Facilitation Habitat on MARS, #manchesterschoolofarchitecture #maaumsa

Shariq Nazir Manchester School of Architecture

FACILITATION HABITAT ON

Project by: SHARIQ NAZIR University I.D: 19089044

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Facilitation Habitat on Mars

MA Architecture and Urbanism

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Shariq Nazir Manchester School of Architecture

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02- SITE - Site selection - The Site

01- INTRODUCTION - Introduction - Conditions on Mars -Mars vs Earth - Fiction and Sci-fi through ages

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03- RESOURCE PRODUCTION

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- Producing food

04- CASE STUDIES - Case studies - Comparitive Analysis of case studies

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06- URBAN DESIGN STRATEGY

- Vision for sapce habitation

05- INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MARTIAN FACILITY - Infrastructure

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08- DESIGN STRUCTURE - Masterplan of the City - Programs Plan and Sections - Serial Visions -Fututre Martian habitat development - 3D Visualization

07- EXPLORING THE DESIGN, FORM AND FUNCTIONS THROUGH SKETCHES AND MODELS - Sketches - Models -Organising form and function through models and sketches

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MA Architecture and Urbanism Facilitation Habitat on Mars

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cknowledgment

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The successful completion of this book is the result of a research of the topic and the support and endorsement of a variety of tutors. The project presented in the following pages is the result of an applied research and design studio conducted during the 2019-2020 academic year at the Manchester School of Architecture in the program; MA Architecture and Urbanism, jointly accredited

by University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University.

A special thanks to Colin Harwood and Curtis Martyn for their constant support and valuable feedback throughout the project, they always shown me unique and different ways to approach

and tackle the problems throughout this process.

Also, a special mention should be made for the tutors that supported the development of the project from the start: Eamonn Caniffe, Demetra Kourri, Dominic Sagar, Antonio Blanco Pastor and Mazin Al Saffar.

I would also like to acknowledge all the critics who during this whole year gave significant feedback to my project.

Finally, I thank my parents for being a huge support throughout my academic journey.

Shariq Nazir Manchester School of Architecture

'I think humans will reach Mars, and I would like to see it happen in my lifetime.'

Buzz Aldrin, American Astronaut

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Introduction

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he role of architecture and urban design in space travels and habituation on Mars is vital. As private and government space agencies are considering to pursue missions to Mars and habituation on the other celestial bodies for a magnitude of a period longer than any mission or man has accomplished yet, the value of architecture will present

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itself as critical to the shortterm execution and forming long term successful bases on other planets. About these approachable other planets, Mars is found to be more relatable and similar to earth, and it represents our possibilities of establishing our colony elsewhere in the solar system.

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s man mission to Mars evolves, the spaces that explorer inhabit must take solid and appropriate steps in terms of building facilities and habitat in a strange and unknown environment. The possibility of an early Martian settlement must become architecturally driven, expanding a focus on survival to include the concept of living on the challenging surface of Mars and how it would multiply in forming a community for the first Martian explorers on Mars. Balancing these considerations becomes a main challenge of creating

a permanent settlement, and specifically defining the dynamics of architecture and urban design.

Here, the role of architecture is devising a local vernacular design that would keep up the balance as the design and the architecture would relate to the surface itself, and while doing so it would be able to connect the Martians with the planet forming a close connection with the place itself.

Architect is responsible in giving the identity to that place and making it more habitable for the explorers.

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Facilitation Habitat on Mars

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t appears that Mars and earth are somehow similar, we have certain places on earth that resemble the atmosphere and surface of Mars, which also helps us realise and builds up the confidence in us that we can survive on the surface of Mars if we survive in the harsh conditions of the earth, no doubt on the surface of earth we have habitable environment

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which makes it easy for us to build our habitat where ever we desire, which is different in the case of Mars because there we have to decide that locations considering all the important aspects of the survival. We have similar resources to work with, so initially it would efficient enough for us to learn from the earth and apply that on Mars

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enerally, it is considered that the technology to undertake the facilitation mission to mars is present in today’s world. It is not suitable to assume that, prior to the habitation of Mars being implemented, there will be advancement in many fields that will afford greater case and lower cost for such mission. But at the same we can claim that

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the astronauts and the space agencies are in constant struggle to find the possibility of life on Mars and how can we survive there. on Mars.

