THE STMN | JULY 4, 2023|

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Embracing Equality The Uniform Civil Code -

Introduction

In a diverse and multicultural country like ours i.e. India, the need for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) has long been a topic of debate and deliberation.

The Uniform Civil Code refers to a set of secular laws that would govern personal matters across all religious communities. Currently, different religious communities in India follow separate personal laws, such as the Hindu Marriage Act, the Muslim Personal Law, and the Christian Marriage Act. These laws are based on religious scriptures and customs, and they often differ in their provisions regarding marriage, divorce, and inheritance.

Proponents argue that a Uniform Civil Code would promote social harmony by treating all citizens equally, irrespective of their religious background. It would eliminate gender-based discrimination by ensuring equal rights and protection for women. It would also simplify the legal system, reduce conflicts between different personal laws, and provide a consistent framework for resolving disputes.

Beginning of Uniform Civil Code

Before the country was divided, the issue of constitutionalizing the requirement for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) was up for discussion. Between February and April 1947, the subcommittee on Fundamental Rights held its first meeting. Modernists as well as extremist Hindu nationalists made demands for a uniform civil code. Minoo Masani, a Parsi-individual from Congress from Bombay, and Amrit Kaur, a Christian-individual from Congress who addressed CP and Behar, together requested that the arrangement be remembered for the justiciable piece of the constitution so it very well may be enforceable by court.

Vartika

That’s what they contended “One of the factors that has kept India back from advancing to nationhood has been the existence of personal laws based on religion which keep the nation divided into watertight compartments in many aspects of life.” However, the majority of subcommittee members opposed this demand, and it was recommended that the provision be included in the constitution’s Directive Principles section.

The disagreement over the fundamental question of the relationship between unity and uniformity was only one aspect of the discussion in the Constituent Assembly. The subsequent angle is connected with the job of the constitution in advancing social, strict and social changes. On the one side stood individuals, who wished to utilise the legitimate power and status of the constitution to adjust strict traditions and advance secularisation and lawful consistency among every single strict gathering. On the opposite side were the individuals who accepted that a constitution ought to mirror the soul of the country as it at present was and shouldn’t force profound social and social changes.

Different Arguments

The adoption of a uniform civil code is opposed by a number of arguments and perspectives.

A move against Secularism

It is somewhat absurd to expect people of different cultures and traditions to act in accordance with the same laws in India, a country with numerous languages and traditions.

India’s pride in its integrity in the face of diversity serves as the foundation for the argument. For keeping up with variety, we want to regard each minority network’s individual decisions and regulations. This is why this nation has been able to live in peace for so long. The inquiry that we want to pose to ourselves is that regardless of whether the infringement of individual regulations is adequate. When dealing with this issue, we should also be practical. The difficulty of this problem stems from the fact that there are 14.2% Muslims in India, and any attempt to implement UCC has met with significant opposition and scrutiny from their side. Therefore, imposing the majority Hindu viewpoint on them is unfair. A mainstream India is what the initial architects guaranteed when they formed the Constitution and that is the thing the minority is requesting for. When deciding whether or not to violate individual law, the government must consider the feelings of the minority population.

In the milestone judgement of S. R. Bommai v Association of India Supreme Court explained the concept of Secularism as,

“The Constitution has chosen secularism as its vehicle to establish an egalitarian social order. Secularism is part of the fundamental law and basic structure of the Indian political system.”

Encroachment of individual religious laws

The Muslim community strongly opposes the government’s move, claiming that the UCC would gravely violate their personal laws and cause irreversible harm to their religion and its laws.

The fact that merging all personal laws into a single code would violate the personal laws of the majority of minority religions is a strong argument against the Uniform Civil Code’s implementation.

We will have an overview of some cases that have happened in the past which served injustice to citizens of India-

Shah Bano (1985)

Shah Bano, a 73-year-old woman, was denied maintenance after her husband divorced her by using triple talaq (saying “I divorce thee” three times). She went to the courts, and both the District Court and the High Court gave her a favourable ruling. This prompted her better half to appeal to the High Court saying that he had satisfied every one of his commitments under Islamic regulation.

Under the All-India Criminal Code’s “maintenance of wives, children, and parents” provision (Section 125), which applied to all citizens regardless of religion, the Supreme Court ruled in her favour in 1985. Further, it suggested that a uniform common code be set up.

Sarla Mudgal Case-

In this instance, the question was whether an Islam-adhering Hindu husband who was married under Hindu law could perform a second marriage. The court decided that the Hindu marriage can only be ended for any of the reasons listed in the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955. The marriage was solemnized under Hindu law. According to the act, marrying again after converting to Islam does not automatically dissolve the Hindu marriage. As a result, violating section 494 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) would be considered a second marriage.

John Vallamattom Case

For this situation, a cleric from Kerala, John Vallamattom tested the Sacred legitimacy of Segment 118 of the Indian Progression Act, which is pertinent for non-Hindus in India. According to Mr. Vallamatton, the act’s Section 118 discriminates against Christians because it places unreasonable restrictions on their ability to make will-based donations of property for religious or charitable purposes. The section was ruled unconstitutional by the bench.

Why is it required?

In theory, the UCC would grant citizenship to all citizens, regardless of their community of origin. It is not a new idea, and India’s history contains clues to this. Everyone has the right to equality under our Constitution. India’s social customs and sacred writings endorse many qualities of fairness among people. We must not forget to look back and learn from history as we move forward in development.

Women are disproportionately affected by the personal laws in place at the moment. For instance, ladies don’t have equivalent freedoms to legacy, and now and again, no right to legacy. After independence, pieces of legislation like the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act of 2005 have been used to try to protect these rights.

Over the years, personal laws have come into conflict with fundamental rights in a number of cases. A few of these cases have ended up in court, frequently reviving the debate over the Uniform Civil Code. As of now, individual regulations for every local area are ridiculously unique on how issues like marriage, legacy, and so on., are dealt with. This is in negation with Article 14 of the Constitution, which ensures uniformity under the watchful eye of the law.

Advantages of a Uniform Civil Code

Gender Equality:

One of the primary advantages of a Uniform Civil Code is the potential to establish gender equality. Personal laws based on religious practices often discriminate against women in areas such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The UCC would ensure that women have equal rights and opportunities, irrespective of their religious affiliation. It would promote their empowerment and protect their interests.

Social Cohesion:

India is a diverse country with a multitude of religious and cultural communities. Implementing a Uniform Civil Code would promote social cohesion by creating a common framework that transcends religious boundaries. It would foster a sense of unity and equality among citizens, strengthening the social fabric of the nation.

Individual Rights and Freedoms:

The UCC would uphold the fundamental principles of individual rights and freedoms. It would guarantee citizens the right to choose their personal laws based on their own beliefs and values, rather than being bound by religious dictates. This would enable individuals to exercise their agency and make informed choices regarding matters of personal importance.

Streamlined Legal System:

The current legal system, with its multiple personal laws, often leads to confusion and complexities. A Uniform Civil Code would streamline the legal system, simplifying procedures and making it more accessible to all citizens. It would eliminate the need for individuals to navigate different legal frameworks based on their religious identity, reducing legal disputes and enhancing efficiency.

