Courtyard Type Studio Term 1 Parts, Units and Groups: The Architecture of Collective Living
Projective Cities: MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design Architectural Association School of Architecture in London
Projective Cities: MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design Architectural Association School of Architecture in London Projective Cities is dedicated to a systematic analysis of, design experimentation for, theoretical speculation on, and critical writing about contemporary cities. At the core of its research enquiries are multi-scalar and interdisciplinary questions arising at the intersection of architecture, urban design, and planning, but also the possibilities between design research and traditional modes of research. The programme’s aim is to challenge existing disciplinary boundaries and contribute to new architectural practices. Dr Sam Jacoby Dr Platon Issaias Dr Mark Campbell Dr Hamed Khosravi Spyros Efthymiou
Programme Director Programme Director Course Master Course Master Design Studio Consultant
Parts, Units and Groups The Architecture of Collective Living
Students from the Projective Cities programme examined precedents of the Architecture of Collective Living through their formative diagrams – in relation to different organisational, programmatic, social, economic, cultural, political, and material diagrams. The Architecture of Collective Living opens up a discussion of how the urban can be understood through specific architecture and its design, and how its urban effect is not only of spatial importance, but equally part of larger political and social discourses. The spatial organisation of the Architecture of Collective Living reflects informal and formal relations between subjects, between spaces, between structural and non-structural elements, between objects, and between protocols of use and occupation. Any form of collective living is characterised by particular multi-scalar power relations that are particular to each social group or collective. These shape architectural typologies and relate distinct social and formal diagrams. Typically, collective forms of living organise hereby part-to-whole relationships that set levels of interaction between individuals: rooms, dwelling units, horizontal and vertical circulations, spaces of shared activities and programmes, complexes, and larger groupings. Collective living and its politically, historically, socially, economically, and culturally specific characteristics have the capacity to challenge the dominant diagram of modernity: domesticity. The domestic is a spatial and social diagram with very specific hierarchies and relations: gender, age, and functional use. Today, the single-family dwelling is questioned by the realities of contemporary urban environments. New subjectivities have emerged: many outside traditional family structures and many increasingly collective or shared. Thus, one of the questions arising from collective forms of living is how architecture can respond to changing political, cultural, economic, and urban contexts and how to propose new effective design ideas and models?
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Courtyard Type Dimitris Chatziioakeimidis, Wojciech Mazan
Projective Cities: MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design Architectural Association School of Architecture in London
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Dimitris Chatziioakeimidis
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Familistère, Guise (FR) Jean-Baptiste André Godin, 1859
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One of the four corner staircases
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Previous page source: Brauman, Annick, and Michel Louis. Jean-Baptiste Andre Godin, 1817-1888. Brussels: Editions des Archives d’architecture moderne, 1980. source: same
top: Tower on central block, bottom: Children’s festival in courtyard
source: Brauman, Annick, and Michel Louis. Jean-Baptiste Andre Godin, 1817-1888. Brussels: Editions des Archives d’architecture moderne, 1980.
