PG Thesis

Planning thesis Exploring the Linkage between Land Use and Economy A Case Study of Muzaffarpur (Bihar)

Department of Architecture, Town & Regional Planning IIEST, Shibpur Master of Planning Year – 2020-21 4th Semester

Guided By: Dr. Tuhin Subhra Maparu By: Shriyanshu Kumar 2020APM003

CONTENT

CONTENT 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Introduction Literature Review Study Area Background Aim, Objective and Methodology Data Collection & Techniques of Analysis Data Analysis & Discussion Conclusion & Policy Implications References

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 

Growth of any town is linked with • Industrialization • Specialisation • Infrastructure Development



Development itself is a dynamic process i.e. it keep changing throughout time.



We can say that growth of town is a shift in economy, structural and demographic changes.



the process of urbanization in India has been large-city oriented.

Value & Consumption Patterns of Citizens

Population & Demographic Changes

Availability & Use of Natural Resources

The Nature of Technological Change

Patterns of Economic Growth

Climate Change/ Secondary Effects Fig.- Factors affecting dynamics of development

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NEED FOR STUDY NEED FOR THE STUDY 

In the last two decades India has witnessed "dualism in urbanization" .Urban growth at macro level has decelerated but in Large and Metropolitan cities it has been growing.



The town acts as a market as well as a medium for selling the agricultural and handmade items and flow of commodities and services between rural area to urban areas (metro cities and UAs).



The data related to medium and small towns is very scarce in Indian context.



This study aims investigate the linkage between land use and economy in case of the the Subaltern Urbanization.



Muzaffarpur is the 3rd largest city of Bihar and it acts as a regional wholesale market for northern part of Bihar for delivering various goods and agro produce.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW

INDIAN SCENARIO

INDIAN SCENARIO 

Since 1961, the concentration of urban population in towns has decreased, while their numbers have continued to rise. In 1961, 48.1 percent of the urban population lived in towns, but by 2011 that figure had dropped to 29.8%. On the contrary, during the same time period, the number of towns increased from 2223 to 5705.



Within non-metropolitan class I cities, there are also significant disparities in per capita income. It might cost as much as Rs 29,560 in Udhagamandalam or as little as Rs 130 in Erode.



Metropolitan areas, non-metropolitan areas, the remainder of urban India, and India as a whole all have varied productivity levels.

In 2011, the estimated average monthly per capita income in non-metropolitan class I cities was two times lower than that of India as a whole.



Tirunelveli, in the state of Tamil Nadu, is the largest of the 372 non-metropolitan class IC cities, with a population of 4.37 lakh, while Nagda, in Madhya Pradesh, has a population of little over one lakh (1,00,039), according to census 2011.

Note: Class IA cities have population above five million (megacities) Class IB cities have population between five and one million, Class IC cities have population between 0.1 and one million (non-metropolitan class I cities). Class IA plus Class IB cities together define metropolitan cities

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LITERATURE REVIEW

INDIAN SCENARIO Fig.- Number and population during 1961-2011 (Class IC)

Demography 

During the decade 2001-2011, the urban population grew at an annual exponential rate of 2.76 percent, while the population of Class IC cities grew at a rate of 1.77 percent. In the decade 2001-2011, Class IB cities had the highest growth rate of all the size classes of urban settlements, with a rate of 4.44 percent. The growth rate of Class IC cities, on the other hand, decreased from 2.61 to 1.77 percent.



The majority of population in medium and small towns concentrated in core rather than the periphery.

4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

Core

Peri

Fig.- Population in the metros, cities (Class I), non-metro class I (Large and medium towns) and Urban

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LITERATURE REVIEW

INDIAN SCENARIO

Economy 

The per capita monthly income of the cities in the bottom 20% differs significantly from those in the top 20%. Cities in the lowest quintile have the lowest per capita income, whereas cities in the top quintile have the greatest per capita income. Each quintile accounts for 20% of all non-metropolitan cities.



The median level of income in non-metropolitan cities is estimated to be Rs. 1801, implying that half of the cities have per capita incomes lower than Rs. 1801 and the other half have incomes greater than Rs. 1801. In quintile I, the median per capita monthly income is Rs 1,007, whereas in quintile V, it is Rs 19,354.

Fig.- Quintile distribution of monthly per capita income

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LITERATURE REVIEW

INDIAN SCENARIO Sector



Between 1970-71 and 2004-05, NDP's primary (or agricultural) sector's share had nearly fallen, from 72.4 percent to 38.3 %, with the nonprimary sector's share increasing at the same time. With both the manufacturing and service sectors contributing much more in the 5 years between 1999-2000 and 2004-05.



While the economy grew at an average annual pace of 7.7% over the last decade (2001-2011), the services sector increased at nearly 10% each year (Economic Survey 2011-12). Agriculture's contribution to GDP had dropped to 14.2 percent (from 50.6 percent in 1960-61) in 2009-10, while manufacturing contributed another 22.4 percent.

Mining Food Manufacturing Cloth Manufacturing Machinery Manufacturing Other Manufacturing Utilities Construction Govt. Services Traditional Services Modern Services Social Services Household Services Total

Share of Metros in Urban 1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 3.0 8.3 8.4 10.6 16.3 12.9 22.9 33.2 33.8 39.0 44.5 41.2 27.6 35.3 32.8 18.6 28.6 17.7 24.4 25.5 16.9 28.5 27.2 28.3 23.6 27.9 27.5 37.4 45.0 42.5 19.9 25.4 22.2 34.3 42.6 46.6 22.7 28.7 27.0

Share of Urban in Total 1993-94 2004-05 2009-10 35.0 33.1 26.6 35.2 33.8 37.1 52.9 58.3 61.7 70.2 74.6 72.5 48.7 48.6 52.1 61.2 57.7 65.8 43.3 35.7 29.7 65.5 68.0 67.6 55.6 54.7 54.6 68.5 72.6 76.6 51.5 53.2 56.1 72.0 71.1 66.3 54 53 52

Fig.- Employment shares by sector %

Fig.- Structural transformation in terms of employment: 2004-05 and 2009-10 (in percent)

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LITERATURE REVIEW

INDIAN SCENARIO Economy Performance Index

Rohtak (M Cl) Raigarh UA Ambala (M Cl)

Muzaffarpur UA Bagaha (Nagar Parishad) Bettiah (UA) Maunath Bhanjan (NPP)

Dimapur (MC)

Sitapur UA

Gonda UA

Baharampur UA

Panaji UA S.A.S. Nagar UA

Dhulian UA

Fig.-Economic performance index value

Jangipur UA

Dehri (NP)

Arrah (M Corp.)

