Cumanana JULY 2022 THELIMATAPADA Briefnotes RECIPE Peruvianflavourswith anAfricaninfluence VIRTUAL NEWSLETTER OF PERUVIAN CULTURE FOR AFRICA MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ISSUE 16 GHANAINTHEXXI CENTURY Aneweraofrapprochement tosub SaharanAfrica
MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES DEL PERÚ
Ithankedherkeenlyforherreceptionandconveyed thegreetingsoftheMinisterofForeignAffairs,the governmentandthePeopleofPeru,whofavouredthe strengtheningofrelationswiththecountriesofWest Africa
I informed the Minister that a week ago Peru celebrated an event commemorating AfroPeruvian Friendship Onthatoccasion,theMinisterofForeign Affairs of Peru had emphasized the importance of reinforcing bonds between both regions and revitalizingtheeconomicandcommercialaspectof therelation, favouring PeruandAfrica Itook the
TheMinisterofForeignAffairsofGhanaexpressedher cordialwelcometothecountryandhersatisfactionat the completion of the Embassies representing the Pacific Alliance She mentioned that she had the opportunitytovisitColombiaandChile.TheMinister was greatly impressed with the development in institutionalism and the promotion of market orientedeconomyinPacificAlliancecountries She also referred to the fact that ECOWAS (Economic CommunityofWestAfricanStates)isalsocommitted topromotingeconomicgrowthbasedonfreemarket, and therefore the economic and commercial developmentreachedbyourcountriescomprisesan exampleinthematter.
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opportunity to pose my intention to organise a series of GAVIRIAofEmbassyShemainandreadreceivedofFinally,Accratowardsbythesecountries,developmentForeignespeciallyAfricanThebyPeru,conferencesinthemainuniversitiesofthecountry,focusedinitsactuality,cultureandbusinessopportunitiesofferedourcountry.MinisterandIcoincidedontheneedtopubliciseincountriestherealityofthePacificAlliancemembers,theresultsofopeningofmarkets.Similarly,ourMinistriesshouldreceiveinformationontheanddemocraticstabilityinWestAfricanaswellastheinstitutionalprogresshappeningincountries.ImentionedthatIwaspleasantlysurprisedthesenseofsecurityinGhana,therespectofcitizenstransitrulesandtherealestateboomthatthecityofisexperiencing.IpresentedtheMinisterabookdedicatedtothecityCuscoandasetofDVDsabouttheIncaEmpire.Shebothwithgreatpleasure,notingthatshehadalreadyabouttheimpressivearchitectureachievedbytheIncasthatshewouldbeverypleasedtopersonallyvisitthetouristattractionofPeru.concludedthehearingwishingmesuccessinopeningtheofPeruandaccomplishingmyplans,forthebenefitourcountries.