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0
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10m
Plan of the ground and typical floor
Section
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10m
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10m
Courtyard & Interior Facade
Plan and axonometric of the unit
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5m
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top: Axonometric, bottom: Courtyard
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top: Threshold Zone, bottom: Unit to Courtyard
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Occo hofje, Amsterdam (NL) Jan Luyten, 1774
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Regent’s room
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Previous page source: http://www.hofjesberaad.nl/occo-hofje/ source: https://www.monumenten.nl/monument/2733
top: Courtyard, bottom: Chapel
source: https://www.monumenten.nl/monument/2733
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10m
Plan of the ground and typical floor
Section
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10m
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10m
Courtyard & Interior Facade
Plan and axonometric of the unit
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5m
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top: Axonometric, bottom: Courtyard
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top: Threshold Zone, bottom: Unit to Courtyard
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Roosenberg abbey, Waasmunster (BE) Dom Hans van der Laan, 1975
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Cloister
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Previous page source: https://dom-hans-van-der-laan.divisare.pro/projects/368522-roosenberg-abbey source: same
top: Refectory, bottom: Courtyard
source: Jeroen Verrecht. https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2017/10/09/a-house-for-the-mind-explores-the-worldsurrounding-the-philosophy-of-the-dutch-architect-monk-dom-hans-van-der-laan.html source: Orsenigo Chemollo. https://divisare.com/projects/343767-dom-hans-van-der-laan-orsenigo_chemollo-roosenberg-abbey
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0
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10m
Plan of the ground and typical floor
Section
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10m
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0
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10m
Courtyard & Interior Facade
Plan and axonometric of the unit
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5m
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top: Axonometric, bottom: Courtyard
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top: Threshold Zone, bottom: Unit to Courtyard
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Deir-e Gachin Caravanserai, (IR) -
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Interior view of entrance
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Previous page source: Scohokoohy, Mehrdad. ‘The Sasanian Caravanserai of Dayr-i Gachīn, South of Ray, Iran’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 46, no. 3 (1983). source: same
This content downloaded from 95.145.131.214 on Sat, 10 Nov 2018 11:05:15 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
top: Common representation of courtyard activities, bottom: Fortified walls
source: Coste, Pascal-Xavier. Monuments modernes de la Perse. Paris: A. Morel, 1867. source: Scohokoohy, Mehrdad. ‘The Sasanian Caravanserai of Dayr-i Gachīn, South of Ray, Iran’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 46, no. 3 (1983).
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0
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10m
Plan of the ground floor
Section
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10m
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10m
Courtyard & Interior Facade
Plan and axonometric of the unit
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5m
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top: Axonometric, bottom: Courtyard
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top: Threshold Zone, bottom: Unit to Courtyard
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Cowan court, Cambridge (UK) 6A Architects, 2016
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Columna en el nuevo edificio y en el existente Column of new and existing college
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Cloister
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Previous page source: Benyei, Jaime, and Liliana C. Obal Díaz, trans. ‘Cowan Court, Churchill College’. El Croquis, no. 192 (2017). source: same
top: Courtyard, bottom: Student unit
source: Benyei, Jaime, and Liliana C. Obal Díaz, trans. ‘Cowan Court, Churchill College’. El Croquis, no. 192 (2017). source: https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/into-the-woods-cowan-court-university-of-cambridge-uk-by-6aarchitects/10028345.article
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0
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10m
Plan of the ground and typical floor
Section
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10m
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0
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10m
Courtyard & Interior Facade
Plan and axonometric of the unit
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5m
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top: Axonometric, bottom: Courtyard
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top: Threshold Zone, bottom: Unit to Courtyard
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Charterhouse General view
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source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_gĂŠnĂŠrale_de_la_chartreuse_de_Port-Sainte-Marie.png
Port St Marie charterhouse, Clermont (FR) Dom Hans van der Laan, 1975
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top: General map of the charterhouse, bottom: Map of the surroundings
