Temporary Architecture/ Design Dissertation Electives

Temporary Architecture Design Dissertation Electives

Siddharth Bapna Semester 9 Lokmanya Tilak Institute of Architecture & Design Studies

A Design Dissertation Electives Report Submitted by Siddharth Bapna Under the guidance Prof. Om Merchant

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture in

Lokmanya Tilak Jankalyan Shikshan Sanstha’s

Lokmanya Tilak Institute of Architecture and Design Studies

Plot no. 22 & 23, Vikas Nagar, Sector – 5, Koparkhairane, Navi Mumbai, 400709

Affiliated to University of Mumbai November 2020

Lokmanya Tilak Jankalyan Shikshan Sanstha

Lokmanya Tilak Institute of Architecture and Design Studies

Plot no. 22 & 23, Vikas Nagar, Sector – 5, Koparkhairane, Navi Mumbai, 400709

Certificate This is to certify that the Dissertation Electives titled

Temporary Architecture

_________________________________________________ Is the bona-fide work of

Siddharth Bapna __________________________________________ Of the Final Year B. Arch. Semester (IX) and was carried out in the college under my guidance and here by partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of the Bachelor of Architecture Under University of Mumbai Name of Guide : Prof. Om Merchant

Name of Principle : Prof. Harish Setty

Signature of Guide Date: 11/11/2020

Signature of External juror

Signature of External juror

Signature of Principal & College Seal

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “Temporary Architecture” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student : Name of the Student: Siddharth Bapna Exam Roll No: A 01 Date: 11th November, 2020 Place: Koparkhairane, Navi Mumbai *The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: • The verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • The close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • Unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; • The deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

List of Figures Figure 01.

Temporary architecture diagram Figure 02.

Illustration of a pavilion Figure 03.

Illustration of a pavilion Figure 04.

Flexible spaces in a building Figure 05.

Flexibility in architecture Figure 06.

Modular Architecture : Concept model, Japanese Metabolist Movement Figure 07.

Nagakin Capsule Tower, Tokyo Figure 08.

Process of design for disassembly Figure 09.

The barn during lowland festival Figure 10.

Elevation of the restaurant Figure 11.

Pallet racks used as structural member Figure 12.

Recycled plastic furniture Figure 13.

Isometric view of the barn Figure 14.

Elevation : Bags of grains weighing down the structure Figure 15.

Elevation of the Raum pavilion Figure 16.

Plan of the Raum pavilion Figure 17.

Recycled plastic panels used as flooring Figure 18.

Polycarbonate panels as facade Figure 19.

Elevation of the pavilion Figure 20.

Front elevation of the Green House Figure 21.

View of the indoor vertical farming Figure 22.

View of the restaurant Figure 23.

Ground floor plan of the Green House Figure 24.

View of the restaurant Figure 25.

Sectional view of the Green House Figure 26.

Materials used for construction of the Green house Figure 27.

Construction of the Green House Figure 28.

View of the Green House Figure 29.

External view of Building D(mountable) Figure 30.

Materials used for construction Figure 31.

Section through the building Figure 32.

Plans of the building Figure 33.

Construction timeline Figure 34.

Front elevation of the courthouse Figure 35.

View of the courthouse Figure 36.

View of the main staircase Figure 37.

View of the connecting bridge Figure 38.

Isometric view of the adaptable generic construction Figure 39.

Section of the building Figure 40.

View on the first floor Figure 41.

External view of the Willow Theatre Figure 42.

Plan of the theatre Figure 43, Section A Figure 44.

Section B Figure 45.

Theatre at the courtyard of the college building Figure 46.

Internal view of the theatre Figure 47.

Materials used for the construction of the theatre Figure 48.

View of the Dadad market Figure 49.

Configurable plan of the market Figure 50.

Construction of the modules Figure 51.

View of the market Figure 52.

View of the collective dwellings Figure 53.

Elevation of the structure Figure 54.

Pile foundations Figure 55.

Plans of the modules Figure 56.

Modular construction

01 02 03 07 08 10 10 11 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 17 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 28 28 29 30 30 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 39 39 40

Figure 57.

Prefabricated modules placed on site Figure 58.

Elevation of the building Figure 59.

Plan of the building Figure 60.

Process of assembly and disassembly Figure 61.

View of the learning centre Figure 62.

View of the community centre Figure 63.

View of the food market Figure 64.

Internal view of the learning centre Figure 65.

Prefabricated modules Figure 66.

Residents at the hosuing complex Figure 67.

View of the housing complex Figure 68.

Internal view of the module Figure 69.

Isometric plan of the housing complex Figure 70.

Night view of the pavilion at Mahim beach Figure 71.

Community engagement at the pavilion Figure 72.

Rope ties as the primary joinery Figure 73.

Section Figure 74.

Elevation Figure 75.

Plan Figure 76.

Community engagement at the Pavilion Figure 77.

Community engagement at a park in Mumbai Figure 78.

Front elevation of the Pavilion Figure 79.

Foundation Piles as structural members Figure 80.

Standard size timber with rachet straps Figure 81.

Section Figure 82.

Exploded view with the materials used Figure 83.

Section Figure 84.

Reused steel diagonal braces holding the timber framework Figure 85.

Recycled Plastic Shringles used as facade Figure 86.

Plan Figure 87.

The Maha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj in 2013 Figure 88.

Aerial photo of the entrance/

main corridor of the Juna Akhara Figure 89.

Main corridor to the Sacred Space - Temple Figure 90.

Modular enclosures made using simple generic materials Figure 91.

Combination of different generic materials

create multiple typologies of structures Figure 92.

Timeline - Deployment Process. Diagram by Author Figure 93.

Pilgrims use the pontoon bridges to cross the river Figure 94.

1 meter wide steel plates assembly on site Figure 95.

Aerial view of the Mela

40 41 41 41 42 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 53 53 54 55 55 56 56 57 58 58 58

Table of Contents - Temporary Architecture Diagram .................................................................................. 01 A. Temporary Architecture Overview................................................................................ 02

B. Aim .................................................................................................................................. 04 C. Scope .............................................................................................................................. 04 D. Forms of Temporality .................................................................................................... 05 E. Flexibility in Architecture .............................................................................................. 07 F. Modular Construction ................................................................................................... 09 G. Design for Disassembly ................................................................................................ 11 H. Case Study ..................................................................................................................... 13

1.0 Brassiere 2050 Restaurant ................................................................................... 13

2.0 Sustainable RAUM Pavilion................................................................................... 16

3.0 The Green House ................................................................................................. 18

4.0 Building D(Mountable) .......................................................................................... 23

5.0 Temporary Courthouse ......................................................................................... 27

6.0 Willow Theatre ..................................................................................................... 31

7.0 Dadad Market ...................................................................................................... 35

8.0 Rigot Collective Dwelling Centre .......................................................................... 38

9.0 Onagawa Temporary Housing .............................................................................. 42

12.0 Kumbh Mela ....................................................................................................... 54

I.

