Inquiry on Multifunctionality of Furniture in Micro Apartments

Inquiry on Multifunctionality of Furniture in Micro Apartments

Parina S. Vaghani

Faculty of Design, CEPT University

IR 3607 Research Writing

Faculty. Ishita Shah

26th March, 2021

Inquiry on Multifunctionality of Furniturein Micro Apartments

Abstract

The global urban world population has been growing slowly since 1950 and will reach its peak; as per this upsurge there will be extra2.5billion people added between now and 2050 in the world. Among allthe countries in the world, India has a consideration from the worldto be one of the most populous countries in the world afterchina. And because of this, there is a need for compact affordable living Spaces. The Compact space is a notion that is created and it is very subjectiveand changes fromperson toperson. These apartments are cozy, convenient, and cost-effectivefor millennials. This type of housing space gives birthtoan innovative and creative approach to designing the house. Micro-apartments aresmall living spaces in desirable neighborhoods that may offer a solution to the problem of high housing costs. Theseapartments consent residents tolive in a centrallocation for an inferior total rent – as long as the resident issatisfied with a smaller amount of spacein which to live. Micro-apartments help the environment by providing comfortable and sustainable housing for a larger crowd in one piece of land. The land footprint of the average user decreases as they adapt to acompact and smaller living space. Theanalytical researchwill be carried forwardby studying relevant case studies from the most populated cities of India, and further, the research is limited to multifunctional and multipurpose furniture typology following work andplays functions. They have multifunctional furniture, sleep countertops, stainless steel appliances, washers, and dryers. The furniture and partition units aredesigned with space-saving featuresincluding pull-down beds, foldable tables, and hidden or verysmall appliances. This multifunctional system saves floor spaceyet also provides all domestic functions such as eat, sleep, groom, dress, and play.

Keywords: micro apartments, compact spaces, migration, multi-functionality

Introduction

Across the globe, Urbanization has increased rapidly. Years ago, one out of every ten people lived in urban areas; now, in human history, morethanhalf of us do. so, between now and 2050 an extra2.5 billion people are going tomoveto urban areas - one of the biggest problems whichare faced worldwide and everyone wants amodest andaffordable place to live in and alsoin thecenter of the city. And becauseof this,thereis significant growth inneedforthesecompact affordable living Spaces. The increased rate of urban populization and migration has given birthto the need for these microapartments which have less carpet area so thefloor which is traditionally used by furniturewas up to 40-50% of the house. Smartspace-saving multifunctional furnitureis a solution to this space crunch. (Thøgersen, 2015). And also, the land footprint of an average user decreases as they adapt to acompact and smaller living space. Therise of micro orsmall or efficient or affordable apartments is on the rise as per RERA (Real Estate Regulatory Authority,201) statistics in India in the past 6-7 years. The metrocities which have these micro apartments do need these spaces saving multifunctionalfurnituresystems for easyand affordable living.

1.0DecipheringTerminologies

1.1DefiningParametersof Micro Apartment

A micro-apartment is similar to a studio apartment but with asmaller carpet area. These micro-apartments combine necessity andfunctionality along with being cozy, convenient, and cost-effective while offering the typical amenities of a standard apartment within a footprint of under 350 square feet. Typically, a micro-apartment consists of a oneroom living space wherefunctions like seating, abed, a bathroom, storage, anda kitchenette, with possible access to common amenities, are included.

1.2DefiningMultifunctionality

Multifunctional elements are the oneswithmultiple functions attachedto a single element. These elements arecompressed intosimpler andspace-saving features with ease of access. To understand multifunctionality termsin detail itis necessaryto understand the change in a system that helps to satisfy human need. and hence a built interior environment is also a system.

2.0 Significance of Multifunctional furnitureinmicro apartments

2.1 Micro apartments

Micro Apartments areapartments with all domestic amenities while also catering to the needof the majority of the crowd who aremigrating from onecityto another in the searchfor new and better opportunities. Micro-apartments are small living spaces in desirable neighborhoods that may offer a solution to the problem of high housing costs. These apartments allow residents tolive in the center of the city for a total lower rent – as long as the resident is content with less space in which to live. Almost 20years agoa microapartment carpet floor space was about 70 square meters. Nowadays when we analyzed the carpet size of some micro-apartments it is 20-30square meters. The carpet area is reduced but the requirements andlifestyle of an individual is the same or increased (Kilman, 2016).