Today, I attended a hearing with the Minister of ForeignAffairsoftheRepublicofGhana,MsHanna Tetteh,topresentofficiallytheoriginalCabinetLetter commissioningmyselfasChargéd'AffairesofPeruto theRepublicofGhana
xx
UNA NUEVA ÉPOCA DE ACERCAMIENTO AL ÁFRICA SUBSAHARIANA
GHANA EN EL SIGLO XXI
TheEmbassyofPeruinGhanawasthelastPeruvian MissionopenedinAfrica Thetextbelow,whichhas been adapted to fit the format of Cumanana, reproducestheaccountofMinisterCounsellorEliot Gaviria, who was appointed to inaugurate the PeruvianEmbassy
Accra,28October2014
MCGaviriaandMinistreHannaTettehatthepresentationofCabinetLetters 2014 (C)MinistryofForeignAffairs
JUAN LUIS ORREGO PENAGOS
ItshouldbenotedthatthetapadaisconsideredPeruvian, almostexclusivelyfromLima,whereshewassupposedly alreadypresentaround1560 Itisknownthatvicereine TeresadeCastroofMexicoandhernumerousservitude adoptedthisclothinginhomagetotheLimatapadas.They werecalled“enfundadas”intheViceroyaltyofNewSpain, althoughthefashionlastedverylittleandwasonlyafad
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BRIEF NOTES ON THE LIMA TAPADA*
RESEARCHER PHD IN HISTORY FROM THE UNIVERSITAAT JAUME I
What did women in Lima pursue with this costume or apparel? For some, there would be an almost Freudian answer: the sexual restlessness, exhibited, it is true, in the area of fine coquettishness, the broad sharpness of Creole grace and the singular intelligence of the women in Lima Even so, this was not a fashion; it resisted change and became a tradition that eased gossip, intrigues and other Lima customs becomingquitecomfortable
Husbandscouldnotrecognizetheirwives,andthereforemay flirtwithstrangers,sotheoutfitencouragedtransgressionFor thisreason,theChurchandtheCrownattemptedseveral timestoprohibitthetapadas,asfineswereappliedfor dressingthiswayNotonlywasituselessbutinfacttheban stimulatedthispracticeDiegoLópezdeZuñigayVelasco, fourthviceroyofPeru,issuedthefirstordinanceprohibiting theuseofmantosin1561,butwasunsuccessful.Between1582 and1583,theThirdLimenseCouncildeclaredtapadaswere offenders Becauseoftheiranonymouscoquettishness, ArchbishopToribiodeMogrovejoproposedtheirprohibition attheLimenseCouncilof1601,butfailedViceroysMarqués deMontesclaros,MarquésdeGuadalcázarandConde Chinchónmadetheirownattemptsbutthesewerenot effectiveeitherAccordingtosometestimonies,whenthe CouncilofLimacelebratedtheproclamationofIndependence, tapadasarrivedtothelowerareaofthehallanduphelda spicyassortmentofjokesandinsinuationsinpresenceofthe finegentlemeninattendance
Clothing
OneofthehallmarksoflifeinviceregalLimawasluxuryin dressGarmentsweremadewiththefinestfabricsSilks,lace andembroideryevidencedtheexquisitetasteoftapadasand theopulenceofthetime Fashion,eveninthesaya the skirt imposeditselfasarule Uptofiveclassesofsayas wereknown:thecanutillo,theencarrujada,thedevelo,the pilitricaandthefilipenseInaddition,tapadasworethesaya detiritasinespecialoccasions,suchastheAssumptionof MaryandthedayofSaintJerome,duetothecharacterof povertyorbeggarythatthesayainfusedintothetapada
Tapadas.PanchoFierro.ca.1858.MALI
In regards with their political use, tapadas, secured in their attire, participated in the intrigues of the
AccordingtoCarlosPrince,thesayawasakindofdress madeofveryfinesilkinblack,chestnut,blueorgreen,which coveredthemfromthefeettothewaist,withabuckleor ribbonsinthisparttobeabletoadjustit,sothatwomen could reveal their shapes The manto was a black silk headdresstiedatthewaist,goingupthebackandabovethe head,coveringthefaceentirely,sothatitdidnotallow seeingbutoneeyeOneofthelastalterationstothisattire tookplaceinthenineteenthcentury,consistingofelegant scarvesandsatinshoes,andsilkstockingsthat"imprisoned" thefeet.