Analysis and Conclusion ............................................................................................. 59

10.0 BMW Guggenhiem Museum .............................................................................. 46 11.0 People’s Pavilion ................................................................................................ 50

- Bibliography

Temporary Architecture Overview

Flexibility in Architecture

Transformable Architecture Movable/ Portable

Re - Adaptable Architecture Multi-functional Spaces

Convertible Architecture Modular Structures

‘Benefits’ ‘Sustainability’

‘Aim’ & ‘Scope’

Design for Disassembly

Forms of Temporality

‘Key Principles’

Different Location

‘Detailed Strategy’

Changeable Use Once-off Existence

Reuse Architecture

Materiality

Material Life Cycle ‘Circular Buildings’

Events Phase or Position

Recycle Architecture

Recycleable Building Materials Architecture for Emergency

Figure 01. Temporary Architecture Diagram

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A. Temporary Architecture Overview Temporary architecture if defined in simple word is the fields of architecture were the structure last only for a limited period of time. Temporary architecture is one of the most significant fields of architecture since the past and the structures, circumstances, and events quickly appear and disappear, but they are designed to invest and embed themselves in a society, public space or set of ideas. Temporary architecture is often been misrepresented and is now synonymous with shipping containers, street food and music festivals, and the buzzword ‘pop-up’. But there is a long history, continuing today, of a more holistic temporary architecture that deals with fundamental questions of how we might live, work and play more harmoniously together. They open up possibilities, test scenarios and subvert preconceptions of what your cities should be like and how we should behave in them.

If we can accept a working definition of architecture as “enclosed space for human occupancy”, then, “temporary architecture” would be “enclosed space for short term human occupancy.”

If we take temporary architecture to be something that is not permanent, then it has been around in one form or another since time immemorial, from prehistoric wooden huts and shelters, through medieval stage sets, circuses and world fairs, to the mobile home and post-war prefabs, and wartime and disaster relief. In contemporary architecture we are more familiar with temporary exhibitions and pavilions. Temporary architecture isn’t purely pop-ups and pretty pavilions, disappearing as quickly as they appear; it can also be something far subtler, involving a wide range of participants and stakeholders working together with deeper social ambitions for our shared public spaces.

Figure 02. Illustration of a pavilion

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‘Temporary construction’ also plays an important role in architecture and design, for example: the form, work and scaffolding used during construction and maintenance of permanent buildings as well as the temporary structures used for events and exhibitions.

Temporary architecture serves a different purpose from permanent architecture, its essential function has been to stand as an advertisement, conveying a political, social or commercial message. Once the occasion for the message had passed, so did the architectural messenger.

The Industrial Revolution accompanied by urbanization and the mechanization of labour, freed individuals from toil and resulted in the need for new and different forms of architecture and experiences. Today the industrial era is giving way to a technologically inspired and knowledge-based society in which definitions of concepts like ‘temporality’ and ‘permanence’ are again being redefined.

A clue towards defining temporary and permanent architecture can be found in the intention. Comparing a structure, built with the knowledge that it will be erased soon after planning and expecting its demise; to a structure built with the intention that it should last indefinitely. Sometimes, when structures outlast their expectations, continue to be used or become socially or culturally important. That which was intended to be temporary, cross over to permanence. Examples like the Eiffel Tower built in 1889 which was intended only as a temporary demonstration piece as the entrance arch to The World Fair.

Figure 03. Illustration of a pavilion

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B. Aim > The Aim is to understand in detail the design and other various aspects of Temporary Architecture with respect to flexibility, re-adaptability, portability, reversibility, disassembly etc. of the building during its intended use and also after the use. > To study in detail the various construction techniques, joineries and also the timeline of construction of the structures with respect to the concept of ‘temporality’ through various cases. > To study and understand the concept of a ‘Circular Building’ and study about the various sustainable building materials and their life cycle - ‘Building Material Life Cycle’.

C. Scope > A detailed study of various forms of temporality like location, changeable use, event, materiality etc. through different cases can help form the ‘temporary’ as well as the ‘permanent’ part of the cultural event space. > The detailed study of various construction techniques and joineries like dry joints that have minimal impact on the materials used and also the site, and allow for effecient reuse of both - materials and site - after the intended use. > Study of materials life cycle and concept of circular buildings can be useful to finalize the construction materials for the ‘temporary part’ as well as the ‘permanent’ with respect to sustainability and the disassembly in later stage - Identification of materials that are easy to recycle and reuse after the event.

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Temporary & Once-off Existence

These are once-off disposable structures that will be thrown away or cease to exist. Structures that are constructed with the intention of being de-constructed never to be assembled again.

Examples are once-off events, pavilions, promotions, launches, exhibitions, insertions, sets, decor and installations.

Temporary & Changeable Use

These are permanent structures of which the use or program change over time. Certain permanent structures are not used continually or the use changes. In the realm of architecture a permanent structure does not guarantee that it will be permanently occupied. Examples are theatres, holiday homes, expo, event and exhibition centres, as well as vacant or abandoned spaces.

Design for Disassembly

These are nomadic or mobile structures that can be dismantled relocated and re-assembled; movable, foldable and collapsible architecture or furniture. Examples are tents, caravans, travelling carnivals and shows, installations, exhibitions, form work, and scaffolding.

Re - Adaptable Architecture

Temporary & Different Location

Transformable Architecture

D. Forms of Temporality

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These are structures that last as long as the experience they facilitate and space that is temporarily appropriated to accommodate an event or happening. In this case the focus is on the experience that only lasts temporarily but creates a lasting memory. Examples are promotions, festivals, performances digital media such as film projections and virtual space.

Temporary Phase or Position

These are structures that grow, age, change form, composition, state or position. Structures that are intended to decay, change or evolve over time. Examples are adjustable architecture, flexible space, open building systems, ice structures, plants, corroding metals.

Recycle Architecture Design for Disassembly

Temporary Events

Convertible Architecture

These are structures with a transient material quality: structures composed of materials that can easily break or degrade; disposable & recyclable materials; non-durable, light, translucent or thin materials; materials culturally associated with temporality. Examples are paper, cardboard, thatch, fabrics,tensile structures, glass, wood, water, light and corrugated cardboard.

Reuse Architecture

Temporary Materiality

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E. Flexibility in Architecture Design flexibility can allow a building to evolve over time as the user needs change.

The flexibility of a building or elements of its design can allow it to be used efficiently despite changes in operational requirements, whereas an inflexible building might become obsolete.

