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ONE: CORE CONCEPTS 32 Lencioni (2002) has some interesting examples. 33 Economist (2003). ‘The complete home entertainer?—Sony’. 1 March 2003; Levy, S. (2003). ‘Sony’s new day’. Newsweek, 27; Nathan (1999): 304. 34 Levy (2003) op. cit. 35 Miles and Snow’s (1978) research project covered more than 80 US firms in three different industries. 36 This idea was proposed by Michael Porter (1979, 1980). 37 See Miller, A. and Dess, G. (1993). ‘Assessing Porter’s 1980 model in terms of its generalisability, accuracy and simplicity’. Journal of Management Studies, 30/4: 553 – 85, and Cronshaw, M., Davis, E., and Kay, J. (1994). ‘On being stuck in the middle or good food costs less at Sainsbury’s’. British Journal of Management, 5/1: 19 –32. For a comprehensive review of the evidence, see CampbellHunt, C. (2000). ‘What have we learned from generic competitive strategy? A meta-analysis’. Strategic Management Journal, 21/2: 127– 44. 38 Penttila claims that US family firms on average last 24 year: Penttila, C. (2005). ‘It’s all relative’. Entrepreneur, 33/3: 74–8. Velloor suggests that the average corporate life-span in both Japan and the USA is 30 years: Velloor, R. (1999). ‘Samsung for less chip on its shoulder’. Straits Time, 4 October. 39 Williams, I. (1987). ‘Who dares wins—SAS and British Airways are pitted against each other in the battle for BCal’. The Sunday Times, 29 November; Harris, C. (1987). ‘Man in the news: high-flyer who puts his trust in the crew—Jan Carlzon’. Financial Times, 12 December: 6; Prokesch, S. (1989). ‘S.A.S. builds on global alliances’. New York Times, 20 November; Lorenz, C. (1990). ‘The staying power of visionary leaders’. Financial Times, 12 February: 38. 40 The Times (1987). ‘Outline proposals for the creation of a giant European airline could be arrived at within the next few weeks’. 20 April; Harris, C. (1987). ‘Determined to join the big five’. Financial Times, 28 November: 10; Reuters News (1989a). ‘SAS to take stake in Saison’s Inter-Continental’, 19 April; Prokesch (1989) op. cit.; Prokesch, S. (1990a). ‘S.A.S. stabilizes its American niche’. New York Times, 13 August. 41 Prokesch, S. (1990b). ‘S.A.S. expects to write off investment in Continental’. New York Times, 5 December. 42 Austin, T. (1992). ‘SAS will cut losses in Intercontinental hotel stake’. Reuters News, 5 March. 43 Huddart, A. (1993). ‘SAS airline, after third year of loss, seeks partners’. Reuters News, 10 March. 44 Taylor, R. (1990). ‘He who dares does not always win: Reasons for the reorganisation plans at SAS’. Financial Times, 3 December: 21; Webb, S. and Betts, P. (1992). ‘SAS looks for cupid in Europe’s open skies’. Financial Times, 6 April: 19; Dagens Naeringsliv (1993). ‘Analysts say Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) must cut costs by more than Nkr 2.5bn’. 23 November: 4. 45 Financial Times (1993). ‘Airline merger hopes dashed by rift over US link’. 22 November: 1. 46 Carnegy, H. (1994). ‘SAS emerges from the red’. Financial Times, 18 August: 18. 47 SAS Group Annual Report, 2006: 30. 48 Lin, X. (2002). ‘SAS bogged down by neighborly turbulence’. Dow Jones International News, 18 June. 49 Townsend, A. (2004). ‘The Lowdown—Snowflake is the SAS chief ’s hope in long-haul hell’. Independent on Sunday, 4 January: 5. 50 Townsend (2004) op. cit.; SAS press releases: ‘New offer from SAS Scandinavian Airlines meets changing demands of the market’, 23 August 2004 and ‘60,000 snowflake tickets for sale’, 23 September 2004; Economist Intelligence Unit—Viewswire (2007) ‘Sweden: transport and communications’. 2 March. 51 SAS Group Annual Report, 2006: 30. 52 Ghemawat (1991). 53 Porter (1996). 54 Economist (2006a). ‘Testing times’. 30 March. 55 Economist (2006b). ‘Cabin fever’. Economist Global Agenda, 29 May. 56 Economist (2006c). ‘Time for a new, improved model’. 20 July. 57 Ibid. 58 Economist (2006a) op. cit. 59 Ibid. 60 For a stimulating view on how conflicting strategic imperatives can be analysed and confronted, see Hampden-Turner, C. (1990). Charting the Corporate Mind. Blackwell, Oxford.