Tanah antara / Graduation project Masters of Architecture

Tanah Antara_ Ruben Sannen September 2014

After losing the battle for space with Jakarta the swampy floodplains of the Ciliwung river have almost disappeared. With it the natural roots of the delta existence are dissolving as well as many historical and socio-cultural values of the Indonesian city life. Tanah Antara is an attempt to re-establish the connection between sustainable water management and a densification model for existing kampongs that could remain the backbone of the Indonesian city.

Ruben Sannen

Tanah Antara

“The Land in between”

Graduation project Architecture at the “Academie van Bouwkunst” AvBR

content In brief

14

At length

18

Current water issues

24

Comparing watersystems

26

History of Jakarta

30

Current reality

32

Main concept

34

Waduk Pluit

36

Outline Plan

46 50

Architecture Special thanks

60 94

One picturing Indonesia will think of meandering rice fields enclosed by green rolling surroundings. Or one will see the endless cultural influences that exist throughout the archipelago, like the Balinese temples. They are all set within a rural landscape.

The big cities are characterized by a completely different image. Large towers dominate the staccato skyline, while at eye level the Indonesian street life unfolds. People from all over the archipelago are leaving behind their rural way of living and move to the city hoping for a more prosperous life. Usually, they will find a place in one of the many city kampongs. These organically grown areas are often situated on informal grounds in the marginal spaces left by the city. For the cities it is extremely difficult to control this influx of people and accommodate proper places for them to live.

The context of this graduation project lies in the key question concerning the future of Jakarta as a liveable city; is there any leeway left for the city to adapt to its increasingly changing and demanding environment, or will the city continue to be developed as a checkerboard of solitary engineering solutions, detached from historical and natural roots?

10

11

Tanah Antara

12

13

small scale solutions with big impacts

current proposal

membrane as alternative

specific pilot project

Urban floodplains Pak RW is the chairman of the council of one of the oldest kampongs in the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta. He is proud of his kampong. “We are working on independent kampong improvement: We lay out streets, improve homes, and organize clean drinking water. It is important that the local government realizes that this is not a ghetto, but a place where people like to live and where that is kept affordable. The only way to keep our kampong away from developers is by investing in our own living environment.

The people living in Waduk Pluit feel the impact of the city. They live in one of the most vulnerable coastal areas of Jakarta. The kampong is a meter below sea level, the seawall is weak and on top of that the land subsides 15 cm each year.

In addition, 20 percent of the total water storage capacity of Jakarta is situated exactly next to this kampong in a 75 hectares water reservoir. Despite those conditions the area is very attractive for developers who are interested in developing Waduk Pluit into a Miami-inspired Marina, where compounds and luxurious villas are situated directly at the coast. The interest of Jakarta to realize such projects results in an ever increasing land hunger.

In brief

Jakarta struggles with silted rivers, land subsidence and risks of flooding since the establishment of Batavia more than 300 years ago. Today there is limited space left for large scale restructuring, since the floodplains of the Ciliwung delta have been reclaimed completely. Solutions for flood risks are therefore sought outside the city.

Recently, the National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) program has elaborated an Indonesian-Dutch proposal in the Jakarta bay. By means of an offshore closing dike, a freshwater reservoir will be created. The water level in this reservoir can be lowered by huge pumping stations, thus protecting the city against flooding from the sea.

The backbone of the Indonesian society This graduation project investigates possibilities to increase water retention within the existing city structure of the kampongs, through creating space for water and sustainable living areas, especially for low-income groups. The kampongs are the last areas where the city could find space to expand since these are often situated on informal grounds. The kampong forms the backbone of the Indonesian society.

It is therefore considered important for the identity of Jakarta to conserve these areas.

14

water connected to future developments in 3 themes

1. management

2. housing

3. cityplanning

The project examines an alternative development direction for a coastal kampong, where social, historical and morphological characteristics are determined and where water retention, economic opportunities and comfortable living have to be optimized. It is not an all-embracing solution or a blue print, but smaller subareas can define their own preconditions for development. This approach fits the Indonesian behaviour, conventions and knowledge when it comes to building, water management, resilience and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances.

The water reservoir as an urban plot The choice for Waduk Pluit as project location for the study was made because urban expansion and water safety are situated next to each other here, and an integrated restructuring as a pilot project could be perfectly tested on these grounds. The kampongs are already used to control their own environment. The water structure of the reservoir could be included in this philosophy, to compensate for the shortfall of the local governments. Existing knowledge, institutions and mentality are coupled to three important themes in the development of Waduk Pluit: 1) The development of sustainable housing that offers comfort within a similar density as the current kampongs and where its typology also fits with the surroundings of an urban delta; 2) Generation of a cityscape in which there will be always space for surface water.

3) The establishment of a responsible institution that controls the water structure.

The starting point of the project is the search for conditions in which interaction with the direct environment is possible. An example of this is the division of the water surface, under the assumption that smaller councils can attend to parts of the total water surface. This coincides with an urban structure, existing of small sub-area’s and administrative possibilities of the current kampong council. It is not necessary that they live up to the same views of water safety, but they can make use of their own preconditions and optimize existing standards.