Mormugao UA

Buxar UA

Margao UA

Lakhimpur UA

Vapi (M)

Biharsharif (M Corp.)

Valsad UA

Akbarpur (NPP)

Karur UA

Rampur UA

Karaikkudi UA

Hardoi UA

Udhagamandalam UA

Barabanki UA 0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4 -3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0



In this section, an attempt has been made to establish an economic performance index for the 372 small and medium towns in order to assess how well or poorly their economies have been performing in comparison to others. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on three factors was utilised to create such an index.



GDP of Non-metro class IC, % of generally employed persons (Salaried/ or regular wages) and % of people above APL.



The above figure shows that the economic performance index of Muzaffarpur city for the study year is near 0 which depicts that the Muzaffrapur city’s economic growth is almost stagnant and need urban livelihood programmes for further development.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

INDIAN SCENARIO

Land Use  About 51.09% of India's land is used for agriculture, 21.81% for forest, and 3.92% for grazing. About 12.34% of the land is made up of built-up areas and uncultivated land.

Uncultivated wasteland accounts for 5.17% of total land, which can be turned to agricultural land. About 4.67% of the land is other types of land.

Source: Indiawaterportal.org

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LITERATURE REVIEW

INDIAN SCENARIO

Major Finding from Related Literature S. No. Author 1 Krishan (1993)

Book/Journal The slowing down of Indian urbanization.

Geography

(Journals/ Conference/ Seminar Papers)

Objective To figure out why India's urbanisation is slowing down.

Data Used /model/variables Data on urbanization and related indicators, urban economic growth

Data Sources Census of India 1991, Economic survey 1991-92, rural & urban distribution of Paper-2 of 1991.

Major Findings The slowing of urbanisation is due to a decrease in rural-urban migration as a result of agricultural development.

2

Kundu Migration, and Gupta Urbanization and (1996) Regional Disparities.

Economic and political weekly

Trends and Processes of urbanization in India

Number of towns, Census of India of percentage and growth rate various years and of urban population, Internal NSS data. migrants in various categories.

Time series and panel data

Over the last few decades, India's urban population has been modest and changing. This is due to increased demographic growth in large cities, as well as the upward mobility of towns.

3

Kalamkar Urbanisation and (2009) Agricultural Growth in India Sridhar Determinants of (2010) City Growth and Output in India

The purpose of this study is to look into the relationship between agriculture and urbanisation in India.

To learn more about the factors that influence urban population and economic growth, as well as the factors that influence urban population and economic output in India.

Data on urban population increase and major crop output is used.

Data at district and town level.

Ordinary least square method

Census of India of various years, FAO Town directory, 2011

Migration from rural areas has resulted in a faster rise of the urban population.

Rural-urban population growth.

Descriptive statistics.

Census of India, various years

In recent decades, a substantial number of new towns have sprung up, contributing greatly to the acceleration of urbanisation.

4

5

Bhagat (2011)

Emerging Pattern To investigate India's urbanisation of Urbanisation in patterns.

India

Manufacturing has a favourable impact on city size at the district level, and proximity to large cities causes nearby cities to grow in size, indicating agglomeration effects.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

6

Das (2013)

The growing number and size of towns/cities in India: Emerging issues from 2011 census data

7

Tripathi (2013)

Do Large Agglomerations Lead to Economic Growth? Evidence from Urban India

8

Kadi and Growth of Nelavigi urbanization in (2015) India. The International Journal of Science & Technology

INDIAN SCENARIO

To investigate the levels and trends of urbanisation in India based on the distribution of size classes.

To investigate the disparities and distribution of urban population by size class.

To examine previous past urbanisation trends and patterns.

To investigate the tendencies in India's urbanisation.

Data on Urbanization in different region of India, growth rate of population, number of UA and Outgrowths Gini coefficient for inequality in urbanisation Data on Trends on India’s urbanization, CAGR of city population, per cent of poor population in different class size.

Urbanisation, economic growth inequality, poverty Data on urban population, towns and cities, urban agglomeration variation rate, and yearly exponential growth rate average.

Census of India of Since independence, the absolute increase in various years urban population has outpaced the increase in rural population, a substantial difference.

National accounts statistics, census of India in various years

A higher pace of urbanisation is beneficial.

Associated with a more prosperous economic growth, poverty reduction, and Inequality is more prevalent in cities of India.

Censuses of India from various years are used as data sources.

Cities in India have become densely inhabited and overcrowded as a result of population growth throughout the decades, as well as migration.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

STATE SCENARIO

STATE SCENARIO (BIHAR)

Fig.- Location of Bihar

   

Between 2001 and 2011, Bihar's population grew at a decadal pace of 25.1 percent. The rural population accounted for 88.7% of the entire population, while the urban population made up only 11.3 percent. After Himachal Pradesh, which has a degree of urbanisation of 10.1 percent, Bihar is the second least urbanised state in India.

Between 2004-05 and 2010-11, Bihar's economy increased at an annual rate of 11.36 percent. The state economy grew at a pace of 14.8 percent in 2010-11 over 2009-10.

Patna district has the highest per capita income in the state at Rs. 6,958, while Sheohar district has the lowest at Rs. 2,219 per capita.

South Bihar's districts are, on average, wealthier than those in the north.

Bihar having total area of 93,600 km sq., out of which 27,730 sq. km is not suitable for cultivation, 14,200 sq km as cultivable and 41,930 sq. km as net sown area.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT SCHEME OF SMALL AND MEDIUM TOWNS (UIDSMMT)   • • • 

Urban Renewal is one of the government's priority sectors in the National Common Minimum Programme, hence the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was established on December 3, 2005, with a budget of Rs. 1,00,000.00 crores over a seven-year period beginning in 2005-06. UIDSMMT is one of the component of JNNURM. The Scheme's goals are as follows: Improve infrastructure facilities and assist in the creation of long-lasting public assets and high-quality services in cities and towns.

