah are deep rooted and complex,.... people have become used to living in degraded surroundings over generations’ (CUES 2010:31) - Calcutta Environment Management Strategy and Action Plan (hereafter CEMSAP), 1996

Sewerage and Sanitation

Waste Collection

Flood

Majority still depends on pit and service latrines. Lack of sewerage system.

Increasing volume of solid waste and wastewater sludge is a challenge.

Domestic and commercial solid wastes from the roadside heaps and the drain sludge is collected by municipal workers in wheel barrows. Overuse of landfilling sites. Modern technique is needed.

Backflow of water from the river during rainy season through the drainage canal system floods the Southern part.

Industrial Pollution

The city has been marked as ‘Red Zone’ by the central govt. as one of the 22 most polluted cities of India. Industrial Effluents, noise and air pollution is high.

Climate Change

Flooding threat due to the location at riverside and at 100 km distance from the sea. The city has been identified as the most vulnerable urban agglomeration to the threat to climate change related disaster and the highest sea level rise in the country. The poor environmental and infrastructure situation of the city have intensified the risk also.

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Kolkata Port Trust

Indian Railways (Eastern Railway, South Eastern Railway)

A statutory body under the ministry of Shipping, Govt. of India • Owns the land and Manages two separate dock agglomerations • Kolkata Dock System (KDS)- West bank of the river and the Haldia Dock Complex (HDC)

National Ganga River Basin Authority Under the Ministry of Environment and Forest

• Owns, develop and manages the lands • Economy: 13% of all national income per capita growth • Employment: 6% directly and 2.5 per cent indirectly of the nation.

financing, planning, implementing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganges River

STATE GOVERNMENT

Development Authorities

KMDA

KMPO

KMC Municipalities

NGRBA

Kolkata Municipal Corporation Civic Infrastructure and Administration of the city

Kolkata Metropolitan Planning Organization • Town & Country Planning Branch of the Development and Planning Department

HMC

• Established in 1961 to develop a comprehensive development plan for the Metropolis of Calcutta

Howrah Municipal Corporation Administration and providing basic infrastructure to the city of Howrah

Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority Statutory planning and development authority for the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) • Agency of city planning, physical infrastructure • Providing basic services (water, drainage, waste management) • Technical Secretariat to Kolkata Metropolitan Planning Committee (KMPC)

NGO

WBIDC West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Agency of the State’s commerce and Industry Department Financing medium, escort services, facilitating investment proposals, ceptualizing new projects, assisting to entrepreneurs, managing and operating the State Incentive Schemes, developing various sector specific industrial parks.

Howrah Wholesale Fish Traders'

Howrah Mongala Haat Traders'

• Howrah Fish Market established in British Era • Distributed allover Kolkata • Petition has been filed for rehabilitation of the fish market

• Temporary Retail market in every Tuesday • Largest garments market in eastern india

Important Educational Institutions CUES

Centre for Urban Economic Studies in University of Calcutta Studies on • The Functioning of urban areas • The role of Urban local bodies • Economics of Towns and its functions

44

Howrah Improvement Trust •Acquiring land •Undertaking certain specific types of improvements •Releasing the developed land to the municipality (or to some private buyers also) for continued control and operation.

HDPC

Howrah District Planning Committee • Consolidating the plans prepared by the municipalities • PreparING a draft development plan of the district

Implementing Agencies

Trade Unions

CITY SCALE

HIT

Indian Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology (IIEST)

Howrah Ganatantrik Nagarik Samity (‘Democratic Citizens’ Association’.)

• Promoting Awareness of environmental issues, Waste Water, solid-waste disposal, Public parks, Garbage Clearance, Civic Amenities • Appealing to holders of public office, holding seminars, organizing rallies and demonstrations with the help of the local media

GNS

Community Organization Shibpur R. K. Dinobundhoo Mission Institution Institutions (College)

• Contributing in the Social and Economic aspects of the city • Participating in Development plans and Strategies as Research Support • Capacity Building

SHCF South Howrah Citizens’ Forum Promoting non-formal learning to school children, Promoting Social interraction in the community, Monthly lecture program of social, historical and scientific interests, discussions, cultural programmes.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE POTENTIAL ORGANIZATIONS Reflecting over the organizational structure, it has been found that many plans and strategies were delayed and/or cancelled because of administrative overlapping and complexities. Therefore, a community based approach can be helpful to design implement the strategies in bottom up approach as for that reason , beside simplifying the administrative framework, actively implementing the following existing organizations in the urban development process of the city will be helpful.

NITI Aayog

FFI

(National Institution for Transforming India), Governent of India

Forum of Financial Initiatives

A premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs Aim: To foster involvement and participation in the economic policy-making process.

An autonomous body to uplift the economic, social and political landscape of the country by investing in productive activities

CAIT

The Confederation of All India Traders P r o m o t i n g economic growth and financial inclusion.

CURE

Centre for Urban and Regional Excellence A development organization for facilitating participatory placemaking in the informal and low income communities of India

WBIDC

WEST BENGAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED Supports Industries in the following ways: Facilitation, Financing, Disbursing Incentives and by Setting up Industrial Parks

AIAI All India Association of Industries Facilitating industrial growth by assisting the MSME sector to network within and outside country.

IIA

Indian Institute of Architect A national body of architects with national and international connections in building industry.

WBSIDC

The West Bengal Small Industries Development Corporation Limited Guides and provides infrastructural assistance entrepreneurs with diversified industrial and commercial activities for economic growth and employment generation in West Bengal.

Community Led Envinonment Action Network Aim: Facilitating students and young professionals for environmental sustainability Stakeholders: NGOs, Local Urban Bodies, Policy Makers and like-minded enthusiasts.

Responsibilities: Environmental quality assessment, monitoring and validation, Awareness Networking, Action and advocacy.

45

For encouraging the national and multinational companies to manufacture their products in India.

2013 INVESTMENT AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY OF WEST BENGAL Upgrading the Industrial landscape of the state.

POLICY 2006 National Environment Policy Pilot projects to implement the national commitment of clean environment

POLICY 2006 National Urban Transportation Policy (NUTP)

46

POLICY

GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC

2013 MAKE IN INDIA

POTENTIAL POLICIES & MISSIONS FRAMEWORK

TASU

Initiate and sustain the reforms and set priorities

Kolkata Urban Services for the Poor • Objective: Improvement of quality of life of the urban poorSustainability • Duration: 2003 – 2011 • Cost: 102.1 Million Pounds.