The development scenario of this approach follows an unconventional line of thought. Current housing projects are realized in a vacuum. Compensating for water and extensions to the direct environment are generally not designed, actually the plots can lead an autonomous existence. The costs of social housing for the city are currently disproportionally high, because of expensive land, increasing material costs and low revenues.

15

In this design land is being unlocked in an alternative approach by tailoring the retention basin with the urban surrounding tissue. Space can be reclaimed within the basin, while the total water surface stays equal. This results in the generation of possibilities to adapt the complete structure of the basin and actually approach this as an urban plot. With this intervention the principle of the water reservoir being a lake is changed into the reservoir being a meshed circulation system that can discharge the water with a delay to the sea. This system of canals and basins is the foundation for a new area within Waduk Pluit.

Development of the kampong A detailed analysis of the building boundaries has been performed to keep the density as high as possible. The size of the plots results from a cross section of specifically designed house depths and street profiles. They are enclosed by water and have a reciprocal connection by means of squares and streets. A variety of street profiles, closely linked to the surrounding houses, is generated because a high density and shade needs to be created. Architecturally seen it is important that this branches to the street, especially the backside of the house where the laundry and cooking pots will be connected to smaller street profiles. Some alleys are only 1.5m wide resulting the houses to flow over in each other. The alley becomes the spine, where the logistic hearts of the houses attach. This principle can be implemented in different ways depending how the water is discharged.

The houses are built on a robust layout, which is flood resistant and clearly distinguishes between the front and the backside. The informal backside melts into the public space, resulting in the attachment of the backstreets to the houses, while the formal front side is reserved for shops and warongs. The residence becomes lighter vertically and functions detached from the underground. The house twists such that the rooftop has a different orientation than the ground floor. It is because of this spacious distortion that unconventional connections are generated. They symbolize the unity in diversity from the archipelago.

Dynamic attitude Tanah Antara is an alternative development strategy in which city planning and architecture are intertwined and applied to Waduk Pluit. The project shows that by a careful analysis of specific areas opportunities can be generated for the complete city. Not the operation, but the line of thought can be the basis for future developments. This innovative approach needs more attention, energy and focus as compared to the current building projects, but it can however be the solution to the water issues as well as the narrow and unruly city structure of Jakarta.

The coherence between the joining of urban scale and the Indonesian urban culture are of great importance. The city has reached a point where she can no longer defy her roots, but should make use of them. The quality of the dynamic delta could offer this crippled metropolis a livable future perspective. Not only is this graduation project a proposal of a new professional area on the intersection of water management, urban planning and architecture, but more importantly, a new attitude is suggested. Tanah Antara tries to contribute innovatively to this from an urban planning and architectonic angle. It is a guide to the environment, the culture as well as its inhabitants.

16

17

At length

18

19

The urban floodplains of Jakarta Recently Jakarta is featured in the Dutch media. Some of the main Dutch dredging companies, have become involved in land reclamation projects and port development. Meanwhile the Dutch government supports the Indonesian Government with a vision and plan for an overall solution to the water problems of the city. This is called the National Capital Integrated Coastal Development program (NCICD). The central idea of this project is a 35 km long offshore dike, closing off the entire Jakarta bay and creating a lagoon of some 100 km2.

This big scale thinking reflects the urgency of the water issues. There are serious problems facing Jakarta city. As the city has been built on the swampy grounds of the Ciliwung delta, it floods each monsoon. This is due to various reasons, but mainly because of land subsidence, the lack of space for water retention and the outdated and neglected drainage systems. There is simply not enough space to accommodate the water in finding its way to the ocean. The future of Jakarta is restricted by its own growth.

Looking for an integral solution In the shadow of this giant engineering solution, this graduation project searches for innovative possibilities to solve water issues within the existing city structure, creating space for water and to answer the question of sustainable living areas, which are especially relevant for low-income groups living in one of the many city kampongs.

20

21

22

Looking for an integral solution

23

Current water issues

Subsidence and flooding Before I zoom in here, I am taking take a step back to discover what the water issues specifically entail. The main problem has evolved by the urban sprawl encroaching over time the natural river system of the Ciliwung river delta, crippling its capacity to collect and discharge water to the ocean.

On top of that, the city has a severe land subsidence problem that is mainly caused by private deep groundwater extraction of which the impact has been underestimated for decades. Recent measurements show that the city sinks at some locations with a staggering 20 centimetres per year; on average the sinking amounts to 7.5 centimetres per year.

This problem coincides with the way many large building developments are currently being realised. These building blocks form autonomous parts in the city, selfsustaining new towns, with their own facilities including drinking water supplies from the deep underground. The piped water supply from the water company is simply insufficient and not reliable.

24

The rapidly forming bathtub of North Jakarta is also threatened by sea flooding.

