Appendices
M
25
num ber of em ployees by grade: Science Technicians nec
18
20
# employees
% of employees in grade by sex
30
Proportional representation w ithin grades by sex F
15 10
16
Fem ale
14
Male
12 10 8 6 4
5
2
0
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Figure 2: Maximum grade within positions in sex-balanced major general-staff job categories. Left: Massey jobs for which there are >11 general staff grade A - I employees and which are not dominated by one sex were selected and the proportions of female █ and male █ employees in each letter grade were calculated. Right: the numbers of female █ and male █ employees in each letter grade in the single job category of “science technicians nec” are shown. However, the female employees were somewhat overrepresented in the lower grades, with 40% of the females being D or E, compared with 28% of males. In contrast, 33% of the males were in G or H, compared with 23% of females. The same pattern was borne out when the single largest job category (science technicians nec) was examined. This suggests that within job categories that are not dominated by one sex, females are appointed at a lower grade and/or are advanced more slowly than males. In the most prominent example of this job category (science technicians nec), it is clear that males tend to be in a higher grade than females. The general trend for females within the sex-balanced job categories to be of a lower letter-grade than the males was borne out by the observation that females tended to have lower mean salaries than their male counterparts within each job category. As shown in Table 2, when comparing by sex either all employees within the category, or only general staff with a letter grade (i.e. excluding contract, academic, and other graded staff), there is a statistically significant pattern in which male salaries are, on average, 5–6% higher than female salaries. The statistical analysis shows that the likelihood of the difference in salaries being attributed to some factor other than random chance is >97%. Thus, explanations should be sought for these differences. Table 2: Mean salaries of males and females for all employees (all), or only employees with letter grades of A–I (gen A- I). Sex-balanced major generalstaff job categories Education Managers nec Life Science Technician 175
F sal (all) $97,915 $46,572
M sal (all) $115,742 $46,710
F sal (gen A–I) $73,887 $46,117
M sal (gen A–I) $82,536 $46,710