Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery Bulletins - Vol 32

A regular digest of information and research related to human trafficking into and within the UK. Produced by the Research and Development Unit, on behalf of The Salvation Army’s Director of Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery.

Contents 1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 ‘Global estimates of modern slavery: forced labour and forced marriage’ (September 2017) 1.2 ‘Combating modern slavery experienced by Vietnamese nationals en route to, and within, the UK’ (September 2017) 1.3 ‘Cut off from justice: the impact of excluding separated and migrant children from legal aid’ (August 2017) 1.4 ‘Brexit and UK’s fight against modern slavery’ (July 2017) 1.5 ‘Nobody deserves to live this way!’ (July 2017) 1.6 ‘National Crime Agency Annual Reports and Accounts 2016-2017’ (July 2017) 1.7 ‘Challenges and expectations of safeguarding and antitrafficking initiatives at the UK border’ (July 2017)

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2. Political and initiatives 2.1 Modern Slavery (Transparency in Supply Chains) Bill (July 2017) 2.2 Parliamentary Questions

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3. Campaigns and resources 3.1 The Evening Standard and Independent focus on modern slavery (September 2017) 3.2 Shiva hotel launches anti-slavery campaign to eradicate human trafficking (August 2017) 3.3 International Slavery Remembrance Day (23 August) 3.4 World Day against Trafficking in Persons (30 July) 3.5 World Day for International Justice (17 July) 4. In the news 4.1 ‘Crimestoppers issues public appeal to catch UK’s most wanted human traffickers’ 4.2 ‘Nelson slave trial man given anti-slavery order’ 4.3 ‘UK needs to wake up to horrors of modern-day slavery, says Theresa May’ 4.4 ‘Latest figures reveal more than 40 million people are living in slavery’

1. Research, reports and journal articles 1.1 ‘Global estimates of modern slavery: forced labour and forced marriage’ (September 2017) This report draws on the global estimates of modern slavery with a particular focus on forced labour and forced marriage. It is a collaborative piece between the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and Walk Free Foundation in partnership with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM). The paper indicates that an estimated 40.3 million people were victims of modern slavery in 2016 with women and girls making up for the majority of victims. https://www.alliance87.org/global_estimates_of_ modern_slavery-forced_labour_and_forced_marriage.pdf

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‘Slaves on our streets: How the Catholic Church is working with police to bring an end to modern slavery’ ‘They head for London in the hope of escaping poverty – but the slave masters are waiting’ ‘Greater UK nail bar regulation needed to stop exploitation of Vietnamese trafficking victims’ ‘Six people arrested under modern slavery laws after raids in Derby’ ‘Rooney traveller jailed for modern slavery offences’ ‘Suspected ringleader charged with modern slavery offences’ ‘Two charged after Lancashire M6 minibus fall’ ‘More than a third of UK businesses are failing to combat modern slavery, study shows’ ‘John Lewis and Habitat withdraw granite worktops over slavery concerns’ ‘Trafficking victims found in remote Scottish communities’ ‘Woman charged following Portsmouth modern slavery raids’ ‘Suspected trafficking victims turned back at Glasgow Airport’ ‘Suspected slaves found in West Midlands restaurant raids’ ‘UK family found guilty of enslaving homeless and disabled people’ ‘“Tens of thousands” of modern slavery victims in UK, NCA says’ ‘Modern Slavery “significant problem” in NI’ ‘How big brands including Sports Direct unwittingly used slave labour’ ‘Slavery arrests after police raid at Bristol nail bar’ ‘Slave labour family “on the run” in Canada’ ‘Man, 30, jailed for running Manchester pop-up brothels’ ‘Two face rape and slavery charges in Southampton’ ‘More than 100 child refugees missing in UK after being smuggled from Calais’ ‘Five men rescued in Bristol human trafficking raid’ ‘Man charged with slavery offences over missing Vietnamese girls’ ‘Slavery is thriving on London’s building sites and in restaurants, says police chief’

1.2 ‘Combating modern slavery experienced by Vietnamese nationals en route to, and within, the UK’ (September 2017) The Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner commis­ sioned research which explored the dynamics of Vietnamese nationals’ exploitation en route to and within the United Kingdom (UK). The research used data from the National Crime Agency (NCA), National Referral Mechanism (NRM), stakeholders in the UK and Vietnam and Vietnamese nationals regarded as potential victims of modern slavery. http://www.antislaverycommissioner.co.uk/ media/1159/iasc-report-combating-modern-slaveryexperience-by-vietname-nationals-en-route-to-andwithin-the-uk.pdf

This bulletin covers material produced during the period 1 July to 30 September 2017 although it should be noted that, due to space limitations, not all relevant material may have been included. The bulletin includes links to material and sources and is provided by way of information. The information included is not necessarily endorsed or supported by The Salvation Army.

