Risk and Regulation in the Financial Architecture of American Houses
14 Caroline Bartlett Crane, Everyman’s House (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Page, 1925), 3. 15 Crane, Everyman’s House, 149; Weiss, “Richard T. Ely and the Contribution of Economic Research to National Housing Policy,” 117. 16 Crane, Everyman’s House, 50. 17 Architects’ Small House Service Bureau, Incorporated, The Movement to Improve Small House Architecture (Minneapolis: The Bureau, n.d. [ca. 1930]). 18 Charles Harris Whitaker, Frederick L. Ackerman, Richard S. Childs, and Edith Elmer Wood, “What Is a House?,” American Institute of Architects Journal 5:2 (1917): 481–85, 541–46, 591–639; and “What Is a House?,” American Institute of Architects Journal 6 (1918): 14–18, 58–67. See also Gail Radford, Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997). 19 Hornstein, Nation of Realtors, 119; Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1937), 554, 191. 20 Hornstein, Nation of Realtors, 148–50; and Radford, Modern Housing, 178. 21 U.S. Federal Housing Administration, The FHA Story in Summary, 1934–1959 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959). 22 Hornstein, Nation of Realtors, 42–45; Federal Housing Authority, FHA Homes in Metropolitan Districts: Characteristics of Mortgages, Homes, Borrowers under the FHA Plan, 1934–1940 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942), 5; FHA, FHA Story in Summary, 1934–1959, 15–18. 23 See Ned P. Eichler, The Merchant Builders (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); and Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987). 24 Barbara M. Kelly, Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), 77, 87; Federal Housing Administration, Technical Bulletin #2: Modern Design (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1936); see also Keller Easterling, Organization Space: Landscapes, Highways, and Houses in America (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001), 134, 175–89. 25 Martin Mayer, “Economics of Housing,” in Housing: Symbol, Structure, Site, ed. Lisa Taylor (New York: Cooper-Hewitt Museum and Rizzoli, 1990), 100–101. On redlining and racial discrimination, see Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); and Amy Hillier, “Redlining and the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation,” Journal of Urban History 29 (May 2003): 394–420. 26 Berman, “‘Once a Mortgage, Always a Mortgage,” 91–93; and James R. Hagerty, Deborah Solomon, and Sudeep Reddy, “Treasury and Fed Pledge Aid for Ailing Mortgage Giants,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2008. 27 Blumberg and Davidson, “The Giant Pool of Money.” See also U.S. Bureau of the Census, American Housing Survey, 2007, www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/ahs/ahs.html, esp. table 3–15; and Guy Stuart, Discriminating Risk: The U.S. Mortgage Lending Industry in the Twentieth Century (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003). 28 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Characteristics of New Housing Index, 2008, http://www.census.gov/const/www/charindex.html. 29 John Doling and Janet Ford, eds., Globalisation and Home Ownership: Experiences in Eight Member States of the European Union (Delft, the Netherlands: DUP Science, 2003), 7. For a broader analysis of contemporary “risk society,” see Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London: Sage, 1992); and Beck, What Is Globalization? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000).
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