Like the inland water management infrastructure, also the current seawall is in a rather poor condition. An alarming fact is that if nothing would be done, in 30 years’ time the sea would have its border 6 km inland, forcing four million people to leave their homes. The first stage of NCICD is therefore strengthening the current sea wall to such a level, that water safety from the sea can be guaranteed up to 2030. In the meantime the other measures have to be prepared and implemented; both onshore and offshore.

25

Jakarta, Indonesia

Comparing water systems Polders of Jakarta: single sided The current polder system of Jakarta has a completely different function as compared to the Dutch polders. In the Netherlands the polder system is built to store water for a longer period and in this way controlling the flow towards the surrounding rivers and canals.

The oversized polders of Jakarta show a North-South orientation in which the channels flow trough the polders instead of around them. High capacity pumping complexes are situated at the extreme ends of these bathtubs to pump the water out to sea. Importantly, there is a lack of water buffering capacity and obstructions in the narrow channels due to sedimentation and garbage dumping. This situation is yielding the system very fragile where a lot depends on whether or not the water reaches the pumping station.

26

Hoogheemraadschap Delfland, The Netherlands

27

28

29

1733

1800

History of jakarta

1890

Suburban Solutions This tendency towards suburban solutions is in line with the history of Jakarta, where the realization of large-scale projects never really succeeded. Right after the establishment of Batavia in 1619 a trading post arose for which profit was the main goal. Pieces of land were sold to the headmen of the villages in order to control the people of a large area with minimal efforts. The idyll image of the replica of Amsterdam was quickly disturbed by the tropical conditions, which attracted malaria and other diseases. Therefore the city moved to higher and cooler grounds, when Weltevreden was established around 1800. At the same time large-scale irrigation projects where developed, but the work was laborious and those that actually owned the land did not want to cooperate. This is the reason, why most of it is constructed around the city. Jakarta kept expanding and became one of the most modern cities of the world with sealed roads and electrical trams. Also the route from Europe to Indonesia became shorter after the opening of the Suez Canal.

At the end of the 20th century after the fall of the Suharto regime, a democracy developed, however still suffering from corruption. The larger building projects in this period are particularly vulnerable and therefore often developed by external parties. These introvert parts of the city define the majority of the townscape. The infrastructure, green pockets and the water structure are left with the remaining marginal space, resulting in overburdened areas with traffic, people, small business and very little space for water.

30

1960

2014

31

Diversity of coastal areas

Current reality The urge for an urban solution One of the main risks of the NCICD program lies within the current water quality in the rivers and the canals; only two percent of the households is connected to the sewerage system and there is hardly any wastewater treatment capacity. NCICD will only succeed once the issues on shore have been resolved.

32

33

urban water membrane

gradual coastline

Main concept

tailored urban seawall

urban water retention

Urban water membrane as an alternative The key to the solution for the flooding issues, in my opinion, should not be found in the large-scale infrastructure that is being proposed now, but in the interface between the water infrastructure and the built environment, which at the moment has a difficult coexistence.

As an alternative, the threat that comes from the sea can also be overcome by a tailored urban seawall, which results in the protection of the existing shore as an entity and offers a range of new opportunities. Positioned inland this alternative urban seawall can be much smaller and therefore easier to integrate in the existing urban fabric. Within the tight urban tissue of Jakarta, the generation of such water safety membrane should have a close-fitting with the urban environment. A project in which the development of sustainable housing areas and the generation of surface water are intertwined is crucial in this matter. At the moment the city management tries to separate the two interests, especially so in the kampongs where the embankments are to be cleared from mostly illegal settlement.

In this graduation project I have sought an alternative approach, in which not an all-embracing solution is given, but where smaller sub-areas can define their own preconditions for development. This is an approach that fits the Indonesian behaviour, conventions and knowledge when it comes to building, water management, resilience and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances.

34

NCICD proposal

membrane as an alternative

xx xx xx

specific testcase

loss of urban coastline

x x x

multi-stage dike

Waduk Pluit as a testcase

35

Waduk Pluit

Waduk Pluit as pilot project Waduk Pluit lies in the heart of the coastline, a kampong built around a 71 hectares water retention reservoir. The water retention capacity of the city is minimal and therefore it is very important that the reservoir functions properly. However, the water reservoir has a crippling effect on this kampong. Water management and urban revitalization are not integrated but separated. Regularly, the embankments are freed from illegal settlement.

36

37

N A

PERUMAHAN PANTAI MUTIARA

N T

A

T

G

K

G

I

K

I

RESIDU

RESIDU

M A R I N A TOWER APARTEMENT

RESIDU

TA

NG

KI

RESIDU

TIRTA

K

A

N

T

O

R

PLTU

TANGKI

PONDOK

LAUT JAWA

P A IN

UAP

G

GA

N

NA

PLTU

T

A

N

G

K

I

KANTOR

RESIDU

P

E

TE

A

N

LISTRIK

DA

NG

PLTU

MU

AR

A

GUDANG

T

A

N

G

K

I

RESIDU

GU

PLN

GARDU

KATOLIK

G E R E J A

S T E L A M A R I S

LI KA

K A N T O R P O S

N KE LA JE

G E R E J A

RW

0 4 / R W 05

K E A M A N A N

KRISTEN

J E M A A T M A N G G A

BESAR

GUDAN

GUDANG

GU

DA

G

KANTOR

TARAKANITA

G

NG

GUDAN

S M A

G

LOGISTIK

II

PLTU

GUDAN GUDAN

PT.