Flexibility might include active flexibility, such as moveable partitions, but can also include the provision of features that are inherently flexible, such as multi-use spaces open plan offices, large floor-to-ceiling heights and high-capacity service voids. It might also include broader characteristics such as a room’s ability to expand or to use a range of different energy sources, and so on. This can include consideration of very fundamental design options; for example, it might be relatively straight forward to make a linear building larger or smaller by adding or removing a bay, whereas a circular building may be very difficult to change without affecting the integrity of the design.

Basically, flexible architecture is designed to be malleable, movable, and multi-purpose. This is the heart of flexible architecture: the idea that the built environment should act similarly to a living organism, able to respond to changes in its environment. Until only recently, most architecture has been immovable and thus unable to properly adapt.

This can result in under-optimized (and underused) spaces. Flexible architecture seeks to change this by reimagining the built environment as dynamic and mobile.

Figure 04. Flexible spaces in a building

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Adaptability This is the capacity of a building to support multiple functions without altering the architecture itself. In simple terms, the function of the building changes but the building does not. Examples include furniture that can be re-positioned, multi-function spaces and so on.

These do not result in a permanent change to the space.

The changes do not result in a permanent change to the space, and therefore the space can flex between the start-state and end-state with ease. The function changes, but the container does not.

Transformability This allows for the interior or exterior space to be changed in response to certain stimuli without the need for new construction. Changes can be both permanent and temporary. There are two sub-sets of transformability: Movability and Responsiveness. Moveable structures can be repositioned within the environment without being changed or altered in any major way. Examples might include moveable fabric structures, re-locatable retail units, temporary accommodation such as site huts, portaloos and so on. Responsive structures are able to react to external stimuli such as weather conditions. The changes are often temporary but may be resource intensive. Examples include floating buildings that rise and fall with changes in water level, retractable roofs over sports facilities and so on.

Convertibility This involves changing the function of a building through a certain amount of construction work. By planning for convertibility during the design stage, potential future needs can be assessed, and the time and cost required can be reduced. The resulting changes are often permanent. This might include for example; allowing sufficient space for additional buildings, providing foundations for future expansion, over-sizing building services to allow for future expansion, or conversely, purchasing packaged building services that it might be possible to re-sell if requirements reduce.

Figure 05. Flexibility in Architecture

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F. Modular Construction Modular construction is a process in which a building is constructed off-site, under controlled plant conditions, using the same materials and designing to the same codes and standards as conventionally built facilities – but in about half the time. Modular construction is also a bit of an umbrella term that includes a couple of different types of construction:

Volumetric modular construction It is a process in which entire rooms or sections of rooms—complete with walls, floors, and ceilings—are built in a factory setting and then transported to a final site for assembly.

This type of construction is used for both permanent and relocatable modular projects.

Panelized construction It is a process in which interior and/or exterior wall panels are built in a factory setting and then transported to and arranged on the building site. The rest of the building is constructed on-site.

Benefits of Modular Construction > Modular construction certainly can save costs and the primary benefit of modular construction is time saving and faster return on investment. Since modular construction allows for industrialized assembly that happens concurrently with site preparation, the total time it takes to build a structure can be dramatically reduced. > Often by the time the site is ready the factory-built modules are ready to be placed. > Other benefits include greater worker safety - workers are all working in a safe, controlled environment, improved productivity, increased schedule certainty, and improved cost predictability.

Modular Construction and Sustainability Modular construction is considered a more sustainable option than traditional construction methods for a few reasons: > Greater flexibility and reuse. Modular buildings can be disassembled and the modules relocated or refurbished for new use, reducing the demand for raw materials and minimizing the amount of energy expended to meet the new need. > Less material waste. When building in a factory, waste is eliminated by recycling materials, controlling inventory, and protecting building materials. The leftover materials are recycled for future projects, reducing the construction waste that ends up in landfills.

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> Construction quality. The bulk of a modular structure is completed in a controlled factory environment, using dry materials to prevent trapped moisture. This improves construction quality, while preventing issues like moisture damage. Since it is constructed using dry materials, the potential for high levels of moisture being trapped in the new construction is eliminated. > Increased Adaptability. Modular construction allows for modifications or alterations in existing building, with minimal disruption for adjacent buildings or locations. In conventional buildings, renovations produce a large amount of waste that is difficult to reuse. > Energy Efficiency. Modular construction also provides an opportunity to incorporate energy efficiency measures directly in modules - Energy efficient windows with low-emissivity coating, integrated lighting with occupancy sensors. > Reduced Site Distribution. Since most of the construction process takes place offsite, there is less impact on the project surroundings. Modular construction reduces the amount of vehicles and heavy equipment required on site, which translates into reduced pollution and less site disruption.

Figure 06. Modular Architecture : Concept model from Japanese Metabolist Movement

Figure 07. Nagakin Capsule Tower, Tokyo

Modular construction reduces waste due to a controlled environment. The method also delivers efficient, versatile and high-performing buildings, which can be reused multiple times. Since the construction industry is responsible for 40% of landfill use, waste reduction measures have a high priority. Modular construction plays a major role in making the building sector more sustainable. Other green benefits of modular construction are the conservation of raw materials, reduced site disruption and waste contamination, and less pollution from vehicles and heavy equipment.

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G. Design For Disassembly > ‘Design for Disassembly’ buildings are designed to be adaptable and ‘disassembled-able’ and along with other phases of design it also includes the phase of deconstruction by disassembly at the end. > The Design for Disassembly enables flexibility, convertibility, addition and subtraction of buildings, facilitates future change and eventual dismantlement in parts or whole for recovery of systems, components and materials unlike the new age modern buildings that are difficult to adapt and recycle. > Design for Disassembly is intended to create buildings to reduce new materials consumption and waste in their construction, renovation and demolition, providing economic and environmental benefits for builders, owners, occupants, and nearby communities. > The design process includes developing the assemblies, components, materials, construction techniques, and information and management systems to allow for disassembly. > Design for Disassembly includes using recyclable and natural materials that are biodegradable and also includes all aspects of sustainable building.

Figure 08. Process of design for deconstruction

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Key Principles for ‘Design for Disassembly’ > The first principle refers to the ‘deconstruction plan’ as part of the design and execution process. > The second principle refers to use of selective materials that are non toxic and not harmful to the environment, with recycling and reuse potential. > Building connections should be accessible visually, physically and ergonomically to increase efficiency and avoid heavy equipment intervention. > Fourth principle refers to reducing or eliminating use of chemical connections for building components that are not removable. > Fifth principle suggests use of screws, bolts and nails for connections. > Sixth principle concerns the separation of building layers such as mechanical, electrical and structural, which makes easier for reuse of components again for repair, reuse and recycle. > Components need to be scaled for human use to ease the process of construction and decrease labour intensity - worker as a key element. > Designing for simplicity of structure and form to avoid complexity and design and execution. > Designing for interchangeability that relies on modularity and not on standardisation. > Principle of safe deconstruction method.