2.1.1 Significance of micro apartments in India

Micro-apartments are affected by millennials who areremodeling the residential market in India and thereforeaffordability andjob mobility aretheimportant factors affecting this settlement. This trend is attractedby young professionals who all aremigratingfrom rural towns to metro cities. (Reddy, 2020). WhileMumbai isthemetro city and also one of the most populated cities in India and of the World, wherethere is a demand for microi.e., one-bedroom, hall, and kitchen (1-BHK) apartments. Analyzing RERA (Real Estate Regulatory Authority) statistics the inclinationtowardsmicro-apartments is so widespreadin India that the averageflat size within thetop seven Indian metro cities hasconsistently reduced over thelast five years by 17% between 2014 to 2018 (Reddy, 2020). As residents and owners or builders have shifted their ideology towards environmental responsibility, the

supply of green amenities is on the increasewithin thecountry including solar panels, rainwater harvesting facilities, waste management, and high light efficiency (Reddy, 2020).

2.2 Multifunctional Furnitureas space saving elements

Furnitureis an essential part of the house which takes upto 40-50% of the living space of the houseand thus leads to overcrowded and narrow living space in thehouse physically and psychologically. Multifunctional furniture isalso known by several similar terms space-saving, multipurpose, andalsotransformablefurniture. Totransform the space into several different activities during different periods of theday, furnituresystems should be designed meticulously to cater to such different activities. (Husein, 2020) Theactivities that are followed through the day by anindividual or a family are as follows sleeping, eating, studying/working, relaxing. The importance of these multifunctionalfurniture systems has not been recognized until now,

Furnitureselection and placement can complement or detract fromfeelings and needs. For example, some pieces that are large-scaled can seem to overpower a person, and storage units that requiretoo much stretching or are difficult to operate can befrustratingfor the user.” (Kilmer et al., 2014)

2.3 Connection between Multifunctional furniture and micro apartments

A pieceof furniture which is an integral element of the house. Furniture and architecture have similar attributes. Furniture is anecessity, and not luxury, therefore everyone needs it. Sometimes thesemicro apartmentsmiss the mark to provide quality and comfort, as theycannot hold standard-sized furniture, altering tomultifunctional furniture systems gives the full advantage of using every inch ofthe area while reducing the area and still achieving greater comfort and usability. Themost common furniture that isrequired is a bed, sofa, chair, table wardrobe, andtoilet. As there is less floor spaceto accommodateall these minimal requirements andcirculation at the same time there is growth in these multifunctional spaces saving furnituresystems.

Note: from Gibson, E. (2018, August 9). Tiny New York Apartment byGraham Hill

“Functions like OneTwice Its Size.” https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2018/08/lifeedited-2-graham-hill-new-york-apartment-usa_plans_dezeen_2364_col_1.jpg

3.0 Understanding Multifunctional furniture

3.1Multifunctionality as a change in system

Multifunctionality is a part of aenvironment’s larger flexible system whichkeeps on changing; the time period consumed by these processes andre-occurrence formulates very crucial and unavoidable part of the changing dynamics of the system.

Kevin Kelly from “out of control’ depicts “Nature undistributed is not constant in form, structure, or proportion, but changes at every scale of timeand space. Every ecosystem is a dynamicweb always influx, always IN the process of reshaping itself. Whenever we seek tofind constancy, we discover change. In the long run, ecologies are temporarynetworks.”