There is much known regarding the detailed properties of Mars at the moment. But definitely, much more is to be learnt. The area that further need to be studied will also be highlighted.

Image: Mars Visualization

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Manchester School of Architecture 11 Image: Mars Topographical Imagery

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onditions

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ars vs Earth

Image: Details of difference between Mars and Earth

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erraforming and ongoing Mars explorations

Image: Terraforming Mars and resource generation on Mars

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Image: Satellites and Mars rovers on Mars

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aps of Mars

Image: Historic map of Mars

Image: Current recorded and labeled map on Mars

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iction and Scifi Movies through the ages WHEN? It is important to study the history of the exploration to Mars, as it will allow us to get a better understanding of the place we are planning to build the settlement and also would provide us with a background of how we percieved the site of Mars and how it has emerged through the ages and series of explorations. The fiction and sci-fi movies on Mars has always kept us facinated.

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Shariq Nazir Manchester School of Architecture Image: List of fiction movies through the ages

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Image: Topography of Mars

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Image: Unified Human-made eco system,

Image: Space forming civilization

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ite Selection Mersusky Basin

Mursusky Basin is located inside a giant impact basin on Mars, centered at 12.9'N 87.0'E. it is partly located in Sytris Major and Partly in Amenthes Quadrangle.

The site selected on the

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surface of Mars is in its central region stretching across the planet. Millions of years ago Mars had water on its surface, and it flowed with in this valley, making it a basin.

Shariq Nazir Manchester School of Architecture Image: The updated dashboard from Mars rover

Image: Reason for selecting this site

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he Site

Reason for selecting this site: There were few things that were considered for selecting this specific site, those reasons are accumulated and described as follows; Resource Accumulation: If you study the historic maps of Mars, we see that there used to be the 22

largest Valley system of the solar system on the planet, so the first reason remains that it is believed that there is still much water frozen beneath the surface. It is also believed that about 1 billion year ago Mars had ocean and a river system similar to the earth. Just like the process of sedimentation on Earth, it is assumed that there would be an abundance of natural resources in the basin end (craters) of Mars than in the poles.

Image: The Site locaiton on Mars

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future asteroids. In that case, resources from existing asteroid hits would also be beneficial.

Earth has received most of its rare resources including water from asteroid hits and deposits.

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Safety: Mars receives a higher number of asteroid hits in comparison to Earth.

You can see the number of craters formed on Martian surface because of this. Choosing a site like the crater helps gain the natural advantage against angular trajectory of

Image: Labelled map and site location of Mars

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Temperature balance: The specific basin being in the region of Martian surface that significantly helps higher temperature to the rest of the planet makes it slightly easier for the human settlement to sustain liveable temperature.

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Lower radiation: There are two types of radiation – Deep space radiation and radiation from solar flares, using the space of the crater and its location, it receives a lower amount of these kind of radiations.

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Flowing water: This theory was backed with the recent discovery of flowing water that was found on the planet. The closer to water source the site would be on a deserted topology, the more feasible it would become for the Martians to extract water.

(Source: NASA, Mars exploration program, 2020)

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roducing food:

Growing plants might appear as an obvious option, even though creating an adequate environment on Mars would be particularly challenging at the first steps of colonization.

Some species are edible, can be grown at a large scale and are expected (based on

comparisons of metabolic pathways and human nutritional requirements) to be a nearly complete nutritional source, lacking only vitamin C and possibly essential oils. Some species, notably from the genus Arthrospira, have consequently been studied as a potential food source in life-support systems.