Infrastructural development should be based on public-private partnerships.

Encourage towns and communities to develop in a coordinated and planned manner.

Components of UIDSMMT are urban renewal, water supply & sanitation, sewerage, drainage and SWM.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

EXAMPLE STUDY

EXAMPLE STUDY Purnea, Bihar 

 

A case study of the small city of Purnea in the state of Bihar to aid understanding of the mechanisms of change that have occurred in the lower tier of the urban system during the last two decades.

Urban population increased by 53.15 percent between 2001 and 2011, substantially faster than the state average.

Purnea's economic growth history is divided into four separate hubs, the earliest of which dates from the 1870s.

Fig.- Location of Purnea



Still, the economy of urban Purnea may be considered more autonomous than dependent, as economic activities catering to the local region and its environs continue to predominate over the production of goods and services for distant markets in large metropolitan areas.

Fig.- Economic centres of Purnea

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LITERATURE REVIEW

EXAMPLE STUDY

Bhagalpur, Bihar

  



It is one of oldest district in Bihar (india). The study region is 434.40 km2 and is located between 25°09’ and 25°18’ North latitudes and 86°51’ and 87°07’ East latitudes.

According to the 2001 census, the district's population was 2.43 million, with a population density of 946 people per square kilometre.

Temporal satellite data of Landsat MSS, ETM+, and merged data of IRS-P6 LISS IV and Cartosat-1 (IRS-P5) of 1976, 1999, and 2008 were used. The Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) provided the Landsat satellite data, while the IRS satellite data came from the National Urban Information System (NUIS) project.

The approach used in this study outlines the dynamics of urban evolution, including areal extension and statistical methods for determining the LCR and LAC.

Fig.- Location of Bhagalpur

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LITERATURE REVIEW 

The following are urban maps created using satellite data for the years 1976, 1999, and 2008. The result demonstrates that the spatial presence in the Bhagalpur urban zone has been steadily increasing.



Urban/built-up areas increased significantly from 3.512 percent (15.26 km2) of total land in 1976 to 4.573 percent (19.866 km2) in 1999, and then to 5.886 percent (25.886 km2) of total land in 2008.



The LAC for the periods 1976–1999 and 1999–2008 is 0.0005 and 0.001, respectively.



The findings show that the population was primarily concentrated within the city from 1976 to 1999, but that after 1999, people went to the periphery of the city for a better quality of life in an open space away from the highly populated area.

EXAMPLE STUDY

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LITERATURE REVIEW Major Finding from Related Literature Author

Book/Journal

(Journals/ Conference/ Seminar Papers)

S. No. 1

Data Used /model/variables Thongkhant Growth of cities in Attempts to understand the growth Level and growth of Hang P. North-East India patterns of towns and cities in India's Urbanization.

(2015) north-east.

Exponential models, composite index

2

Tripathi and Urbanization and To investigate the impact of Mahey Economic Growth in urbanisation on Punjab's economic (2016) Punjab (India): An growth.

Empirical Analysis

Number of towns data, Town share of urban directory, population 2011 Ordinary least square method

In Punjab, the study highlights the favourable relationship between urbanisation and economic growth.

3

Annapurna SHAW

Urban Growth and Change in PostLiberalized India: Small Town Dynamics

The lower echelons of this structure are livelier than previously thought.

Journal of Urban and Regional Studies on Contemporary India 6(1): 1–14 (2019)

Objective

India's urbanisation and transformations as a result of economic reforms during the previous two decades One of the most important is the distinction between "autonomous" growth and "trickle-down" growth from the metropolitan system's upper tiers.

Data Sources Town directory 1981, 1991, 2001

Major Findings The study's findings are that metropolitan amenities such as good electrification, medical facilities, recreation, and cultural facilities play a key influence in persuading people to migrate to urban centres, resulting in the increasing domination of class-I cities.

Smaller cities are increasingly functioning as dynamic markets for both old (pre-liberalization) and new (post-liberalization) economy goods and services.

Case Study of Purnea

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LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY 

There is a regional bias in case of research on small and medium towns which the concentrated in only few states.



A higher pace of urbanisation is associated with a more prosperous economic growth, poverty reduction, and also inequality, which is more prevalent in cities of India.



Small and medium towns functions as a medium for flow of goods and services to metro cities/large urban areas.



While the economy grew at an average annual pace of 7.7% over the last decade (2001-2011), the services sector increased at nearly 10% each year (Economic Survey 2011-12). Agriculture's contribution to GDP had dropped to 14.2 percent (from 50.6 percent in 1960-61) in 2009-10, while manufacturing contributed another 22.4 percent.



Between 2001 and 2011, Bihar's population grew at a decadal pace of 25.1 percent. The rural population accounted for 88.7% of the entire population, while the urban population made up only 11.3 percent.



UIDSMMT focuses on infrastructure development with integration of socioeconomic planning with geographical planning.

 

Purnea is an emerging small city, in which 4 major economic clusters are there. We can say that this city is autonomous but still final sell of goods and materials depends upon metro cities.

The approach used in this study outlines the dynamics of urban evolution, including areal extension and statistical methods for determining the LCR and LAC.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

STUDY AREA BACKGROUND

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Study Area : Muzaffarpur District

 



Muzaffarpur District is located in Bihar, India, and is one of the state's thirty-eight districts.

Purbi Champaran and Sitamarhi districts border Muzaffarpur on the north, Vaishali and Saran districts on the south, Samastipur and Darbhanga districts on the east, and Saran and Gopalganj districts on the west.

Bihar's Muzaffarpur district covers 3172 square kilometres.

Fig.- Location of Muzaffarpur

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Administration 

The administrative centre of Muzaffarpur district is Muzaffarpur city. Muzaffarpur district is divided into 16 community development blocks and is separated into two sub-divisions, East and West Muzaffarpur.

Demography  

The district has a total HH of 9.46 lakh and population of 48.01 persons.

It has a sex ratio of 900 females per 1000 males.

Economic Profile of the District 

It contributes to 4.53% of state GDP at current price and 4.7% at constant price.



Muzaffarpur is a fast-growing district where agriculture is the main source of income.

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Working Population  

Number of total workers is 1,547,586.

