Architecture 3rd Year Technology Booklet

National Centre for Heritage and Preservation of France.

Stage 3- Building upon Building. Josep Maria-Garcia Fuentes. Tom Ardron ARC3013

Beyond my initial concept and the declaration of my design approach, the integration of construction technology has been the most significant aspect of my project. I have carried out thorough research into multiple structural systems in an attempt to create a design resolution that felt most appropriate for the context of my project, and that allowed me freedom of design. Fundamentally I wanted the structure of my design to be new and interesting, but also grounded in practical simplicity. This has led me to analyse the work architects such as Richard Rogers (Powell,1994) and Norman Foster (Sudjic, 2010), as well as at the work Rem Koolhaas (Marquez-Cecilia and Levene, 2005) and OMA (Futugawa et al., 2004), Bernard Tschumi (Abram,1999), Carmody Groarke (Williams, 2019), and Marc Mimram (Cousins,2014) in attempts to ground the structural system that is so key to my design, in solid and well respected design principles. My proposal is so large, far beyond anything I have designed in other stages, that it has been this reference to precedent that I feel has allowed me to come up with a design solution I feel is both technologically feasible and contextually appropriate. Crucially though, I feel that, whilst at this stage my design is not fully realised and some aspects of it are yet to by fully developed, the technological integration I have achieved is new and interesting, and highly specific to the nature of our studio. Meaning that it both proposes something radically different to the existing architecture of Notre Dame and lle de la Cite, but is grounded in principles and an approach that is highly specific to its location and its circumstances.

My design for the Centre for Heritage and Preservation seeks to elevate the process of architectural restoration and preservation. It poses questions about how we treat historical architecture, and what value and significance it can have in the modern age. My strategy focuses on a thoughtful and intentionally prolonged restoration of the cathedral, which will be used in conjunction with the Research Centre I propose in the Parvis, as a place to test out new approaches and techniques; as well as a tool to help relearn dying construction practices. This is done with the knowledge that in western societies, which prize architectural symbols of shared history, historic buildings are always going to need restoration. Thus, we must be properly equipped to understand the implications of this process and possess the skills to carry it out.

My design utilises as a precedent the architectural form of repair, preservation and restoration, scaffolding. A specially designed scaffold-like frame will be erected around the cathedral and in the Parvis, to allow visitors to interact with the restoration. In the Parvis, the centre for preservation is found. My design consists of three principle volumes, suspended and encased within the scaffold which hold the spaces that allow the Centre to function. These volumes have usable interior space inside, under and on top of them, creating a diverse range of spatial experiences. The principle challenge of the project has been engineering the relationship between the cathedral, scaffold and volumes, to create a design that is both respectful of its surroundings, but confident enough to encourage us to reconsider how we see them.

3. Basic Massing

2. Symmetry and balance diagram

1.Subtractive diagram

The massing consists of 3 large volumes encased within the sacffold frame, part of which is glazed and covered by a roof to create a high atrium space

The steel scaffold frame have overall symmetry, which the volumes, each with their own symmetry, counter act

Subtractive diagram was chosen because the whole, in this case the scaffold is the dominant form, from which internal volume space is subtracted 3. Complex massing with

Parvis River Seine

The volumes of my design are determined by function. The largest volume is the one entirely open to the public, as a reading room and education centre for schools, universities and other groups to learn about Notre Dame’s history, and it is reconstruction. The smallest is the library volume, a semi-public resource devoted to works on preservation and architectural history. The top volume houses the administration centre, and is closed to the public. Here are offices for the daily business of the centre, as well as conference rooms for meetings about the restoration of the cathedral and other buildings. At the top is a sitting room with 360 degree views, for visiting academics and architects or construction professionals to use and meet in. Around these volumes are public spaces, free to enter and access.