Image: Growing food in an enclose environment

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Shariq Nazir Manchester School of Architecture Image: Growing food on Mars demonstrated in the movie Martian

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ase Studies

Image: Mars Rover

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Manchester School of Architecture 29 Image: Mars Visualization

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arsha Project Designed by:

AI Space Factory

According to the Space factory, ‘Architecture on Earth plays a critical role in the way we live’. On Mars, this reaches a higher level of importance since buildings are also machines, we depend on to keep us alive and well. In Space architecture, every design decision is of great consequence to the success of a mission. Structures must

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be resilient and interior layouts must be tuned to mission demands.

Since sustained social and mental health are also mission-critical, Space habitats must be designed to be rich, useful and interesting worlds onto themselves.

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ars Habitat Designed by:

Foster + Partners

The Design proposed by the Foster and Partners constitutes of a strategy and a step by step process of taking the explorers to Mars and then settling them down. we discuss the strategy and the stages of setting up the habitation of explorers. The design for the Mars Habitat outlines plans for a settlement constructed by an array of pre-programmed, semi-autonomous robots prior to the eventual

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arrival of the astronauts. The habitat will be delivered in two stages prior to the arrival of the astronauts. First, the semi-autonomous robots select the site and dig a 1.5-metre-deep crater, followed by a second delivery of the inflatable modules which sit within the crater to form the core of the settlement.

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hark Fin Designed by:

SEArch + and Yun

The Martian Igloo is an award-winning design for the NASA Centennial Challenge, which provides 3D printed habitat for future human settlers on Mars. The architecture and space research group SEArch + and Yun AO created this award-winning design that allows humans living in it to connect with the outdoor environment on the surface of the red planet. Water is the main constituent for designing this unique structure. The translucent exterior of Mars Igloo obscures the

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internal "heart" of the structure. It has been a part of the research to protect humans from radiations and this unique design uses water as protection. Water was chosen as the material not only because it can be integrated to help prevent radiation and according to recent developments and research findings it has been proven that there is abundance of water on surface of Mars.

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O.L - Seed of life Designed by:

Warith Zaki and Amir AmzarAO

The project entitled Martian S.O.L- Seed of Life, concentrated and originate with a question, what kind of material can be light enough to be transported to the red planet and grow to a greater mass once it arrived. According to the designers, the bamboo plant can withstand the harsh Martian conditions, and extreme instabilities in temperature, without requiring any pollination circuit to reproduce.

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Moreover, a plant is very likely to grow at an increased rate on Mars because of the abundance of Carbon Dioxide in the composition of its atmosphere. Also efficient as a food source, Bamboo was ideal as an alternative for construction materials on Mars.

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uture Cities on Mars Designed by:

BIG, Bjarke Ingels

Mars will be a new chapter of the architecture forms to be reimagined, which on earth remains unimaginable. For making future cities on Mars we have to tackle with the new atmosphere and environment which is totally strange and challenging for architecture as well. So, in view of forming cities of future, the approach will need to be revolutionary, one of the proposals is, digging down to get below the surface of Mars, then 3D printing the required design and

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finally if we could make a pressurised environment. The load bearing capacity of the pressure to be built inside just with the pressure of the air that we need any way to breath and survive, following that we could imagine gigantic indoor environments with transparent membranes, which would otherwise be impossible to be built on earth.

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ars Underground Designed by:

ZA Architects

The great thing about caves is that they are already “built”. Caves provide protection from solar radiation, harsh winds, dust storms, asteroids and other elements. Most importantly, using caves allows us to avoid huge construction efforts and the money and time that these entail. It currently costs thousands of euros to deliver a single

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kilo of cargo to the International Space Station and it takes at least half a year to deliver something to Mars.

On Mars, caves—or lava tubes—are the result of past volcanic activity formed by flowing lava which moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow, forming a vault.

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omparative Analysis Between the Case Studies

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Making a comparitive analysis between the case studies gave a summary of the learnings from these examples, as they all maintain a close interaction of the residents to avoid isolation, giving enough room for each function to be performed while being in a same enclosed environment. In most of these examples the deployment and construction are designed to take place with minimal human interference, relying on rules and objectives rather than closely defined instructions. This makes the system more adaptive to change and unexpected challenges.