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source: AbbĂŠ Mioche, La Chartreuse du Port Sainte-Marie en Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand : L. Bellet, 1896. source: Library of the city of Clermont-Ferrand, online archive, https://www.bibliotheques-clermontmetropole.eu/overnia/notice. php?q=theme_path_id%3A%28101%3B150%3B151%3B155%29&spec_expand=&start=7
Plan of the charterhouse top: 1st version, bottom: 2nd version source: Jeroen Verrecht. https://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2017/10/09/a-house-for-the-mind-explores-the-worldsurrounding-the-philosophy-of-the-dutch-architect-monk-dom-hans-van-der-laan.html source: Orsenigo Chemollo. https://divisare.com/projects/343767-dom-hans-van-der-laan-orsenigo_chemollo-roosenberg-abbey
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10m
Plan of the ground floor
Section
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10m
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0
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10m
Courtyard & Interior Facade
Plan and axonometric of the unit
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5m
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top: Axonometric, bottom: Courtyard
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top: Threshold Zone, bottom: Unit to Courtyard
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Familistère
Occo hofje
Roosenberg abbey
Threshold per unit
LIMITS
Porous 68
Non-porous
LIMITS
porous porous
non- porous non- porous
ZONES ZONES
LIMITS
Unit - Individual
unit - individual unit - individual
unit - antiroom
circulation
circulation
LIMITS porous porous
courtyard - collective non- porous
courtyard - collective non- porous
Unit -LIMITS Antiroom
unit - antiroom
LIMITS
porous porous
ZONES ZONES
Circulation
unit - individual
circulation
unit - individual
circulation
unit - antiroom
courtyard - collective
unit - antiroom
courtyard - collective
Courtyard - collective
ZONES ZONES
- individual unit -unit individual
circulation circulation
- antiroom unit -unit antiroom
courtyard - collective courtyard - collective
Deir-e Gachin Caravanserai
ZONES ZONES ZONES
Cowan court
Port St Mary charterhouse
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unit - individual unit --individual unit individual
circulation circulation circulation
unit - antiroom unit --antiroom unit antiroom
courtyard - collective courtyard --collective courtyard collective
fam
fam
roosenberg roosenberg
Familistère
nursery theatre pool public baths shops
collective facilities
caravan caravan
courtyard surface 751 m2
washing room toilets church meeting room
collective facilities
vertical circulation horizontal circulation main entrance
vertical circulation horizontal circulation main entrance
vertical circulation horizontal circulation main entrance
Collective spaces, Circulation, Accessibility
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roosenberg
12 Units
courtyard surface 1401 m2
toilets grocery bakery
fam
Roosenberg abbey
46 Units
courtyard surface 842 m2
collective facilities (outside building)
hofje
Occo hofje
314 Units
collective facilities (inside building)
hofje
church refectory kitchen washing room recreation area study hall atelier
hofje COW COWAN
roosenberg hofje
hofje fam caravan
Deir-e Gachin Caravanserai
43 Units
caravan roosenberg
COWAN
COWAN CHARTER
hofje
caravan
Cowan court
CHARTER
COWAN
Port St Mary charterhouse
18 Units
68 Units
courtyard surface 529 m2 courtyard surface 4754 m2
courtyard surface 4744 m2
collective facilities
collective facilities
vertical circulation horizontal circulation
bath house toilets mosque
vertical circulation horizontal circulation main entrance
meeting room store kitchens toilets
collective facilities (monks)
collective facilities (lay brothers)
church refectory cemetery
choir bakehouse chapel toilets
main entrance vertical circulation horizontal circulation main entrance
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Wojciech Mazan
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Domus Hispanica, Bologna (IT) Matteo Gattaponi, 1367
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Arcade on the second floor. The width of the ‘cloister’ allows students to use it not only as circulation.
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previos page source: Michael Kiene, ‘Die Erneuerung Der Italienischen Universitätsarchitektur Unter Carlo Und Federico Borromeo’, Zeitschrift Für Geschichte Der Baukunst – Journal of the History of Architecture, 18.2 (1988), p. 130. source: Gottfried Kerscher, ‘Palazzi “prerinascimentali”: la “rocca” di Spoleto e il Collegio di Spagna a Bologna. Architettura del cardinale Aegidius Albornoz, Annali di architettura, 1991, p. 25
The entrance to the front garden of the Domus Hispanica
source: Pietro Poppi, Bologna - Collegio Di Spagna - Porta dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ingresso, 1879, Pietro Poppi - Fotografia dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Emilia, Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna <https://collezioni.genusbononiae.it/products/dettaglio/14354#> [accessed 23.10.2018].
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Plan of the ground floor
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Plan of the first floor
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10m
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10m
Longitudinal section
Plan of the unit
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5m
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Collegio Borromeo, Pavia (IT) Pellegrino Tibaldi, 1561
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Columns in the courtyard
source (previous page): ‘Collegio Borromeo’ <http://www.collegioborromeo.eu/portale/?p=4015> [accessed 2.11.2018]. source: Sandro Rizzi, Nel Colonnato Dell’Almo Collegio Borromeo, <http://www.cesareangelini.it/ritratti.html> 84
[accessed 11.10.2018].
top: View from the garden with a football goal, bottom: View towards the entrance
source: Michael Kiene, ‘Die Erneuerung Der Italienischen Universitätsarchitektur Unter Carlo Und Federico Borromeo’, Zeitschrift Für Geschichte Der Baukunst – Journal of the History of Architecture, 18.2 (1988), p. 129. source: Ibid.