Challenges and Considerations

Cultural Diversity:

Critics of the Uniform Civil Code argue that it may undermine the cultural diversity and autonomy of different religious communities. They contended that personal laws are deeply rooted in religious traditions and customs, which hold immense significance for many citizens. Imposing a uniform set of laws could be seen as an infringement upon religious freedom and individual identity.

Implementation Challenges:

Implementing a Uniform Civil Code requires careful consideration and comprehensive legislation. It necessitates a delicate balance between the principles of equality and the protection of religious freedom.The process would involve extensive consultations with religious leaders, community representatives, and legal experts to ensure a fair and inclusive framework.

Sensitivity towards Minority Rights

It is crucial to approach the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code with sensitivity towards minority rights. The concerns and interests of religious and cultural minorities must be acknowledged and addressed during the formulation of the code.

Conclusion

A Uniform Civil Code is a significant step towards building an inclusive and progressive society. While it may face challenges and resistance, its potential benefits in terms of promoting gender equality, social cohesion, and national integration cannot be overlooked. The journey towards a Uniform Civil Code requires a delicate balance between respecting cultural diversity and ensuring fundamental rights. With careful deliberation, thoughtful reforms, and a commitment to upholding the principles of justice and equality, India can move closer to achieving a harmonious legal framework that reflects the spirit of its pluralistic society

Manipur’s Mayhem is The Rarest of Rare

- Shreyamsi Brahma

Manipur is caught in a state of anarchy never seen before. Burnt houses, gunfire, and terror-stricken sites continue to take over Manipur since the third of May. Manipur continues to burn despite efforts by the centre, the state, and the paramilitary. As of 22nd June, more than a hundred killings have been recorded with the latest being the IED blast in ‘kwatka’ accompanied by firing. With the saga of violence in Manipur seeming perpetual, the future of the North East’s Jewel seems bleak.

Understanding Manipur’s Ethnic Composition:

Ethnic tensions in Manipur are a long past. In order to understand the situation, we need to know who lives there. The Meitis are the majority in Manipur and the remaining population comprises tribal groups. The most widespread are the Kukis and Nagas who mainly live in the hill districts. Interestingly, the Meitis occupy 10% of the land and are mostly settled in Imphal Valley whereas the hills comprise 90% and are occupied by the tribes. The Meitei community sends 40 of the 60 legislators in the assembly whereas the tribal groups are represented by only 20 legislators in the state assembly. The Meitis are mostly Hindus (vaishnavites) followed by Muslims, while the tribes are classified into various major and sub-tribes of the Naga and Kuki community, who are mostly Christians. The Meitis are not only barred from the special constitutional privileges granted to ST of Manipur but are also prohibited to settle in the hill area of the state under the “Land Reform Act”. These divisions had been suppressed in the 80s with the imposition of the Armed Forces Special Act (AFSPA).

Manipur’s Eviction Order

The sparks first flew in February with an eviction order by the BJP led at the behest of Chief Minister N Biren Singh-led government citing the need to address the drug cartels present and the illegal immigrant. The Manipur government specified the “Manipur Forest Rules 2021” that empowers the state to evict any encroachment/trespass on forest land. The government also clarified that the eviction is carried out on a new settlement.

The inhabitants however argue they have been settled in the area for a long time. The Kukis and Nagas saw this as an anti-tribal move and wider discontentment against the government. The eviction drive was seen as an attempt to deprive tribals of their ancestral land.

Manipur HC’s Controversial Order

The flames were ignited with the Manipur HC order. For the last ten years, the Meitis have been demanding the status of scheduled Tribe (ST). They believe it is necessary to protect their culture, allow them to own lands and have an edge in employment and education. The tribals, however, are resentful and are of the opinion, if meitis get the ST status, they would encroach on their land and lose the edge they had over the meitis in employment and education. Despite the imbroglio, the petition for the ST status of meitis was appealed in the Manipur High Court by the ‘Scheduled Tribe Demand Committee of Manipur’, which started its demand for the ST status of the Meitei community in 2012. The Manipur High Court order passed by a bench of the Acting Chief Justice of the Manipur High Court, MV Muralidharan, seeking directions to the state of Manipur to recommendthe inclusion of the Meiti community Scheduled Tribes list. This added the final fuel to the fire. The Tribal Solidarity March was organised by the ‘All Tribal Students Union’ which soon turned into a macabre sight.

Unmasking Manipur’s political turmoil: The struggle for peace amidst violence.

- Anushka Singh

Introduction

Violence, unrest, and political turmoil have plagued the beautiful northeastern state of Manipur. Manipur, a land of rich cultural heritage and breathtaking landscape bears the scares of a troubled history that demand our attention and understanding. Recently a Union Minister’s house was torched by a violent mob and after a brief lull, violent clashes resumed in parts of Manipur in the past few days. More than 100 people lost their lives and 300 were left wounded in the violent ethnic clash between the Meitei and Kuki community people that broke out a month ago.

Current status of the issue

Clashes first broke out on 3rd May after a Tribal Solidarity March which was organized to protect against the Meitei community’s demand for scheduled tribe (ST) status. Manipur High Court in a verdict directed the state government to decide on this issue. Clashes broke out between Meitei and Kuki communities in the Churachandpur district of Manipur. Internet service was suspended and section 144 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) was invoked. The Indian troops were given a “shoot at sight” order to enforce the curfew. With all this in the valley political parties are in action to target the central government for its failure to handle the situation in the state. Opposition is in action and planning to target the center on the failure of the center to establish law and order and the Prime Minister’s silence. Congress leader Jairam Ramesh in a press conference stated that 10 opposition parties including Congress, AAP (Aam Aadmi Party), AITC (All India Trinamool Congress), NCP (Nationalist Congress Party), CPI(M) (Communist Party of India (Marxist)), Shiv Sena (Uddhav Thackeray faction) among others have submitted a signed memorandum to the Prime Minister, who left for the United States on Thursday.

History and cause

Talking about Manipur the central inhibitable area is called Imphal Valley occupying about 10% of the land area of the state and is dominated by non-tribal Meitei who account for more than 64% of the population of the state and yield 40 out of the state’s 60 MLAs. While a majority of the Meiteis follow Hinduism and some follow Islam, the tribes are largely Christians. The clash was majorly fueled after the Manipur High Court (HC) directed the state to pursue the 10-year-old recommendation to grant scheduled tribe (ST) status to the non-tribal Meitei community. Schedule Tribe status was demanded in 2012 by the Schedule demand committee of Manipur in court. But why do they want to be a part of Schedule Tribes? Meiteis argue that the population of Kuki is growing very fast which is not possible naturally. They argue that they are illegally coming from Myanmar and settling in the forest region which is gradually making Meiteis marginalised. They also argue that Meiteis are not allowed to buy land in the hills as the law bars it however Kukis and Nagas can do the same which is discriminatory. On the other hand, the Kukis and Nagas say that Meiteis are already in the majority and have a solid political representation in the state assembly. They fear that if Meiteis are given ST status they will get a reservation in government jobs which will leave no opportunities for the other tribes.