Funding

CMU

Change Management Unit

Department for International Development’s (DFID), UK

2014 Clean India Mission

A mission for implementing wastewater management, solid waste management,industrial pollution and river front development by 2022

A national campaign by the Government of India to remove open defecation by 2019

2015 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) To build amenities in cities and basic services to the household for improving the quality of life in a 20 years time.

MISSION

MISSION

2009 National Mission for Clean Ganga

MISSION

1999 KUSP

Technical Support

The technical assistance support unit

47

Reasons

Findings

Unknown reasons termed as Richard’s Syndrome

Outcome

“But Howrah development is likely to be held back” (p 377 of the Report 1914).

Findings

• Production, income and employment needed to be increased • The metropolitan Economy need a dynamic growth • The urban environment needed to be developed with appropriate facilities and infrastructure

1966-86

Basic Development Plan (BDP) Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organisation (CMPO)

• Naturally well placed • Easy to drain and sewer • Population doubled between 1881-1911 • East-west Transport is needed • Bridge(s), dwellings at Howrah can be occupied by Calcutta people as well

1914 E.P. Richards - the Chief Engineer of Calcutta Improvement Trust

No actions has been taken till now Outcome

The first ever city plan for Calcutta

Findings • The root cause of urban degeneration in recent decades: economic and infrastructural.

• Strategies proposed on Transportation System, Urban and Social Infrastructure and Environmentally Sustainable Industrialization and Urbanization Policies

2010 A Green New Deal for Howrah: Citizen’s Perspective South Howrah Citizens’ Forum (SHCF)

Open Memorandum

CITY SCALE 48

DEVELOPMENT PLANS TIMELINE

Outcome

Reasons

• Industrial Decline • Fright equalization Policy • Cut in Capital expenditure in Port Authorities and railways.

Howrah’s development remained unchanged

Findings

Reasons

• Population was greater than any other India’s neighboring capital cities • Couldn’t grow with identity from the shadow of Kolkata • Urban environment deteriorated

Lacked in Consistency and contexual understanding of the city Rejected by the authority Outcome

1967

Howrah Areas Development Plan

Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organisation (CMPO)

Findings • “Key catalytic projects” for specific Areas • Health, educational and hospitality, these 3 catalytic projects along with the riverfront development plan would play a major role in rejuvenation of Howrah • Advisory services for the 'economic rejuvenation plan'

2004 to 2010 Howrah Development and Rejuvenation Plan (HDRP) Part of DFID(UK) assisted and KUSP programmed proposals prepared by Mott-Macdonald, Mumbai

Outcome

No actions has been taken till now

“Long & Short Term Strategic Plan for Economic Development and Rejuvenation of the Planning Area” CUES, Calcutta University

“Master Land Use and Concept Infrastructure Plan” SEIHM, BESUS

49

Background Not satisfied with top down approach Practically not feasible Need based rather than demand based

Municipal Officer

No plan for education expansion, poverty alleviation and local economic development

Education officer

Sensitization workshop

Councillors

Municipality Planning Officers

Citizens

Problem finding workshop

Facts Found

Positive outputs Generated local awareness Importance of systematic data keeping was observed Users developed sense of responsibility Officers realized their accountability after public consultation

Suggestions Workshops in each locality with experienced planning department is necessary Planning department to be created first with skilled manpower to undertake participatory approach of planning

Concerns Limited Planning Skills Limited Manpower Inadequate Infrastructure to exercise participation Viewed as extra workload Inadequate for such a large number of heterogenous population Political overtone in the process could not be avoided

Stakeholders Tools of engagement Facts Found

CITY SCALE 50

Many needs got rejected by municipal engineers on the ground that the participants didn’t have any view of the central isuues Created faith issue to the participants

EXISTING PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACH • 74th Constitution Amendment Act (1992) promotes the initiative to decentralize power and strengthen democracy at the local level.

• Provides Urban local bodies with political, functional and fiscal empowerment for good governance.

• West Bengal : the first state to implement this act

2007 to 2011 Draft Development Plan (DDP)

of Howrah Municipal Corporation (HMC) • Part of DFID(UK) assisted and funded and KUSP programmed proposals prepared by MottMacdonald, Mumbai • A participatory planning approach was applied in the process of formulating the Draft Development Plan (DDP) of Howrah Municipal Corporation (HMC). (2007-2011) • This is the first Participatory exercise in the city

planning

Aim: As per provision a DDP need to

be made per five years to address the followings: 1. Municipality Functions (Physical Infrastructure, Social and Livelihood Development) 2. Strengthening Municipal Capacities

CONCLUSION Although a participative approach was adapted, it was not a successful event as it was not followed as a continuous process and just tested once following with the non implementation of any rejuvenation plans.

Moreover, top down projects are only carried out in the city till the present time. It can be seen as a starting point of participatory approach and can be continued towards forming better sustainable rejuvenation strategies and action plans for the city. Now the degree of citizen participation is practically at the ‘informing level’, which can be reached to the ‘Partnership’ level by participatory planning approach for the appropriate future of the city.

51

52

NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE

53

REMOTE SOURCING Sukumar Sarkar

Professor Anis Mukhopadyay

Although I have lived in that area since my birth, I could not visit the site during this thesis project.

Therefore, My father helped me by documenting the recent scenerio of the site. He is a citizen of Howrah and has lived there for last 40 years.

Honorary Associate in the Centre for Urban Economic Studies at University of Calcutta

Type of collected Information: Neighborhood Scale Qualitative

Data Collection Tools: Walking Photography Videography Interview

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 54

Socio-Economic perspective of Howrah Site and proposal feedback

Sheffield Rejuvenation Study

COLLABORATION Spatial perspective of Howrah Rejuvenation

FIELD STUDY

My Research

Walking Route

SITE EXPLORATION METHODS & TOOLS

FIELD WORK These are the mental maps done by the person doing the field work, which represents the walking routes, building names and the number of the images taken for future references.

55

PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography of the Nodes, Activities and Traffic termination points at week days and different times.

VIDEOGRAPHY Videography of both sides of the Foreshore Road by travelling by bus strating from Howrah Station to Mandirtala and Botanical Garden. The both sides of G.T road has also been photographed .

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 56

SITE EXPLORATION METHODS & TOOLS INTERVIEW The Interview was qualitative and the following questennaire was provided to the interviewer.

Question Asked: 1. For how many years they have been in this city?