AGEN

G

G

KANDI PT. MILA

BINA

GUDANG GUDANG

P T.IN TER

STEEL MILL WORD ESIA INDON

WADUK PLUIT

PABRIK

KIMIA

PABRIK

PD. PUPELLA

GUDANG

BESI BAJA

STM 12. STM 15 PGRI

P O S

S T M

12/15

PGRI

KEAMANA

N

PLUIT

GUDANG K E C .

BAHAN

PENJARINGAN

KIMIA

PLUIT

A P O T I K

TELAGASARI

TK.KASIH ANANDA

KEL.

KANTOR R W

MASJID

PT.

PT.

DI P O

SINAR

ANCOL

MOTOR

RUMAH SUSUN

RUMAH

RUMAH SUSUN

W I S M A A U D I O

SUSUN

ADL

DIESEL

PT.

RADIATOR

SINAR

ANCOL

M O B I L

MASJID

SD. PENJARINGAN 0 3 PETANG

SINAR

P A B R I K

NURUL MUHSIN

DPP GUP B I

0 4 PAGI

KAPOLRES PENJARINGAN

PT.

ANCOL

SABUN

B.29

PERTOKOAN WARUMG - WARUNG L U R A H

PENJA-

RINGAN RS.

UNG

PT. BESUKI INDAH

SALES BENGKEL

PT. NASIONAL GOBEL

GUDANG KAROSERI

PT.LIMAS JAYA MFG.

PT. SINAR ANCOL

H O N D A

SALES BENGKEL

GUDANG

GUDANG KAROSERI

KANTO

R

WARUMG - WARUNG

LURAH

H O N D A

PABRIK

ALAT DAN

S E R V I C E AKI

M O T O R PT

GUDANG

KUA

PT. BESUKI INDAH P T .

PLUIT

RAYA

BATAKO

GUDANG BENGKEL

GUDANG EKSPEDISI

KONVEKSI

PAKAIAN

GUDANG

DRINER AIR PT. CONDITIONING

GUDAN

PABRIK

PT. MASKAPAI ASURANSI

ASPAL

PAKAIAN WANITA

JAKARTA PUSAT GUDANG EKSPEDISI

GUDANG BESI BAJA

GUDANG BESI BAJA

PABRIK PERMEN

KAYU

GUDANG

A L A T BERAT

PABRIK

PABRIKBENANG

MINYAK GORENG

G GULA AN YAYAS AMAN PEMAK

GUDANG

PLUIT

TRIPLEK

PLASTIK

KONVEKSI

JAYA

JE

PAM

LI

M O T O R PT

PT. NASIONAL GOBEL

PT.LIMAS JAYA MFG.

BALAI NIKAH MUSHOLA RUMAH SAKIT ATMAJAYA

KANTOR CAMAT PENJARINGAN

KA

A T M A J A Y A

PT. SINAR ANCOL

CILIW KALI LA

KANTOR

GUDANG

PT.

SINAR

BENGK

EL

EXPEDISI

PERT

KE

OKOA

NG

N

KALI CILIW UNG

HALAMAN PARKIR

KALI UM

GUD

US

HO

LA

TEL

ANG

ALA

T-AL

AT

ABRI

CILIWUNG

JID

DE

LT

3

AL 3

ER

SA

SA

GUD

LT

AN

G

GUD

GUD AN

JELA

PT. TASTRA INDONESIA

KIMIA

NIAGA

PANCA

PT. MAS

GUDANG

GUDANG

KALI

R

KALI

BESA

M

PER

GUDANG

GUD

G

PT. KOTA

3 LT

A N UT T O L A . A P T

PT. ASTRA

ANG

GUD

ANG

MA

NIAGA OAN TOK PER

NG

P T

TEMINA

PT

NIAGA

PERKANTORAN

GUDANG

DA

DARMA

PERTOKOAN

BUBUT MESIN

GUDANG

GU

PT.

KENG

GUDANG

GUDANG

ANG

BERLIAN

PT. ANEKA

KERTAS

PERTOKOAN

N DAN PERKANTORA

GUDANG

INDEL

KNALPOT

BUANA

PERKANTORAN

GU

9 LT

KAN

GUDANG

DA

NG

WIL

PERDAGANGAN DEPARTEMEN

PERKANTORAN

GUDANG

KANTOR GUDANG

NG DA GU

MASJID

ANEKA

NIAGA

GUD

G AN

3

KA

YU

PERKANTORAN

TOKO

PT.

P T

MUL

TI

AST

OT RA M

OR

LT

BIS TERMINAL

PER

KAN

TOR

AN

BENGKEL

KANTOR

LURAH

GUDANG

GUDANG

BA

NK

PERTOKOAN

ANRICO

PERTOKOAN

7

4

PER

3 LT

KA

NTO

RAN

KA

NTO

R KAS

NEGARA

PINANGSIA

3

DO KARIN PT. SARNIA

LT

POS

3 LT

KOM

KANTOR

MESIN

BUILDING

U M IT K V N R A E S B

DAN

PLE

KS

PERTOKOAN

GIRO

UTAMA PT.