In 1999 the process to add a community to the Schedule Tribe list was made. According to this if a community wants to get listed as Schedule Tribe, the 1st step is the State or Union territory tribal affairs ministry should send a proposal to the Registrar General of India. Once the proposal is approved by the ORGI the proposal is then sent to the National Commission for Schedule Tribe. After the final approval, an amendment is made to the Constitution modifying and adding the proposed tribe to the Scheduled Tribe (ST) list.

The state of Manipur shares an international border with Myanmar. A recent government report stated there had been the detection of 2000 illegal immigrants from Myanmar. This problem is not new for any of the northeastern states and this even raised the demand for the National Population Register (NRC) in these states. It is accused that these illegal immigrants are also involved in smuggling illegal objects across the border of Myanmar. Manipur is also suffering badly from drug abuse and illegal opium plantation. All this only increases the tension in the valley.

Way forward

The Manipur government on Tuesday further extended the 48 days internet ban for the 10th time and deferred the resumption of normal classes to July 1 instead of 21 June announced earlier. The Central Government imposes Article 355 of the Constitution of India taking control of law and order and security of the state in its hand. The central government also sets up a three-member panel to probe Manipur violence headed by Chief Justice of Guwahati High Court. IAS officer Himanshu Shekhar Das and retired IPS officer Alok Prabhakar are other members.

Conclusion

The violence in Manipur is a stark reminder of the deep-rooted challenges faced by the region. The multifaceted nature of the conflict, fueled by historical, socio-economic, and political factors, demands a comprehensive approach to finding sustainable solutions. While finding the path to peace may be long and arduous, all stakeholders need to engage in open dialogue, foster inclusivity and prioritize the well-being of the people of Manipur. As we reflect on Manipur’s troubled history, let us not lose sight of the resilience and spirit of its people, who deserve a future free from violence and filled with hope. The journey towards the last peace begins with acknowledging the complexities of addressing the grievance and working towards a more inclusive and prosperous Manipur for future generations.

The Ethos behind the many ‘firsts’ in Indian Policy

- Pranav Ambati

Harrowing visuals of chaos and confusion from Balasore rocked the spirit of India on 3rd of June this year –the once peaceful railway tracks now bore the weight of mangled train cars, lying angular and overturned by the impact at which they crashed into one another. A swathe of emergency responders - and locals trying their best to aid rescue officials - moving with urgent precision and combing through the debris in search of survivors.

India’s worst railway accident materialised in the form of Coromandel Express (a passenger train) derailing on to an adjacent track after hitting a stationary freight train, its overturned carriages then causing the incoming

Howrah Superfast Express (also, a passenger train) to land in a similar mishap. Leaving 292 dead and more than 1,000 injured in its wake, the cause of the Balasore tragedy remains yet to be figured out. Two weeks since thetragedy, Indian Railways has transferred 5 top officials from its South Eastern zone, dubbing the move as ‘routine’.

If anything at all, it is dubious – especially given that on May 25, the railways provided a parliamentary standing committee of an optimistic report meant to call attention to the ‘Safety First’ approach. It was thus a matter of no wonder when articles poured out in the days following the triple crash, urging that public policy now orient itself to place the safety of its citizenry first.

Miles upward in the north, a stretch of about 1,850 kilometres traverses a diversified terrain marked by rugged peaks and cascading rivers. Under the early rays of the morning sun, as one climbs northward, green paddy fields make way for rolling hills that draw their crimson shade from Rhododendrons. The air here is crisp, but warmth is infused into it by the nestled villages where colourful prayer flags flutter in the distance. A cultural tapestry is woven by the people who live here – on either side of the international border. A greeting in Tharu responded in Maithili, a call in Bhojpuri answered in Tamang.

At the 2566th Buddha Jayanti, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Lumbini to take part in the laying of the foundation stone for a Buddhist Vihara. With the Nepalese Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal in company, PM Modi’s presence at the site believed to be the birthplace of Gautama Buddha reflected India’s historic ties with Nepal – which in recent times, has been dubbed ‘Roti-Beti ka rishta’. To further bolster the harmony between the two sovereign states, India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy positioned itself such that Nepal occupied a “very special place” - the announcement preceding Prime Minister of Nepal Pushpa Kamal Dahal’s fourth visit to India.

The spiritual concept of Advaita - of oneness and non-duality - asserts that to achieve true growth, a holistic approach is necessary. At the level of an individual, it governed physiological, emotional, mental, intrapersonal and interpersonal growth. Similarly, at an institutional level, it manifests as a model of management connecting leadership, service and beneficiaries. In a newly independent India, this was seen in the five-year plans that laid out different aspects of nation building that would have to be worked upon simultaneously. More recently, grappling with the urgency of relegating priority, it is found to have taken on the approach of meeting out a ‘first’ - or, as is evident, a flurry of firsts.

Akin to the sound bites of ‘Safety first’ and ‘Neighbourhood First’, Indian Policy is filled with many more - be it connectivity, or upliftment, or sanitation - parts of which then go on to form the network of the ‘India first’ governance. What drowns out in the harping over of such catchwords is the question of how a singular entity’s policy can be oriented towards multiple aspects and consistently hold true. It is akin to a man being stretched incessantly at his 4 limbs - can it be expected of him to hold out? The second question that then arises at this juncture is what enables the many ‘firsts’ in Indian policy - the answer to which lies in the ethos of our country, dating back to 6th century CE.

It is not the far-dating spiritual concept alone, however, that is responsible for such developments. Another factor that works in tandem with oneness is the ability to display, assert and maintain authority. While holding true for societies across the globe, it is fueled more by India’s heterogeneity.

A nation as vast and diverse as India is saddled by its own caveats, wherein each demographic, geographic and psychographic group looks to realise the fulfilment of its own facilities. Unto this purpose, the Indian democracy was endowed with the characteristic quasi-federal structure. What this means is that regional parties can devote themselves to help realise the micro-level needs, whereas the larger macro-level ones can be worked upon by the Union. However, given the nature of political ambition and the desire for ‘double-engine government’ - as is touted in political lexicon, policy is utilised to further the image of credibility and capability. Metaphorically, it is diverting water when fire has broken out the latest, albeit forgetting to douse the embers previous where. Frequent exposure means it would only be so long before the multitude of firsts has the effect of a creeping normality on the citizenry of this nation. And as is evident, based on the ethos, it is rather unsurprising to the Indian public for safety, neighbourhood and the country itself to be placed first - all at the same time.

Evaluating the identity and persona

Citizenship Act: of a nation.

India is so oriented towards the campaigning of brotherhood among its citizens, which is warmly welcomed. Surely it is the most common and important sign of the development and growth of a nation. The identity of a person is credited to one’s nation, which provides them with a certificate of living in their domicile. This is what originated the term citizenship, which is meant to differentiate between citizens and non-citizens. Well, it is very hectic and tedious to recognise every individual in the country. Also, this is the most debatable topic in the parliament, where every authority has different opinions. The Citizenship Act came into force in 1955, and it was needed to establish the correlation between citizens residing in the country and foreigners who are willing to stay in India for some reason. It was meant to justify the identities of people who were living in this country before and after partition and those who had migrated after some time.