Detailed Strategies > Use high quality reused and lightweight materials, minimise the different types of materials, avoid toxic and hazardous materials, avoid composite materials, avoid secondary finishes to materials. > Minimise numbers of fasteners and connectors to increase speed for assembly, adaptation and disassembly. Also the design should allow for parallel disassembly to decrease on site time. > Use pre-fabricated subassemblies, use standard structural grid to allow for use of standard size of available materials. > Provide spare parts and components for ease of adaptation and reuse in need of change. > Design foundations that allow potential expansion of the building vertically.

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01.

Brasserie 2050 Restaurant Lowland Festival, Netherlands

Figure 09. The barn during Lowland festival

Architects : Overtreders W Year : 2019 Floor Area : 340 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement 3 - 4 Years

Temporary & Different Location

The Pavilion was designed by Overtreders W for the Lowland Festival in Netherland for 3 days as the barn of future - it served as a restaurant and also as a food storage pavilion.

The goal was to highlight the need for sustainable food production, and they achieved this goal by setting up a food barn made from recycled and borrowed materials that could be disassembled and moved at the end of the festival with no damage and waste of the materials.

The barn of the future is made from borrowed, hired and dismountable standard building materials that will keep their value after the barn is no longer in use. The 340 sqm. floor area of the restaurant allowed for vertical storage of food and seating of 100 visitors at the same time. A stack of vertical farming cabinets filled with herbs forms the facade of the pavilion. This also provides as a natural decor for the restaurant. To keep the structure from blowing away, bags of grain weighed down the sides in mesh box pallets which will be returned after 3 years of use.

The design of the pavilion combined low-tech and high-tech farming elements and gives an insight into the future of food production. The pavilion can be built up and broken down quickly and has started traveling across Europe after its premiere at Lowlands.

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Figure 10. Elevation of the restaurant

The entire pavilion is made of standard building materials: the main construction consists of 5 rows of standard pallet racks, the tables and benches were made of recycled plastic that can be recycled again, and the roof was made of lightweight corrugated plastic sheets that can be either repurposed or recycled after the intended use.

Figure 11. Pallet racks as structural member

Figure 12. Recycled plastic furniture

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Figure 13. Isometric view of the barn

Creating no waste, the temporary structure was designed to have almost no ecological footprint to demonstrate what closed loop architecture can look like. The building is currently in use at different places throughout Europe as a travelling restaurant.

Figure 14. Elevation : Bags of grains weighing down the structure

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02.

Sustainable RAUM Pavilion Utrecht, Netherlands

Figure 15. Elevation of the Raum pavilion

Architects : Overtreders W Year : 2018

Life/ Requirement 3 Years

Temporary & Different Location

Temporary Materiality

Overtreders W employed the principles of a circular economy when designing the temporary RAUM pavilion in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Located at the public exhibition square RAUM, the pavilion offers a meeting space and restaurant for people to reside between attending exhibitions, lectures or workshops – but it is only required for three years.

It was therefore developed to be easily disassembled and rebuilt in a new location, or completely recycled and composted at the end of its lifespan. RAUM pavilion was required to accommodate different sized groups, varying from two to 80 people.

Figure 16. Plan of the Raum pavilion

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Figure 17. Recycled plastic panels used as flooring

Figure 18. Polycarbonate panels as facade

The pavilion’s structure is made from wood, and clad with polycarbonate panels that attach to the wooden frame with bright yellow bolts. These are designed to be easily separated. Alongside photovoltaic panels, the RAUM pavilion also features a Trombe wall – a building technology that combines thermal mass and glazing to passively heat buildings. It is made from three adjoining volumes that can be separated or used as one open space.

Alongside the restaurant, it contains a kitchen, storage area and bathroom, and an elevated meeting area that can closed by a curtain to hold events. Inside, the pavilion has a staggered, insulated floor lined with recycled plastic panels, which rest on wooden beams atop a concrete foundation. Meanwhile, chunky wooden trusses with bright yellow gusset plates characterise the space, and are decorated with hanging plants.

Figure 19. Elevation of the pavilion

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03.

The Green House Utrecht, Netherlands

Figure 20. Front elevation of the Green House

Architects : Cepezed Year : 2018 Floor Area : 680 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement 15 Years

Temporary & Once off Existence

Temporary Phase

The Green House is a ‘circular’ pavilion that houses a restaurant, urban farm and meeting center designed by architecture firm cepezed. Cepezed designed an office building and next to the office building was a vacant space that wouldn’t see development for the next 15 years, the developers asked the architects to create a temporary design that could reactivate that leftover lot. Because a definitive destination for this location will be decided in fifteen years, a temporary interpretation was sought that could make the area that would otherwise remain vacant, more lively. Cepezed developed a plan in which both the function and the architecture are based on circularity. The Green House accommodates a ‘circular’ restaurant concept plus meeting facilities. It functions as a hub for visitors, students, and businesses to gather, eat fresh food, collaborate, and learn. In accordance with the principles of circularity, the building (including the foundation of prefab concrete blocks) is completely demountable. In fifteen years it can be taken apart and rebuilt elsewhere. The aim was also to implement reclaimed and reusable materials as much as possible. The two-story pavilion is designed as a generic building kit with a removable steel frame made of galvanized profiles. The dimensions are derived from those of the smoke glass facade panels of the former office, these have been re-used for the second skin and the greenhouse of the pavilion. The circularity of the building also lies in the choice of the right floor in the right place. Street clinkers from an old quay in Tiel replace the classic ground floor that has been poured. They are located on a compacted sand bed with underfloor heating. The first floor consists of prefabricated wooden elements.

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Figure 21. View of the indoor vertical farming

Figure 22. View of the restaurant

For the roof, the choice fell on a light steel sheet that was also perforated and filled with insulation. With a glass curtain wall, the plinth of the pavilion is completely transparent. For the closed parts of the façade on the first floor, prefabricated timber frame panels were used. These are 100% recyclable and (H) CFC-free.

Figure 23. Ground floor plan of the Green House

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Figure 24. View of the restaurant

The vertical farming greenhouse of eighty square meters is located on the floor next to the meeting rooms. Here vegetables and herbs are grown for the restaurant kitchen. A void in the pavilion makes the publicly accessible greenhouse visible from the restaurant below.

The large green wall also contributes significantly to the experience of The Green House.

The roof of the pavilion is filled with solar panels. With urban mining, a large part of the interior has been found and the new furniture that has been used is made from recycled materials.

Figure 25. Sectional view of the Green House

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Figure 26. Materials used for construction of the Green house

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Figure 27. Construction of the Green House

Figure 28. View of the Green House

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04.