ASTRINDO

3 LT

SUBDIN

LOYD PT.

JAKARTA

PERKANTORAN 2 LT

LT

MUS

TAN

EUM

JAKARTA

PENDAPATAN BARAT A

ART

MES

FATAHILAH

AH

JAK

TOR K A N AT CAM ARI ANS

7

TAM

GUDANG

LT

LT

NILA KANDI

DASAD

GUDANG

GUDANG

S

MES

S

BANK UMUM

PERTOKOAN

SERVITIA

BRI 2 LT

S MES

MUSIUM

WAYANG TAN

AH

FATAHILAH

MUSEUM

FATAHILLAH

PERTOKOAN BAN

K

EXPRES

BA

PRIMA

BAN

K

NK

EXIM MU

SIU

M

FATAHILAH

EXIM

GUDANG

urban fabric

S A J A

ADIGUNA

A ARJ RAH

PT.

PERTOKOAN

KARYA

BANK

NIAGA

KANTOR

GI OLO EOR MET

BNI PER

KAN

TOR

AN

PER

KAN

TOR

AN

KA NTO RAN

DAGANG BANK

BANK

TAMARA

BANK

BUMI

NEGARA MASJID BNI 46

DAYA

BA NK BUMI

3

DAYA

RUK

RUKO

O

LT

BANK

BNI

INDONESIA

BANK

API KOTA

BAN

K

EXIM

RUK O

N O A T O K P E R

RUKO PERTOKOAN

BAN 2

LT

4

LT

PAGI PASAR

DAYA

KERETA

O

BI

O

PARKIR

RUK

RUK

O RUK 2 LT

2 LT

3 LT

BUMI

STASIUN

RUKO

O RUK 3 LT

O RUK 3 LT

4 LT 4 LT

PERTOKOAN

38

BNI46

KANTOR PAJAK

PER

contour plot

BAHKRA

NG

K JA PA

KALI

water plan

DA

OR NT KA

GU

K

EXIM

RW.

011

016 RW.

011

02 017

05

04

017

012

06 07

03

014

017

09

08

017

010

04

01 07 04 07

08

04

05

09 011

010 07

roadmap

districts 12

016 015

ownership

013 03

06

14

05

39

Housing in provided apartment blocks Those that need to move may end up in the social housing apartment blocks, which have been subsidized by the Indonesian government. The vertical kampongs are a great architectural improvement on the one hand, since clean water and sewerage are provided and the living space is much better as compared to the previous housing. However, high rises have a very poor interpretation of the social function of the Indonesian lifestyle. Excluded from the city when living on the fifth floor, it is very difficult for the residents to start their trade and provide an income.

surfaces rumah susun

40

total area: building area: residencies: floors: habitable:

12.700 m2 5.880 m2 400 5 29.400 m2

area fsr:

2.3

-

+

-

no interaction with groundfloor

waterproof

excluded

apartments 14 m2 100 residencies per block private drinkingwater facility and waste water treating municipal land building costs: 2 milion dollar

41

Interaction with the ground floor; the kampong lifeline A section of the current kampongs show a different world. It is very dynamic, it has perspective and social interactions are everywhere. Despite the density there is a clear distinction in street profiles each with their own function. At the back of the houses the washing and cooking is done, connected to a narrow alley, which is often completely built over. It is quiet and cool here, making it a good spot to dwell. The front side of the houses is often a place for trade like a warung or a workshop. When these alleys are accessible to cars the houses are transformed into commercial areas with shops, workshops, recycling business etc.

However, the high-density built up area also has its downsides. The back to back joining houses are climatically very unfavourable in the tropics. The ground floors of the houses flood quickly and public parks or any kind of vegetation is very difficult to find. Sanitary facilities are usually quite poor.

surfaces RW 01

42

total area: building area: public water streets green habitable: residencies: (27m2)

58.830 m2 100% 48.900 m2 83% - m2 -% 80 m2 0,001% 9.850 m2 17% 122.000 m2 4.500

area fsr:

2,2

build on dike

+ waterproof

build on groundlevel

congestion

+ cool spaces

poor ventilation

Expansion

frontside addition of shops an workshops

vertical addition of floor

backside rental bathrooms

vertical renting out rooms

Default layout

kamar dua rental apartment 3 x 6m

kamar kontrakans one story rental house 1 person 3 x 4m no toilet no kitchen

kamar tiga family 3 x 8m

kamar lima family 6 x 8m

km

km km rt

kt

rt ruang tama guesthouse kt kamar tidur bedroom rm ruang makan diningroom d dapur kitchen km kamar mandi bathroom, toilets

kt rt

d d

rt

kt

rm kt

rm

rk rt

43

Social control by kampong institutions The high-density kampongs are divided into smaller neighbourhoods (socalled Rukun Tangga – RT) that are led by a Head of RT in order to organize the daily life there. Once a month the RT Heads come together to discuss different issues and to deposit money in their local savings accounts. In Luar Batang the residents take the development into their own hands; the neighbourhood is improved by new infrastructure and the improvement of housing. They convey the message to the local government that this is not a ghetto, but a place where people can live comfortable and affordable. The future prospects of these neighbourhoods however are not very positive. They are located in one of the most vulnerable coastal areas of Jakarta, where there is a high risk of flooding from sea or rivers and subsidence is significant. To keep this area dry and to keep the water reservoir properly functioning, it is important that protection is constructed here soon.