2. What is their connection with the city?

Resident/ Worker 3. How they have experienced the changes here?

Spatial/Social/Environmental/Economic 4.What is their aspiration for future changes in this city?

5. What are the main challenges for development in their opinion and how they can be resolved?

The Persons to be interviewed were chosen in the neighborhood of Botanical Garden and Mandirtala Area. Followings are some glimpses of some important views gathered through the interviews.

4 children of 8-12 years age

We have only one “playground to play

here, but it becomes so crowdy, so we play on the streets only.

We want more playgrounds and more places to go around nearby in the weekends.

”

2 Citizens of 28-35 years age who stays in Howrah but goes to Kolkata for work

1 senior citizen of 65 years age who used to work in a factory in Howrah

There are no work “opportunity other

After our factory “lock out, most of us

Other than Avani Mall, I always go to Kolkata in the weekend also to restaurants, clubs and parks.

There are many a b a n d o n e d factories with all the equipments also which can be reused other than turning them into high priced gated housings.

than teaching, small business and small scale factory work.

The living condition is very poor

”

didn’t get any job and a few only got some gratuity and pensions.

1 person who works in Council

have many “b eWe autification projects coming at the riverfront but for administrative reasons they will take time.

We want Howrah to become as famous as Kolkata too.

”

”

57

How

rah B

ridge

Way towards Kolkata

Ramkrishnapur Ghat Avani Mall

Derelict Industrial land

Howrah Station and Bridge

Active from 6 am to 10 pm

Fo re s

ho

re R

oa

d

Kona Express way

Si

bp u St r B re az et ar

Informal Settlement

Active from 4 am to 11 pm Underused Industrial Land

Secretariat Building (Nabanna)

Se

co

Shalimar Station

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 58

nd

Ho

og

ly

Br

Sibpur Cremetorium

id

ge

Way towards Kolkata

Eden Gardens Stadium

SITUATION MAP

LEGENDS Bus Route

Underused/ Unused Industrial Land

Walking/Cycling

Typology of spaces

Bus stop

Landmark

Train Route Unused/ Underused Industrial land

Users

Students

Residents

Factory Workers

Shopkeeper Office goers

Tourists

Transports

Bus

Ferry

Goods Rickshaw

Rickshaw

Truck

Taxi

Bike

Cycle

Electric Rickshaw

Walking

OCCASSIONS

NIGHTTIME

DAYTIME

Activities

Transport

Factory Work

Worship

Leisure

Festival

Procession

Swimming

Boating

Worship

Washing Clothes

Worship

Shopping

Shopping

Cremation

59

LANDUSE MAP

Residential

53.73%

Industrial

8.06%

Commercial

2.5%

Institutional Hospitals Entertainment Religious 10% Transportation

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 60

22% Open Space ( Canals, Water bodies, agricultural areas)

LAND OWNERSHIP MAP

West Bengal State Government Kolkta Port Trust South Eastern Railway Private

61

Electric Rickshaw Traffic Police

Pedestrians crossing roads

Electric Rickshaw

Cycle Bus Stop & Cycles

Informal Parkings and shops at the node areas New small scale businesses

High concrete Medians creating less transperancy

High traffic congestion and no seperate cycle lane Other Animals

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 62

Ill maintained paths towards the river

Transfer of goods from the godowns

MOVEMENT ANALYSIS

Rickshaw Stand High Traffic congestion due to open markets on the both side of the roads and work for Metro Rail

Private car stops

3 Bus stops

Taxi Stand

MANDIRTALA In the Daytime

Suttle Taxi Stand

Ferry service to the Central buisness zone of Kolkata for easy and low cost daily journey in lesser time than road.

CONCLUSION

Road

River

Road

Indusrial

Footpath

Green Footpath

Indusrial

Residential

KEY PLAN

The roads are characterised by high traffic and lack of infrastructure for seperate and easy movements. This is causing danger for the pedestrians and increasing the travel time as well.

Therefore the roads need to be designed as per traffic rules with specific lanes for each traffic movements and proper pedestrian infrastructure to make the streets walkable. Moreover riverfront access need to be designed with activities and facilities, which in turn will make the living condition better for the citizen and facilitate industrial developments along the road.

63

Factory godown areas blocking the riverside

FO

RE

SH

OR

E

RO AD

Housing Complexes coming up in closed Jute Mill Land

KEY PLAN NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 64

URBAN STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

Residential buildings along the road towards the Ferry service

Factory structures in the riverside of the Foreshore Road

Ill maintained edges throughout the roadside causing trouble for the pedestrian flow

Housing Complexes coming up in closed Jute Mill Land

CONCLUSION As both sides of the road are having derelict or underused factory lands, most of the building structures are showing ageing and projecting poor urban quality. Replacing the lands with vibrant industrial and commercial will not only lift the image of the city, change the skyline of the city, but also will enhance the sense of belonging among the citizens and will facilitate economic growth.

65

Mandirtala Bridge used as public space

Avani Mall

Renovated Lower Foreshore Road Riverside

Newly constructed park and lake

Renovated Crematorium

KEY PLAN NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE 66

LANDMARKS AND PUBLIC PLACES

Usage of the place for different rituals

Occassion of immersing the idols (Visarjan) after every festivals.

Piled up idols at the riverside causing unfavourable situation for public usage

Daily bathing and rituals in the river

River worshipping ritual (Ganga Aarti) at the evening

RAMKRISHNAPUR GHAT

CONCLUSION

The lack of public place and the need of using public places for religious, cultural and recreational purpose in this overcrowded city has made the available open spaces very congested. Improving the infrastructural facilities can also accommodate more activities and people in the current public places.