Main Work (Employment or Earning for More Than 6 Months) accounts for 58.8% of workers, while Marginal Activity accounts for 41.2 percent

LULC  Muzaffarpur district has a total area of 3173 km sq. Approx 40% of area is agricultural land, 46.6% is built up area, 6% of total area is water body and 3% is 6% is covered in trees and shrubs.

Type Water body Tree Cover Vegetation Wetland Agriculture Scrubs/Shrubs Built up Area Barren Land

Area (Sq. Km.) 189.52 84.38 1.96 48.58 1259.69 92.39 1486.43 24.15

Area (%) 5.95 2.65 0.06 1.52 39.52 2.90 46.64 0.76

 Muzaffarpur's economy is mostly dependent on agriculture. Fruits such as mango and litchi are shipped from the district to other regions of the country and beyond. Dairy goods, cattle feeding plants, honey-related products, rawhide mandi, leather industries, abattoirs and meat processing, and other industries have promise in the district.

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MUZAFFARPUR CITY

Study Area : Muzaffarpur City

 

 

Muzaffarpur is the most important centre of commercial and business activities for North Bihar.

Muzaffarpur is the primary urban area in Muzaffarpur district and main urban centre of north Bihar. Other major urban areas in north Bihar are Samastipur, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Chhapra, Vaishali and Hajipur.

The town acts as Gateway to Nepal facilitating brisk trade in clothes and food grains by road between two countries.

Muzaffarpur is connected with Hajipur (53 Km) and Patna (138) by National Highway (NH) 77.

Muzaffarpur is well connected with other districts of North Bihar like Sitamarhi (55 km) (NH 77), Champaran and Darbhanga (56 km) (NH 57) etc.

Fig.- Location of Muzaffarpur

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MUZAFFARPUR CITY

Connectivity Name of Town/City Distance from Muzaffarpur (Km) Vaishali

35

Hajipur

53

Sitamarhi

55

Darbhanga

56

Patna

138

Motihari

78

Janakpur, Nepal

127 Demographic Profile

Particulars

City (MMC)

Total Population

3,54,462

Share of ULB population in district urban population

74.86%

Population Growth Rate

16.01%

Area (Sq. km)

26.68

Source: biharattractions.com/

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MUZAFFARPUR CITY

Economy



 

Muzaffarpur is a major commerce and investment hub in the state of Bihar, accounting for 10% of the state's urban GDP, 21% of trade, and 5% of agricultural output. In 2011, the labour force participation rate grew to 30%, up from 25% a decade earlier. Main workers account for 82 percent of all employees.

Nepal and Muzaffarpur exchange clothing and food grains. The main shopping district is Motijheel.

Muzaffarpur is the Mithila region's primary industrial hub. It has a diverse range of industries, from small to large.

Fig.- Major economic zones of Muzaffarpur

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MUZAFFARPUR CITY

Trade & Commerce





There are marketplaces, for example, for some things. Sutapati is recognised for its jewellery and ready-to-wear clothing. Lac bangles are famous in Muzaffarpur (Lahthi). Saryaganj Chowk and Kalayani near the Gola region are wholesale markets in the city. Muzaffarpur's Central Business District (CBD) is made up of these areas.

The CBD is congested on both sides of Katchary Road, Laxmi Narayan Road, Mr. Aiya Ganj Road, Tilak Maidan Road, and Raghu Bans Road, and has limited lanes.

Fig.- Resource map of Muzaffarpur

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND  Main commercial areas of Muzaffarpur city: 1. Saraiyaganj (Main CBD) 2. Zila parishad market, Juran Chapra and Imlichatti commercial area 3. Aghoria bazaar 4. Jubba Sahani Park 5. Laxmi Chowk 6. Chandani Chowk 7. Baria Junction Land Use  The total area under Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation (MMC) covers 2668 hectares (26.68 Km2).

Land Use Area (Ha) % distribution Residential 1,532.32 57.42% Commercial 28.95 1.08% Industrial 157.42 5.90% Public & Semi- Public 235.16 8.81% Roads/Transport & Communication 144.07 5.40% Parks/Open Spaces & Recreational 188.86 7.08% Water Bodies 75.68 2.84% Agricultural 274.98 10.30% Vacant Land 31.00 1.16% Total 2668.44 100%

MUZAFFARPUR CITY

Legend

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TUDY AREA BACKGROUND

MPORTANCE OF MUZAFFAPUR AS A CASE STUDY 

Muzaffarpur is the third largest city in Bihar, and is located in the Mithila region's Muzaffarpur district.



The city's competitive advantages stem from its great connectivity, strategic position, and robust regional trade and commerce activities. The city is well connected by road and rail to its nearby cities such as Patna, Hazipur, Samastipur, etc., as well as Janakpur city in Nepal, which is about a two hours journey by car.



Muzaffarpur functions as a regional wholesale market centre for delivering various goods and agricultural/horticulture/fruits produce to adjacent minor towns and villages.



Muzaffarpur has great advantage in connectivity and node for agro based industries like litchi processing and milk, leather processing and industries like Bharat Wagon Ltd., Thermal Power Station.



It has dedicated industrial area in which approx. 10000 industrial units are registered. In which 3 are medium and large industries and rest are MSMEs which are wood based, agro based, mineral based, metal based etc.



The biggest investment and number of registered units are in agro-based industries and ready-made clothing & embroidery.

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AIM, OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY

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AIM, OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY Research Questions  

What is the link between the growth of medium towns and the economic processes?

How economic development and land use of medium towns is related?

Research Hypothesis 

There is a relation between growth of a city with its land use.

Aim 

To analyse the linkage between land use and economy of a medium town

Objectives    

To study the economy of a medium town To study the land use of a medium town.

To investigate the linkage between land use and economy.

Identification of intervention policies for the economic development and land-use changes

Scope & Limitations   

The study takes Muzaffarpur as a sample of medium town only.

A baseline profile of the town and district will be prepared The study shall be primarily based on secondary data collection

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

AIM, OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY Methodology

 Divided into 4 stages.

