I: Country/Economy Profiles
142
Belgium Key indicators Population (millions)............................................................................................................11.4 GDP (US$ billions)...............................................................................................................476.8 GDP per capita, PPP$..................................................................................................... 38,089.4 Income group...........................................................................................................High income Region.............................................................................................................................. Europe
Score (0–100) or value (hard data) Rank
Global Innovation Index (out of 142).................................. 52.5 21 Innovation Output Sub-Index...................................................................................45.5 22 Innovation Input Sub-Index......................................................................................59.5 22 Innovation Efficiency Ratio.........................................................................................0.8 75 Global Innovation Index 2012 (based on GII 2012 framework).................................54.3 20
1 Institutions.....................................................88.2 15 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3
Political environment...........................................................................86.3 13 Political stability*....................................................................................87.7 27 Government effectiveness*.............................................................84.1 13 Press freedom*.........................................................................................87.1 19
1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3
Regulatory environment...................................................................92.1 16 Regulatory quality*...............................................................................82.3 22 Rule of law*................................................................................................86.3 20 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks............................8.0 1
1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3
Business environment.........................................................................86.3 13 Ease of starting a business*.............................................................94.3 13 Ease of resolving insolvency*.........................................................94.0 7 l Ease of paying taxes*...........................................................................70.6 64
2
Human capital & research...........................54.0 20
2.1 Education....................................................................................................72.9 6 l 2.1.1 Current expenditure on education, % GNI...............................6.4 16 2.1.2 Public expenditure/pupil, % GDP/cap......................................29.3 10 l 2.1.3 School life expectancy, years..........................................................16.5 14 2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science..............................509.3 14 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary..........................................................6.5 1 l 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4
Tertiary education..................................................................................39.6 47 Tertiary enrolment, % gross.............................................................70.6 19 Graduates in science & engineering, %...................................16.1 68 Tertiary inbound mobility, %..............................................................8.1 19 Gross tertiary outbound enrolment, %.......................................1.8 58
2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3
Research & development (R&D)...................................................49.4 18 Researchers, headcounts/mn pop....................................... 5,239.5 17 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP................................................2.0 17 QS university ranking, average score top 3*.........................62.0 15
3 Infrastructure................................................44.1 31
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2013
3.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs).........53.1 37 3.1.1 ICT access*..................................................................................................77.2 18 3.1.2 ICT use*........................................................................................................57.3 18 3.1.3 Government’s online service*........................................................64.7 39 3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................13.2 84 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4
General infrastructure..........................................................................43.9 20 Electricity output, kWh/cap...................................................... 8,050.5 22 Electricity consumption, kWh/cap....................................... 8,005.3 19 Logistics performance*......................................................................74.5 7 l Gross capital formation, % GDP....................................................21.2 79
3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3
Ecological sustainability.....................................................................35.2 50 GDP/unit of energy use, 2000 PPP$/kg oil eq........................6.5 60 Environmental performance*........................................................63.0 24 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP.........1.7 45
4
Market sophistication..................................57.9 27
4.1 Credit..............................................................................................................52.8 39 4.1.1 Ease of getting credit*........................................................................62.5 68 4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP..............................92.6 35 4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP..................................................n/a n/a
4.2 Investment.................................................................................................37.9 31 4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors*..........................................................72.2 21 4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................44.8 44 4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP...........................................20.9 30 4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP.................................................0.0 32 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3
Trade & competition............................................................................83.1 18 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, %.........................................1.6 11 Non-agricultural mkt access weighted tariff, %.....................2.3 102 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................82.7 3 l
5
Business sophistication...............................53.3 8 l
5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6
Knowledge workers..............................................................................65.2 18 Knowledge-intensive employment, %.....................................31.8 27 Firms offering formal training, % firms.......................................n/a n/a R&D performed by business, % GDP............................................1.4 16 R&D financed by business, %.........................................................58.6 13 GMAT mean score...............................................................................592.8 5 l GMAT test takers/mn pop. 20–34.............................................178.6 35
5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5
Innovation linkages..............................................................................42.3 25 University/industry research collaboration†.........................75.4 6 l State of cluster development†......................................................61.2 19 R&D financed by abroad, %.............................................................12.1 30 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP.....................................0.0 54 Patent families filed in 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP...................1.4 17
5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4
Knowledge absorption.......................................................................52.4 4 l Royalty & license fees payments, % service imports..........2.8 54 High-tech imports less re-imports, %..........................................8.6 61 Comm., computer & info. services imports, %........................8.3 20 FDI net inflows, % GDP.......................................................................19.9 1 l
6
Knowledge & technology outputs............41.8 20
6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5
Knowledge creation.............................................................................48.0 15 Domestic resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP............................6.4 26 PCT resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP.........................................2.9 16 Domestic res utility model ap/bn PPP$ GDP.........................n/a n/a Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP..........................41.8 16 Citable documents H index..........................................................428.0 13
6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5
Knowledge impact................................................................................41.0 42 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, %............................................1.0 87 New businesses/th pop. 15–64........................................................3.0 37 Computer software spending, % GDP.........................................0.7 8 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP..............................7.8 50 High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, %.....................32.8 30
6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4
Knowledge diffusion............................................................................39.4 25 Royalty & license fees receipts, % service exports...............2.6 22 High-tech exports less re-exports, %...........................................8.5 27 Comm., computer & info. services exports, %.....................10.5 36 FDI net outflows, % GDP...................................................................15.8 4 l
7
Creative outputs...........................................49.2 20
7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4
Intangible assets.....................................................................................45.6 57 Domestic res trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP...........................40.4 43 Madrid trademark registrations/bn PPP$ GDP.......................1.7 20 ICT & business model creation†...................................................67.8 30 ICT & organizational model creation†.......................................64.0 29
7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5
Creative goods & services.................................................................46.2 31 Audio-visual & related services exports, %...............................0.6 17 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................6.3 24 Paid-for dailies, circulation, % pop. 15–69..............................17.9 26 Printing & publishing manufactures, %......................................1.7 50 Creative goods exports, %...................................................................1.9 38
7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4
Online creativity......................................................................................59.6 22 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69.............26.8 28 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69.............................................71.2 12 l Wikipedia monthly edits/mn pop. 15–69........................ 9,627.1 9 l Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69..................................84.6 19
Note: l indicates a strength; a weakness; * an index; † a survey question.