67

68

USERS’ ACTIVITIES NETWORK

69

SUMMARY CONCERNS Increased Land Value Rapid urbanization

Important transport hub of Railways, roadways, Ferry and upcoming metro facility Proximity to Kolkata Distinct Identity for various Industries Important Academic Institutions

SPATIAL

Derelict Industrial Sites Poor Urban Infrastructure

Improvement in urban infrastructure Redevelopment of all grey areas including slums and closed industrial units Connection with the cultural district of Kolkata

Poor inter city Connectivity

Implementation of proper plannned interventions 14 km. stretch along the river

Polluted River

ENVIRONMENTAL

Untreated Urban and Industrial Waste Ommitting Sewer drainage towards the river

SOCIAL

Poor social infrastructure in terms of Sense of Belonging Weak urban growth management and overlapping jurisdiction of the insitutions Inadequate Social Unemployment Sector Development

Two century old Indian Botanical Garden of 269 acre Clean river and riversides Sustainable utilization of wetlands

Demographic variety Scope of new activities Improvement of living conditions Affordable Houses

Fish Market and Retail Market Public - private partnership

ECONOMIC

Old and obsolete technology Market driven economy Industrial expansion without infrastructural support

Availability Need 70

Inadequate and low voltage power supply

Industries with regional, national and international linkages Proximity to the ports Investment in urban, medical and transport infrastructure Attracting Investments Job Opportunities Sustainable Economic growth Tourism Potentials Reseach & Development sections

SUMMARY AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES PUBLIC REALM SCALE

NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE

Safety Sustainability

Safety

Fundraising Events

Advisors

Initiators

Community Land Trust

Users of the place

PARTNERSHIPS

Community Organizations

Community Led development

Organizers

Riverside and Open scaces Rejuvenation Creating breating spaces in the overcrowded and mixed use neighborhoods

Network of Strategic projects, transport and Green areas

Improving the Image of the city

Identifying the needs and Innitiating projects

Land Acquisition Policy Reform

Multiplicity of uses

Planning

Land & Infrastructure Developing

Financing and Meeting Grants Fast approval of projects

Reinforcing local identity

Investors

Developers

Administration

Trade Unions State Govt.

Central Govt.

Design Workshops

Sense of Belonging

Blurring the City threshold

Art Network

Capacity Building

Quality of Urban life

Architect/Urban Designer/ Environmentalists Network

Defining the boundaries and designing intervention projects

Vibrant City Edge

Human Scale Interventions

Entrepreneurs Education Institutions

Street furnitures and materials

Connectivity

Real Estate Developers

Creating and rejuvenating inclusive landmarks

Distinctive skyline and urban grain

Citizens’ Forum

Protecting the heritage

Municipality

Accessibility

CITY SCALE

Vitality

Citizens Community Land Trust NGO

PROGRAMS

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Maintenance 71

05

PRECEDENT STUDIES Comparative Study Organiztions Projects SHCF Rejuvenationstrategies of Howrah

72

Comparative Study Regeneration Strategies Sheffield, UK Bilbao, Spain

Organizations Sheffield CLT SKINN

Knowledge Economy Sheffield Context

Informing

Projects Tate Modern, London Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

Museum

Moor Market, Sheffield

Shopping Complex

Galata Bridge, Istanbul

Bridge

SHCF Rejuvenation strategies of Howrah Proposed Rejuvenation Strategies and Interventions of Howrah

CHAPTER OVERVIEW 73

12th century

Settlement developed Became principle location of Britain’s large steel works and achieved city status

1893

Damaged in World war II - “Sheffield Blitz”

19391945

Large scale developments

19501960

Industrial Decline Creating vacant areas in the city

TRANSFORMATION TIMELINE

SHEFFIELD,UK

1980

Sheffield City Centre area 1990 regeneration started onwards Public Realm improvements

City Centre Regeneration Strategies Identity and Diversification

- Promoting city culture - Knowledge Economy - Diverse land use

Respect of Existing, and Creation of New, Character Areas - Contexual development - Promoting innovative design solutions

Integrated Movement Network

- Promoting connectivity and permeability by integrating the pedestrian, vehicular, public transport and cycling networks - Creating a socially inclusive city

74

Robust Built Form - Existing buildings recycling - Reclamating brownfield sites maintening the existing urban pattern

Sense of Place - Streetscape design as inclusive public realm - Creating safe, attractive, functional and conducive pedestrian activities on street

Implementation - Public engagement in the design process - Maintaining the quality of places - Cuty-wide marketing and promotion

BILBAO, SPAIN Founded

1300

Major Industries Port- Commercial exchange - Mining Mettalurgy - Shipbuilding Spanish Civil War halted the advancement

1936

Derelict Industrial Site, High Unemployment, Negative image

19791985

Economical GrowthTertiary Sector

19861989

'Strategic Revitalization Plan for the Bilbao Metropolitan Region' New economic activities - Introducing new services and cultural activities - Attracting tourists, visitors and businesses

Target Areas

- Inner city’s derelict industrial areas as the starting point for physical and psycological revitalization - Waterfront - Declined neighborhood

TRANSFORMATION TIMELINE

COMPARATIVE STUDY

Culture led Revitalization Public- private partnership - Institutionalizing Partnerships - Planning and implementations - Participation of civil societies, private sector companies, experts and academics

Creating Landmark to change the city image - Guggenheim Museum - New roads with bicycle tracks, Parks and public places

Impact The tangible and visible and impacts revitalized the urban landscape of Bilbao benefited the whole population.

In 2012 the mayor of Bilbao has been named the World Mayor of the Year 2012 for the revitalization of the city.

75

SHEFFIELD CLT Sheffield Community Land Trust Initiation

Sheffield based architecture practice ‘Studio Polpo’

Launched

18th April, 2015 at the Sheffield Housing Festival

Focus

Promoting Community-led Housing projects in Sheffield city Centre

Tools

Engaging with the community and stakeholders to explore the needs and proposals and facilitating ‘grassroot’ projects in the vacant areas.

Recent Developments

Recently this has joined with the national network of CLT, which provides support to 170 CLTs across england and Wales.

Organizational Framework of Sheffield CLT

Source: Studio brief; MAUD Project 2 76

SKINN A non profit organization for Sheffield Kelham Island and Neepsend working for the betterment of that area.

PRECEDENT STUDY ORGANIZATIONS

Members

Four core stuffs based in the CADS complex in Shalesmoor and a group of experts in the field of culture, social enterprise and regeneration.

Initiation

The negative image of the place and environmental impacts led to the creation of this organization.

Tools

Design involvements in real projects, facilitating the people, projects and resources in the area.

Aim

• Empowering local residents and businesses to guide planning & development of the area.

• Protecting, recording & celebrating the unique architectural & industrial heritage of the area so that it can be part of the future of the area.

• Promoting a positive perception of the area as a place for culture, business, living and leisure.

• Maximising the use of already existing resources. (river, spaces, skills, information) • Building community ties amongst both businesses and residents.

• Safeguarding the area from negative development.

Neepsend and Kelham Island Area 375 Businesses 6 Art Galleries 90 Artists Studios 23 Listed Buildings

8 Music Studios 20 Ales 1 Mile of River 4 Breweries

Design projects and workshop in collaboration with SSoA, University of Sheffield.