1. Study of background, Literature review 2. Study of land use and economy in details 3. Identification of issues and problems as an outcome of analysis 4. Formulation of development imperative

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

DATA COLLECTION & TECHNIQUE OF ANALYSIS

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

A COLLECTION SOURCES AND TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS

Data Collection: Muzaffarpur District S. No. 1

2

Sources

Data Collection: Muzaffarpur City Data

District Statistic Department District statistics such as economy, population distribution, industrial statistics, land-use statistics

Geological survey of India

Geodetic and geophysical survey reports, Mapping and map reproduction, land use land cover

3

Bihar Statistic Department

State statistics

4

Bihar finance department

Economic survey reports

5

Bihar industries Department Industrial estates, audit reports

S. No. Sources Data 1 ULB and Urban Development Urban infrastructure, plan Authorities of Bihar allocation, supporting programs, policies 2 Town Planning Cell 3 Municipal corporation Muzaffarpur 4 Geological survey of India

Land acquisition and development schemes etc. of City business plan, CDP, Land use data, annual budget, policies Geodetic and geophysical survey reports, Mapping and map reproduction, land use land cover

5 Census of India Demography and working data 6 MSME Development Industrial profile of Muzaffarpur Institute 7 Commerce and Industries District Development Plan Department

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

A COLLECTION SOURCES AND TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS

Techniques of Analysis Economic Analysis Multiple Linear Regression 

Independent Variables (land area distribution, cultivable area percentage etc.)



Dependent Variables (WFPR)

Land Use Analysis 

Remote sensing images



LAC and LCR (Land absorption coefficient and land consumption rate) evaluation



LCM (Land Change Modeller) using remote sensing



LULC mapping and urban change dynamics.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

DATA ANALYSIS $ DISCUSSION

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Muzaffarpur District 





Muzaffarpur district is divided into 16 community development blocks and is separated into two sub-divisions, East and West Muzaffarpur.

Total area of Muzaffarpur district is 3172 Sq. Km. Baruraj (Motipur) having the biggest area which is approx. 300 sq. Km, followed by Paroo, saraiya and others.

While smallest CD Block by area is Moraul (Dholi) having an area of 62.6 Sq. Km. According to Census, there were only 14 CD Blocks, from 1991 Bandra and Marwan CD Block got added in Muzaffarpur district.

Fig.- CD Blocks of Muzaffarpur

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ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Demography

800000



According to Census, population of Muzaffarpur in 2001 was 37,46,714 which increases to 48,01,062 in 2011 at a decadal growth rate of 28.14%.

From the above table it is evident that Mushari CDB population is increasing rapidly and is experiencing highest growth due to rapid urbanization and Dholi CDB is having lowest increase rate among all the CDBs.

700000 600000 500000 400000

Population



1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

300000 200000 100000 0

nj ur) roo iya an nti pur ha rai tra hat dra ul) hri ani kra a Au Ka ig w Ka a ga tip n ra sa rh Sa a b Pa a r ar a Ba Mo u in och e Mo S G Ku M M h M ( B ( li Sa raj o h ru D Ba

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Population Density of CDBs

Fig.- Density Map of CDBs for 2001

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Fig.- Density Map of CDBs for 2011



For year 2001, the density of CDBs varies between 9PPH to 14PPH (Persons per Ha). Sakra and Mushari has the highest density of 14PPH while Baruraj and Paroo having lowest density of 9PPH.



In 2011, the density of CDBs varies between 11PPH to 18PPH. Bandra CDB is having least density of 11PPH while Sakra and Mushari is having density of 18PPH. PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Population Projection   

Projected population following current trend for year 2021 ranges between 55 to 60 lakhs.

1200000

And for year 2041 it ranges from 66 lakh to 92 lakh.

1000000

From the figure Mushari block displays highest population

800000

Sahebganj Baruraj (Motipur) Paroo Saraiya Marwan Kanti Minapur

600000

Bochaha Aurai

400000

Katra Gaighat Bandra

200000

Dholi (Moraul) Musahri Kurhani

0 1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2021

2041

Sakra

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Workforce Participation & Distribution 60

Workforce Distribution 28%

50

18%

40 30 20

4%

10

50%

Cultivators HH Industries

0

Agri Labours Others

Urban India Male Workers WFPR%

Bihar

Muzaffarpur

Female Workers

Workforce Participation  

68% of workers involved in agriculture sector, 18% in service and only 4% involved in manufacturing sector.



According to census 2011, the Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR) in the Muzaffarpur district is 32%, which is lower than the national average.

It shows the lack of employment opportunities.

In district 47.3% are male workers while 15.49% are female workers.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Workforce Participation

Fig.- Ratio of Main workers to Total Map of CDBs for 2001

For 2001, Aurai and Saraiya Subdistrict has the highest ratio of main workers to total workers (0.86 & 0.82), while Sahebganj Subdistrict has the lowest (0.71).

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Fig.- Ratio of Main workers to Total Map of CDBs for 2011

For 2011, Dholi has highest ratio of main workers to total workers ratio (0.72), while Sahebganj has lowest (0.43).

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Fig.- Ratio of Main workers to Marginal Map of CDBs for 2001

For 2001, Aurai has the highest ratio of main workers to marginal workers (6.09) and Sahebganj Subdistrict has the lowest (2.47).

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Fig.- Ratio of Main workers to Marginal Map of CDBs for 2011

For 2011, Dholi Subdistrict has the highest ratio of main workers to marginal workers (2.63), while Sahebganj Subdistrict has the lowest (0.76).

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Fig.- Ratio of Non-agri workers to Main Map of CDBs for 2001

For 2001, Mushari has the highest ratio of nonagricultural workers to main workers workers (0.55) while Bandra Subdistrict has the lowest (0.15).

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Fig.- Ratio of Non-agri workers to Main Map of CDBs for 2011

For 2011, Mushari Subdistrict has the highest ratio of non-agricultural workers to total workers (0.74), while Bandra Subdistrict has the lowest (0.28).

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Land Use & Land Cover  The following map created using satellite data.  The result demonstrates Muzaffarpur district has built up area of 46.63%, 39.52% of area is being used as agricultural land.

Fig.- LULC Map of Muzaffarpur District

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Type Waterbody Tree Cover Vegetation Wetland Agriculture Scrubs/Shrubs Built up Area Barren Land

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Area (Sq. Km.) Area (%) 189.52 5.9 84.38 2.6 1.96 0.1 48.58 1.5 1259.69 39.5 92.39 2.9 1486.43 46.6 24.15 0.8

 Muzaffarpur district has a total area of 3173 km sq. Approx 40% of area is agricultural land, 46.6% is built up area, 6% of total area is water body and 3% and 6% is covered in trees and shrubs.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Linkage between Land Use and Economy Models Used for Analysis

1.