1.3 ‘Cut off from justice: the impact of excluding separated and migrant children from legal aid’ (August 2017) The University of Bedfordshire and The Children’s Society produces a report that considers how the rights and entitlements of children may have been hindered by the removal of legal aid for some of the most marginalised and vulnerable children, including trafficked children, living in the UK. https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/ files/full-research-report_cut-off-from-justice.pdf 1.4 ‘Brexit and the UK’s fight against Modern Slavery’ (July 2017) The Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group publishes a paper which considers the potential impact of the UK’s withdrawal (‘Brexit’) from the European Union (EU) on efforts to tackle modern slavery. The purpose of the paper is to review the extent to which the UK’s membership in the EU has influenced national antitrafficking efforts and to consider if and how Brexit may have an impact on the UK’s ability to combat modern slavery and protect its victims. https://www.antislavery.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/07/ATMG-Brexit-paper.pdf 1.5 ‘Nobody deserves to live this way!’ (July 2017) A report which explores an independent inquiry into the risks of trafficking and exploitation that unaccompanied children in parts of Europe who are fleeing countries and seeking refuge in the UK may face. The inquiry, which was sponsored by the Human Trafficking Foundation, found that children were drawn to the UK due to the language, children’s family ties, sports, a structured education system and an open job market. http://www.humantraffickingfoundation.org/ sites/default/files/HTF%20Separated%20%26%20 Unaccompanied%20Minors%20Report%20%5BHi-Res%5D. pdf 1.6 ‘National Crime Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2016-2017’ (July 2017) The National Crime Agency (NCA) produces their fourth annual report which sets out how they have worked to keep members of the public safe over the past year. http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/ publications/814-national-crime-agency-annualreport-2016-17/file 1.7 ‘Challenges and expectations of safeguarding and anti-trafficking initiatives at the UK border (July 2017) Blog post which outlines findings from a Europeanfunded project that explores the experiences of the Safeguarding and Anti-trafficking (SAT) unit within the Border Force at Heathrow Airport. The post highlights how SAT staff face challenges, frustration and potential contradictory demands of anti-trafficking policy and immigration control. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/ centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/ blog/2017/07/challenges-and

2. Political and legislative 2.1 Modern Slavery (Transparency in Supply Chains) Bill (July 2017) A Bill to make further provision for transparency in supply chains in respect of slavery and human trafficking. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/ lbill/2017-2019/0057/18057.pdf 2.2 Parliamentary questions The following section, drawn from the Hansard Commons debates, covers responses to parliamentary questions asked by MPs, in reverse chronological order.

Oral Answers 14 September Michael Fabricant: What progress the Crown Prosecution Service has made in improving conviction rates for offences of modern slavery; and if he will make a statement.

The Attorney General (Jeremy Wright): The CPS is dealing with increasing numbers of modern slavery and human trafficking offences, and the number of convictions for those offences in 2015-16 was 48% higher than the year before.

Michael Fabricant: My right hon. and learned Friend will know that in counties such as Staffordshire there is a growing trend of gangmasters exploiting vulnerable people for things such as drug pushing. How can we use the Modern Slavery Act 2015 to try to restrict that? What guidance does he give the courts on this?

The Attorney General: My hon. Friend makes a good point, which is that modern slavery offences are often found alongside other types of offending, in particular, drug offending. We already have strict penalties available for the drug offending elements of that kind of activity.

What the Modern Slavery Act gives the prosecution, and then of course the court, is the opportunity to pursue the modern slavery aspect of this offending, which is hugely important. As I have indicated, we are starting to see an increased volume of those offences going through the courts.

Barry Sheerman: Will the Attorney General join me in congratulating all those involved in the highly successful, high-profile recent prosecution of people involved in modern slavery? Such cases are very expensive to prosecute, so will he assure the House that the required money and resources will be available? This activity is endemic up and down the country, not just in London, and we need the resources for the police to be able to conduct these cases.