44

45

1. Responsible institution establishment of a board that controls the waterstructure

2. Sustainable housing housing typology that fits with an urban delta

3. Urban development containment of water as main focus for city planning

Outline Development of the kampong The choice for Waduk Pluit as project location for the study was made because urban expansion and water safety are situated next to each other here, and an integrated restructuring as a pilot project could be perfectly tested on these grounds. The kampongs are already used to control their own environment. The water structure of the reservoir could be included in this philosophy, to compensate for the shortfall of the local governments. Existing knowledge, institutions and mentality are coupled to three important themes in the development of Waduk Pluit: 1)

2)

3)

46

The establishment of a responsible institution that controls the water structure.

The development of sustainable housing that offers comfort within a similar density as the current kampongs and where its typology also fits with the surroundings of an urban delta; Generation of a cityscape in which there will be always space for surface water.

Current situation: solitairy retention basin

Relocation of small scale water surfaces

connection between new urban areas and the water basin

a manageable water system

The water reservoir as an urban plot The starting point of the project is the search for conditions in which interaction with the direct environment is possible. An example of this is the division of the water surface, under the assumption that smaller councils can attend to parts of the total water surface. This coincides with an urban structure, existing of small sub-area’s and administrative possibilities of the current kampong council. It is not necessary that they live up to the same views of water safety, but they can make use of their own preconditions and optimize existing standard. This is the central line of thought in the development of Waduk Pluit.

47

+ +

71,4 ha

+

84,42 ha

-

+ 48

+

+

+

+-

-

+

+

Current situation: Waduk Pluit as a careless environment

+-

Water basin that fits to its urban environment

++

+

-

-

waterplot

drain grates

+

+

+

dredging

+

+

+

pumping station 48.4m3/s

+

waterpark

waterhood

+

+

Small scale watercontrol

Partition between different watersystems

head

circulation

outer dike industries

drains mangrove park

waterfilter outer dike residential areas

49

Land is being unlocked in an alternative approach in this graduation project, by tailoring the retention basin with the urban surrounding tissue. Space can be reclaimed within the basin, while the total water surface stays equal. This results in the generation of possibilities to adapt the complete structure of the basin and actually approach this as an urban plot. With this intervention the principle of the water reservoir being a lake is changed into the reservoir being a meshed circulation system that can discharge the water with a delay to the sea. This system of canals and basins is the foundation for a new area within Waduk Pluit.

The reallocation creates space for new typologies that are linked to the delta life.

The large-scale parts of the water reservoir, like excavators for sludge removal and the mechanical drain grates will make way for the small-scale circulation systems. A system of small pumping stations, sluices and biological filtration systems regulate the retention capacity of Waduk Pluit. The new kampong institutions can control the level from their own plot.

The seawall will not be located parallel to the coast, but has a perpendicular orientation. Additionally, it is set inland creating a plot just outside the dike. The many industrial initiatives there are set-up already for regular flooding. The body size of the dike can be significantly smaller now it is set inland and this also accommodates an urban fitting. The dike will no longer be at the waterfront, but amidst two urban areas. It can fulfill a distinctive function in the public space around Waduk Pluit by means of a circular park with a varied range of orientation points and ecosystems.

Map The top view shows a new structure with a clear dichotomy between meshed innerdike water systems and an outer-dike tidal area.

The current industry can expand further towards the coast where housing clusters are located on islands within the flooding area. The environment will be transformed in a different way, with for example fishing ponds and mangroves. Moreover, the direct proximity of the open sea brings new perspective for the local economy.

Plan

50

N

W

E

0

51 20

50

100

200

500 m

S 0 20 50 100

200

500 m

Conservation and improvement of existing qualities Important structures in the area will be respected. The road that links the northern part of the harbor with the toll road in the south will be retained; however a road will be added in parallel to take in the cargo traffic.

The newly added buildings will border directly with the existing kampong. These new clusters have a scale that is adopted from Luar Batang, the old city kampong, which will be located in the inner-dike area. This is a significant change for the current residents, and makes their living area a safer place in terms of flooding.

The existing park at the westside of Waduk Pluit will be expanded and drawn into the water. With this intervention, the park will be contained within the ring structure of Waduk Pluit, which can accommodate a variety of vegetation and reflects the richness of the delta ecology.