Y1 = M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e

2.

Y2 = M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e

3.

Y3 = M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e

4.

lnY1 = lnM1X1 + lnM2X2 + C + e

5.

lnY2 = lnM1X1 + lnM2X2 + C + e

6.

lnY3 = lnM1X1 + lnM2X2 + C + e

Variables Independent X1 X2 Dependent Y1 Y2 Y3

Description

Unit

Population Percentage cultivable area Ratio of main workers to total workers Ratio of main workers to marginal workers Ratio of non-agricultural workers to main workers

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Analysis SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics Multiple R R Square Adjusted R Square Standard Error Observations

0.758 0.575 0.546 0.079 32

ANOVA df Regression Residual Total

Intercept X1 Z

SS

MS

2 29 31

0.247 0.183 0.430

0.124 0.006

Coefficients 0.494 0.004 0.000

Standard Error 0.073 0.001 0.000

t Stat 6.775 5.312 -1.907

F 19.619

Significance F 0.000

P-value 0.000 0.000 0.067

Lower 95% 0.345 0.003 0.000

Upper 95% 0.644 0.006 0.000

Lower 95.0% 0.345 0.003 0.000

Upper 95.0% 0.644 0.006 0.000

Model - Y1 = M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Models

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT

Multiple R

R2

Std. Error

Significance F

Coefficient X1

Y1=M1X1+M2X2+C+e

X2

0.758

0.575

0.079

4.09E-06 -3.3E-07

0.0043

0.728

0.531

0.942

0.0459

0.461

0.212

0.151

1.72E-05 -3.7E-06 8.41E0.0314 07

lnY1=lnM1X1+lnM2X2+C+e

0.634

0.402

0.064

0.00058

lnY2=lnM1X1+lnM2X2+C+e

0.655

0.429

0.188

Y2=M1X1+M2X2+C+e

P Values X1 1.07E05

X2 0.067* 4.26E-05

-0.012

0.079* 1.74E07

-0.102

0.245

0.1257

0.00093***

0.00029 -0.3160

0.7631

0.1084

0.00051***

=lnM1X1+lnM2X2+C+e lnY3Multiple R - represents the multiple between the Y variable and the X variables.

0.409 correlation 0.167 0.185 0.0705 0.432 -2.214 0.0312**

0.1645

Y3=M1X1+M2X2+C+e

-0.027**

 R2 - known as the coefficient of determination  Standard Error - the average distance that the observed values fall from the regression line  F - overall F statistic for the regression model  Coefficient – Coeff. of X1 and X2 in the model  P Value – It tell us whether or not each explanatory (X1 & X2) variable is statistically significant PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION P value

MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT % significant

Representation

Less than 0.1

90%

*

Less than 0.05

95%

**

Less than 0.01

99%

***

 If the value of P is less than 0.1 it is 90% significant, if it is less than 0.05 than it is 95% significant and if is below 0.01 than it is 99% significant or highly significant. If it is greater than 0.1 then model is not valid.

Land Use Analysis Year  LCR is the land consumption ratio.  LCR for year 2001 is higher than 2011. It shows that population growth and development activities are the main factors driving land use and expansion of built-up area.  Increasing LAC ratio shows that the built up area is expanding and people are moving away from core urban area to periphery.

LCR (Ha/Person)

2001

0.0075

2011

0.0072

Year

LAC (Ha/Person)

1991-2001

0.0141

2001-2011

0.106

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC) 





Muzaffarpur was raised to Municipal Corporation status in 1981, with the Corporation's first elective assembly formed in 2002.

Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation had 32 wards in 2001, which were increased to 49 wards in 2007.

Total area of Muzaffarpur city is 26.68 Sq. Km.

Fig.- Wards of Muzaffarpur City

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

Population of Muzaffarpur City



 

According to Census, population of Muzaffarpur City in 2001 was 3,05,525 which increases to 3,54,462 in 2011 at a decadal growth rate of 16.02%.

From the decadal growth rate graph, it is evident that the growth rate is decreasing.

Males make up 52.9 percent of the population, while females make up 47.1 percent.

400,000

60.00%

350,000

50.00%

300,000 40.00%

250,000 200,000

30.00%

150,000

20.00%

100,000 10.00%

50,000 0

1951

1961

1971 POPULATION

1981

1991

2001

2011

0.00%

% DECADAL GROWTH

Fig.- Population trend of MMC

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Population of Muzaffarpur City 

According to the 2011 Census, Muzaffarpur city has a total population of 3.5 lakh people and covers an area of 26.68 square kilometres.



Muzaffarpur district has an urban population of 4.73 lakh which is only 3% of state urban population and 75% of district’s urban population.



Population projection varies from 4.1 lakh to 4.6 lakh for 2021 and 3.8 lakh to 7.78 lakh for 2041, flowing the population increase trend.

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC) PARTICULARS

Urban India Bihar Muzaffarpur District Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation

TOTAL URBAN POPULATION

MALE POPULATION

FEMALE POPULATION

37,71,05,760 11,758,016 4,73,437 3,54,462

18,54,89,200 6,204,307 2,50,685 1,87,564

13,55,65,591 5,553,709 2,22,752 1,66,898

900000 800000 700000 600000

Arithmati c Increase Method Geometri c Increase Method Incremen tal increase method

500000 400000 300000

Year 2021 2041

Arithmetic Geometric Incremental Projection Projection Increase 4,11,483 460824 403970 525524 778873 511076

200000 100000 0 1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2021

2041

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

Economy Work Force Participation Ratio

Workforce Distribution 60

366% 2%

6%

50 40 30 20

89%

Cultivators HH Industries



10 0

Agri Labours Others

In MMC 89% of workers involved in service sector, 6% in manufacturing and 5% are involved in agriculture sector.

Urban India

Bihar

Male Workers  

Muzaffarpur Female Workers

Muzaffarpur MC WFPR%

According to census 2011, the Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR) in the Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation Area is 30.07%, which is lower than the national and district.

Out of total workers, 46.72 are male and 11.35% are female.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Economy Analysis 

 

According to census 2011, the Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR) in the Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation Area was 30.07%, which was lower than the national and district.