The Attorney General: I can give the hon. Gentleman that assurance, and there should never be any question but that where this type of offending is prosecuted successfully and convictions are recorded, people receive the appropriate punishment. In the case I suspect he is referring to, where sentences were handed down recently, a clear signal of that has been given. There were

11 defendants, all members of one family, as he knows, and they received a total of 79 years’ imprisonment. That is appropriate for offending of the type involved in that case – it was truly horrendous behaviour.

Philip Hollobone: Which regional office of the CPS is performing best at prosecuting modern slavery and how might its best practice be rolled out to others?

The Attorney General: My hon. Friend will be shocked to learn that I do not have that figure at my fingertips, but I will find it out for him. He will understand that these can often be complex investigations and prosecutions, as the hon. Member for Huddersfield (Mr Sheerman) has just correctly said. There may not be uniformity of experience across the different regions; some regions may not have seen many of these cases, whereas others may have seen a great deal of them. So we will have to be cautious in the comparison he invites me to make, but I will have a look at the figures and see what I can sensibly tell him.

working in practice; and whether that time limit is 45 working days, or 45 calendar days.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: Potential victims of modern slavery in England and Wales are entitled to a reflection and recovery period for a minimum of 45 calendar days, or until a conclusive decision has been made on their victim status. This meets and exceeds obligations under the European Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, which requires a minimum of 30 days of support. In practice, many potential victims are in support for more than 90 days.

As part of the Government’s reform of the National Referral Mechanism, we are working with partners to assess how the current system works in practice and consider the support we provide to victims, to ensure that it enables them to begin to recover, rebuild their lives, and avoid future exploitation.

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5 September Lucy Allan: What assessment the Department has made of the adequacy of sentencing for crimes involving child sexual exploitation.

The Minister of State, Ministry of Justice (Dominic Raab): We have a robust sentencing framework for all crimes involving child sexual exploitation. The changes made in the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 reinforced those punishments, giving the Parole Board a greater role to make sure that serious offenders are released only when it is safe.

Lucy Allen: Mubarek Ali will be released from prison on 1 November, five years after receiving a sentence of 22 years for child sexual exploitation in Telford. As the Minister just said, legislation was passed in 2015 to ensure that most serious offenders cannot be released until they have served two thirds of their sentence and satisfied the Parole Board that they are not a risk. What can he do to ensure that that legislation applies in this case?

Dominic Raab: I am aware of the case my hon. Friend raises, and of the heinous crimes that were committed and the appalling impact they had on the victims. She will know that the overhaul of the sentencing framework between 2012 and 2015 means that that type of sentence would not now be passed in that type of case. She will also appreciate that I cannot intervene in individual cases and that changes to legislation to strengthen sentences cannot be passed retrospectively. That is the problem and challenge in this case.

Written Answers 12 September Lord Hylton: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what is their assessment of how the 45 day reflection and recovery period for victims of trafficking and modern slavery, under the National Referral Mechanism, is

Kate Osamor: To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, how the Government plans to monitor and support the Nigerian Government in tackling modern-day slavery and human trafficking.

Rory Stewart: The Government works with Nigerian law enforcement agencies involved in investigating and prosecuting the perpetrators of modern slavery. This includes building relationships and providing training and equipment. In July 2016 the Prime Minister announced a £33.5 million fund to tackle modern slavery, of which £5 million has been allocated to Nigeria. It will be used to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, raise awareness amongst would-be victims and perpetrators of the consequences of modern slavery and the penalties for involvement, and to help safeguard victims and witnesses through comprehensive support packages. During their visit to Nigeria, the Foreign Secretary and the International Development Secretary announced a further £7 million of support over the next three years. This will be used to help develop alternative livelihoods options for communities in areas where trafficking occurs, and to help victims of trafficking recover and reintegrate into their communities. It will also fund research on the causes of trafficking and modern slavery.

Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what recent discussions she has had with the head of the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority (GLAA) on tackling modern slavery in the UK; and what programmes of work her Department undertakes in cooperation with the GLAA. Sarah Newton: The Home Office has regular discussions with the Chief Executive of the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority (GLAA) and the Chair of the Board as part of its routine business and strategic planning on departmental priorities.