6. Section

7. Sectional programmatic diagrams. Volume and atrium space

8. Heirachy Diagram Heirachy determined by height of space

Toilets Reception Cafe/bar Storage Plant room

4. Parapet Junction

3. INtermediate floor/Exterior wall/ Roof junction

2. interior WALL/iNTERMEDIATE FLOOR junction/ exterior wall

1. Foundation/iNTERIOR WALL/eXTERIOR WALL JUNCTION

-(Behind) Pile Foundation and Pile Cap

-Sand Layer

- 2x 2.6mm Bitumen waterproof membrane

- 200mm Thermal insulation

- Reinforced concrete ground beam

- Structural Thermal Break (Armatherm, 2020)

- 6mm Steel RHS beam, 114mm wide x 202mm tall

- Thermally broken window frame

-Double glazing, 7mm safety glass, 12mm cavity, 7mm safety glass with solar protective coating

- 16mm gypsum based board

- 6mm steel supporting bracket

- Convection heater

- 65mm polished concrete

- Polythene separating layer

- 22mm composite wood board

- Services space

- Dust palliative coating

- Acoustic insulation membrane (Rockwool, 2020)

- 195mm poured concrete

- 95mm insulation

- 2.3mm waterproof bitumen membrane

- Aluminium flashing

- Anodized Aluminium grate

- Notre Dame Parvis Stone slab surface 52mm, to fall, 1:40 incline

- Drainage and outdoor lighting cavity

- Poured concrete

- 3mm plaster, painted white

- 2x 16mm gypsum based plaster board

- 280mm cavity wall sound insulation

- 2x 16mm gypsum based plaster board

- 2mm rubberised sound absorbing membrane

- 50mm sound absorbing panels (megasorber, 2020)

- 56mm polished screed concrete

- 152mm reinforced concrete

- 4mm steel trapezoidal deck, with anti-condensation coating (TataSteel, 2020)

- 50mm suspended sound insulating panels

- 3mm expanded anodized aluminium mesh

- Stainless steel fixing clips

- Double glazing unit, 2x 7mm safety glass, 12mm cavity

- 6mm RHS beam painted with intumescent paint

- 8mm RHS beam with intumescent paint coating

- Steel C beam

- 2x bituminous waterproof membrane

- 13mm waterproof gypsum composite board

- 190-150mm Thermal insulation

- Bituminous membrane

- 156mm reinforced concrete

- Open web steel i beam, 456mm tall (Rainham Steel, 2019)

- Circular Section 12mm steel beam

- L section steel beam 9mm

- 16mm gypsum based board

- 2.3mm bituminous waterproof membrane

- Drainage gutter

- 2.3mm bituminous waterproof membrane

- 16mm gypsum based board

- 60mm thermal insulation

- 8mm RHS beam

- Thermally broken aluminium window frame

- 8mm RHS beam

- 2x 16mm gypsum based board

- 50mm Thermal insulation

- Sun Blind

- Exposed, ceiling mounted ventilation, heating and electrical services

- Glass Roof light.

7mm toughened glass, 12mm cavity, 2x7mm safety glass, 1:40 slope for drainage

- 3mm expanded anodized aluminium mesh

- Stainless steel fixing clips

- 13mm extruded ribbed aluminium sheeting

- 24mm ventilated cavity

- Bituminous waterproof membrane

- 2x 13mm waterproof gypsum composite board

- 124mm thermal insulation

- 189mm reinforced concrete

- Bituminous waterproof membrane

- 124mm thermal insulation

- Bituminous waterproof membrane

- Aluminium flashing

- Bituminous membrane

- Thermal insulation

- 6mm L section steel beam

- 6mm RHS beam, with intumescent paint

- Structural thermal break

- 8mm RHS beam with intumescent paint

4. Parapet Junction

3. INtermediate floor/Exterior wall/Roof junction

2. interior WALL/iNTERMEDIATE FLOOR junction/ exterior wall

1. Foundation/iNTERIOR WALL/eXTERIOR WALL JUNCTION

Sustainability Strategy Sustainability Strategy 3.1 3.1

Sunlight and Shading

A sunlight strategy was of particular significance to my design as i wanted as much glass as possible so as to best take advantage of the location of the site, and its relationship to the surrounding historic architecture and city scape of ile de la cite. Part of my solution was a system similar to that of a double skin facade, with two layers of glass. In my design however, the space between the two layers is habitable, and forms the main atrium space. The rooms with specific functions and requirements are then housed behind the second layer, in the individual volumes. These volumes are clad in a perforated mesh, which further shields from excessive solar gain whilst also provides the uniformity on the facade that i wanted, without the need for large louvres.