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Plan of the ground floor
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Plan of the first floor
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10m
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0
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10m
Section
source: Michael Kiene, ‘Die Erneuerung Der Italienischen Universitätsarchitektur Unter Carlo Und Federico Borromeo’, Zeitschrift Für Geschichte Der Baukunst – Journal of the History of Architecture, 18.2 (1988), p. 130.
Plan of the unit
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10m
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Waterlow Court, London (UK) Mackay Hugh Baillie Scott, 1909
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View towards Waterlow Court’s courtyard in 1909
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source (previous page): ‘Waterlow Court 1909’, Hampstead Garden Suburb Archives, London Metropolitan Archive. source: ‘Waterlow Court’, Hampstead Garden Suburb Archives, London Metropolitan Archive.
top: The interior of the courtyard, bottom: View towards the entrance
sources: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Waterlow Courtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Hampstead Garden Suburb Archives, London Metropolitan Archive.
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Plan of the ground floor
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Plan of the second floor
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10m
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10m
Cross and longitudinal sections
Plan of the unit
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10m
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Amerikanerhaus, Zuerich (CH) Oskar Schwank, 1915
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top: Smaller room within the three bedroom apartment on the corner, bottom: Interior.
sources: ‘Aemtlerhalle, Amerikanerhaus’, Baugeschichtliches Archiv <https://baz.e-pics.ethz.ch/index.jspx?locale=en& 100
fbclid=IwAR0fdV61t-6Z0HFovh8q3Hs8zKh7gTsdRYkQx6ZGz9r5dJ6NF3oBZEJIB1A#1544296908333_8> [accessed 21.10.2018].
top: Corridor surrounding the courtyard, bottom: Shared facilities within the corridor
source: Ibid.
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Plan of the ground floor
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Plan of the typical floor
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10m
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10m
Cross section
Plan of the unit
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10m
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Tietgenkollegiet, Copenhagen (DK) Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects, 1915
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Bird’s eye view of the building
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sources: ‘Tietgenkollegiet’, Lundgaard & Tranberg Arkitekter <http://www.ltarkitekter.dk/tietgenkollegiet/> [accessed 18.10.2018].
View from the shared corridor towards the courtyard
source: Magdalena Eckersberg, Nina Haeg, and Ellen Ledsten, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Bofellesskap: Ett Alternativ for Fremtiden [Communal Housing: One Alternative for the Future]â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Arkitektur N, 95.04 (2013), p. 89.
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Plan of the ground floor
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Plan of the typical floor
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10m
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112
10m
Section
Plan of the unit
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10m
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Kalkbreite, Zurich (CH) Mueller Sigrist Architekten, 2014
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View towards the courtyard
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sources: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Architecture | Genossenschaft Kalkbreiteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; <https://www.kalkbreite.net/en/kalkbreite/architecture-kalkbreite/> [accessed 1 October 2018].
The entrance
sources: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Architecture | Genossenschaft Kalkbreiteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; <https://www.kalkbreite.net/en/kalkbreite/architecture-kalkbreite/> [accessed 1 October 2018].
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Plan of the courtyard level
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Plan of the third floor
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10m
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10m
Section
Plan of the unit
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10m
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CITY
THRESHOLDS
COLLECTIVE WITHIN COLLECTIVE
COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL
CITY
THRESHOLDS
COLLECTIVE WITHIN COLLECTIVE
COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL
CITY
THRESHOLDS
COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL
COLLECTIVE WITHIN COLLECTIVE
23:59
23:59
23:59
MASS DINER, EVENING ROUTINE
MASS THEOLOGY CLASS, TIME TO STUDY
DINER RE-ENTRY
DINER
DINER
RE-ENTRY
RE-EXIT
RE-EXIT BREAKFAST
0:00
Domus Hispanica
Line represents a average 24 hours from. A day of an average member of particular collective.
Lines represent number of physical thresholds dividing courtyard from the outside world.