In city 47% are male workers while 11% are female workers.

MMC has higher level of dependent population as compared to National, State and District level averages. Like most cities, female constitute higher proportion of dependant population.

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

Particulars Urban India

Male Workers 53.76

Female Workers 15.4

WFPR% 35.31

Bihar

44.90

10.4

28.62

Muzaffarpur

47.3

15.49

32.23

Muzaffarpur MC

46.72

11.35

30.07

Particulars

Female nonWorkers 84.51

% of NW

Muzaffarpur

Male nonWorkers 52.71

Muzaffarpur MC

53.28

88.65

69.93

67.77

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Workforce Participation Ratio

For 2011, ward 9 has the highest ratio of main workers to total workers (95.50%), while ward 34 has the lowest (63.56%).

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

Ratio of main to marginal workers is highest in ward 9 (21.21) and lowest in ward 34 (1.74).

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

Land Use of Muzaffarpur City

 The total area under Muzaffarpur Municipal Corporation (MMC) covers 2668 hectares (26.68 Km2).

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Land Use Analysis

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

 According to UDPFI rules, the city's current land-use pattern reveals a lack of organised commercial areas, industrial facilities, and transportation infrastructure, indicating a lack of secondary and tertiary enterprises.  The city has an unplanned and organic growth pattern.  The growth of the town's periphery has been mostly uncontrolled on all sides.

Land Use Residential Commercial Industrial Public & Semi- Public Roads/Transport & Communication Parks/Open Spaces & Recreational Water Bodies Agricultural Vacant Land Total

Area (Ha) 1,532.32 28.95 157.42 235.16 144.07 188.86 75.68 274.98 31.00 2668.44

% distribution 57.42% 1.08% 5.90% 8.81% 5.40% 7.08% 2.84% 10.30% 1.16% 100%

URDPFI Guide 43-48% 4-6% 7-9% 6-8% 10-12% 12-14%

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Linkage Between Land Use and Economy Models Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e M1X1 + M3X3 + C + e M1X1 + M4X4 + C + e M1X1 + M5X5 + C + e M1X1 + M6X6 + C + e M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e M1X1 + M3X3 + C + e M1X1 + M4X4 + C + e M1X1 + M5X5 + C + e M1X1 + M6X6 + C + e M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e M1X1 + M3X3 + C + e M1X1 + M4X4 + C + e M1X1 + M5X5 + C + e M1X1 + M6X6 + C + e

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

Multiple R

R2

Std. Error

Significance F

0.318 0.319 0.315 0.323 0.313 0.268 0.273 0.309 0.269 0.286 0.578 0.504 0.554 0.596 0.639

0.101 0.102 0.099 0.104 0.098 0.072 0.075 0.095 0.072 0.082 0.334 0.254 0.307 0.356 0.408

0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.081 4.626 4.620 4.568 4.626 4.602 0.021 0.022 0.022 0.021 0.020

0.086 0.085 0.090 0.079 0.093 0.179 0.168 0.100 0.178 0.140 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000

Coefficient X1 Xn 0.000 -0.021 0.000 0.157 0.000 -0.028 0.000 0.063 0.000 0.014 -0.001 -0.014 -0.001 6.525 -0.001 -5.137 -0.001 0.723 -0.001 -2.654 0.000 0.028 0.000 -0.019 0.000 -0.042 0.000 -0.073 0.000 -0.057

P Values X1 Xn 0.028** 0.651 0.047** 0.626 0.029** 0.738 0.026** 0.548 0.030** 0.830 0.076** 0.996 0.087** 0.721 0.045** 0.281 0.076* 0.904 0.069* 0.484 0.002** 0.022** 0.000*** 0.826 0.000*** 0.063* 0.004** 0.009*** 0.000*** 0.001***

• Independent Variables are X1 = Population, X2 = residential area %, X3 = commercial area %, X4 = Public/Semi public area %, X5 = Industrial area %, X6 = Income generating (X3 + X4 + X5).

• Dependent Variables are Y1 = Ratio of main to total workers, Y2 = main to marginal workers, Y3 = non-agricultural to main workers PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

MUZAFFARPUR CITY (MMC)

P value

% significant

Representation

Less than 0.1 Less than 0.05

90% 95%

* **

Less than 0.01

99%

***

From these models if P value is less than 0.1 then the model is significant or if it is greater than 0.1 then the model is insignificant. That model is not valid.

Land Use Analysis  LCR for year 2001 is higher than 2011. It shows that population growth and development activities are the main factors driving land use and expansion of built-up area.  LAC for the decade 1991-2001 is less than compared to 2001-2011. Shows the population was concentrated in core city previously but after 2001 people relocated to periphery for better quality of life.

Year

LCR (Ha/Person)

2001

0.00686

2011

0.0059

Year 2001-2011

LAC (Ha/Person) 0.0103

1991-2001

0.004

1981-1991

0.007

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Major Observations From the Study Land Use Issues 1. Lack of Open Space a) Few green spaces and few usable public spaces. b) Compared to URDPFI (12-14% recommended) only 7% is available.

2. Congestion a) CBD/Core area having haphazard and organic growth b) Unplanned development causing encroachment and traffic congestion and parking issues.

3. Lack of Basic Infrastructure c) Lack of adequate water and power supply d) Lack of proper planned sewerage and sanitation system e) No proper door to door collection and waste segregation f) Limited educational and medical institutions g) Lack of NMT and walking related infrastructure

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Economic Issues 1. a) b) c)

Industries No proper facility for marketing of manufactured goods Only 19% industries are operational Lack of basic infrastructure for industries like electricity and drainage

2. Safety a) Low level of public safety and increase in crime rate by 13%. b) Climb in case of abductions, theft, burglary and robbery.

3. Tourism a) Deteriorating city heritage monuments due to adequate policy and lack of suitable legal framework, b) Short supply of financial and technological resources.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Linkage between Land Use and Economy Findings Muzaffarpur District Sl. Model No. 1.

Y1=M1X1+M2X2+C+e

Dependent Independent Variable Variable Ratio of main to Cultivable area total workers

2.

Y3=M1X1+M2X2+C+e

3.

Coefficient

Remarks

0.004*

The impact of share of cultivable land area on the ratio of main to total workers is found to be statistically significant.