N N

W

E

W

N

E

S

W

S

E

S

former fishingponds

current housing

N N

W

E

W

E

S

S

52

waterflow

wind directions

main infrastructure

53

waterplot: space for floating agriculture, biofilters and fishing ponds

54

waterpark: diverse wetlands, an area for recreation in a wide variety of flora

55

56

Housing and buildingplots rainwater drainage as a design element

Institution a manageable and delicate watersystem

Urban development building regulation

Layers A section shows the coherence between de existing city, the inner- and outer-dike areas. The stretched building plots look like a set of fingers poking into Pluit. Each finger has its own internal water circulation system and contains flooding plots where for example fishing ponds or floating agriculture can be developed. A constant circulation using many low capacity pumps controls the quality of the surface water. Each plot has possibilities for public squares on the intersecting roads, which are important for the economic impulse. On these spots higher housing can be built in return to keep the general density high. Social plots, where schools and mosques are built have been located deeper into the kampong in order to keep a dynamic circulation.

57

government as landowners

government $$

neglected rentership $$ $$

rt, improvement

$

works on waterstructure

renters

renters

grey landownership

costly substitution building blocks

Concept development Reintroduction of home ownership The development scenario of this approach follows an unconventional line of thought. Current housing projects are realized in a vacuum. Compensating for water and extensions to the direct environment are generally not designed, actually the plots can lead an autonomous existence. The costs of social housing for the city are currently disproportionally high, because of expensive land, increasing material costs and low revenues. In my proposal, land is being unlocked in an alternative approach. Surrounding parties can be directly involved with the development of these plots. At first a deposit is needed from the local government for the exploitation of specific water areas. The kampong institution can subsequently start building with the help of local builders and developers. In this way people can buy or rent an affordable house.

58

$$$$

government

government

a na n lo lo

$$$$

owner board board of of distrcit distrcit Waduk Waduk PLuit PLuit

$$$$

renters renters / buyers

developers

solitairy buildingplots

proposal: appoint board of devolopment

59

Architecture

60

61

11

4

8

6

8

2

8

Elements of density

Street as logistic backbone

Specific sections: different types of density A detailed analysis of the building boundaries has been performed to keep the density as high as possible. The size of the plots results from a cross section of specifically designed house depths and street profiles. A variety of street profiles, which is closely linked to the surrounding houses, is generated because a high density and a lot of shade needs to be created. Architecturally seen it is important that this branches to the street, especially the backside of the house where the laundry and cooking pots will be connected to smaller street profiles. Some alleys are only 1.5m wide and this results the houses to flow over in each other. The alley becomes the spine, where the logistic hearts of the houses attach. This principle can be implemented in different ways depending how the water is drained.

Inner-dike fragment This cropping shows an intersection of two kampongs. The outgrowth of several fingers from the eastern kampong results in the attachment to the western kampong. Previous allocation of fishing ponds, the important direction of the wind during the monsoon and the dry period are claims for the set-up of the area. This results in different directions of the street profiles. Distinct areas appear when two directions attach to each other. These fulfill a special role in the coherence of the area by means of squares and harbors.

62

6

2

8

6

1.5

8

15.5

8

6

8

63

pallet of input

64

65

vertical

open plan horizontal plinth

orientation

expansion

plinth

informal

8 6

4

6

8 formal shadow pattern

footprint

continuity

relation with the street

Diversity of housing A varied housing dossier is generated from a study on house typologies; a central aspect is the interaction with the outdoor space. The backstreet is essential. In the case that this does not fit, the house will get a private inner garden in return. Each house is designed such that separation between the house layers and expansion is always possible. The informal backside melts into the public space, resulting in the attachment of the backstreets to the houses, while the formal front side is reserved for shops and warongs.

Layout of the house The houses are built on a concrete foundation, which functions as the spine of the house. It goes up at the back of the house and it incorporates the toilet, washing area, kitchen and water storage. Around that a wooden construction has been designed that is visible in the whole house. Most houses are built in three layers.

The first layer is characterized by a logical and coordinated layout that finds it origin in the water-architectural base and is resistant against water flooding. The second layer is the connecting element to the outside world and the roof. This is the element where the house changes shape and orientation.

66

row house

row house

cluster house

row house

4 x 6 m > 24m2 + 45 m2 seperate staircase 1e renting out rooms expansion possible + 12m2

4 x 8 m > 75m2 expansion possible + 18m2 Inner garden

4 x 8 m > 120m2 commercial space Inner garden

4 x 8 m > 120m2 commercial space

67

68

69

70

71

Kampung Tiroan Sulawesi, Bugis/Toraja Tongkonan house • inner country • houses directed to the North • complex constructions

Kampung Riung Flores, Bugis Bale • • • •

house coastal area housing accoring to ship building techniques woningen langs centrale as elevated central square along the ocean

The basis of diversity The history of Jakarta is a complex one with influences from all over and outside the archipelago. Not only Jakarta, but the whole of Indonesia is in search of an indigenous architectural language. Throughout Indonesia a large variety of different architectural styles can be found which all have been influenced by each other.

But in the cities, that have always attracted people there is no recognizable style.

Discussing the architectural identity is therefore rather complicated, and one could wonder whether there really is an Indonesian or Javanese architectural identity.