The change in system is well criticized by DaphneD’Souza in her undergrad thesis “Flexiperience in a tight space.”As per study the change in system is further subcategorized in four systems.

i. Inherent adaptability –somethingthat is inseparable and permanent elementof someone or something; it is not something that can be acquired.

ii. Adaptability – the ability to change under alteredcircumstances

Multiplicity of multifunctional furniture system in micro apartment

iii. Flexibility – the ability to bend easily or without breaking; the quality of being easily adapted or of offering many varied options

iv. Versatility – thestateor quality of being usefulfor or easily adapted tovarious tasks

Source: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/versatility?s=t

Multifunctionality is sub-branch of flexibility; Flexibility is a crucial part while designing the houseand it gives options to serve needs of every individual. Wheneverthereis increase in no. of family members; or cultural change; or society requires reformation, flexibility is necessary. Flexibility and multifunctionality is very important factors of the house as it gives freedom to fulfill aspirations of multiple members.

For instance, one may say water is “flexible”. Water has property toadapt without losing and compromising its true identity. Water can alteritsform, temperature, size and even its own stateof matterdepending on where it finds itself in nature in aparticular timeframe.The physical quality of water is formless and shapeless. Pour water ina cup, it will take shape of a cup; pour water ina jar, it will take shape of ajar; pourwater in a pot, it will take form of a pot.

From abovementioned all the categories,theseresearchfocus on adaptability and flexibility systems as they arewidely observed in micro apartments. For broader understanding ofthesetwo terms, flexibility is always relatedto elements or products i.e., furniture in thisresearchand adaptability is dependent on the personandwho inherent the space.

Subsystems of flexibility are –

Transformability, changeability, mobility is also subcategorizedunder flexibility and adaptability. Flexibility and adaptability are intertwined and are codependent oneach other.

Diagram 1

Note: Adapted from Vyas, H. (2018). Multiplicity to Synthesis: An Inquiry into Multifunctional Interior Elements, 31. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12725/2315

Definitions of subcategorized systems;

Multifunctionality – performing or capable of performing morethan onefunction;

Variability – able or apt to vary;

Diagrammatic explanation of change insystem

Transformability – to change in composition or structure; changein outwardform or appearance;

Growth – astage in process of growing; progression of growth.

3.2 Emergence of multifunctional furniture

Centuries ago, furniturewas only designed and made which served only one function. For instance, cabinets and wardrobes were built only for storagepurpose, bed for sleeping and sofafor seating. Todaymany types of multifunctional and space saving furniture are available which is flexible and even more comfortable in converting. For instance, sofa cum bed, which is one of themost commonly used multifunctional furniture pieces in the house, saves spacewhile functioning as abed to sleep at night and converts easily to sofa toseat and workin thedaytime.

Gentili describes in histhesis that furniture is a group of designed items which follows functionsfor human dailylife activities like eating sleeping and supporting, serving and sanitation. Furniture used tobe built with natural elements like wood, but nowadays materials like metal, plastic, glass, MDF (Medium density fiberboard), etc.are usedwhich are appealing andhavemore load bearingcapacity

Multifunctional furniture term in interior is also referred as multipurpose, flexible or space saving furniture. Multifunctional furniturehas brought revolution inthe furniture market. Therehave been found traces of few multipurpose furniture elements in thehistory, but they were not as recognized as they are today. Therecognized piece that was ingenious and questionable space saving multifunctional furniture dates way back in the 1930s. Two beds werebuilt in the space of one, it was compactly designed tofit in small workers quarters. A pair of sleeping bed can be built as shown in the figurebelow. One bed can be completely kept out of sight untilneeded and when it is tobe used it can be pulled out like a huge drawer from belowthe evident bed.

Evidence of multifunctional furniture in early 20th century

Note: [Two Beds Built in the Spaceof One]. (2012).ModernMechanix. http://blog.modernmechanix.com/two-beds-built-in-the-space-of-one/

Evidence of multifunctional furniture in early 20th century

Note: [Space saving design]. (2013).https://lifeedited.com/tag/history/

There are afew more recognized multifunctionalspace-saving elements that were tracedalong with two inone bed. For an example, anextended dining table cum showcase is shown in Figure2 having pivotingmechanism. It permits additional use ofthefloor space for circulation andother activities. The showcaseeasily transforms itself to a dining table for six when required with the help of the pivoting mechanism. Therefore, twofunctions are servedrespectively in this multifunctionalfurniturefrom the 1930s.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Thereisalinkbetweenthesystemsthatwereusedcenturiesagoandtoday butgraduallytheusageaswellasthemechanismofthemultifunctionalfurniturehas evolvedwhileprovidingspace-savingsolutionsintightspaces.Multifunctional furnitureelementsintoday’stimehelptoorganizespace,savetime,andreduce humaneffortsalongwithbeingeconomical

Multifunctional furniture is flexible when compared to regular furnitureas regular furniture occupies lot of space while multifunctional furniture serves several functions while leaving moreroom for circulation and thus helps to improvequality of lifestyle in tight spaces.