The Department is also supporting the GLAA as part of the reforms to labour market enforcement, which has included broadening the remit of the Authority, through

the Immigration Act 2016, and giving it police powers to deal with serious cases of labour market abuse, including modern slavery. The Home Office will continue to work closely with the GLAA as the Director of Labour Market Enforcement develops the priorities for his annual strategy.

4 September Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what steps the Government has taken since 1 November 2015 to raise awareness amongst public authorities of their statutory duty to notify her where they have reasonable grounds to believe that a person may be a victim of slavery or human trafficking in accordance with the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Duty to Notify) Regulations 2015.

Sarah Newton: As of 31 August 2017 under section 52 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 there have been 146 referrals to the Home Office where the victim was under 18 at the time of the suspected offence (but an adult when identified), and 1,699 when the victim was over 18 at the time of the suspected offence. There are a further 90 referrals where the victim’s age is unknown.

Victims who are under 18 at the time of identification are automatically referred to the National Referral Mechanism.

Thangam Debbonaire: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, when she plans to commence the appointment process for the second Independent AntiSlavery Commissioner; and what criteria will be used to assess applicants.

Sarah Newton: The first Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner was appointed by Government on a three-year fixed term contract which ends later this year. Decisions in relation to this appointment will be taken in accordance with the New Public Appointments Governance Code published on 16 December 2016.

Frank Field: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development, how much her Department spends on combating modern slavery each year.

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Additionally, we are providing funding to projects tackling modern slavery through Aid Direct and Aid Connect with modern slavery and child labour as one of four priority areas.

13 July Lord McColl of Dulwich: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether social workers working with children who show indicators that they may be victims of modern slavery receive any training on the Achieving Best Evidence guidelines.

Lord Nash: The Government recognises the need for a well-trained social work workforce and continues to invest in their education and training. The knowledge and skills statements set out what they should know and be able to do. Copies of the statements are attached.

In general the training needs of individual social workers are a matter for them and their employers, but where a need is identified we would expect relevant activity to be undertaken. We are, however, aware that many local authorities provide training on modern slavery for their social workers.

Lord McColl of Dulwich: To ask Her Majesty’s Government, further to the Written Answer by the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department on 8 September 2016 (HC44784), whether training on modern slavery has now been put in place for all persons appointed as independent advocates for looked-after children; and by whom such training is provided.

Baroness Williams of Trafford: My department has funded a new training programme for existing Independent Advocates to improve their awareness and understanding of the specific needs of trafficked children and how to support them. Face-to-face awareness sessions were delivered in a range of locations across the country by Barnardo’s in March. An e-learning package has been procured from ECPAT UK and Virtual College and is now available online to all Independent Advocates for children and young people.

Alistair Burt: The Department for International Development tackles modern slavery directly through programmes that have an estimated combined spend of approximately £45 million.

Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the effect of the UK leaving the EU on the prevention of trafficking of EEA nationals.

This comprises of:

Brandon Lewis: The UK continues to work with EU partners to tackle modern slavery and already has wellestablished rights and protections for victims of modern slavery and human trafficking, including through the National Referral Mechanism and the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

The £10.5 million Work in Freedom programme, which is helping women facing slavery and exploitation. To date over 200,000 women have benefited. l The £8 million Women and Girls Protection Fund for Europe and the Mediterranean has been established to protect women and girls migrating from North Africa to Europe at risk of trafficking, forced labour and violence. l The £21.8m Responsible, Accountable and Transparent Enterprise (RATE) collaborates with business, global initiatives and DFID country offices, will spread responsible business approaches, including tackling modern slavery. l

Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what assessment she has made of the effect of the creation of the offence of illegal working on her Department’s ability to (a) identify and support victims of, and (b) prevent, trafficking and modern slavery.

Sarah Newton: There is no evidence that the creation of the new offence of working illegally has prevented the

identification of and provision of assistance to victims of modern slavery and the prevention of trafficking.

The new offence has strengthened the ability of the UK to deal with those who break our immigration laws for economic benefit by working illegally in the country.

12 July Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, when she plans to publish (a) the report of the evaluation of National Referral Mechanism pilots and (b) statutory guidance on victim identification and assistance under section 49 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015.

Sarah Newton: The National Referral Mechanism pilot has been testing a new model for identifying and referring victims, processing cases and making effective decisions.