Sun Angle

Ile de la Cite latitude.

48.8 degrees

Earths Tilt

23.5 degrees

Winter = 90- (48.4+23.5) = 17.6 degrees

Summer= 90-(48.8-23.5) - 64.6 degrees

Steel grating that serves as flooring for the exterior scaffold provides some solar shading.

Double glazed Solar Control Glass with protective, non tinted coating that reduces solar gain.

Anodized Perforated Aluminium Mesh

Second Glass facade, which requires no protective coating.

The diagram shows how light is filtered through the layers of facade build up. This allows spaces such as the library, which requires a controlled and stable environment to be fully glazed where otherwise the sun might damage valuable books.

Anodized Perforated Aluminium Mesh

Ventilation Strategy

Similar to the shading strategy, the natural ventilation system utilises the atrium space to help create a stable internal environment. It acts as the buildings lungs. Electronically operated windows on the outer facade open and close depending upon internal conditions, this circulates cool air up through the atrium, stale air is then vented out of the roof and upper windows as it rises. The volumes have similar mechanically opening panels controlled by the same climate system. These open out into the atrium. An air-conditioning system then assists, helping to circulate this air around the internal spaces before being exhausted up the inside of the service cores and out the roof. This system, like the facade is designed to reduce temperature fluctuation internally, by drawing air in from the large internal atrium. Allowing controlled spaces like the library and offices to be naturally ventialted all year round

Horizontal distribution of mechanical ventilation. Services are exposed, passing through the webbing of the structural i beams on the ceiling

The distribution of the mechanical ventilation systems is contained largely within the exterior service cores. Ventilation units are located aboive the lift mechanisms of the four service towers. Only from these can all floors be reached. The units are split amongst the four towers for more efficient circulation and to reduce the size of any one system. Mechanical ventilation of the main atrium is achieved via connections running across the expansive ceiling.

One of four service towers

Service distribution in up service towers in plan.

Detail showing volume facade, with mesh in section and elevation. My design also includes roller blinds, hidden from view by structural supports, should the spaces need to be blacked out.

22. Horizontal Service Distribution

21. Natural/Assisted ventilation of Volumes

19. Blind detail

23. Vertical Ventilation distribution

Sustainability Strategy Structural Strategy

Heating and Cooling Strategy

My design employs three systems for maintaining a desired and stable internal temperature. The first utilises the thermal mass of the concrete floor slabs to help ruglate the buildings internal temperature. The sun, heats the floors slabs throughout the day, made possible by the large expanses of glass. At night this is radiated back into the spaces, creating more stable internal environments throughout the year.

The second is an Open loop Water Source Heat Pump, this genreates heat from the River Seine, by using the small amount of embodied solar heat within the water which, under intense compression yields heat suitable to maintain the building . This system, uses minimal electrical power and no waste products. This system is more reliable than ground source heat pumps, because the temperature os water varies less on average than the ground or air, fluctuating generally between 7 to 12 degrees year round.

Finally a heat recovery system will be installed at each of the exhaust air vents on the service towers. This uses the waste heat generated by the buildings inhabitants to heat fluid that can then be returned to the buildings radiators. Insuring that energy waste within the building is minimised

Heating Services distributed via similar mean s as ventilation. However all heating elements pass first through the ground floor plant room . For the atrium, heating pipes pass under the floor, due the height of the space and lack of a consistent ceiling.

Site surveying.