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23:59
0:00
BREAKFAST, MORNING ROUTINE
0:00
CB4 CB3 CB2 CB1
CS4 CS3 CS2 CS1
0:00
RE-EXIT BRAKEFAST
Collegio Borromeo
W3 W2 W1
BREAKFAST
WORK OUTSIDE OF THE WATERLOW COURT
STUDIES OUTSIDE OF THE DOMUS HISPANICA
STUDIES OUTSIDE OF THE COLLEGIO BORROMEO
RE-ENTRY
Waterlow Court
CITY
THRESHOLDS
COLLECTIVE WITHIN COLLECTIVE
COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL
CITY
THRESHOLDS
COLLECTIVE WITHIN COLLECTIVE
COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL
CITY
THRESHOLDS
COLLECTIVE WITHIN COLLECTIVE
COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL 23:59
23:59
23:59
USE OF COLLECTIVE BATHS USE OF COMMUNAL STUDY ROOMS
DINNER RE-ENTRY
DINER, EVENING ROUTINE
USE OF COMMUNAL KITCHEN OR LIVINGROOM
DINER
RE-ENTRY
WORK OUTSIDE OF THE AMERIKANERHAUS
STUDIES OUTSIDE OF THE TIETGEN DORMITORY
WORK/OTHER ACTIVITIES OUTSIDE OF THE KALKBREIT
RE-ENTRY
RE-EXIT RE-EXIT
BREAKFAST, MORNING ROUTINE
RE-EXIT
BREAKFAST
BREAKFAST
USE OF COLLECTIVE BATHS
USE OF COMMUNAL ROOMS
T1
T2
A1
A2
Amerikanerhaus
Tiettgenkollegiet
Kalkbreite
K1
0:00
0:00
K2
0:00
Daily Schedule Time spent in individual rooms
Time spent in collective spaces
Time spent in shared spaces of clusters
Time spent outside of the building 123
Domus Hispanica
124
1 – Main gate to the front garden – limit of accessibility – only members
4 – Portal
2 – Portal3 – Oversight of the guard
5 – Colonnade
Collegio Borromeo
1 – Main entrance to the building – limit of accessibility – only members
4 – Portal
2 – Oversight of the guard
5 – Colonnade
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Waterlow Court
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1 – Main entrance to the building – limit of accessibility – only members
4 – Oversight of the guard
2 – Facade of the building
5 – Gate to the courtyard
Amerikanerhaus
1 – Main entrance to the building – limit of accessibility – only members
2 – Gate to the courtyard
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Tietgenkollegiet 1 – Main entrance
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2 – Entrance to the elevator – limit of accessibility – only members
3 – Entrance to the courtyard
Kalkbreite
1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Main entrance to the building
2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Entrance to the courtyard
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COURTYARD
COURTYARD
COURTYARD
courtyard
courtyard
courtyard
ACCES TO UNITS
ACCES TO UNITS
ACCES TO UNITS
CONTROL
CONTROL
LIMIT
LIMIT
context, exterior to the building
context, exterior to the building
context, exterior to the building
Domus Hispanica
Collegio Borromeo
Waterlow Court
CITY
The line represents a sequence which inhabitant has to walk in order to access from the outside to the courtyard, or vice versa.
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LIMIT
CITY
CITY
COURTYARD
COURTYARD
COURTYARD
courtyard
courtyard
courtyard
ACCES TO UNITS
ACCES TO UNITS
LIMIT ACCES TO UNITS
LIMIT context, exterior to the building
context, exterior to the building
context, exterior to the building
Amerikanerhaus
Tiettgenkollegiet
Kalkbreite
CITY
CITY
CITY
Thresholds Access to individual units
Physical – architectural threshold
Limit of accessibility
Non-physical threshold – oversight of a guard 131
Amerikanerhaus
Kalkbreite
Parti
132
Waterlow Court
Domus Hispanica
Crucial shared facilities
Collegio Borromeo
Axis of symmetry
Tiettgenkollegiet
Boundary of the plot or courtyard
133
Amerikanerhaus
Kalkbreite
Courtyard
134
Waterlow Court
Domus Hispanica
Mass of the building
Collegio Borromeo
Axis of symmetry
Tiettgenkollegiet
Entrance
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Projective Cities: MPhil in Architecture and Urban Design Architectural Association School of Architecture in London 2018/2019
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