77

mechanical, aeronautical and manufacturing engineering

Expertise in

materials and engineering

1400 students graduates every year

Expertise in

Building Projects A

student

population of contributes to the city’s economy beside providing cheapest student living costs and the best social life rating within the UK university cities

55,000

78

PRECEDENT STUDY KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY: SHEFFIELD CONTEXT

Contribution Economy C o m m e r c i a l accommodation, office space, knowledge based industries, business parks and units, transport hubs.

Cutting edge research knowledge based business

attracts

Reinforces R&D in the areas of Business Contributes in advanced manufacturing Initiate in bringing together all elements of enterprise, enterpreneurship and in turn produce distinguish graduates by enhancing student experience.

Contribute to the city’s strengths and attractiveness to businesse.

79

TATE MODERN, LONDON

Opened Architect

Budget

MUSEUMS

A gallery for international artworks and hold the national collection of British art from 1990 onwards. ranked as 4th nationally and 6th Globally as an art museum. : 2000 : Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron : £ 250 million

Impact : • The museum was built by restoring a riverside powerstation directly across the river from St. Pauls Cathedral.

• Played a role in urban regeneration by promoting cultural regeneration and engaging the local community.

• Attracts 5 million visitors in a year.

• Economic Impact: Being the third most visited place in Britain, created £100 million benefit and 3,000 jobs in London leading to 1800 new hotels and catering facilities in London. Property prices, commercial investment and development increased.

GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, BILBAO, SPAIN A centre piece of Bilbao Art District which is a cluster of maritime museum, fine arts museum and art centre.

Opened Architect Budget

: 1997 : Frank Gehry : $89m

Exhibits : Visiting and permanent artworks by Spanish and international artists Impact : Revitalized the city’s image putting the city in the world map to recognize.

Annual visitor numbers to the city increased from 100,000 to 700,000 in 2011after the museum opened.

Economic growth adding tax coffers and 4,415 jobs

80

MOOR MARKET, SHEFFIELD Initiation Construction started Completed Budget

: 2009 : 2012 : 2013 : £14.5 million

• A publicly funded project • Inspired from traditional market halls and with 60,000 sqft. adjoining retail area

Impact : • Showing revitalize the market hall typology of 21st century.

• Maintained the existing urban fabric • Yorkshires largest concentration of small business along with nationwide brands.

SHOPPING COMPLEX

PRECEDENT STUDY PROJECTS

GALATA BRIDGE, ISTANBUL

BRIDGE

An inhabited bridge to serve the dwellers as well.

Opened : 2003 Span : 490 m.

Width : 42 m.

Architect : Fritz Leonhardt Impact : • Created two layers of connection.

Upper one for movement, lower one of restaurants and public places.

• The material and ‘spaceness’ of the bridge provided it with the uniqueness in the townscape.

CONCLUSION This compendium of precedent projects has been chosen according to their functions and contribution to the identity and regeneration of the respective cities. This study is providing a vision of strategies and intervention and informing in the designing of rejuvenation strategies for Howrah.

81

S H C F R EJ U VENAT IO N ST R AT E GIES F O R

Root ca us e of

Degeneration

HOWRAH The followings are the strategies and action plans developed by the South Howrah Citizens’ Forum(SHCF) as an open memorandum to act as a catalyst to the rejuvenation of Howrah.

Economic & Infrastructural

Fo c u s o f

Rejuvenation Vibrant economy with opportunity to attract Investors.

Better quality of life for the citizens

Strategies and Action Plans In d u s t r i a l R eju ve n a t i o n • Strategic partnership • Environmental Regulation • Landuse relocation • Industrial Park • Investment destination around the highway

Th e t ra nspor t Sect or • Rail based urban transportation • Trans-river crossing- proposal of a new bridge • Re-orientation of road network • Proposal of an alternative N-S road Corridor • Foreshore Road Extension • Upgradation of Santragachhi and Shalimar Rail Station Areas • Proposal of an airport • Exploring waterways potentials for tourism development

U r b a n i n f r a s t r u c t u re a n d E n v i ro n m e n t • Attract households’ location decision

• Top priority on DrainageSewerage then on Water Supply, Drainage and Solid Waste Management • Industrial Waste management

82

• Supply safe water to adjacent growing urban areas • Environmental protection and regeneration of degraded surroundings • Santragachhi jhil Regeneration for migratory birds’ winter destination

Small Issues b u t U rg e n t An extension of the subway system of Howrah Station for passenger’s safety Immediate maintenance arrangement of the lock gate of Swarnamayee Khal for proper drainage Protection of historic plaque of Howrah Station

S o c i a l I n f r a s t r u c t u re Growth and Expansion of BESUS and the R. K. Mission Institutions at Belur Allocation of land to new education and health institutions Five year action plan to take special care of primary education Medical College and Medical Research Institute

PRECEDENT STUDY SHCF REJUVENATION STRATEGIES FOR HOWRAH ‘New Enterprise Zone’

Fringe Area

(i) A radically improved transportation system and its integration with the transportation network on other parts of the metropolis, (ii) Improved urban infrastructure, (iii) Improved Social Infrastructure, and (iv) A clean and green city programme through environmentally sustainable industrialization-urbanization policy and protection of environmental assets.

R e c e n t Tr e n d s i n

Requirements

Fast and unregularised expansion of large, medium and small scale industrial and warehousing units along the highway.

Market Driven Approach of land purchase Absence of public acquisition of land according to present state’s land policy

Rapid Increase of Population Unplanned expansion of urban centres.

Lack of Urban Planning

S p e c i a l A re a D e v e l o p m e n t P ro j e c t s and Strategic Partnership Foreshore Road Area Development plan • An extension of the Central Business District of Kolkata on the east bank • Transportation network and other necessary infrastructure • Administrative offices and commercial complexes, hotels and hospitality industry • Change the sky line • Create commercial-financial opportunities to attract capital and skilled professionals • Utilizing closed factory land, public land amalgamation, Alternative use of govt. land • Maintaining the existing facility at this location Sankrail-Abada land Development plan • A mega logistic hub on partnership basis Revive the Shalimar Passenger Terminal project on a grand scale

My Position Analysing the proposed strategies and action plans, it can be found that Community-led approach for developing public realms can be influential to develop positive impacts and a base for sustainable regeneration.