By - Ayushi Bajpai

Blueprint of the act and crucial amendment of

1985:

Articles 5 to 11 discuss the procedure and demands for getting citizenship in India. But the most controversial factor is illegal migrants who reside at the border of our country, live without any identity, and use the land and resources of our country, which belong to Indian citizens. To overcome this issue, parliament passed an act in 1985, which was the amendment of the Citizenship Act of 1955. This amended act was in line with the Assam accord, which was signed between the government of India and Assam protestors to filter out the illegal migrants from east Pakistan, now Bangladesh.

Specifying the need to gain citizenship in India

Now, discussing the points essential to gain Indian citizenship.

By birth: a person who is born in India on or after January 26, 1950, but before July 1, 1987, will be considered a national citizen irrespective of the nationality of parents.

By descent: a person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, but before December 10, 1992,is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

By registration: the central government can provide registration if essential conditions are fulfilled.

By naturalisation: subject to essential requirements.

By incorporation of territory.

Some special provisions for Assam people: a person who came to Assam before January 1, 1966 from Bangladesh. But before March 25, 1971 , also detected as a foreigner for a period of 10 years, would be accorded citizenship.

Variations in amendments :

This citizenship act has been amended five times with several variations. In 2002 a high level committee on the Indian diaspora, under the chairmanship of LM was constituted. It recommended the amendment of the citizenship act 1955 to provide for grant of dual citizenship to the persons of Indian origin (PIOs) belonging to certain specified countries.

Again in 2015 , it was modified with the provision pertaining to the OCI in the principal act while introducing a new scheme called overseas citizen of India. Till 2019, the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir was based on article 35- A which was specially confined to Jammu and Kashmir residents. In 2019 article 370 of the constitution which had special status to Jammu and Kashmir was abolished and it was declared union territory by the government of India. It must be noted that our constitution forbids dual citizenship, so a person should be having either Indian or foreign citizenship.

Looking upon the snap of foreign survivors:

There are also some more points to discuss, likewise refugees and foreign migrants who are continuing to reside in our country for a longer period of time. Actually many people from eastern Bangladesh and Myanmar are not considered to be part of their territory and are not allowed to utilise their resources which most often force them to migrate. But residing illegally around borders is a point of question. Many times outsiders cross the borders without any ID proof and are detained by authorities which makes their lives worse. Also it is not clear if the person is the perpetrator or terrorist which can be hazardous for our nation’s security. But refugees who are living on the outskirts of borders are not getting enough resources and land, making their lives hell.

Manifesting 2019 forum:

This citizenship act 2019 amendment was based on providing citizenship to persecuted minorities like Hindu , Sikh , Jain , parsis, Christian who were residing in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. However it was strongly condemned by many people for the discrimination against Muslim minorities. This was not enough as the agitation proceeded by introducing the NRC (national register of citizens) which was based on listing out the illegal migrants and foreigners from Assam . It was recommended by the government of India that NRC will be implemented for the whole country but yet it is under consideration. Well it is the basic thing which can be understood that implementation of CAA and NRC will bring only catastrophic results for our nation’s safety. Government should plan the rules and policies according to the provision of all living communities, so that no one should be cornered. It is definitely acceptable that people who are not having any identity for their existence are not citizens of this country but there should be some other methodologies to counter this problem rather than declaring them aliens and deporting them.

Unraveling the Politics of Punjab’s Proposed Amendment to the Sikh

Introduction

Reforming Transformation: Gurudwara Act 1925

- Anushka Singh

Punjab, the land of the Sikh gurus, is witnessing a heated debate surrounding the proposed amendment to the Sikh Gurudwara Act of 1925. This article delves into the historical context, explores the arguments from both sides, and examines the potential implication of the complexities surrounding the proposed amendment and its impact on Sikh religious institutions in Punjab.

About the Law

The Punjab cabinet approved an amendment to the Colonial-era Sikh Gurudwaras Act, 1925 to ensure the free telecast of “Gurbani” from the Golden Temple. The Punjab Assembly on June 20 passed the Sikh Gurudwaras (Amendment) Bill, 2023. Gurbani is a term commonly used by the Sikh Gurus and other Guru Granth Sahib writers. Gurbani is currently broadcast from the Sikh Shrine by PTC, a private channel that is often linked to Shiromani Akali Dal.

Why need an Amendment

The proposed amendment aims to address these concerns by introducing reforms in the governance structure of Gurudwaras. Proponents argue that it will promote democratic principles, enhance community participation, and ensure equitable representation of various Sikh groups. They advocate for greater transparency in the election process and financial management, empowering the Sikh community at large. On the other hand, critics express concerns about the potential politicisation of Gurudwaras, dilution of religious authority, and encroachment upon Sikh traditions and customs. They fear that Political interference could undermine the authority of Gurudwaras and compromise their religious sanctity. Additionally, some argue that the proposed amendment may not address the root cause of mismanagement and corruption but instead create new challenges.

The debate around the Amendment

The proposed amendment has sparked intense debates within the Sikh community and attracted attention from various political and religious organisations. Advocates believe that the reforms will strengthen the voice of Sikh youth, promote inclusivity, and align gurudwara management with democratic principles. They argue that transparency and accountability and necessary for the community’s progress and for combating corruption. However, opponents argue that the proposed amendment risk fragmenting the community and undermining the authority of religious leaders. They emphasize the need to preserve the traditional role of religious bodies and protect Sikh heritage from external influence. Critics also highlight the potential for political parties to exploit gurudwaras for electoral gains, diverting attention from religious practice and deviating from the core principles of Sikhism.

Way forward

Finding common ground amidst divergent opinions is essential for progress toward an inclusive and effective governance framework for Gurudwaras. A balanced approach must consider preserving the core tenets of Sikhism while incorporating mechanisms for accountability, representation, and community participation. A consultative process involving all stakeholders can help shape a consensus-driven amendment that upholds Sikh values and addresses concerns related to mismanagement and transparency.

Conclusion

The ongoing debate surrounding the amendment to Punjab’s Sikh Gurudwara Act 1925 reflects the desire to balance tradition, democratic principles, and community representation striking the right balance is crucial to ensure the effective management and preservation of Sikh religious institutions. All stakeholders must engage in constructive dialogue, focusing on the long-term interests of the Sikh community by nurturing transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, Punjab’s gurudwaras can continue to serve as pillars of faith, unity, and social welfare, upholding the

ART & CULTURE

Significance and impact of yoga and meditation in our society

Recently our Prime minister visited the United States of America to commemorate the yoga day at United Nations headquarters. This visit of our minister is a must thing to check out as Our country is celebrating the 9 years of the origination of international yoga day with full enthusiasm. It was in 2014 when our Honourable Prime Minister of India, Mr Narendra Modi initiated the idea of celebrating Yoga Day for the sake of humanity at the speech of the United Nations General Assembly. It gives an idea of creating awareness among all leaders to propagate this agenda to achieve the best goals for human development. In traditional times yoga was considered to be the best therapy for connecting the mind and soul to the divine which not only keeps our mind fresh but energetic to overcome the pessimism.