3.3Multifunctional Furniture typologies

Diagram 2

To understand categorization of Multifunctionality

Note: Diagram by author

Multifunctional furniture is also knownas transformable, space saving, space efficient furniture. Multifunctionalfurniture is further studied in detail by understanding the main functions of the house; understanding the furniture as anelement inthe space; corelating

typologies with furniture elements; and to understand interconnections of these furniture systems functions with each other.

Diagram 3

To understand categorization of Multifunctionality

Note: Diagram by author

Connections between these commonfunctions of thehouse i.e., sleeping seating and dining is very evidently visible and usuallystorage is provided as furniture elementsas designed formicro apartments which has lack of storagespace.

Multifunctional typologies or its operational strategies usedforassembly of these type of furniture arementionedbelow:

Figure 4

Diagrammatic understanding of multifunctional typologies or strategic operations

Note: Editedby Gomez r. from Lemos (2006), Operational flexibility strategies.

4.0 Case-study

4.1 Methodologyfor Case-studyselection

The Parameters for the selection of these casestudies are based on the usage of the carpet Area, multifunctionality of thespace-saving furnituresystem, adaptability and usability of the micro-apartment, open floor layout, nominal use of materials suchas wood and metal for joineries. Two apartments batipin flat and barbican flat is selected while crosschecking all the above-mentioned parameters and along with this case studies are alsoselected from the populated and most visited cities of the world i.e., areMilan and London. Strategies like to understand themultifunctionality ofthefurniture element over a certain period throughout the day concerning multiple functions occurringwith the change of position of the element. The second parameter, circulation of theresidents inthe apartment plays a major role while understanding that the furniturewhen is used takes up to 40-50% of the floor space while when not inuse it saves the spaceand increases the amount of circulation space which helps tochange the perception of the tight microspace tothe comfortableconvenient apartment. The second last parameter, partition or area demarcation in the micro-apartment is also very crucial while defining private or semi-private areas of the house. Thelast parameter which affects the usability of thespaceis ergonomics and alsothe no. of users using the apartment at aparticular timeeither it’sa private date or cocktailparty.

4.2 Case study01: Batipin Flat – Milan, Italy

Figure 5

Views of Usability of Batipin Flat

Note: Studio wok (2015), Batipin Flat. Accessed on 22 February, 2021

The batipin flat in Milan of floor area 28squaremeter/300 square feet designed by Studio woks, Milano built in 2015 which hasmultiple multifunctional furniture that saves floor space and forms multipurpose in between. The main living space of theflat has followed open floor plan as seen in Figure 5. As per study, Open floorplan permits room to be perceived larger than itis and allows room for exploration and circulation in between.

Furnitureis stackedup against the wall tocreateopen floor plan in an apartment whereas in batipin flat thefurnituresystem is kept hidden inthe box shaped wall panels that opens and transformsitself into usable furniture when required.

Note: Retrievedfrom Studio wok (2015), Batipin Flat. Accessed on 22 February 2021

The research is limited to study spatial parameters of the flat i.e., understanding multifunctionality of furniture elements, circulation in the space, organized space planning, and perceived volume. The study is further studied by understanding the usage of the furniture elementsat different timeofthe daywhile also consideringthe no. of users of the flat at given period of time.

Figure 6

Understanding of open floor plan of Batipin Flat

Understanding of parameters of batipin flat

Note: Retrievedfrom Studio wok (2015), Batipin Flat. Accessed on 22 February 2021

 Multifunctionality – Thereare in total threemultifunctional furniture elements inthe living area. The sofa cum double bed, the converting table and articulating single bed.