As most of these proposals are depending on the initiatives of the authorities, depending on them to facilitate this process can cause delay in implication and will have less impact on social and economic cohesion.

Therefore constructing organizations for urban development and initiating projects at the neighborhood areas can be a stepping stone for starting the rejuvenation process.

Mega Logistic Hub at Dhulagar

83

06

DESIGN PROPOSALS Rejuvenation Strategies Interventions and Phasing Plan Programs & Partnerships Design Development - Intervention Street 1 - Intervention Street 2

84

Principles Framework

Rejuvenation Strategies

Theoretical Framework

Interventions and phasing plan

Spatial Intervention Target Users Target Activities

Programs and partnerships

Precedent Studies

Programs

Partnership

Short-term, Middleterm and Long term Interventions

Design development

Intervention Site 1 Intervention Site 2

Proposed Land use Proposed Land Ownership

CHAPTER OVERVIEW 85

DESIGN STRATEGIES THREE STEP STRATEGIES FOR REJUVENATION

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

PRINCIPLES FRAMEWORK

PUBLIC REALM SCALE NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE CITY SCALE

Short - term Strategy Setting the Urban Quality Standards In order to achieve a holistic rejuvenation, a proper combination of strategies can be a guiding agent to optimize the outcome. Therefore setting the proper basis for such development is extremely important. This will frame the process and vision for planning, implementing and maintaining the rejuvenation in a focused and adaptable way. To improve the quality of life and set the standards, small scale tactical interventions will be applied in the selected sites to create public realm within the existing urban fabric by using minimum resources and small investments. This will improve the spatial, social and economic conditions and remove the existing immideate issues.

PARTNERSHIPS

PROGRAMS

Middle - term Strategy Towards blurring the Urban Threshold

86

PUBLIC REALM SCALE NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE CITY SCALE

PUBLIC REALM SCALE NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE CITY SCALE

As the short term interventions will pave the way towards more permanent changes in the locality, a combination of strategic projects can be developed in this phase along the underused industrial lands along the river. This will fortify the industrial heritage of the city and these spatial interventions will uplift the riverside use blurring the socio-enomic gap between the two city and nearby neighborhoods. Beside Spatial Connectivity within and around the city, building the social and economic connections are also a primary concern in this phase to make the development permanent and sustainable.

Long - term Strategy Sustainable Rejuvenation In long term the aim is to rejuvenate and build a strong identity of the city. In this phase, firstly it is needed to strengthen and continue the strategic projects started in the middle term by evaluation and making adaptable decisions. This will build a stronger commitment of the various stakeholders and will lead to more community led housing projects to uplift the living condition and urban fabric of the city. Moreover connecting to other cities around howrah will be of extreme importance for further strengthening the socio-economic condition of the city.

REJUVENATION STRATEGIES SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS CONCEPT BACKBROUND Unplanned development of Mixed use areas

PLACE-LED DEVELOPMENT PLACEMAKING

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE TACTICAL URBANISM PARTICIPATORY URBANISM Creating Public realm; establishing the focal points of developments and creating prototypes.

IDENTITY URBAN IDENTITY REJUVENATION/ REGENERATION MATERIAL POLITICS GOOD CITY CONNECTIVITY

Place-led Development; Inclusive Strategic projects around the public realms

SPATIAL MOBILITY SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY SHARING ECONOMY

COMPARATIVE STUDY Promoting connectivity within and around the developments to foster further developments inbetween the sites, leading to the broader system of the city regeneration.

ORGANIZATIONS PROJECTS SHCF HOWRAH REJUVENATION STRATEGIES

87

PRECEDENTS

Riverside Underused/Unused Industrial lands

Target Activities Commercial Activity

Target Users

Shopkeeper

Supplying Faciliities

Selling

Active recreation Playgrounds

Factory Workers

Students

Organized Sports

Vehicular Sports

Specialized developments and managements needed

Residents

Advertizing or Promoting

Office goers Painting Fishing Tourists Picnic

Walking Photography

88

Requires low cost and minimum development for casual activities

Passive Recreation

Re

pl

P u b li c

R

R

Setting the Urban Quality Standards

tate d M b il i ar a Scale h Building

ej

uve

n ate d

Scale Street

Tr

fi c af

o

m

me

rc i a l a n d

Scale Street, Block

O Research & Development Institute

y Bra n ding

st Hi

e t ro & B

us

e bl

Industrial Units

Cafe and Public Places

L iv

i n g B ri d g e

Scale City, Riverside

trial Pa dus rk n I Scale

Trade fair Building

m

Block, City

Pub

li c P a r k

Scale Riverside

Connection with neighborhood

C o m m u n it y

Scale Building, Block

Community led Affordable Housing Projects

Ho

usi

Scale City

da

dM

Scale Building

ng

ute s

Conn

te

Ro

ec

Scale Local, city

or y M useu

A ff or

Towards blurring the Urban Threshold H o t e l, C

C it

Sustainable Rejuvenation

Short-term 6months 2 years

& A r t E xi b iti o n Scale Building, Riverside a az

t

Scale Street

St

il d i n g

Middle-term 1 year 2 years

n ate d

Bu

Finish

uve

e ts

re

Start

ej

Community Kitchen, Chindren’s play area, Community Events

A re a

Start Finish

le M ar ke

Scale Food Truck

ce ff i

Start Finish Long-term 5 - 10 years

obi

ke

M

re

Courtyards

nt

Building

c ket Plaz a Po Scale

t

u n it y mm Ce o Scale C

INTERVENTIONS AND PHASING PLAN

Proposed Road to avoid Train track and reach the university and B. Garden Easily.

Proposed Metro Stations

By these three step strategies along with the Proposed Interventions, Programs and Partnerships inclusive Place-led Development can be achieved in Spatial, Social and Economic Aspects. This will rejuvenate the identity of the places in local and City level and uplift the living condition as well. Moreover, not only for the residents, the city will be economically vibrant to attract investors for more projects, tourists and visitors on a regular basis and students for studying and getting first hand work experience beside learning.

89

At the first stage of rejuvenation, it is important to form the associations of relevant stakeholders to have shared interests and common goal. Further these associations can act as the key agents for the inclusive and bottom-up rejuvenation process and provide all the resources needed to achieve the outcome, finalized mutually.