Pile Foundation drilled

Volume Superstructure

Scaffold superstructure

Roof construction

Facdes and make watertight internal fittings landscaping

Heating distribution

27. Construction sequencing diagram

The structural strategy of the building was one of the primary design focal points. The structure intends to mix a highly regimented steel scaffold like frame that relies on vertical supporting columns, with interior spaces that, to make them as flexible as possible have no internal columns at all. These volumes sit within the scaffold frame, but apart from four linking bridges, never touch it. Part of the scaffold frame is enclosed by glass walls and a single span roof, so that people can inhabit not only the interiors of the volumes but also under and on top of them.

Roof slab, like volume floors and roof, performs a non-essential bracing role

Warren truss steel roof supports brace the outer scaffold frame.

Reinforced concrete slabs provide bracing function for volumes, but in this system, are not essential to the buildings structural integrity, and are installed after the frame is constructed

Insulated exterior panels. Same dimensions as glass panels, that bolt into facade supporting secondary steel structure

Steel frame forms primary structural elements of volumes. Columnless spaces achieved via repetitive A frame Warren truss system, spanned by open web i beams.

Steel frame that supports facade and outer wall panels of the volumes

Anodized extruded aluminium mesh facade

Steel frame that supports atrium glass panels. Attached to primary scaffold frame.

Outer steel scaffold frame, including vertical load-bearing columns, horizontal load bearing beams, and bracing cross beams. Also includes supporting columns for volumes

Glass facades

Steel, supporting structure for glass ,service tower and escape stair.

29. Ground floor plan showing primary vertical load-bearing elements

Ground floor walls for toilets and plant functions are not structural, but in-case structural columns

Scaffold cross brace

open web i beam

Scaffold horizontal beam

28. Section showing horizontal load-bearing elements

3.3

Fire Safety

Ground Floor plan Evacuation strategy

3.3

Third floor plan evacuation strategy

The issue of merging the flow of people exiting from upper floors and the ground floor has been negated as the protected stairs all open onto zones outside the building envelope.

Escape Lifts have been incorporated into the design. This allows for easier evacuation of disabled occupants. These meet regulation standards as they are contained within the protective escape stair, and barrier is provided between them and the building via the refuge, reducing the risk of smoke entering the shaft.

19.8m

Final Exit towards place of ultimate safety

Shortest possible route of escape

Exit via designated Emergency Exit not normally in use

Fire doors = standard width for disabled access, with a swing in the direction of exit and a swing of 90 degrees

32. Regulation extracts (p155, p31)

Occupancy Calculation

Building Type: Group 5 - Assembly and Recreation.

92 seats in reading room places for 70 school children in education centre - 10 adults to accompany children - 15 desks for those who work as librarians or giving tours to schools. = 187 people

Administration volume20 offices + floor area/ 1.0 (374m/1 = 374)

187 + 394 = 581 occupants.

581/4x emergency staircases = 145.25

Protected stair/zone of relative safety

Lift/Emergency lift Point furthest from Emergency exit

Entrance to point of relative safety

Escape stair and refuge analysis

Refuges perform a significant design function as well as having significant practical purposes. They act as the only physical link between the outer steel frame and the internal volumes.

850mm

1200mm

To enhance my design, escape stairs are visible on the facade of the building, clad in fire resistant glass, that meets the required standards for protected shafts, E30 (Approved document B, p145)

33. Pause and Clarke style fire compartment diagram

flow

The Volumes of the building themselves act as fire compartments with protected wall and floors that have no physical contact with one another, thus containing any possible fire within the volume. These volumes are further subdivided with self closing fire doors to reduce risk further.

35.Third floor escape routes

36. Refuge diagram

37. document extract

Ground floor plan marking entrance locations, drop off zones and vehicle access to the site

Due to the size of the building, two entrances have been provided, thus reducing the distance travelled by disabled visitors, regardless of which drop off point they use. The design of the principal entrances utilise small lobby spaces. This follows the advice of approved document M and satisfies regulations, but also provides a break and two focal points in the otherwise uniform ground level facade.