Furniture Elements

Functions

Typology

Sofa cum Doublebed Storage, Sleeping and seating Pivoting

Hidden Single Bed Seating and sleeping

Table Seating – working and dining

Articular

Assembling

 Circulation – The circulation plan of theflatchanges as the arrangement of the multifunctional furniture changes as seen in Figure 7. As furniture consumes

minimum amount of floor space; therequirement for appropriate circulation is achieved.

 Space Planning – The distinction between Semi private and private areas of the flat is defined by solid wooden doorwhich blocks the private areas of the flat i.e., kitchen and washroom. The entrance of the flat opens tothemultipurpose living room.

 Volume – Thevolumeof the flat isperceivedby the ratios of the openings in theflat such as doors and full-size windows. The open floor plan with multifunctional furniture elementsallows user to see available floor spacetofullest. The opening size of the glass windowinfiltrates sufficient amount of sunlight that allowsopen volume experience as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8

To understand perceived Volume

Note: Retrievedfrom Studio wok (2015), Batipin Flat. Accessed on 22 February 2021

4.2 Case study02: Barbican Flat – London, UK

Figure 9

Views of Usability of Barbican Flat

Note: Intervention Architects(2020), Barbican Flat. Accessed on 12 March, 2021

The Barbican flat in London of area 36 sqmt, which has multifunctional furniture element that savesfloor space and enablesmultipurpose space in the living room. The main living space of the flat has followed open floor plan as shown in Figure 10. As per study, open floor plan permitsroom to be perceived larger than it is andoffers room for exploration and circulation for other activities. Thereis fixed furniture as well as multifunctional pivoting furniture stacked up against the wall to create open floor plan in anapartment. The resident of the barbican flat, Bracewell is a home-working ballet dancer. Requirement to hold his ballet practice in the flat is achieved withmobile and multifunctional spacesaving furniture elements in theflat.

Note: Retrievedfrom Intervention Architects (2020), Barbican Flat. Accessed on 12 March, 2021

The research is limited to study spatial parameters of the flat i.e., understanding multifunctionality of furniture elements, circulation in the space, organized space planning, and perceived volume

 Multifunctionality – Thereis kit of multifunctionalfurnitureelement inthe living area that transforms barbican flat to a ballet dancestudio in a minute. The functions like sleeping, seating, working, dining is alltailored in this one furnituresystem. The mobility of this magical furnitureelement allows flexibility of the space provided in the flat forroutine activities along with working.

Figure 10

Understanding of Multipurpose planning of Barbican Flat

Furniture Elements Functions Typology

Sofa cum Doublebed Storage, Sleeping and seating Pivoting Table Seating – working and dining Assembling

Note: Retrievedfrom Intervention Architects (2020), Barbican Flat. Accessed on 12 March, 2021

 Circulation – As per study, the unoccupied spacein the flat allows additional circulation. Themobility of the furniture openedup spacefor Bracewell to practice ballet beforeperforming at Royal ballet opera.

 Space Planning – The distinction of Semi privateand private areas of the flat is defined by solid wooden door which blocks the private areas of the flat i.e., kitchen. The entrance of the flat opens to themultipurpose living room on one sideand kitchen ontheother side.

Figure 11

Understanding of parameters of barbican flat.

Volume – Thevolumeof the flat isperceivedby the ratios of the openings in theflat such as doors and full-size windows. The open floor plan with multifunctional furniture elementsallows user to see available floor spacetofullest. The opening size of the glass windowinfiltrates sufficient amount of sunlight that allowsopen volume experience as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12

To understand perceived Volume

Note: Retrievedfrom Intervention Architects (2020), Barbican Flat. Accessed on 12 March, 2021

4.3 Case study03: TheTiny Sliding House –Mumbai, India

Figure 13

Views of Usability of Sliding House

Note: Good Homes(2017), Living big in a 160sqft apartment. Accessed on 20 March, 2021

The Tiny sliding house in Mumbai of area 14sqm., which has multifunctional furniture system that saves floor space and enables multipurpose space. The main living space is divided into three main parts. The multifunctional part of the house is designed with sliding partition furnituresystem.