HOWRAH CLT

Forming

Community Land Trust A non profit organization

Initiators Local Community Organizations/

GNS ( or other NGO)/ GNS ( or other NGO)/ Architect/Urban Designer /Environmentalists Firm

Stakeholders Municipality, Land Owners,

Residents, NGO, Architect/Urban Design Firm/ Education Institutes

LTA

Design Council

Forming

Forming

Local Traders Association

City Level Design Council

A non profit organization

A non profit organization

Local Traders/Municipality, NGO

Architect/Urban Designer /Environmentalists Firm, Municipality

Municipality, Traders, Network of Traders and enterpreneurs

Network of architects, Council members

SPATIAL INTERVENTIONS

Neighborhood Scale

Public Realm Scale

Short-term interventions

Middle-term interventions

Community Centre Pocket Plaza

Public Park

Rejuvenated Street Mobile Market

Public plaza & Art Exibition Building

Affordable Housing

Rehabilitated Market

Industrial Park City Scale

History Museum Rejuvenated Traffic

Hotel, Commercial and Office Area Living Bridge City Branding

90

Long-term interventions

Connected Metro and Bus Route

PROGRAMS & PARTNERSHIPS

1 Project Initiation

2

3

Capacity

Land Acquisition

Building

4

5

DEFINING PROJECT BOUNDARIES

MEETING WITH LAND OWNERS

ACQUIRING LANDS FOR COMMUNITY PROJECTS

Identifying the needs Attracting the citizen’s interest

TRUST BUILDING

DESIGN WORKSHOPS

LAND-USE REFORMING

COMMUNITY AWARENESS EVENT

ORGANIZATIONAL SELF ASSESSMENT

HOWRAH CLT

FORMING MAINTENANCE GUIDELINE

Sustainable Spatial, Social, Economic Rejuvenation of the neighborhood and city

Sense of ownership on Community projects Participating

Hosting and Organizing

HOWRAH CLT

ORGANIZED REVIEWING

QUALITY CONTROL

CLT owns the land Citizen Empowerment

Taking the organization to the next level of programming, financing and operational maturity

Initiators

HIRING ARCHITECTS & PROJECT MANAGERS

MEETING GRANTS

Developing Skills

People living and working in the community

LAND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPING THE PROJECT BRIEFS & STRATEGY

FUND-RAISING

Execution HIRING SUB- CONTRACTORS

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

STAKEHOLDER MEETING

Users’ Group

Planning Designing

Land Reforming

Advising GNS SHCF

HOWRAH CLT HMC

Financing

HMC Land Owners

Reviewing Design Council

HOWRAH CLT

Users’ Group HMC

LTA Education Institutes

HMC Howrah Improvement Trust

LTA

Users’ Group

Kolkata Port Trust

HOWRAH CLT

Education Institutes

Howrah Improvement Trust

Programs

Participating

Partnership

91

92

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

INTERVENTION SITE FORESHORE ROAD

This stretch of road has been chosen to transform through the short term strategiesand interventions because most of the derelict factories are located on both side of this road creating unfavourable urban threshold, limiting access to the river and forming a negative image of this city. Moreover, the stretches of land on both side of this road have been targeted by developers for unplanned gated housing market driven projects, making the upliftment of the unban identity of Howrah more difficult in the future. Therefore, implementing these strategies will be beneficial to restore any further decaying and will promote rejuvenation at the riverside and in the inner city as well.

93

0.1

m.

Fo re Ro sho ad re

1.5

Km .

75

KEY PLAN Proposed Linear Park Light Industries Godown maintaining the existing fabric

A

Way to proposed godowns

Proposed Park

PROPOSED LAYOUT

Office Commercial Area

Extension of the road towards river

A

A A

Typology of spaces Vehicular Road Intervention area 94

Fo re s

ho

re R

oa

d

EXISTING LAYOUT

N

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Commercial Area

Proposed Riverside Public Park

Underused Factory Lands Blocking the Riverside and projecting poor urban edge

S E C T I O N A L V I E W AT A A

Proposed Commercial, Hotels and Office Areas

2.5 m.

1.5 m.

6 m.

Footpath

Cycle Track

Road

Footpath

1.5 m.

Median

Cycle Footpath Track

1 m. High concrete medians blocking transperancy in the road

Absence of Traffic Marking

1.2 m.

6 m.

Road

Proposed transperant walkable median with cycle stang facility, vegetation and other amenities for the pedestrians

Marked Traffic layout with seperate cycle route and adequate pedestrian footpath along

1.2 m. with foorpath with no bus stand

2 m.

6 m.

1.2 m.

1.5 m.

Proposed road layour is designed maintaining the land boundary and extended towards the river

Proposed Linear Green Area with sitting benches and trees

Fenced green at left over places infront of the factories

6 m.

1.2 m.

Median

Footpath 95

Proposed Industrial hub for small scale industries, relocated godowns and regenerated primary/secondary industries

Underused Industrial areas with unplanned market driven housing projects

EXISTING LAYOUT

Promoting new activities in and around the river

P R O P O S E D R OA D L AY O U T

Commercial Activity

PROPOSED LAYOUT

Active recreation

Trade Fair Building (Alternative) Hotel / Office Areas

Passive Recreation

Proposed Temple Complex and Public Park

0.7

Km

.

KEY PLAN Proposed Public Plaza and art exhibition building

PROPOSED LAYOUT

Travel Time (min.)

5

10 15

Commercial Area, Cafeteria at the end of the bridge joining the existing public Garden

to ay rah W w n o Ho tati S

d

oa

R ore

Renovated Riverside

sh

re Fo

N

Proposed Bridge Connection

Place for evening River Worship

Travel Time (min.)

Public Garden

EXISTING LAYOUT Calcutta Swimming Club

HOWRAH SIDE Underused Factory Lands Blocking the Riverside and projecting poor urban edge

30-45 15 Ferry stop

30

Temple

Existing Typology Landmark Vehicular Road Intervention area 96

Eden Garden Stadium

KO L K ATA S I D E

Way to Kolkata CBD

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED BRIDGE AT RAMKRISHNAPUR GHAT The aim is to create the bridge as a public realm for social and economic cohesion between the two cities and addressing the lack of public places. Moreover the construction of this bridge will make the traffic lesser on the Howrah Bridge and Second Hooghly Bridge, which are already reaching around the maximum traffic limit on those bridges and creating structural issues.