Ratio of non- Cultivable area agro to main workers

-0.012**

The impact of share of cultivable land area on the ratio of non-agro to main workers is found to be statistically highly significant.

lnY1=lnM1X1+lnM2X2+C+e

Ratio of main to Cultivable area total workers

0.254***

The impact of share of the cultivable land area on the ratio of main to total workers is found to be statistically extremely significant.

4.

lnY2=lnM1X1+lnM2X2+C+e

Ratio of main to Cultivable area marginal workers

0.7631***

The impact of share of the cultivable land area on the ratio of non-agro to main workers is found to be statistically extremely significant.

5.

lnY3=lnM1X1+lnM2X2+C+e

Ratio of non- Cultivable area agro to main workers

-2.214**

The impact of cultivable land area on the ratio of non-agro to main workers is found to be statistically highly significant.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ATA ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION Linkage between Land Use and Economy Findings Muzaffarpur City Sl. No.

Model

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable

Coefficient

Remarks

1.

Y3=M1X1 + M2X2 + C + e

Ratio of non-agro Residential land 0.028** to main workers use

The impact of share of residential land area on the ratio non-agro to main workers of is found to be statistically highly significant.

2.

Y3=M1X1 + M4X4 + C + e

Ratio of non-agro Public/Semi to main workers public

The impact of share of cultivable land area on the ratio of non-agro to main workers is found to be statistically significant.

3.

Y3=M1X1 + M5X5 + C + e

Ratio of non-agro Industrial to main workers use

land -0.073***

The impact of share of industrial land area on the ratio of non-agro to main workers is found to be statistically extremely significant.

4.

Y3=M1X1 + M6X6 + C + e

Ratio of non-agro Income -0.057*** to main workers generating land use

The impact of share of income generating land area on the ratio of non-agro to main workers is found to be statistically extremely significant.

-0.042*

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

CONCLUSION & POLICY IMPLICATIONS

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ONCLUSION & POLICY IMPLICATIONS Economic Strategies S. No.

ASPECTS

STRATEGIES

Economy 1.

Industry

   

Revival of sick industries Bharat Wagon Ltd., Paper mills, pharmacy etc.

Boost the potential of agro-based companies such as food processing plants, distilleries, and Litchis products, among others.

Development of horticulture and floriculture like litchi, mango, marigold etc.

Support State and Central Government's policy to encourage entrepreneurs to set up industries for agriculture.

2.

Safety

    

Installation of CCTV cameras and surveillance along the sensitive areas.

Accident analysis system that covers all streets.

Patrolling in all sensitive areas Intelligent street lighting system with emergency response system.

Skill development and job opportunities creation.

3.

Tourism



Re-development and conservation of existing potential heritage sites like Garib Nath Temple, Sahu Pond, Jubba Sahni Park etc.

Development of Recreational areas and existing water bodies like Brhmputra Lake, Sikandarpur Mann Lake, Budhi Gandak river etc.



PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ONCLUSION & POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Land Use Strategies S. No. ASPECTS Land Use 4.

Open Space     5.

Basic Infrastructure

      

STRATEGIES Development of Recreational areas and existing water bodies.

Enhance innovative usage of open spaces.

Identification of extra open space at the city level, such as parks, chowks, pedestrian streets, lakes or ponds, river banks, and other underutilised potential open spaces.

Integration with natural assets like Sikandarpur Mann Lake and Buhri Gandak River to create new public spaces.

Provision of authorised water supply Provision and metering of power supply Properly Connect and improved all drains with Furdoo Nallah and Budi Gandak.

Recycle and re-use of treated sewage- Tapping of a portion of the sewage generated to be used for greening of the open areas through Decentralized Waste Water System.

Incorporation of 100% door to door waste collection and segregation. Construction of waste to energy facility and composting of organic waste.

Laying out of missing road links and major road networks. Provision of footpath and junctions with NMV facilities in street design and development of multi modal transit hub with integrated public transport system.

Allocation of space for income generating land use.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

ONCLUSION & POLICY IMPLICATIONS

6.

Congestion

      

Development of sub-CBD area.

Incentivize redevelopment to create new commercial areas.

Development of major road network. Strengthening/up gradation of footpaths and junctions.

Development of railway station, bus stand, and auto/taxi stand which are located nearby as multimodal transit hub.

Incentivizing developers for mixed use of land.

Promoting development of commercial buildings with space for underground parking.

Enforcement of proper bye laws for regulating land use and construction.

Conclusion 

The study reveals that in case of Muzaffrpur district economy is primarily based on agriculture related sector.



In case of Muzaffarpur city economy is primarily based on manufacturing and service sector.



There is linkage between economy and land use in medium towns.



The development of Muzaffarpur to be seen at regional level not on isolated city level.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

REFERENCES

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

REFERENCES • • • • • • • • • • •

Bhagat, Ram B. (2005): Urban Growth by City and Town Size in India. Paper to be presented in the annual meeting of Population Association of America to be held at Philadelphia, USA, March 31–April 2, 2005.

Denis, Eric, Mukhopadhyay, Partha and Zerah, Marie-Helene (2012): Subaltern Urbanization in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(30), 52–62.

Government of Bihar (GoB), Urban Development and Housing Department (2011): City Development Plan (2010–2030): Purnea. http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Purnea.pdf https://www.masterplansindia.com/muzaffarpur-bihar-location/ https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/cache/SHOW_DOCS/Final%20CDP%20Muzaffarpur-Hindi.pdf https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/ https://www.mymmc.org/Home/Download/3 City Business Plan, City Development Plan of Muzaffarpur Zhang J, He X, Yuan X-D (2020) Research on the relationship between Urban economic development level and urban spatial structure —A case study of two Chinese cities. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0235858. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235858 Bhagat, R. B. 2011. “Emerging Pattern of Urbanisation in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 46 (34): 10–12.

Das (2013), “The growing number and size of towns/cities in India: Emerging issues from 2011 census data”, International Union for the Scientific Study of Population Website: htp://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/Urban%20transition %20India_IUSSP%202013.pdf Kalamkar, S. S. 2009. “Urbanisation and Agricultural Growth in India.” Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 35 (3): 442.

PLANNING THESIS | AP7291 | 2021-22 | MURP | IIESTS

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