The origin of Yoga

The word yoga originated from the Sanskrit “Yuj” which means to attach your body and mind to the divine and completely detach from the outer world.

- Ayushi Bajpai

The idea of practising yoga has come from Rigveda, a Hindu religious text. The purpose of meditation is closely related to the practice of yoga. They both are a good combination of physical, mental and spiritual calmness and help to attain positivity in our personality. It is greatly influencing and appreciable that this practice is adopted by several countries where many people are indulging themselves in this activity.

Historical facts :

Considering the pre-historical evidence of yoga, it has been propounded that Lord Shiva is meant to be structured in the lotus pose with folding hands above his feet and legs.

The basic calculation of yoga unleashing is around 5000 years back. It is observed that yoga practice has been started since 500 BC.

Many historians believe that it was initiated in the period of Buddhism. The idea of stimulating this practice arrived 100 years ago by Maharishi Patanjali who is deemed to be the father of modern-day yoga practice.

Present scenario:

Nonetheless, there is a need to propagate this practice to the local community and metropolitan areas where people are mainly indulging in physical and mental activities. There is a need to make people aware of their body requirements that could maintain their healthy lifestyle. In Urban areas, people are mostly involved in desk jobs which means they are confined to one place only. Therefore it makes them strict to one position only. Hence performing yoga and meditation can improve their metabolism and physical features. The most common yoga practice is pranayam where we have to fold our hands and breathe in and out. There are many types of pranayama like deep breathing, fast breathing, “Anulom vilom”, quiet breathing etc. Some benefits include reducing stress, improving sleep, maintaining blood circulation and retaining potential.

The best poses are listed below

Yoga squat pose: strengthens the lower back and helps to reduce belly fat.

Cat cow poses: it stretches the back and improves the body posture.

Downward facing pose: it relieves back pain and prevents osteoporosis.

Child pose: Also known as balasan. Helps to fight insomnia and gives full relaxation.

Legs up the wall pose: helps to stretch the lower body, especially the legs.

Mountain pose: known as tadasana, helps to improve posture and anxiety issues.

Butterfly pose: it is a very common and popular exercise that helps to maintain the reproductive health of women.

Shavasan: easy yet very important, helps to relax and rejuvenate the complete body and also relaxes the mind.

So these are some common yoga practices that can be proven to be beneficial for our healthy lifestyle. Now talking about meditation it is very easy to perform where one has to just fold their legs in the lotus position and close their eyes with a quiet mind and surroundings. A deep breath pronouncing om is chanted with deep concentration. Therefore it helps to maintain our connectivity with the divine. Well, now talking about the credence of other nations, it is subjected to acceptance and awareness by them.

Contemplation by several other countries:

Although many countries like the USA, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Costa Rica are some of those that have included the yoga practice in their domain. In the United States around 60 percent of the population is engaged in this practice and simplifying their lives with good productivity. Well, our nation is build on the theme of unity and trust, it should be the duty of our citizens to maintain the disciplines of our body and health to achieve the listed goals of our country

Rath Yatra: A rendition of devotion and love for Lord Jagannath

The festival signifies the journey of the devotee’s soul from the material world to the spiritual realm, where they connect with the divine.

It is the month of June and Lord Jagannath along with his siblings is on the way to their Aunt’s home. The magnificent Rath Yatra started in Puri on June 20. The festival is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Krishna, and is celebrated with immense enthusiasm and devotion. Although the Rath Yatra is one of the most important Hindu festivals, the story of how the Yatra started and how Lord Jagannath came into being is unknown to many. The lore of King Indrayumna- A king from Malwa who brought Lord Jagannath among people- and his devotion to Lord Vishnu is omnipresent across the state of Odisha and other parts of eastern India. But the story of Lord Jagannath is still unheard by people of other Indian states, particularly in the North. Through this article, you are going to know why this Rath Yatra means so much to the devotees of Lord Jagannath and how this Yatra came into existence.

- Ritik

The Legends of Lord Jagannath

The legends surrounding Lord Jagannath are found in various Hindu scriptures, particularly the Puranas and the Mahabharata. The story of Lord Jagannath is deeply rooted in Hindu mythology and is associated with the Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha, India. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Jagannath is considered to be a form of Lord Krishna.

The story begins with King Indradyumna - a great devotee of Lord Vishnu- of Malwa in Satyug. He desired to build a grand temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu but didn’t know the exact form in which the Lord should be worshipped. A divine sage, called Narada, instructed the King to carve three idols out of a sacred log that would be found on the shores of Puri. The King followed the instructions and engaged a skilled sculptor named Vishwakarma to carve the idols.

There was, however, a condition. The condition was that the sculptor was not to be disturbed during the carving process, and the King must wait for a specific period. The King agreed and left for his kingdom. But the king’s curiosity made him do what he wasn’t supposed to do. He returned to the site prematurely, only to find the unfinished idols.

The deities were incomplete, lacking hands and feet and there was no way to complete them now. So the King decided to install the incomplete idols in the newly constructed temple which we know today as Jagannath Temple. The temple is among the most important pilgrimage sites in India, attracting millions of devotees. The idols were named Jagannath (Lord Krishna), Balabhadra (Balarama, Lord Krishna’s brother), and Subhadra (Lord Krishna’s sister). It is believed that Lord Krishna Himself appeared before the King in a dream and instructed him not to worry about the incomplete forms. According to Krishna, the unique forms represented the impermanence of worldly existence and the equality of all beings before God.

Tradition behind the Rath Yatra

Rath Yatra or the Chariot Festival, is an important Hindu festival celebrated in the city of Puri, Odisha annually. It holds great religious and cultural significance for the people of Puri and Odisha. It is believed that anyone who pulls the chariots or even touches the ropes receives divine blessings. The festival signifies the journey of the devotee’s soul from the material world to the spiritual realm, where they connect with the divine.

The Rath Yatra started thousands of year’s back. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Jagannath, along with his siblings Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra, embarks on a journey from his temple, the Jagannath Temple in Puri, to the Gundicha Temple, also known as the Garden House or the Aunt’s House. The deities travel in huge chariots, which are pulled by thousands of devotees through the streets of Puri.

The preparations for Rath Yatra begin weeks in advance. The chariots, called raths, are constructed with great care and precision by skilled artisans. The raths are colossal structures made of wood and are brightly painted and decorated. Each chariot is dedicated to a specific deity: Lord Jagannath’s chariot is called Nandighosa and is the largest, Lord Balabhadra’s chariot is referred as Taladhwaja, and Devi Subhadra’s chariot is known as Darpadalana.

On the day of the festival, a ceremonial ritual known as ‘Pahandi’ takes place. In this ritual, the deities are brought out of the Jagannath Temple and carried in a procession to their respective chariots. Once the deities are placed in their chariots, the devotees enthusiastically pull the chariots through the streets of Puri towards the Gundicha Temple, a distance of about 3 kilometres. The chariots are pulled using long ropes, and the devotees consider it an honour and a blessing to participate in this act of devotion. After reaching the Gundicha Temple, the deities are ceremonially placed inside the temple, where the idols stay for the period of nine days. During this time, devotees visit the temple to offer prayers and seek blessings. The return journey of the deities to the Jagannath Temple is known as the ‘Bahuda Yatra’ and follows a similar pattern as the Rath Yatra.