PROPOSED SCENARIO

S C H E M AT I C S E C T I O N O F THE BRIDGE Food stalls on the bridges to promote local economy and attract visitors Two way light traffic

Proposed Public Plaza and art exhibition building

Passive Recreation

Renovated and creating more ‘Ghats’ (flight of steps leading to river)

Active recreation

Promoting new activities in and around the river

Proposed ‘Living Bridge’ with cafeterias under the bridge

Cycle lane to promote cycling facility between the two city and

Creating a temple complex and fostering cultural activities around the existing temple

Commercial Activity

5 m.

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15 m.

5 m.

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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

INTERVENTION SITE S IBPU R BA ZA R S T REET

This street has been choosen to develop in a short term. As this stretch represents the typical condition of all the streets in the surrounding neighborhood, developing this street can set a prototype to implement around. Beside uplifting the living condition in those neighborhoods, this will also show how to connect the rejuvenated neighborhood streets with the river by a series of urban landscapes.

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0.7

5K

m.

BOOKS AND FOOD SHOPS

KEY PLAN

N Typology of spaces

Retail Market

Landmark

School

Bus stop Intervention area Proposed mobile market location

Intervention Site

USERS’ VIEWS

Students It’s very crowded and noisy street.

Disturbing environment for school. It’s very slippery in rainy days as the vegetable wastes are thrown on the road only.

Need to walk with the cycles because of crowded street.

Residents It’s a very chaotic street all the time. Using cars for emergency purposes also is very problematic.

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Shopkeepers Because of growing demand, the market is there for a long time. The stall prices are cheap.

Informal hawkers creat most congestion and block the drainage with wastes.

Commuters It takes a lot of time in rikshaw or bicycle to travel in this road.

The shopkeepers start fighting if anything get touched by chance.

Vegetable and Fruits market

Mayor “The civic body can set up a permanent market only on land that belongs to the corporation. There is no HMC land in that area, so we cannot think of building a market there.”

D OA R T

G.

SHOPPING MALL

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SIBPUR BAZAR - A SHOPPING STREET WITHIN A NEIGHBORHOOD 300 yrs. old Dharmaraj Temple

Rikshaw stand

Rickshaw Commuters

Ground Floor Fruits Market

Scooter & cycle parkings

Informal Flower Market

School Goers

Informal Vegetable Selling

Ground Floor shops

Average 15-18 feet Road width

FO RE

SH

OR

E

RO AD

DERELICT INDUSTRIAL LAND

Proposed Shopping complex to rehabilitate informal shops

E X I S T I N G U R B A N FA B R I C

DERELICT INDUSTRIAL LAND 101

Proposed Temple Plaza and renovated temple Proposed Community centre building

PROPOSED LAYOUT Proposed shopping area at the ground floors

Proposed Shifting of the street at this stretch to form a temple plaza Proposed Pocket Plaza

EXISTING LAYOUT http://timesofindia.indiatimes. com/city/kolkata/Dreamroad-hidden-from-city/ articleshow/11721028.cms

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Changing the ground floor to market place and extending the buildings by one floors to accomodate the current functions.

Commercial Activity

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED POCKET P L A Z A A N D R E N OVAT E D TEMPLE COMPLEX

Restructuring existing rikshaw stand

Creating a Plaza at the place of informal market Creating a Community Centre to start the community led publicrealm scale projects

Passive Recreation

Creating a temple complex and fostering cultural activities around the existing temple

Proposed Community-run Cafeteria to engage the local people and promoting local economy.

Active recreation

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PROPOSED LANDUSE MAP

EXISTING PATTERN

Residential Industrial Commercial Institutional Hospitals Entertainment Religious

PROPOSED PATTERN

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PROPOSED LAND OWNERSHIP MAP

EXISTING PATTERN

West Bengal State Government Kolkta Port Trust South Eastern Railway PROPOSED PATTERN

Community Land Trust

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07

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CONCLUSION

This thesis project started with my personal interest in the site area of Howrah, once termed as ‘Sheffield of the East’ for its flourished industrial background and now is a decaying city in spite of having all the potentials of development. Through my study in the University of Sheffield and by engaging with the city through various real projects related to the regeneration of this post industrial city, and through discussions with my supervisor about his research interests regarding the urban fringes motivated and guided me through the whole process of this research project. Moreover, discussion with Mr. Anis Mukhopadhyay, an expertise in Development Economics, Urban/Rural Sociology of University of Calcutta, Kolkata, provided me with detailed socio-economic knowledge of the city, which helped me to analyse the concerns and potentials in an informative way and guided me through the selection of sites and related existing researches on that area.

Although I started with a focus to design spatial strategies for the rejuvenation of the whole city, the time constraints of three month to finish the project provided me with the viewpoint to establish the typologies of the spaces through the city and neighborhood scale site analysis first and then to design prototypes of interventions by following which the whole city can be rejuvenated in an incremental way starting from the underused/unused industrial areas, riverfronts and unplanned overcrowded neighborhoods.

Investigation of the various development projects for the city has helped me to conclude the reasons of the unimplementation of those strategies as the complex organizational structure, top down development projects, unawareness of the citizens about the built environment, market led development, lack of skilled participative approach in the design process and lack of private and citizen led initiative for development.

These reasons of stagnation in the urbanization along with the lack of dedicated public spaces in the city have inspired me to design the public realms as the starting point of my design proposals and thereafter proposing place-led development around the public spaces for creating an inclusive and sustainable neighborhood. Moreover, this placemaking approach has the capacity of creating small scale projects, establishing the citizens’ trust and in turn developing the social and economic context in a bottom-up approach.

Therefore establishing the theoretical framework and choosing the precedent studies were very crucial to inform the proposals. The weekly tutorials with my supervisor and analysis of the city and neighborhood scale data in a design-led approach have helped me to critically engage with the site. Moreover, discussion with Mr. Mukhopadhyay about the findings through email and online blog has helped me to understand the pros and cons of the site from his knowledge in the research field of Howrah. All these aspects, along with my internet based research about other regeneration projects have helped me to finalize the focus of my theoretical and precedent studies, which has been truly beneficial in forming the framework for the tangible and intangible strategies and interventions of rejuvenation.

The time limitation of the project and inability of visiting the site frequently have been the reasons for restricting the analysis process to the available data only and inability to test the interventions on the sites through participatory ways. I believe this research to develop an effective approach to start the rejuvenation process by developing a model of place-led development, can contribute to the existing knowledge of the urban development of this city from the lenses of methodology, qualitative research and literature review framework, approach to design and framing action plans for implementing the strategies. Finally, this research has shaped my gathering, analysing and proposing skills and has equipped me with more passion about the urban development and the city Howrah.

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