Building D(emountable) Delft, Netherlands

Figure 29. External view of Building D(mountable)

Architects : Cepezed Year : 2019 Floor Area : 968 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement Non Definite

Temporary & Once off Existence

Temporary & Changeable Use

Building D(emountable) is a modern, sustainable and fully demountable structure on the site of a historic, monumental building complex in Delft, Netherlands. The Netherlands has set itself the goal of rendering all construction activities fully circular by 2050. The aim was to have a circular constrcution, where the building parts can be donated to other projects or be reused entirely elsewhere. In addition to being demountable and remountable, the structure is also super light- weight: the use of materials is kept to an absolute minimum. The building is also completely flexible in its arrangement. The ground floor is made of poured concrete, but otherwise all building components are modular and dry mounted. Supreme simplicity has been an important principle in the design.

Building part D(emountable) consists of a rationally optimized building kit with a steel, prefabricated and extremely slender main supporting structure. The structural floors and roof are made of lightweight wooden Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) elements that are also prefabricated. These have a compact height and the installations are integrated in them.

The ribs of the LVL elements remain fully visible and are part of the building’s aesthetics.

The screed is biobased and consists of gravel-like granules in a cardboard honeycomb structure with gypsum fiber boards on top. The entire screed is dry and easily removable again. The PVC finishing floor is made of partly recycled PVC. 23

Figure 30. Materials used for construction

The facade is largely transparent and the building has no window frames: the double-layer insulating glass is mounted directly on the steel structure. Vertical slat strips can be opened for natural ventilation. Air conditioners that take care of heating are integrated in the ceiling.

Roller blinds provide sun and light protection. The enitre construction process was completed in 6 months. The complete structure of steel skeleton and wooden floors was put together in three weeks. This was possible because of an integrated process with thoughtful preparation and close integrated cooperation between the various disciplines.

Figure 31. Section through the building

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Figure 32. Plans of the building

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First Week

Third Week

Third Month

Figure 33. Construction timeline

Sixth Month 26

05.

Temporary Courthouse Amsterdam, Netherlands

Figure 34. Front elevation of the courthouse

Architects : Cepezed Year : 2016 Floor Area : 5,400 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement 5 Years

Temporary & Once off Existence

Temporary & Changeable Use

The Amsterdam temporary courthouse was completed and taken into use in 2016. This ‘interim - building’ along with two existing towers forms the temporary courthouse. Over the coming five years, the larger part of the jurisdiction will take place in the new building.

During this time, it also functions as the main entrance of the court complex. In the meantime the other existing buildings will be replaced by a new permanent housing.

The building was realized within a Design, Build, Maintain & Remove (DBMR)-assignment of the Central Government Real Estate Agency from a perspective of social responsibility.

With this DBMR-project it was specifically aimed at preventing waste and maximizing the building’s residual value after its initial period of use. The building has therefore been designed with a well adaptable configuration, keeping in mind the removal and reuse, thus facilitating changing uses by changing users on changing locations in the future.

In order to render the structure as customizable and circular as possible, it was designed as a kit of parts that can as easily be assembled as disassembled and reassembled.

The temporary courthouse building shows a straightforward design with a restrained colour scheme and sophisticated detailing. The interim-character of the building does however not denigrate its quality, functionality or representativeness. Matters such as the equipment, the complex logistics, the acoustics, comfort, safety as well as the building’s appearance all have the same high standard as in a permanent edifice.

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Figure 35. View of the courthouse

Figure 36. View of the main staircase

A special mounting/attachment system was developed for the hollow- core floors that optimally facilitates the later decoupling and re-use of the slabs. The building demonstrates an open, welcoming but also authoritative look.

Figure 37. View of the connecting bridge

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Figure 38. Isometric view of the adaptable generic construction

It has a logical and clearly legible layout in which the traffic flows for public, court personal and indictees are strictly separated. The entrance portal provides access to the front hall and the reception desks. Along the east facade, a spacious stairway topped by a skylight leads to the waiting areas with adjoining court rooms on the upper floors. The court rooms have allure without being luxurious and entail a high level of serenity, clarity and daylight.

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Figure 39. Section of the building

Figure 40. View on the first floor

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06.

Willow Theatre Cardiff, United Kingdom

Figure 41. External view of the Willow Theatre

Architects : Tim Lai Architect Year : 2013

Life/ Requirement 10 Days

Temporary Materiality

Temporary Events

Willow was constructed at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, Cardiff, Wales for the 10-day international festival of theater, opera, and dance. A major art installation and venue for different performances, lectures, and conferences, the Willow is fully functional and could seat 150 people. When coming down at the end of the festival, all materials were saved and were reused. Despite the large-size structure, no drilling to the ground was required. The site was restored to its original state after the 10 day use.

The design was inspired by a local and readily available materials known as horticultural fleece, which is light-weight, translucent, and recyclable. Multiple layers of the airy fabrics hung from the ceiling and the structure made of modular scaffoldings. The shape and motion of the airy fabric is reminiscent to the swaying branches of the willow tree.

Viewers interact with layers after layers of fabrics as they walk towards the interior, which is designed as a theater with step benches made of plywoods. The roof is sealed off with opaque pond liner. At night, Willow glows from within.

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Figure 42. Plan of the theatre

Figure 43. Section A

Figure 44. Section B

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Figure 45. Theatre at the courtyard of the college building

It is imagined that, due the project’s versatile nature, and its relatively low construction costs, it can be replicated at various events and festivals, at a more local scale. 150 people could sit inside the theatre, the low-cost fleece exterior blured the edges of the structure with its more permanent surroundings. The architect Lai explains that he was keen to explore the spacial relationship of a box within a box, ‘I’m always interested in spaces between forms and ways to make those spaces interesting.The translucent fleece gives an intriguing spin towards spaces and their divisions.They define and yet blur spaces’.

Figure 46. Internal view of the theatre

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Figure 47. Materials used for the construction of the theatre

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07.

Dadad Market Thailand

Figure 48. View of the Dadad market

Architects : Bangkok Tokyo Arch.

Year : 2017 Floor Area : 342 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement Non Definite

Temporary Phase

Temporary Materiality

Situated in front of a local mall in Nakorn Ratchasima, some 250 km northeast of Bangkok and gateway to the Northeastern provinces of Thailand, the market offers a diverse array of goods. The name “Dadad” meaning “various or plentiful ” in Northeastern slang best captures the essence of this temporary market, serving as a gathering spot for locals and youngsters alike.

In Thailand’s hot climate, after the sun falls and heat fades, the streets come alive with the colorfully lit tents and food stalls of local merchants. The project celebrates this spontaneous phenomenon, creating floating structures of light in the night-time cityscape.