Thetapadas womenofLimafashionablycoveringtheir headsandfaces,revealingjustoneeye werepartofthe picturesquenotesofLimafromthetimesfollowingits foundation,andpersisteduntilthemidnineteenthcentury, alreadyinrepublicantimes,whenParisianfashionarrived duringtheGuanoEra.Therefore,tapadaslastedforjustover 300yearsTheadoptionofthiscustominitiatedbyimitation ofafleetingfashionamongSevillianwomen:the"Islamic"veil ofMoorishinfluenceIn1590,whenViceroyGarcíaHurtado deMendozamadehisentrancetoLima,tapadasthrived Attemptsatprohibition
AsduringtheViceroyaltyperiod,homeswerethemost Independence.environmentthewellCongress),almostsurprisedEvenhostedfrequenttheirlasfarforRepublic,importantcentresofsociallifeinLimaatthebeginningofthegiventhatthecitydidnothavetoomanyalternativespartiesanddancesinthoseyears.Despitethis,womenwerefromstayingoutofpubliclife.AliciadelÁguila(Losvelosypieles.Lima:IEP,2003)notesthatwomenreceivingmeninhomeswithoutthepresenceoftheirhusbandswasaimageofthetime.Properlydressed,womeninLimavisitors,bothinthemorningandtheafternoon.so,EuropeantravellerssuchasFloraTristan,werethatwomeninLimacouldappear,astapadas,inanyscenario,includingpoliticalspaces(suchasbothdayandnight.However,intheViceroyaltyasasintheearlyRepublic,womenhadtowalkmodestlyonstreettopreservetheirhonour.Nevertheless,thesocialbecamemorepermissivefollowingtheWarsof
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poorrevolutionarydistributingDominic.Bofetada"politician,"operators".othertheirSenateknownthattapadascrowdedthegalleriesorbalconiesoftheandtheChamberofDeputiesintriguingandpressuringdecisions,suchasappointingordismissingministersandstateofficials.NowwewouldsaythattheywerepoliticalSomeversionsreportthatonce,atapada,wifeofafooledJoséCalderón,theilliterateknownas"ÑowhowasaskingforalmsattheChurchofSaintThetapadagavehimafewcentsinexchangeforsomeflyersaroundthecity.Thesewerepamphletsinfavourofherhusband.Ofcourse,"ÑoBofetada"wasarrestedbythepolice.
Forawhitelimeña(formerlyCreoleorSpanish)itwasusual to"dressup"atnighttoenterwherevershewanted,including public amusements. Ricardo Palma in his Tradiciones Peruanasnarratesthat"Incolonialtimes,youcouldhardly walkthroughtheBridgeonmoonlitnights Thiswasthe meetingpointforeveryoneBothsidewalkswereoccupiedby the elegant young people who found refreshment to the canicularheatwiththeairoftheriver,whiledelightingtheir eyesbyoglingatthelimeñasthatcameouttoimbibethecool breeze "
vice regal court, as well as in the wars of independence supporting both sides, carrying messages and "spreading" rumours They were also key, as reported by nineteenth century travellers, in the Caudillo struggles and favoured some of them such as Felipe Santiago Salaverry (1835) with the saya salaverrina; Agustín Gamarra (1829 1833 and 1838 1841) with the saya gamarrina; and Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada (1833) with the saya orbegosina Accounts reveal, for example, that a conspiracy initiated by tapadas led to the failure of the Peruvian Bolivian Confederation (1836 1839) and its leader,AndrésdeSantaCruz Itisalso
In 1834, Flora Tristán dedicated a good part of her observationsonLimaandtheLimawomenTristánwrotethat every time she attended the Congress she found a good number of limeñas: "They all wore a saya, reading a newspaperortalkingaboutpolitics"Theyalsowenttothe theatre,wheretheysmokedjustlikemen(unlikeinEurope, thecigarseemstohavebeenafrequentviceinLima)Inhis Impresiones de Lima, Gabriel Lafond (1822) wrote that "nothingisasattractiveasseeingallthesewomenintoilette, smokingacigarette"However,bythetimeoftheGuanoEra, when the tapada disappeared, cigars were considered unsuitableforwomen