Rath Yatra: India’s soft power

Rath Yatra is not limited to India alone and is celebrated in various parts of the world where there is a significant presence of Jagannath devotees. The festival has gained popularity and is observed by the Indian diaspora in different countries.

In countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, where there are Hindu communities, Rath Yatra is celebrated with fervour. In Bangladesh, the festival is known as “Ratha Jatra” and is observed in Dhaka, the capital city. Similarly, in Nepal, the festival is called “Rato Machhindranath Jatra” and is celebrated in the Kathmandu Valley. Outside the Indian subcontinent, Rath Yatra is observed in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Singapore, among others, where there are significant Hindu populations.

Devotees of Lord Jagannath

The people of Odisha hold a deep reverence and devotion for the Rath Yatra and Lord Jagannath. Rath Yatra is not just a religious event but a grand celebration that brings the entire community together. The yatra holds a special place in the hearts of Odias as it represents the annual journey of Lord Jagannath, along with his siblings, to their aunt’s house. Lord Jagannath is considered the presiding deity of the state and holds immense significance in the hearts of the people. The festival of Rath Yatra is a symbol of their faith and cultural identity.

“Lord Jagannath or Kalia is what I love to call him with devotion has been the most integral part of my life since I was born,” says twenty-one years old Samarpita Satyapathy from Bhubaneswar, Odisha. “For me, he’s my elder brother, might sound cliche but that’s what I consider him. We Odias take great pride in him and believe he’s our guide and mentor, for us, he’s the identity and crucial part of our existence”. Devotees believe that through their devotion to Lord Jagannath, they can attain spiritual enlightenment and liberation. The deity is seen as a protector and benefactor, and people offer prayers and seek blessings for their well-being, prosperity, and fulfilment of their desires. “Kalia (Lord Jagannath) blessed us with his presence in our home and for the last two years we were fortunate enough to celebrate Rath Yatra at our home we have an idol of Kalia, who’s called Patita Pabana, that’s an interesting story for some other time”, added Samarpita.

In Odisha, people have their way of celebrating Rath Yatra and receiving the grace of Lord Jagannath. “On the day of Ratha Yatra, the most interesting thing I look forward to is getting money from our elders. Just like people get Eidis on the day of Eid,” says Pranjeet Raiguru, a twenty-year-old college boy from Balangir, Odisha. “It’s a gift from our elders to go and enjoy the Ratha Yatra. In our house, my grandparents usually watch the live telecast of Ratha Yatra from Puri. Then, we would eat “Sitabhog”- a dessert that is only available on Rathayatra in our city”. The act of pulling the chariots is considered a privilege and an act of devotion. Devotees believe that by participating in the Rath Yatra and touching the ropes, they receive blessings and spiritual merit. “In the evening, we would go out to see the festival and touch the ropes of the “Ratha” for the blessing of Lord Jagannath”, added Pranjeet.

The people of Odisha have a profound and unwavering devotion towards the Rath Yatra and Lord Jagannath. It holds a central place in their religious and cultural practices, creating a strong sense of community, faith, and unity among the people. “Even though I’m not religious, I still know how much Lord Jagannath means to the people of Orissa. I love visiting his temple in Puri and listening to stories about him,” Pranjeet Raiguru said further.

“He lives in our hearts”.

TECHNOLOGY

coWIN’ Data Breach: First Huddle in India’s Digitalization Journey - Shreyamsi Brahma

On June 12th, Malayama Manorama and an Online Portal “The Fourth” stirred concerns about data privacy by reporting a data breach on the coWIN platform via a telegram bot. The personal information of thousands of citizens registered for the COVID vaccination has been made public. Sensitive information such as date of birth and government ID numbers often linked to bank accounts has been compromised. There is an immediate threat to privacy.

‘coWIN’s Sui Generis Case

There have been similar instances in the past. The most significant was the Yahoo data breach in 2013 where over 3 billion emails or passwords were breached. In the domestic realm, data of CAT aspirants, and police exam databases were leaked on the dark web or were up for sale. Healthcare records as well as COVID results in 2021 were leaked on Google for public access. But we must understand, the case with coWIN leak is Sui Generis because coWIN has multiple identity points. Here, the data leaked contains a person’s phone number, their Aadhaar number that cannot be changed, date-ofbirth information, and family details, which too cannot be altered. Recently, several reports of Whatsapp scams have cropped up. These leaks are the way scamsters get access to these mobile numbers. Or by using an Aadhar card number, phishing attacks could be done. The scamsters can also pretend to be bankers and cause financial fraud. The possibilities here unfortunately are endless.

The Government’s Defence

The scale of the breach puts a question mark on the government’s “digital-first vaccination drive”. Despite the Mounting claims, the government has denied the breach. It regarded the claims as “baseless” and “mischievous” However, uncertainty remains as netizens are unable to understand how the telegram bot “true caller” is able to generate sensitive information such as phone no., passport number, Aadhar number, Location where the vaccine doses were administered. Rajiv Chandrashekhar the IT Minister in his tweets claimed the previously stolen data was accessible by the bot. However, The uneasiness is that if the data was previously stolen, how is the generated information unique to COVID? The questions remain unanswered or if answered, then evasively. The government has defended itself by listing down its ways to access the app:

1) A one-time password (OTP)

2) A vaccinator can access the data of a person, and the coWlN system tracks and records each time an “authorized” user accesses the system.

3) Third-party applications that have been provided authorized access to CoWlN APIs

Then it claims that without an OTP, data cannot be shared with the Telegram bot. The Ministry said that coWlN only collects their birth year and that there is no provision to capture a person’s address on coWlN. Only trusted APIs which have been whitelisted by the ‘coWlN’ application are used. The data accessed by Telegram related to ‘coWlN’. Making it seem impossible to be hacked.

How Did The Breach Happen?

The principal question that ensues is how did the data leak happen? Are the government’s claims of no breach correct? The CERT-IN review results say that there was no direct breach in the app. The cyber culprit is the coWIN app itself but what is certain is the role of a rogue bottom telegram app as the government still fails to explain how a bot can access coWIN Specific details.

The lack of transparency in dealing with cases of data breaches is a recurring pattern in the government. Previous incidents of the Employees Provident Fund breach and the ransomware attack on AIMS were denied with opacity by the government.

While the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team continues to investigate, cloudsek- a cyber threat analysis company based in Bengaluru inferred the Telegram bot didn’t have access to the entire coWIN data or its backend data. In fact, the data has been compromised through the credentials of several healthcare workers.

It means when we enter the number in the telegram channel, the bot isn’t actually going to coWIN to retrieve the data but accessing it through a copied database. This means the data generated by the bot has been leaked previously at some point in the past. If we had to assume the size of the database, it should range within 110 crores as that is the number of registration on the ‘coWIN’ app.

We must remember the sufferers are the citizens who registered. Those who registered also had no choice in regard to entering their data in the app. It was either to provide an Aadhar card and get vaccinated or not get vaccinated. The government has to be accountable to the citizens and launch a more efficacious investigation. Such investigations also must be made public.