While signaling and attracting customers from a distance, the floating light-boxes also showcase the eclectic merchandise and movement underneath it. The structure itself can be easily dismantled and re-assembled. It consists of repetitive pipe members and clamps similar to those of typical scaffolding system. Simple frames in a check-board layout create a microcosm of little plazas and alleyways accessible from many directions and easy to change configaration of the market based on the requirements.

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Figure 49. Configurable plan of the market

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Figure 50. Construction of the modules

Figure 51. View of the market

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08.

Rigot Collective Dwelling Centre Geneva, Switzerland

Figure 52. View of the collective dwellings

Architects : acau arch.

Year : 2019 Floor Area : 7070 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement Max. 10 Years

Temporary & Different Location

Temporary & Changeable Use

The project is located in the Rigot park in Geneva, the choice for the location in the park was impulsed by an urgent and temporary measure aiming at accommodating 370 migrants. The project consists of two symmetrical buildings of 5 levels made of 230 prefabricated wooden modules. The dwellings are accessed by an external gallery open to a public courtyard.

Through its constructive mode, the project aims to limit its environmental impact at various scales. The buildings are bound to be relocated within ten years and the site returned to its original state. Anticipating the rehabilitation of the site and the recycling of the materials upon removal, the foundations are made of wood and can be reused on the next building location.

The crafting of the foundation through a network of piles and wooden footings reduces the project’s impact on its natural ground. This totally ‘dry’ construction avoids any contamination of the surface water network during construction and frees the process of the burden of recycling concrete in the dismantling phase of the project.

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Figure 53. Elevation of the structure

Figure 54. Pile foundations

The project anticipates the specificity of a population that is not always the mirror of the typical couple with two kids. To respond to the waxing and waning of the demand, the project proposes evolving apartment typologies. The modular system allows the housing units to vary from 2 to 8 rooms through a play of fires doors or conversion of kitchen spaces to the bedroom. The modularity of the apartments and their subdivisions also allows them to consider alternatives uses such as hotels industry or student housing.

The set of the composition of the prefabricated modules will enable the creation of buildings with different volumetry for its future reconstruction. The prefabrication and delivery of the finished modules were decisive for the construction site planning. This organization which plans three worksites in parallel (foundations/prefabrication of modules/ assembly and finishing) allowed the project to be carried out in a short period of time.

Figure 55. Plans of the modules

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Figure 56. Modular construction

The use of wood from Geneva’s forests for the foundations and the building envelope was imposed since the start of the project, which led to a process that involved the local timber manufactures, resulting in a reduction of ‘Grey Energy’.

Figure 57. Prefabricated modules placed on site

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Figure 58. Elevation of the building

Figure 59. Plan of the building

Figure 60. Process of assembly and disassembly

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09.

Onagawa Temporary Housing Onagawa, Japan

Figure 61. View of the learning centre

Architects : Shigeru Ban Year : 2011

Life/ Requirement Non Definite

Temporary Materiality

Temporary & Different Location

Japanese practice Shigeru Ban Architects conceived and implemented ‘onagawa temporary container housing’ along with a community center and atelier within the town of onagawa in the Miyagi prefecture of Japan.

Following the earthquake in march 2011, a three-storey structural framework was proposed which allowed stacking of total 188 - 20 foot long shipping containers in a checkerboard fashion. This alternating arrangement allowed for airy and open living spaces with built-in shelves and closets for storage, a missing element within the temporary houses issued by the government.

Since many areas share similar landscape characteristics, these buildings were constructed in many disaster situations and were continued to be used as a long term residential solution due to their excellent seismic performance in the region. Three variations are formed by the placement of units, forming a 19.8 square meter unit for 1 to 2 individuals, 29.7 m2 for 3 to 4 inhabitants and 39.6 square meter residences accommodating more than 4 dwellers.

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Figure 62. View of the community centre

A Community center and market were centrally located in the complex, offering a gathering space for community members. The center’s walls were formed with white shipping containers and were capped with a plywood gable roof. Triangulated clerestory windows introduced natural daylight into the interior. The area for the food market was formed with a ring of containers and a tentsile roof protects from changing weather.

Figure 63. View of the food market

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Figure 01. Temporary Architecture

Figure 64. Internal view of the learning centre

Figure 65. Prefabricated modules

The structure of the atelier was made using paper tube columns and beams and was used as temporary learning centre. Residential buildings border the market space, the community centre and the atelier. Due to lack of availability of flat land the housing was proposed within an existing stadium with flat cemented land. With use of containers as modules they allowed for easy placement on unlevel terrain or narrow sites allowing to withstand future earthquakes. The temporary residents chose to stay in the containers permanently beacuse of the practicality of design.

Figure 66. Residents at the hosuing complex

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Figure 67. View of the housing complex

Figure 68. Internal view of the module

Figure 69. Isometric plan of the housing complex

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10.

BMW Guggenheim Lab Mumbai, India

Figure 70. Night view of the pavilion at Mahim beach

Architects : Atelier Bow Wow, Sdm Architects Year : 2012 - 2013 Floor Area : 100 - 370 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement 42 Days

Temporary Materiality

Temporary & Different Location

The BMW Guggenheim Lab was a mobile laboratory devoted to discussing various issues related to city life, it served as a think tank and community gathering space. The original lab was designed using Carbon reinforced plastics, which was scheduled for use in New York, Berlin and then Mumbai. Later, however, it was decided that a second lab building would be constructed in Mumbai using local materials and technologies.

The idea was to create a ‘non - iconic building’.Mumbai has a long tradition of erecting mandapa, simple bamboo structures, for weddings and festivals, so it was decided to create a lab building belonging to the mandapa structural genealogy. The event organizers wanted a freestanding structure, itinerant space that could be moved to a new ward every week. This would make the Lab accessible to people in other wards aswell.

Two bamboo structures were made, one was a ‘mother - lab’, the main home of the lab which was constructed at the campus of Dr. Bhau Daji lad Museum and a second ‘travelling’ lab that would move to a new site in Mumbai every week. The ‘L Shaped’ physical structure of the ‘mother -lab’ at the Museum campus was not disassembled after the intended use, and later was used a informal gathering space for visitors at the museum.

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Figure 71. Community engagement at the pavilion

To achieve the objectives, the design of the structure composed of 2.5 meter-span longitudnal units and 4.5 meter-span truss beam units, all of which fit onto the back of a flatbed truck. The joints were desgined were in the wood connectors were fastened together using rope ties. Some of the joints incorporated bolts. To prevent the bamboo members from splitting along the grain, they were filled with syntheic resin cement and were bolted.

The structure was wrapped in a rope curtain, to provide transperancy and minimize resistance to lateral wind forces. The structure was covered with tent roof, to sheild visitors from sunlight and bird droppings.