CostumbresdeLimaImprentaFisher,SonandCo.Entre1822y1841.GoogleArts&Culture
Everymorning,thewomenofLimausedtovisittheirfriends andgotochurch.Theycouldalsotakeawalkandthenreturn homeforlunchInsummer,theycouldgotothepublicbaths torefresh,justlikemen,The"women'sbaths"alsofunctioned as meeting spaces for friends who chattered or groomed themselves:to"primp"theirbodies ThemallsandthePlaza
Thecontext:theLimaofthenineteenthcentury.-
As evidenced, the world of women extended beyond their houses to a series of public spaces throughout the day Favourablecommentsfromtravellersaboutlimeñasareusual, highlighting these women ’ s intelligence and character. AccordingtoJorgeBasadre,thefeminineessencedominated nineteenthcentury Lima Flora Tristan's declaration is well known:“Thereisnoplaceonearthwherewomenaresofreeand exercisesomuchpowerasinLimaShereignsthereexclusively Itisfromherthatanyimpulseoriginates.Theyseemtohave absorbedfortheirusealonewhatlittleenergythewarm,heady climateallowsthefortunateinhabitants"
Finally,testimoniescoincideinthereligiousdevotionofwomen inLimaThechurch,asduringtheViceroyalty,continuedtobe anobligatorypointoffemaleattendanceHowever,thewayto doitalsocausedsurpriseamongsomeforeigners:inthefirst decadesoftheRepublic,womenstillsatonthefloor,onacarpet thattheirmaidsbroughtthem.Acuriousfactisthattravellers donotaccountforanimportantpublicactivity:purchasesin themarketforhouseholdconsumptionItseemsthateitherthe servantsdidtheshoppingorthemerchantsthemselveswentto thehousestooffertheladiesaproductthatwasofspecialneed orpleasure(thereforethedefinitionof“caseros”)
ArticleoriginallypublishedonPUCPBlog,available http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2013/04/09/algunas-notas-insobre-la-tapada-lime-a/
Tapada.Anonymous.ca.1861-1865.MALI
Regardingtheirparticipationinpoliticallife,womenpartookin politicsinpracticethroughouttheyearsofpoliticalanarchy and complex social conditions caused by the wars of Independence,eveninformally WomenofLima’sdailylives developedindependentlyofmalecompany.This,alongtheir afternoonandnightstrolls,wasfurtheredthoughthefacilities grantedbythesayaandthemanto Anothercommonactivity, whichbecameparticularlycensoredthefollowingyears,was gambling,sopopularwithmenandwomen
Mayorwerebusiestintheafternoon,evenatnight(affluent womenusedtogetuplateandhadbreakfastafteradorning themselves)
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2tablespoonsgroundfreshchili(ajímirasol)
Beefbroth
6garliccloves,chopped
Salt,pepper,cumin
4onions,chopped
INGREDIENTS
1/2kgmincedmeat
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RECIPE: CHARAPANA
2tablespoonsgrounddriedchili(ajípanca)
1/2kgchoppedbeeflung
1/2ltofwineandbeer
3tomatoes,peeled,seedlessandchopped
ServeAddAdditInaclaypotwithhotoil,sautétheonion,garlic,chili,salt,pepper,andcumin,thenaddthebrothlittlebylittlesothatcooksverywellforapproximately15minutes.thetomatoandalittlemorebroth,stirring.Letitcook.thechitterling,gizzard,lung,meat,wineandbeer.Cookforabout20minutes,stirringoccasionally.Addthemarrowandletitboil.Rectifytheseasoning.withcookedyucca.
1/2kgofchoppedmarrow
Charapana,alsoknownasbufo,isatraditionalstewfromtheprovinceofNasca,intheregionofIcaAccordingto specialistRosarioOlivasWeston,thisdishhasAfricanorigins,throughtheenslavedpeoplewhopreparedbufowith theproductsnotusedbythemasters Thisincludedramheadandtripe Whilecookingcharapanaitsrichsmell reachedthehousesofthemasterswho,withouthesitation,wenttotheslaveshedstosharewiththemtheirdelicious cuisine
1/2kgchitterling,choppedintopieces, 1/2kgchoppedbeefgizzard
PREPARATION