72

Minangkabau Sumatra, Gadang Rumah Gadang • inner country • hierarchy in position • seperate buildings as one residence

Kampung near Palembang, Malay Rumah Melayu • floodplains • plots of fishing ponds • prefabricated constructions

Kampung Naga Java, Sundanese Sundanese house • sawa landscape • integrated water irrigation • steep roofing

The most important influences have been analyzed to better understand the knowledge and the mentality of the Betawi, who currently live in and around Jakarta. From that I can conclude that especially knowledge of existing conditions, use of material and construction methods is important. Equally important is the orientation of the houses, as seen in kampongs that are connected to rice fields. A water structure runs through the kampong in order to create a rice field as big as possible. This is an important thought where environmental factors come together in a completely thought out village plan.

73

Different ways of abstraction

74

Twisting roofshape

75

main construction frame

main stability and central core

roof shape

roof construction

Dichotomy in orientation The roof shape is most outspoken. I have reinterpreted this in different ways, where the twist of the roof shape is the main focus. This results in a roof construction that arises from a hard plan, becomes lighter and because of the detaches from the technical basis. The spans already start with a new direction from the first floor, and the stairs follow such a position as well.

The stone shaft forms the logistic heart of the house. At the top it collects the rainwater and filters this to reach washing- and drinking water quality. The first flush ends up in the small garden that is situated on top of the first floor. It catches the sunlight and cools down the outside space and the rest of the house. The water reservoir in the middle of the house functions as an air conditioning and a natural flow between hot and cold air is started like this.

Constructive ornaments The shaft is also important as a construction method and gives more freedom in the connected wood construction. The twist in the house results in unconventional junctions. These refer to old traditions but have been fixated in new material: coconut wood. This extremely firm wood species is very suitable as wood for constructions, but it is difficult to manipulate. A screw or nail cannot be driven into this wood and can only be fixated by wood-wood connections. Combining local knowledge of material and technique can start a preproduction here.

At the same time it is sustainable material of which enormous amounts were planted in the 20th century because of the coconut, however after 80 years a tree does not produce any fruits and the trees become worthless. In the surroundings of Jakarta there is a huge area of coconut plantations that could answer to this demand.

76

air flow

coconut wood as main building material from nearby plantations

water storage

natural cooling

waste water treatment

77

Ridge construction

top ridge 40 x 90 mm

queen strut 40 mm

ridge 70 x 210 mm

collar beam 20 x 90 mm

rafter 20 x 70 mm

78

Ridge construction

ridge 70 x 210 mm

rafter 70 x 210 mm

79

Rafter joint principal rafter 70 x 210 mm

sprocket 90 mm

80

Rafter joint rafter 40 x 70 mm

ashler piece 40 x 90 mm

tie beam 70 x 210 mm

81

Natural climate control

82

83

5

1

1

4

8

8

1,5

1,5

8

8

3

Front

84

6

0,5

6

2

2

5

4

1

1

8

8

1,5

1,5

8

8

6

0,5

3

2

6

2

back

85

6

6

4

8

1

86

1,5

8

3

6

2

6

87

waterhood

88

89

Dynamic attitude Tanah Antara is an alternative development strategy in which city planning and architecture are intertwined and applied to Waduk Pluit. The project shows that by a careful analysis of specific areas opportunities can be generated for the complete city. Not the operation, but the line of thought can be the basis for future developments. This innovative approach needs more attention, energy and focus as compared to the current building projects, but it can however be the solution to the water issues as well as the narrow and unruly city structure of Jakarta.

The coherence between the joining of urban scale and the Indonesian urban culture are of great importance. The city has reached a point where she can no longer defy her roots, but should make use of them. The quality of the dynamic delta could offer this crippled metropolis a livable future perspective.

Not only is this graduation project a proposal of a new professional area on the intersection of water management, urban planning and architecture, but more importantly, a new attitude is suggested. Tanah Antara tries to contribute innovatively to this from an urban planning and architectonic angle.

It is a guide to the environment, the culture as well as it inhabitants.

90

91

92

93

special thanks to: Jaakko van ‘t Spijker (jvantspijker - Urbanism Architecture Research bv) For continues critical feedback and inspiration.

Florian Heinzelmann (SHAU - architecture & urbanism) For specific feedback from the field, the focus on Indonesian architecture and urban planning has been very enlightening.

Gijs van den Boomen (KuiperCompagnons) For sharing the insights on the NCICD project and giving me a benchmark.

Henk van Buuren For having pratical input on the realisation of the water structure.

Ad Sannen For the fruitfull discussions and a critical eye.

Bastien van Veen (Witteveen+Bos) For giving insights in the structural needs for Waduk Pluit.

Pak Bram For showing us Waduk Pluit and and introducing us to the local life.

Academie van Bouwkunst All the staff for giving me the opportunity to take on this project.

94

95

_

obs

bs

\ Ruben Sannen

T 00 31 (0)6 18 435 051 E ruben@sannenjacobs.nl W www.sannenjacobs.nl