Figure 72. Rope ties as the primary joinery

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Figure 73. Section

Figure 74.Elevation

Figure 75. Plan

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Figure 76. Community engagement at the Pavilion

The ‘travelling’ lab structure could easily blend in with the local scenary, architecture at the various other locations in Mumbai and was readily accepted by the people who used it. The lab’s structure sets an example for the great potential of creating architecture using local craftsperson and local and transient materials.

Figure 77. Community engagement at a park in Mumbai

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11.

People’s Pavilion Eindhoven, Netherlands

Figure 78. Front elevation of the Pavilion

Architects : Bureau SLA + Overtreders W Year : 2017 Floor Area : 250 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement 15 Days

Temporary Materiality

Temporary & Once off Existence

The Pavilion was designed by bureau SLA + Overtreders W in Eindhoven, Netherlands in year 2017, for the Dutch Design Week and was programmed for two weeks. The pavilion was designed keeping in mind the concept of 100% circular building where no building materials were damaged or lost in construction. All building materials required for the construction of the pavilion were borrowed from traditional suppliers and producers and also from Eindhoven residents.

The pavilion was designed to promote the value of a closed-loop, or “circular”, construction system, which involves thinking beyond the life of the building, so that little or no waste is produced as a result. The Pavilion could accommodate 200 seated or 600 people standing and was open to all.The Pavilion was the main pavilion for the World Design Event and was programmed for two weeks as a meeting place and hang-out space for visitors and served as venue for music and theatre.

All of the building materials used in the building - concrete, wooden beams, lighting, facade elements, glass roof and recycled plastic cladding were all returned completely unharmed after the intended use.

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Figure 79. Foundation Piles as structural members

Figure 80. Standard size timber with rachet straps

The Peoples Pavilion was a new age sustainable building with intelligent construction techniques without screws, glues, drills or saws. Engineering firm Arup developed a system that used tie-down straps, tension belts and cable ties to form the structure without the use of screws, glue or nail. The frame was build up from standard off-the-shelve timber sections of different trade lengths tied together with steel straps to make longer and stronger composite elements. Steel rods from a demolished office building are reused as cross bracing. The composite timber beams, concrete columns and cross bracing were tied together using high capacity ratchet straps to create a safe and sufficiently stiff structure to withstand strong wind conditions.

Figure 81. Section

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Figure 82. Exploded view with the materials used

The base for the People’s Pavilion was a construction of 12 concrete foundation piles and 19 wooden frames, designed in collaboration with Arup. The frames consisted of unplaned wooden beams of standard dimensions, held together with steel straps. Concrete piles and frames were connected with 350 tensioning straps, creating an eight meter high primary structure for the 250 m2 building. The glass roof was made using a system that is commonly employed in the greenhouse industry. The glass facade on the ground floor was a leftover from a refurbishment of a nearby office and was to be used for a new office space after the DDW. The podium consisted of borrowed concrete slabs. The lighting, heating and other interior elements of the People’s Pavilion were also borrowed.

Figure 83. Section

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Figure 84. Reused steel diagonal braces holding the timber framework

Figure 85. Recycled Plastic Shringles used as facade

Figure 86. Plan

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12.

Kumbh Mela Prayagraj, India

Figure 87. The Maha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj in 2013.

Architects : Bureau SLA + Overtreders W Year : 2017 Floor Area : 250 Sqm.

Life/ Requirement 55 Days

Temporary Materiality

Temporary Events

The Kumbh Mela is a major Pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism. It is celebrated in a cycle of approximately 12 years at four river-bank pilgrimage sites - Prayagraj, Haridwar, Nashik and Ujjain. The Mela is an extreme example of a religious congregation that generates a temporary settlement. 5 million people gather for 55 days, with and addition of ten to twenty million people coming for 24 hour cycles on the 6 main bathing days.

Kumbh Mela is not only framed by a strong cultural ecology, but also by the dynamic physical geography, affected seasonally by the monsoon. Hydrological flow of the river Ganga and Yamuna defines the sacred settlement in the region of Prayagraj. Both these sacred rivers configure the floodplain on which the temporary city for the Kumbh Mela settles. The temporary city of Kumbh has extremely elastic boundaries because of the monsoon’s effect on the amount of water that moves through the shifting river. The Kumbh Mela takes form like a coordinated process of temporal urbanisation and environmental dynamics, and it comprises of the five stages - Planning, Construction, Assembly, Operation and Disassembly. The Diverse layers of the festival include Governance, Metrics, Grid, Deployment Process, Sub-units, Roads, Bridges, Electricity, Tents, Social Infrastructure, Security Systems and Sanitation.

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Akharas are Ascetic encampments that last for nearly 2 months on the riverbank, where yogis and gurus along with pilgrims encamp and these gurus interpret sacred texts for their disciples. These disciples venture into the dense neighbourhood of the Akharas to converse with saints, or simply to have their blessings. The Juna Akhara is one of the oldest and most famous Akhara at the Kumbh Mela and the programs include:

Juna Akhara Assembly Halls Great Pavilions Large Pavilions Temples Traditional Fire Pits Tents/ Accomodations Administrative Office Dining Hall Food Preparation Area Figure 88. Aerial photo of the entrance/ main corridor of the Juna Akhara.

The Camps are managed entirely by the volunteers and has temporary but sturdy construction. Wealthy Patrons donate to the Akharas and religious organisations which are part of the Akharas to construct encampments that compromise makeshift accommodations.

The tents at the Kumbh Mela serve a multitude of users, from sleeping, socialising, and eating to religious gatherings, entertainment, and healthcare. Accordingly, they vary greatly in size and appearance but are arranged within the basic urban grid. The interstitial spaces define more intimate pathways for walking on foot.

The infrastructural systems range from simple organic ones to more complex aggregations of multiple materials. Wherever possible the systems are assemblies of generic materials that can be reused or recycled to ensure the continuation of their useful life and the minimisation of waste.

Figure 89. Main corridor to the Sacred Space - Temple.

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Figure 90. Modular enclosures made using simple generic materials.

The enclosure systems of the Kumbh Mela are based on simple generic elements. The same basic elements - bamboo sticks and a surface material such as corrugated metal or tent fabric. These allow for recombinatory assemblies into a wide range of structures, from small tents to very large congregation halls and temples. The Modular enclosure systems consist of similar basic elements that are aggregated to generate a multitude of quasi-urban typologies. The simplicity of these building systems allow for basic logistics and implementation. The elements are small and light enough for one or two workers to carry.

Figure 91. Combination of different generic materials create multiple typologies of structures.

Recombinatory assembly reduces the cost of construction and assembly, while allowing for greater design flexibility. The generic nature of the sticks and simple connection using ropes and nails ensure the possibility of recombining these elements in almost infinite ways. After the Kumbh Mela, they are reused for other construction. The assembly of these systems relies on the availability of cheap manual labour, turning the Kumbh into a massive labour endeavour.