Figure 14

Understanding of Multifunctional planning of Tiny Sliding House

Note: Retrievedfrom The Busride (2017), Living big in a 160 sqft apartment. Accessed on 20 March,

The research is limited to studyspatial parameters of the flat i.e., understanding multifunctionality of furniture elements, circulation in the space, organizedspace planning, and perceivedvolume

 Multifunctionality – TheMultifunctional partition system which creates three different zones as required by theuser. Library, Wardrobeand workstation isprovided in the sliding partition system.

Furniture Elements

Functions

Typology

Sliding Partition Library,Wardrobe and Workstation Sliding

 Circulation – As per study, the unoccupied spacein the flat allows additional circulation. Thesliding system provides multiple function and more room for other activities.

 Space Planning – The distinction of Semi privateand privateareas of the flat is defined bytheproximity of the area and entrance of the house. The bed area is in close proximityto entrance so it is semi private area where as workstation and washroom is demarcated as private areas of thehouse.

Note: Retrievedfrom The Busride (2017), Living big in a 160 sqft apartment. Accessedon 20 March,

4.4 Observation from Case-study

The observation from the case studies is to apply understanding of mentioned parameters and allow individuality of the resident to reflect inthe apartment. The conclusion is making one understand that when an apartment is of thesize 30sqm many factors are requiredto designthespace and elements suchas furniturewhich makesspace a homefor the residents.Multifunctionality of this furnituresystem is what makes this apartment more feasible and efficient along with being affordable housing solution for urban populization, the

Understanding of parameters of Tiny Sliding House.

people who are continuously arein search for building better and higher opportunities as the target audience for these apartments.

4.4.1 Conclusion

With increase in urbanization, adequate housingfor all will always be one of the major concerns. Andto overcomethis rapidgrowing population in India that is world’s second highestpopulated country. Such type of micro apartments will gradually increase. People don’t usually consider size as a constraint for an apartment as longas it provides all the necessary requiredfunctions. Indiatook timebut gradually is accepting theconcept of going small. Owning a micro apartment is better than not owning a houseat all. Even ifthe size of the apartment isequal to the size of master bedroom in Indiantraditional apartments. The issue recognised in this research is that till now houses were used to be made with lavish area but after considering the increasing no. of population it will become necessaryfor one to build and design these micro apartments to overcome space crunch. Comparing the accommodation of one regular apartment of size having averagearea of 900-1000 square feet for family of fourwhereas accommodation of twomicroapartments having averagesize of 450-500forfamily of three; six peoplefortwomicro apartments. The average human footprint has decreased. Various parametersstudied in researchare

 The use of Multifunctional furniture during the day with respect tothe different activities,

 Mechanisms of the multifunctional furniturewhich makes the micro apartments more flexible in terms of increased circulation and extensive use of floor space.

 The psychological impact on an individual in a micro apartment is understood by study of visual perception and spatial requirements of the habitants. The researchconcludes to design better microapartmentsmentioned parameters should be used. Multifunctional furniture in amicro apartment will make the usability and adaptability of the apartment moreefficient and convenient in India.

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Imagecredits

1. Gibson, E. (2018, August 9). Tiny New York Apartment by Graham Hill “Functions like One Twice Its Size.” https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2018/08/life-edited-2graham-hill-new-york-apartment-usa_plans_dezeen_2364_col_1.jpg

2. [Space saving design]. (2013). https://lifeedited.com/tag/history/

3. [Two Beds Built in theSpace of One]. (2012). ModernMechanix. http://blog.modernmechanix.com/two-beds-built-in-the-space-of-one/

4. Gomez r. from Lemos (2006), Operationalflexibility strategies.

5. "Batipin Flat / studio wok" 28 Sep 2015. Arch Daily. Accessed 12Mar 2021. https://www.archdaily.com/774236/batipin-flat-studiowok

6. Intervention Architects (2020), Barbican Flat. Accessed on 12March, 2021

http://www.interventionarchitecture.com/barbican-ballerinos-studio/

7. Good Homes (2017), Living big in a 160 sqft apartment. Accessed on 20 March, 2021 https://www.goodhomes.co.in/home-decor/home-tours/living-big-in-a-160sqftapartment-5338.html