Main Entrance Elevation

All door frames throughout the building are clearly defined with brightly coloured surrounds. This is both to aid those with visual impairments in identifying the threshold, and also a reference to high-tech architectures use of colour to define key services and structure. In this way the main entrances serve to break up the glass facade and aid those unfamiliar with the building

Two lines of manifestation, as stipulated by Approved document K, to avoid collision with glass surfaces. Manifestation also used on the door to state the name of the Centre for heritage and Preservation, providing a clear contrast between glass and manifestation, and also serving to further differentiate the threshold

Entrance dimensions and analysis

Threshold complies with relevant provisions of Approved document. Both doors are activated by a sensor, so no button is required. Between the two sets of doors, the 1810mm space for a wheelchair to stop exceeds the 1570mm required by document M.

Main entrance, Threshold Materials

Drainage passes along the facade edge, so as not to impede wheelchair users accessing the building. Change between exterior smooth stone slabs, and interior polished concrete occurs on the threshold to help clearly define where the entrance is.

Access easily made straight on, with no obstructions, for ease of wheelchair users.

Floor markers highlight principle circulation routes. Designed to aid those with visual impairments, and also first time visitors who may be unfamiliar with the building.

Rue de la Cite - Principle access via main road Rue d’ Arcole - Secondary Access due to narrow streets and restricted turning

Dimensions for lobby are designed to satisfy approved document k standards. Thus all doors exceed the 1000mm clear span requirement

Panels between door and wall exceed 300mm requirements.

3.4 Staircase Analysis

Main stair section and elevation

Staircases form a crucial aspect of my design, contributing, not only for their primary use a means of circulation, but also as aesthetic objects that fill and cross the main atrium. The staircase analysed in this section provides access from the ground floor, to the library levels, education centre and reading room. It employs lightweight steel construction, and is intended to hang in the central void.

3.4 Staircase Analysis

Principal staircase textured plan and dimension analysis

Each floor contains 4x flights of 9 steps, with long landings to provide suitable rests without impeding the flow of movement. The stair is under 2000mm wide and thus requires no central handrail

Detail of flooring for staircase rests, and handrail

The design of the staircase uses similar materials and construction to the rest of the building, steel is the principle material, each element being bolted together not welded, to allow for deconstruction and reuse of the metal should the needs of the building change. The fne mesh anodized metal grating used as flooring for the scaffold is used here as well, to link the two, and reinforce the sense of lightweight construction.

Detail section of stair treads

Overlap has been minimised to 6mm, the thickness of the nosing, to reduce risk of catching the feet

164mm high riser

25mm Rubber Nosing, provides visual contrast with steel stair, and reduces risk of slipping.

Fixings that secure grate are covered by nosing to minimise the risk of tripping. Furthermore, grating sits flush with steel cross beams to create flat tread surface

Riser is closed with a steel plate that attaches to the steel supports of the tread. This insures that there is no possibility of catching a foot under the stair.

Scaffold steel frame

Upon visiting the site after the fire, only the scaffold around the roof remained atop the cathedral. My interest in reshaping peoples perceptions of restoration led me to look at the scaffold as a potential structural system around which to base my design. I chose not to use standard scaffolding, but instead incorporated the structural principles behind it into my own steel frame. Specifically I used ring-lock scaffolding as a precedent, designing a framing system that utilised a ring, integral to the vertical supports, onto which could be attached eight horizontal load bearing elements or braces. Ringlock scaffolding provided the best solution that could be transferred to a building of this size, because it could be redesigned to attach via bolts, where as other forms of scaffold often rely on clamps and friction.

Relationship with cathedral

Inherent in the nature of scaffolding is that at least partially covers its host structure, my design does not shy away from obscuring the cathedral, but never the less i wanted to maintain a respectful relationship with its proportions. Thus the bays of the frame correlate to the dimensions of the cathedral arches, and line-up with the cathedrals own structural buttresses on the facade. Similarly, the vertical relationship between the two structures is balanced. The external walkway meets the height of the cathedrals second floor balcony and the bottom of the nave windows. And scaffold around the main building reaches the same height as the cathedral nave. Thus the cathedral is obscured and re-framed by the restoration structure, but not obstructed or blocked by it.