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Planning and Preparation for deployment of materials.

Before October

Planning

Materials are brought onto the floodplain and pontoon bridges are built.

Materials are transported to vacant spaces near floodplain for fabrication process to start.

River water recedes and ground is levelled and roads are marked.

Construction of administrative and governmental institutes at Sector 1, located outside floodplain.

Road assembly starts.

Infrastructure gets in place - Electric poles, Sandbags to contain the shifting river, temporary walls that divide the sectors.

Perimeters of the ‘nagari’ is plotted.

November

October

Construction and Assembly

Deployment Process

Construction starts using different kinds of fabric, clad over bamboo, enclosures began to take form.

December

14th Jan

Complete and Operative.

January

February

Operation

10th Mar

Materials are stored within the city or reabsorbed - reused or resold.

April

Agricultural activities begin.

May

Figure 92. Timeline - Deployment Process. Diagram by Author

Disassembly begins.

March

Reabsorption

Disassembly and Deconstruction

Figure 93. Pilgrims use the pontoon bridges to cross the river.

Figure 94. 1 meter wide steel plates assembly on site.

The roads of the Kumbh Mela form the basic structure of the urban grid, providing the framework for the temporary city. They are an interesting example of the principle of calibration of the material system to the task at hand. Depending on the type of traffic, the roads are either made of steel plates or simply laid out with reed. The steel plates are generic elements that can be reused in multiple ways. The pontoons are one of the most elaborate components of the Kumbh Mela’s infrastructure. They serve as the essential arteries of the site. The labour and time invested into these pontoons is not lost once the Kumbh is over.

Other parts of the country and later incarnations of the Kumbh get to benefit from this investment.

Figure 95. Aerial view of the Mela

The urban form of the temporal settlements at Kumbh Mela are determined by religious experiences. The success of the Mela lies in reversibility and spatio-temporal openness of the design process and these attributes can be adopted in planning strategies for a sustainable urban development. Kumbh mela also efficiently implements tactics that allow the deployment of a whole city which is meant to be non-permanent. The use of simple and modular enclosure systems and recombinatory assemblies allow to form the multi-quasi typologies required. Along with providing great design flexibility, the use of generic and simple construction materials allow for easy disassembly and reuse after the intended use.

It is in the non-permanent solution for a non-permanent problem that is the justification of its temporal urban form.

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I. Analysis and Conclusion

Brasserie 2050 Restaurant

The Green House

- Standard size building materials that are borrowed from different vendors.

Sustainable Raum Pavilion

- Standard Pallet racks generally used for storage are used as the main structural member.

- Wood and Polycarbonate as main building materials that are easy to compost and recycle at the end of its use.

- Recycled plastic furniture and corrogated plastic sheet for roofing is used that can be easily recycled and repurposed.

- Corrogated plastic sheets for roofing that can be easily repurposed.

- Prefabricated concrete foundations that can be demounted easily.

- Use of reclaimed materials.

- Generic building kit with removable steel frames.

- Prefabricated interior elements - timber frame panels.

- Recycled plastic panels as floor.

- Photovaultaic panels on roof.

-Bright color gusset plate to give characteristic

- No Ecological Footprint due to no foundations.

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Buildind D(mountable)

Willow Theatre

- Design, Build, Maintain and Remove with perspective of social responsibility.

Temporary Courthouse

- The building is fully demountable and the materials will be donated after use.

- Design, Build, Maintain and Remove with perspective of social responsibility.

- Material use is kept to minimum - modular and dry mounted.

- Easy to adapt configuration and facilitating changing use.

- Flexible in arrangement.

- Designed as kit of parts eg. demountable slabs.

- Installations - Services are integrated within floor and roof.

- Integrated process of construction.

- Materials were saved and reused after the event.

- Almost no footprint on ground.

- Easy to replicate design because of the use of generic materials and keeping the construction costs low.

- Though it is temporary, does not lack quality and representativeness.

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BMW Guggenhiem Lab - ‘Non-Iconic’ Mandapa structure geneology building built with local materials and technology.

- Simple joinery for bamboo structure using rope ties.

- Easy to dismantle, move to a different location on a truck and reassemble again.

- The structure easily blended in the local scenary and became easily accepted by the locals due to the familiar look of structure.

Kumbh Mela People’s Pavilion - Built using borrowed materials keeping the concept of circular building where materials were returned after the intended use.

- Built using standard size materials using dry-construction using cables, ratchet straps, tie-down straps and tension belts.

- The settlement has extreme elastic boundaries for easy change in its configuration.

- The design stage includes Planning, Construction, Assembly, Operation and then Disassembly.

- The encampments are modular multi-typologymakeshift accomodations using generic materials easy to dismantle and reuse after the intended use.

- Recombinatory assembly reduces the cost of construction and assembly, while allowing for greater design flexibility.

- The settlement is entirley reversible and leaves almost no footprint on the ground.

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Rigot Collective Dwelling Centre Dadad Market - Easy to dismantle and re-assemble, due to the use of repetitive pipe members and clamps.

- Simple frame construction allow for easy change in configuration based on changing needs.

- Prefabricated modules.

wooden

- Limited environmental impact overall, reducing grey energy.

- Materials can be reused and pile foundations reduce impact on natural ground.

- Entirely Dry constuction.

- Modularity allows for alternative use after, with changing volumetary.

Onagawa Temporary Hosuing - Stackable shipping containers as modules for hosuing.

- Modular construction allow for easy placement on unlevel terrain.

- Recycleable materials paper tubes beams and columns were used.

Temporary Architecture setups only last for a limited, a fixed upon period of time.

The architecture even though being temporary needs to be designed to invest and embed itself in the society and adhere to the set of ideas of the stakeholders, having deeper social ambitions and becoming culturally important. The essential function of the built environment being temporary will be to convey a social message and once it is done, it can be disassembled. The architecture for an event space needs to be flexible enough to allow the building to evolve and be efficient in its use, supporting multiple functions without altering much the architecture itself. The built environment to sustain an event needs to be dynamic and mobile. After a certain intended use and because of changing needs, modularity in construction can allow for easy convertibility or disassembly through minimal amount of construction work and labour.

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Bibliography internet sources.

01. www.archdaily.com 02. www.divisare.com 03. www.designboom.com 04. www.weburbanist.com/designed-for-disassembly-architecture 05. www.worksthatwork.com/4/constructing-the-worlds-biggest-disasseblable-city 06. www.archeyes.com/nakagin-capsule-modular-tower

research papers and books.

07.

08.

09.

Design for Disassembly in the built environment, Seattle Synaptic City : Flexibility in design Temporal Flows, Felipe Vera