Interim guidance for frontline staff has been published and we will consult with stakeholders on the statutory guidance required under section 49 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 prior to publication.

11 July Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, with reference to paragraph 6 of her Department’s policy paper Safeguarding the position of EU citizens in the UK and UK nationals in the EU, published on 26 June 2017, what provision the Government plans to make available with respect to the legal status and rights of EU citizens in the UK who are potential victims of trafficking and modern slavery.

Brandon Lewis: The Government’s policy paper (Cm 9464) sets out that EU citizens, including carers and potential victims of trafficking, who arrive in the UK before the specified date and have five years’ continuous residence will be able to apply for UK settled status. EU citizens who arrive before the specified date, but do not yet have five years’ continuous residence, will be able to make an application to stay until they have built up the necessary five continuous years’ residence to be able to apply for UK settled status.

Carolyn Harris: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, when the evaluation of the pilot for a new national referral mechanism to identify and support victims of modern slavery will be published.

Sarah Newton: The National Referral Mechanism pilot has been testing a new model for identifying and referring victims, processing cases and making effective decisions.

The final stage of the evaluation is currently under way and it is anticipated that the findings will be published when that evaluation is complete.

Paul Blomfield: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, pursuant to the Answer of 3 July 2017 to Question 1480, on human trafficking, on which statistics the Government based its approach to human trafficking and modern slavery; and if she will place a copy of those statistics in the Library.

Sarah Newton: The Government bases its approach to modern slavery and human trafficking primarily on statistics which cover: potential victims referred to the National Referral Mechanism and the duty to notify referral process; police recorded crime statistics; and criminal justice statistics. These statistics are collated and published annually in the inter-departmental ministerial group on modern slavery reports available on Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/ modern-slavery-inter-departmental-ministerial-grouppublications These annual statistics complement a Home Office study conducted in 2014 on the overall scale of modern slavery in the UK, which is also available on Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modernslavery-an-application-of-multiple-systems-estimation 4 July Barbara Keeley: To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, how many police raids on care homes in (a) England, (b) Scotland, (c) Wales and (d) Northern Ireland resulted in potential victims of human trafficking being taken by the police to reception centres in each of the last three years; and if she will make a statement.

Sarah Newton: The National Crime Agency holds the data collected on victims of modern slavery through the National Referral Mechanism (NRM). The NRM is the process that identifies and supports victims of modern slavery. Modern slavery includes but is not limited to human trafficking, domestic servitude and labour exploitation.

In 2016, UK police forces identified and referred 914 potential victims of modern slavery into the NRM. The NRM statistics published break down the referrals made by their local constabulary. Data on the context in which the police identify the potential victims of modern slavery is not published. The NRM statistics for 2012-2016 can be viewed on the National Crime Agency website: http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/publications/ national-referral-mechanism-statistics 3. Campaigns and initiatives 3.1 The Evening Standard and Independent focus on modern slavery (September 2017) The Evening Standard and Independent jointly launch a series with a focus on modern-day slavery in the UK. Online coverage explores survivor stories, news, campaigns and awareness-raising on the issue. Coverage will take place over the next few months.

Evening Standard: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/ modern-slavery Independent: ‘Slaves on our streets’ campaign: http://www.independent.co.uk/topic/slaves-on-ourstreets 3.2 Shiva hotel launches anti-slavery campaign to eradicate human trafficking (August 2017) https://ehotelier.com/global/2017/08/03/shiva-hotelslaunches-anti-slavery-campaign/

3.3 International Slavery Remembrance Day (23 August) http://slaveryremembrance.org/about/ 3.4 World Day against Trafficking in Persons (30 July) http://www.un.org/en/events/humantrafficking/ 3.5 World Day for International Justice (17 July) http://www.unpo.org/article/4937 4. In the News 4.1 Crimestoppers issues public appeal to catch UK’s most wanted human traffickers Independent, 27 September http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/ modern-day-slavery-human-traffickers-most-wanted-ukcrimestoppers-police-a7969541.html 4.2 Nelson slave trial man given anti-slavery order BBC News, 22 September http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlancashire-41363299 4.3 UK needs to wake up to horrors of modern-day slavery, says Theresa May Independent, 19 September http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/slaveson-our-streets-theresa-may-pubic-awareness-modernslavery-defeating-horrific-abuses-a7954706.html 4.4 Latest figures reveal more than 40 million people are living in slavery The Guardian, 19 September https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2017/sep/19/latest-figures-reveal-morethan-40-million-people-are-living-in-slavery 4.5 Slaves on our streets: How the Catholic Church is working with police to bring an end to modern slavery Independent, 14 September http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/slaves-on-ourstreets-cardinal-vincent-nichols-catholic-church-popefrancis-modern-slavery-sex-a7945836.html 4.6 They head for London in the hope of escaping poverty – but the slave masters are waiting Evening Standard, 13 September https://www.standard.co.uk/news/modern-slavery/ they-head-for-london-in-the-hope-of-escaping-povertybut-the-slave-masters-are-waiting-a3633621.html