50. Photo of scaffold from side alley

Vertical columns all identical, with integral plates onto which 8 other beams and supports can be attached

Horizontal load-bearing elements are similarly standardised, due to the square nature of the frame bays

Horizotal load-bearing elements attach at 90 degree angles to the orientation of the frame

Standardised cross braces are attached in similar fashion. The spaces not used by a horizontal beam, is then used to secure the secondary glazing structure the frame.

51. Scaffold frame detail

52. portion of plan showing cathedral and design structural relationship

54. Elevation of walkway and cathedral

53. Design and cathedral vertical relationship

Structural refernces and materiality

i also sought to directly reference the structure of the cathedral in my own design. The majority of the facade is glazed, to allow in more light and connect the building to the city. It was also the intension of medieval masons to achieve as much glass in their cathedral, thus the flying buttress was used to transfer the load of roof away from the walls freeing them up for large windows. I have used a similar approach, the atrium space can be entirely glazed because the weight of the glass and the roof is born by the steel frame. Within the frame i used braces that break away form the grid of the facade and span two floors, again referencing the shape and function of the buttress, but out of lightweight steel.

Materiality also plays a key role in the relationship between the new design and old cathedral. The mostly metal and glass palette clearly differentiates one structure from the other, thus avoiding the risk of pastiche. However, like the positioning of the steel supports, i sort only to re-frame the cathedral, not completely obscure it. Thus materials that allowed for a degree of transparency were used , all supports are as thing as possible, glass is used throughout and the cladding mesh allows glimpses beyond or appears solid depending upon ones position to it.

55. Section of cathedral nave and cENTRE FOR PRESERVATION section, with buttress elements highlighted

The two precedents were key to helping me understand and develop how to play with the solid or perforated nature of ,metal mesh, and the reflective or transparent potential of glass in my facade 56. New Museum, New york 57. cartier foundation, paris

58. Facade elevation close up.

Illustrations 1 - 24: Drawn by Author

Illustration 25: Drawn by Author using information from, Ground Source Heat Pump Association., Water Source Heat Pumps [30/04/2020] https:// www.gshp.org.uk/WSHP.html. and Carrier., Water Source Heat Pump Systems. [30/04./2020], http://www.siglercommercial.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/04-Water-Soure-Heat-Pumps.pdf.

Illustration 26-31 : Drawn by Author.

Illustration 32: Approved document b extract. p.31, p.155, United Kingdom, Ministry of Housing., (2019). Approved Document B (fire safety) Vol 2, Buildings other than dwellings. London [30/04/2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fire-safety-approved-document-b.

Illustrations 33-36: Drawn by Author.

Illustration 37: Approved document b extract, p.28.

Illustration 38: Drawn by Author.

Illustration 39: Approved document M extract, United Kingdom, Ministry of Housing., (2016). Approved Document M: Access to and use of buildings Vol 2, buildings other than dwellings. London [30/04/2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approved-document-m.

Illustrations 40-42: Drawn by Author.

Illustration 43-44: Approved document k extract, p.40, p.15, United Kingdom, Ministry of Housing., (2013). Approved Document K: Protection form falling, collision and impact. London [30/04/2020] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-from-falling-collision-and-impact-approved-document-k.

Illustration 45: Drawn by Author

Illustration 46-47: Approved document k extracts. p.16, p.5, p.10. Approved docuemnt K. (2013)

Illutrations 48-55: Drawn and photographed by Author

Iluustration 56:Photograph of New Museum taken from, ArchExpo, Building Construction., James +Taylor product catalogue, [30/04/2020] https:// www.archiexpo.com/prod/james-taylor/product-50366-72728.html.

Illustrations 57-58: Drawn by Author

Note: 1:20 drawing not traced, all authors work, but inspiration drawn from.

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