How Other Countries Would Have Responded?

While on the subject, it is worth noting, if such leaks were to happen in other countries the response would be much more robust. If such leaks were to happen by Facebook or Google, the European Union would enforce heavy fines on these tech giants. The United States has taken a nuanced approach to healthcare privacy laws. Assuring patients of their privacy, and establishing standards for data privacy. Besides this, states such as California have added the feature of allowing individuals to opt out of data sharing and additionally giving them the right to know where and how the data is being shared. In Asia, Japan and South Korea have led the chassis of data privacy laws with the establishment of the detailed personal protection Act.

Looking at the data leaks of the past, the need for a data protection bill in India is urgent. India is transitioning into a data-driven economy with over 600 million users having access to the internet implying more personal information is available in the public domain. Most of these users are from the younger generation or even minors making it much more imperative to protect their privacy. The data protection regime even aligns with the constitution of India. This is cited in the nine-judge bench of SCs Justice KS Puttaswamy’s judgment where the right to privacy was made a part of the Fundamental right. However, the data protection bill continues to remain a draft.

Data Protection Bill draft

The Data Protection Bill draft promises to ensure personal data will be accessed or used only for lawful purposes. Data fiduciaries will be obligated to maintain the privacy of data and even establish a Data Protection Board. The data protection bill will serve as a way to rebuild citizens’ trust in a digital India. Unfortunately, the bill remains a draft and hasn’t been passed as a law yet.

India’s digitalization journey has been remarkable and advertised in plenty by the current BJP-led NDA however ‘coWIN’ leak is a reality check for the path of India’s digitalization. It highlights the need for standardization of data laws. The threat models of companies who are collecting personal data must also share their threat models to rebuild the public’s trust. Establishing a common terminology for discussing security and privacy concepts shall help in educating users about cybersecurity. With a well-structured and law-enforced framework, India can benefit immensely from its digitalization journey.

America’s unwavering support to India, what lies behind this great engagement

By - Aqib Hayat

It isn’t the first time that Modi has visited America, but he has been there on numerous occasions, successfully

forging significant agreements with the USA. However, this visit is not an ordinary one that transpires with any other nation. It encompasses a myriad of interests the USA harbours, aimed at upholding its preeminent status as a superpower vis-à-vis China. Modi’s ongoing visit to the USA marks his inaugural ‘State visit,’ denoting the utmost echelon of diplomatic engagement in the United States. In the parlance of diplomacy, a state visit is an esteemed accolade exclusively reserved for select individuals, such as close confidants or strategic allies.

During his state visit, Modi commenced by participating in a yoga session and subsequently proceeded to Washington DC, where he received a resounding welcome with a ceremonious 21-gun salute. Following his meeting with President Joe Biden, PM Modi delivered an address to a Joint Session of Congress. He also held meetings with Vice President Kamala Harris, American CEOs, and convened with the influential Indian diaspora residing in the USA.

While mainstream media extolled the positive aspects of Modi’s arrival in the USA, there were concurrent demonstrations outside the parliament and the White House, accompanied by vociferous anti-Modi slogans, branding him as a Hindu supremacist and denouncing his welcome. The US media also conducted deliberations and debates concerning India’s democratic track record under Modi’s regime. Furthermore, Modi faced inquiries about his stance on human rights and the treatment of minorities, particularly Muslims in India. Even within Biden’s administration, a substantial contingent of 75 Congress members urged him to address the escalating intolerance within India. The Indian media and government were also rattled by a remark made by Barack Obama pertaining to the safeguarding of Muslim minorities.

Given that these are the facets encompassed within an imperative state visit, one might ponder why the USA remains resolute in nurturing close ties with India. If Biden’s own administration sought to engage Modi in a discussion regarding human rights and the treatment of minorities, why did Biden abstain from doing so? The current ruling Democratic Party has castigated China for its treatment of Uyghur Muslims in the Xinjiang Province, which has significantly strained relations between the two nations.

To unravel these perplexing questions, it becomes imperative to discern America’s vested interests in India. Could there be underlying ulterior motives driving this proximity? What momentous agreements have been forged that pose an equal threat to China? Moreover, could America’s NATO+ proposition inadvertently drive a wedge between India and Russia? Lastly, what precisely constitutes India’s strategic approach?

America tries to seek the favour of India and wants to capture Indian Market

As numerous American realist scholars have advised, in international politics, morality holds no sway. States engage in relations solely based on national interest. Given India’s status as the most populous country in the world, it possesses the largest market and is poised to become the world’s third-largest economy. The USA seeks to tap into this market before any other presence solidifies in the region.

India also presents the United States with a multi-billion dollar market, owing to its massive population. One noteworthy agreement between the two countries is the ‘Jet engine deal.’ Despite the USA’s standard practice of signing such deals only after establishing a security treaty, it is sharing this classified technology with India. This deal involves USA’s General Electric and India’s HAL, a public sector aerospace and defence company. Under this agreement, 80% of the technology will be transferred to HAL to aid in manufacturing, and the same engine will be utilised in India’s indigenous

MARK II fighter plane. Additionally, the USA has provided India with 31 MQ-9B Safeguardian Reaper drones, with a total cost of US $3 billion. These drones will enhance India’s surveillance capabilities along the India-China border, the Indian Ocean, and Pakistan. Another significant deal is the establishment of Micron’s $2.7 billion testing plant in Gujarat, with the Indian government offering $1.34 billion in production-linked incentives.

It is worth noting that India secured the Micron deal due to China’s rejection of its manufacturing, citing security concerns, and their government’s prohibition on companies purchasing Micron’s products. Negotiations are still ongoing to announce a deal between Micron and the Indian government to establish semiconductor manufacturing units. The total goods and services trade between the US and India amounted to an estimated USD 146.1 billion in 2019, which skyrocketed to over USD 192 billion within a year by 2022. Clearly, America recognizes the advantages of accessing India’s vast and cost-effective market. It is also important to highlight that the USA has overtaken China to become India’s foremost trading partner.

It is imperative for India to counter China’s ascent as a superpower.

Following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the USA stood alone as the sole unipolar superpower in the world. Renowned scholars such as Francis Fukuyama famously penned “The End of History,” symbolising the triumph of liberalism over all other ideologies. However, during this period, China has grown increasingly powerful and emerged as a formidable challenge to American dominance. Consequently, the United States urgently requires a dependable strategic partner, leading them to seek India’s collaboration. Numerous reasons underpin this alliance, including the principle of “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” The ongoing faceoff between China and India, coupled with unresolved border tensions that have escalated in recent years, contributes significantly to this partnership.

Another factor is America’s opposition to China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which seeks to exert influence over the entire South Asian region, potentially ensnaring it. Moreover, China’s aggressive actions in the South China Sea and its expansionist policies in the region further fuel the need for American collaboration with India to neutralise China. Leveraging India’s prominent role in the digital technology sector, the US aims to establish India as an alternative supply chain hub to China, a move that would significantly impact the Chinese economy.

Abandoning the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the US insists that India join NATO+.