4.9 Rooney traveller family jailed for modern slavery offences BBC News, 12 September http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlincolnshire-41241049 4.10 Suspected ringleader charged with modern slavery offences The Guardian, 6 September https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/sep/06/ suspected-ringleader-charged-modern-slavery-offencesnigeria-europe 4.11 Two charged after Lancashire M6 minibus fall BBC News, 6 September http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandlancashire-41174293 4.12 More than a third of UK businesses are failing to combat modern slavery, study shows Independent, 5 September http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/homenews/uk-businesses-failing-modern-slavery-floutingresponsibility-combat-a7931201.html 4.13 John Lewis and Habitat withdraw granite worktops over slavery concerns The Guardian, 3 September https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2017/sep/03/john-lewis-habitatwithdraw-granite-worktops-slavery-concerns 4.14 Trafficking victims found in remote Scottish communities BBC News, 29 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-41075042 4.15 Woman charged following Portsmouth modern slavery raids BBC News, 24 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandhampshire-41037661 4.16 Suspected trafficking victims turned back at Glasgow Airport BBC News, 24 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgowwest-41037257 4.17 Suspected slaves found in West Midlands restaurant raids BBC News, 22 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-41014944

4.7 Greater UK nail bar regulation needed to stop exploitation of Vietnamese trafficking victims Independent, 12 September http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/vietnam-nailbar-workers-uk-modern-slavery-labour-exploitationregulation-kevin-hyland-a7943011.html

4.18 UK family found guilty of enslaving homeless and disabled people The Guardian, 11 August https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/11/ uk-family-found-guilty-of-enslaving-homeless-anddisabled-people

4.8 Six people arrested under modern slavery laws after raids in Derby Independent, 12 September http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/ slavery-arrests-derby-police-raids-a7943661.html

4.19 ‘Tens of thousands’ of modern slavery victims in UK, NCA says The Guardian, 10 August https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/10/ modern-slavery-uk-nca-human-trafficking-prostitution

4.20 Modern Slavery ‘significant problem’ in NI BBC News, 10 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northernireland-40892617

4.25 Two face rape and slavery charges in Southampton BBC News, 22 July http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandhampshire-40691904

4.21 How big brands including Sports Direct unwittingly used slave labour The Guardian, 8 August https://www.theguardian.com/globaldevelopment/2017/aug/08/how-big-brands-includingsports-direct-unwittingly-used-slave-labour

4.26 More than 100 child refugees missing in UK after being smuggled from Calais Independent, 22 July http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ child-refugees-uk-missing-calais-smuggled-jungle-campcrisis-lorries-parliament-dubs-resettlement-a7853991. html#commentsDiv

4.22 Slavery arrests after police raid at Bristol nail bar BBC News, 1 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandbristol-40792052

4.27 Five men rescued in Bristol human trafficking raid BBC News, 19 July http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandbristol-40658099

4.23 Slave labour family ‘on the run’ in Canada BBC News, 1 August http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandnottinghamshire-40792109

4.28 Man charged with slavery offences over missing Vietnamese girls BBC News, 14 July http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-northyorkshire-40605464

4.24 Man, 30, jailed for running Manchester pop-up brothels BBC News, 28 July http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-englandmanchester-40756848

4.29 Slavery is thriving on London’s building sites and in restaurants, says police chief Thomson Reuters Foundation News, 7 July http://news.trust.org/item/20170707105524-muhvj/?ci d=social_20170707_73202037&adbid=8832815094902046 76&adbpl=tw&adbpr=15762575

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