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Image: Maars Visualization

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Image: Small Floral Shaped Volcano

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nfrastructure For Martian Facility

The kind of infrastructure that is needed to be included in the design is completely different and very advance in terms of design, function and interactions with the humans. So, the infrastructure and functions are divided into different zones. It also describes how these zones will further

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interact and corelate with each other. The connection between them would help the Martian community to better interact with each other and also work in a cooperative environment.

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a liveable environment. This would require a new innovation in technology with lifelike properties. We need to develop the infrastructure that would be able to support us be building up on the bio-complexity to the ongoing challenges.

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There should be an environment that would protect and become an atmospheric barrier from the radiations and atmosphere of Mars.

Eventually, this kind of project needs to develop more research into architectural material, technologies and structure in order to generate

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rban Design Strategy

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Vision of Space Habitation

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Linear city development: The major characteristic of linear concept is a rapid and efficient movement of people and goods. The idea of a linearity, being utopian from the beginning, has now become more applicable in the modern infrastructure. Similar to the linear city, infrastructure corridor is a spine of elongated urban formation.

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Polycentric city development: The second approach is creating multiple centres to very specific need. Polycentric indicates a spatial space that has the multiple centres. In the similar

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manner, the polycentric approach provides all the various services in a smaller centre. Centres of the same size provide identical services and thus there is no need for horizontal interaction,

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Grid city development: The impact of the grid pattern is that any or all the paths are equally accessible and could be chosen at will as alternatively route to a destination. ‘The grid plan, grid street plan, or gridiron plan is a type of city planning in which street run at right angles to

each other, forming a grid. In the context of the culture of ancient Rome, the grid plan method of land measurement called Centuriation.’

‘Grid system represented an ideal way of implementing urban plans, but were also widely used situation of rapid growth in contrast to radial growth.’

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xploring the design, form and functions through sketches and models:

In this section there are some sketches and models through which I explored the form and function of the Mars facility.

To extract the learning outcomes and experiances from different design strategies and different ideologies and further trying to accumulate a design form that would be more relevant and

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contextually more stable. Different ideas has been sketched out in the process of exploring the design form of the facility, taking the connection and circulation as the starting point in these sketches, connecting different functions and programs together.

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Sketch A: Mapping out the conceptual circulation layout

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ketches

Sketch B: Sketching the transition between the sapces

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Sketch C: Sketching the connection between the different funstions

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Sketch D: Making a conceptual form out of the programs connected together

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Sketch E: Exploring the outer form of the urban spread, trying to merge it with the surrounding contours

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Sketch F: Sketch for the dynamic and organic form for the outer protective skin

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Sketch G: Sketch for the dynamic and organic form for the outer protective skin

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Sketch H: Sketch for the dynamic and organic form for the outer protective skin

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Sketch I: Disecting the layers of the outer skin and their function in protective against cosmic rays.

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odels

Model: Material; Cardboard and corrugated sheet as base

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Model: Material; Cardboard and corrugated sheet as base

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Model: Material; Paper and corrugated sheet as base

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Model: Material; Polystyrene and corrugated sheet as base

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Model: Material; Cardboard and corrugated sheet as base

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Model: Material; Polystyrene and Corrugated sheet, Tracing sheet, Clay as a base mimicing the regolith,

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Model: Material; Polystyrene and Corrugated sheet, Tracing sheet, Clay as a base mimicing the regolith,

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rganising form and function using models and sketches

Model: Material; Polystyrene and Corrugated sheet, Tracing sheet, Clay as a base mimicing the regolith,

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Shariq Nazir Manchester School of Architecture Organising the form and function using models, giving each form a specific function

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esign Structure

The overall design structure divides the program structure into two forms, the Modular design and the 3D printed structures which would be build on-site. With these program structures identified, the next step would be to handle the waste on the surface of mars that would be generated from the humans on Mars. Solution to that

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would be adopting and coming up with design strategies that the waste could be reduced, recycled and reused. All these programs would be connected with the green house which would also act as a supporting element for the food and other necessities for the survival of the humans on Mars.