On May 27th, the US House panel put forth a proposal for India to join NATO+. NATO Plus represents a security arrangement comprising NATO and five other countries, namely Australia, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, and Israel. India’s inclusion in NATO+ would undoubtedly benefit America greatly. However, India adheres to Nehru’s Non-Aligned Policy, maintaining its stance of buying cheap oil from Russia while procuring drones from America. This ‘India first’ policy has persisted since Prime Minister Nehru’s time. A US congressional report recommended that the US and its allies formulate a joint plan to counter China, wherein India can play a pivotal role. Interestingly, while the US voices its intent to impose sanctions on China, it continues to engage in record-high trade worth $690 billion USD with China, presenting a hypocritical stance.

India must maintain a safe distance from all parties, unwavering in its commitment to the non-aligned policy and strategic autonomy, unlike Pakistan, which pursued an opposite approach with dire consequences.

The Indian diaspora’s significant influence in American politics.

The growing closeness between America and India can also be attributed to the sizable Indian diaspora in the United States. Although comprising only 1% of the total population, the Indian community contributes 6% of the tax revenue. Over 40 elected officials are of Indian descent, including Vice President Kamala Harris, and there are more than 35 Indian judges in the USA, a remarkable achievement in itself. Moreover, the diasporic population wields considerable influence in the business sector. Additionally, over 130 individuals of Indian origin hold positions in the Biden administration.

Can America be trusted? A glimmer of hope!

India’s relations with Russia since the Cold War have been substantial. However, as Russia’s superpower status gradually diminishes, finding a reliable ally becomes a challenge for India. Here comes the USA, offering India unwavering support. However, India cannot accept this friendship blindly. It is crucial for India to acknowledge its past encounters with America. Following India’s nuclear tests, America imposed sanctions and refused to provide cryogenic technology.

It is also worth noting that India played a pivotal role in liberating Bangladesh from West Pakistan. During that time, the USA deployed its troops to the Indian Ocean and issued a warning of potential attacks on India if it failed to align with American demands. Moreover, it is an undeniable fact that American friendship is primarily motivated by materialistic needs and self-interest, rather than shared values.

Nevertheless, there are positive signs for India’s improved relations with America, as India is finally achieving its long-held aspirations. Several lucrative deals with American companies are underway, positioning India as a manufacturing powerhouse. Additionally, despite a history marred by the US nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan’s relations with America have significantly improved. Japan has even become a member of NATO+, alongside four other countries.

Matter of perceptions: Indian aspirations amid US State Visit

- Pranav Ambati

From the front pages of top national dailies across the country, to a flurry of notifications on smartphones from installed news apps - the Indian media was abuzz about Narendra Modi’s first State visit to the United States during his tenure as the Prime Minister of the Republic of India. While kindling interest, organisations also made sure to educate the common person about how this visit was unlike Modi’s 2019 rally in Houston, Texas, or the three-day tour at the White House in September of 2021 before the Quad Summit. Such was the significance that even India’s neighbour, China had much to say - top diplomat Wang Yi in an opinion piece carried by the Global Times wrote, “... {China} is of the concern that the US attempts to use India as a bulwark against China.”

While it may appear at first glance to be routine considering the tumultuous relation India and China share, a deeper contemplation provides for an interesting line of inquiry in the study of India’s statecraft in the global scenario, particularly as to how India’s aspirations are perceived by the global circles it finds itself to be a member, for instance the G20. Conversely, a unique perspective could arise from those groups it is not a part of - such as the exclusionary G7.

Among the stream of announcements in the run-up to Modi’s maiden State visit were statements dispatched by Micron Technology and other corporations dealing in semiconductor manufacturing. This is in line so-far with India vying to replace China as the hub of mass production not only in the Asian subcontinent, but also inch closer to non-traditional export rivals such as Japan and Malaysia who maintain a stronghold in the realm of international trade by value - respectively commanding of share of $11.1 billion and $9.43 billion, as of 2021. It can also be said that of the bilateral talks between PM Modi and US President Joe Biden, India’s objection to the CHIPS and Science Act for restricting equal access to technology will be duly discussed.

While India’s tryst with semiconductors dates to the 1970s, the recent surge in demand and what explains India’s rush to gloss over the exposed vulnerabilities in its supply chain can be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that every individual now spends quantifiable day parts with technology for economic and recreational purposes - in a country of over 1.4 billion, semiconductors are no longer on the peripherals but occupy centricity under the touted ‘Industry 4.0.’ A case-in-point is the sanctioning of Rs. 76, 000 crores by the union government in December of 2021 as part of its PLI scheme.

Following on heels in matters of weightage is the strengthening of defence ties, primarily via procurement of maritime ordnance. Reuters previously reported that India had expressed its interest in America’s Sea Guardian drones, a deal worth $3 billion. Council of Foreign Relations opines that the US is extremely wary of selling its arms - even to allies, adding that the move signifies India’s entry “into the US defence orbit.” All the same, it would be superficial to pronounce that the agreement’s fruition would drive a wedge into India and Russia’s time-tested partnership that dates back to the times of the USSR. Underneath the veneer is India diversifying its array of ordnance by securing necessary munitions from sources that can spend - something the ex-Soviet nation currently finds itself unable to as the war with Ukraine slugs on. Russia omitting any mention of Indian reliance on the US while addressing its plans to meet India’s crude oil demand is self-indicative.

Over in Europe, these recent developments make for many impressions and, inevitably, apprehensions. France, which was hailed as India’s “new best friend” in 2019 by researchers at the Hudson Institute, may celebrate its presence in India’s aviation sector, especially with the record 250 flights being bought by Air India from Airbus at the Paris Air Show - but it will do so with a careful cognizance of the Tata-owned airline also having sought 220 flights from US-based rival manufacturer Boeing. For the UK, India overtaking it as the fifth largest economy in the world is an undoubted sore point. India is UK’s second-largest financier, but UK ranks 18 among India’s trading partners; while many including India are vocalising reducing trade in dollar to curb high exchange rates, the demand for dollar is still high compared to the pound. Likewise, the bonanza of a pilot H-1B visas which can be domestically renewed by Indian professionals working in the US - the significant decision comes up as a lucrative option for the Indian man, in stark comparison to UK’s new law set to be enforced starting January 2024 aiming at placing restrictions on dependent family members while the visa holder’s study at any British institution.

What then of the way the G7 perceives the rapid expansion of ties between India and the United States? Is its belief that of ‘rapid’ at all, or does the model acknowledge the gradual changes in its own political significance that bolstered India’s ascendence to being termed the G7’s “natural ally”? Germany no longer has an Angela Merkel to raise voice in confident assertion of the Republic’s sovereignty, while Trudeau vows to stand “shoulder-to-shoulder” with America. Not to mention, the new far-right Italy tips-off a more favourable future for India.

But the perception that should mean the most to India is that of its own citizens - who find themselves informed of a new turn in ties each day. More Indians find themselves “glocalized” - to say and aspire to tread the globe while not defining themselves strictly as either populists or neoliberalists. While the effects of an Indian State visit to the US will not have immediate tangible effects for the populace, the image of ties furthering in a perceptible direction will certainly have much to say.