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onceptualising protective skin for urban form

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The outer protective layer majorly composed of Regolith (Martian sand) and ice. Along with a combination of carbondioxide, oxygen and other martian atmospheric components

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76 Image: Mars Visualization

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initial Layout Plan and Sections

Section: Inital section through the Mars facility

Plan: Initial sketch of the Layout plan of Mars facility 78

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initial Zoning of Spaces

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ombining different programs together to layout complete City Masterplan

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ASTERPLAN OF THE CITY

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MASTERPLAN LAYOUT DETAILS AND NAVIGATING THROUGH THE CITY

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ROGRAM PLANS AND SECTIONS IN DETAIL

Vegetation and green space

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Habitation zones

Leisure zone

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Research facility and its connection

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Habitation

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Transition Spaces

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Section through the Research facility

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ection through the city

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abitaiton Facility Section

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esearch Labs Section

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reen house and vegetation

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nflatable Domes in the Underground Lava Tubes

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erial Vision

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he Future Martian habitat development

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D VISUALIZAITION

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eferances:

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The Coevolution of Life and Environment on Mars: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Robotic Exploration of Biosignatures, Nathalie A. Cabrol, 2018, Resource Utilization on Mars Could Be the Model of Efficiency and Sustainability, Remington Tonar and Ellis Talton. Tonar and Talton 2018 Bamboo Colony on Mars, Christole Harrouk, ArchDaily, 2019 NASA, Mars exploration program, 2019 Sustainable life support on Mars – the potential roles of cyanobacteria, Cyprien Verseux1,2, Mickael Baqué, Kirsi Lehto, Jean-Pierre P. de Vera, Lynn J. Rothschild and Daniela Billi, International Journal of Astrobiology, Cambridge University Press 2015, Sun-driven microbial synthesis of chemicals in space. Int. J. Astrobiol. 10, 359–364. Way, J.C., Silver, P.A. & Howard, R.J. (2011).

The biological component of the life support system for a Martian expedition. Adv. Space Res. 31, 1693–1698. Sychev, V.N., Levinskikh, M.A. & Shepelev, Y.Y. (2003).

AO, Search and Yun, 2015 Future Mars – Cities Bjarke Ingels, 2017 Mars Habitat, Foster and Partners, 2015 Will We Survive Mars? ‘Glad You Asked’. Abram, C., 2019.

A.I. Space Factory, Marsha, 2019 The Literature of Mars: A Brief History, The Millions. Tuttle, J., 2018.

TED Talk, Future cities by Bjarke Ingels, 2019 Toward an Integrated Smart and Sustainable Urbanism Framework in the Historic Centre of Baghdad, Al-Saffar, Mazin, 2018 Sustainable Urban Futures: Environmental Planning for Sustainable Urban Development, Mersal, 2016 Moving to Mars, Joseph, ‘How to make Mars a home’ Times Infinity, 2020 John Brownlee, Why Martian Concrete Might Be the Best Building Material in The Solar System, 2016 'Methodological framework of sustainability assessment in City Sustainability Index (CSI): A concept of constraint and maximisation indicators.' HABITAT INTERNATIONAL. Mori, K. and Yamashita, T. (2015) NASA, Red Planet, 2019 The Politics and Perils of space exploration, Linda Dawson, Springer Books, 2017 A Brief History of Space exploration, Elizabeth Howell, 2019 Sarah Facht, The Future of public space. How Should We Design Cities on Mars? 2018 Matteo Capirola, Colonising the Red Planet, 2019 Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches Creswell, 2013 Austin Edward, The Mars Underground City, Kooza/rch, 2019 Moving to Mars, Design Exhibition London Design Museum, Dezeen. Hahn, J., 2019.

Kaymakli Underground City, Wikipedia, 2020 Taylor, G. The Student’s Writing Guide for The Arts and Social Sciences Cambridge UP 1989.

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Kate L. Turabian Revised by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, and University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff, The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London.

Grid plan, 2014. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan Furundzic DS (2014). Infrastructure Corridor as Linear City, Danilo S. Furundzic, Bozidar S. Furundzic, EPOKA University.

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