NZMSC - Tongariro Alpine Crossing - ISAG - Report 2019

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Tongariro Alpine Crossing ISSUE SPECIFIC ADVISORY GROUP REPORT

PREPARED BY THE NZ MOUNTAIN SAFETY COUNCIL

Important information for all readers This document has been developed as an outcome of the Mountain Safety Council’s (MSC) Tongariro Alpine Crossing (TAC) Issue Specific Advisory Group.

In November 2018 the MSC, with the support of DOC and Ngāti Hikairo, established a 12-person Advisory Group. The purpose of this was to utilise insights to develop specific, highly targeted interventions that aim to reduce the number of safety incidents occurring on the TAC.

All questions related to this document should be directed to: Bevan Smith, Partnerships Advisor, Bevan.Smith@mountainsafety.org.nz All questions relating to MSC’s Insights work, or the wider Issue Specific Advisory Function should be directed to: Nathan Watson, Partnerships & Insights Manager, Nathan.Watson@mountainsafety.org.nz

The Advisory Group followed a design-thinking process utilising incident and participation data with the skills, knowledge and experience of each group member. A wide range of potential solutions were refined down to eleven solutions. These went out to a wider Reference Group with approximately 30 individuals who volunteered their time to provide feedback on the proposed solutions.

These individuals represented local agencies, businesses and providers involved with the TAC as well as a number of individuals selected for their marketing, tourism and/or participant knowledge and expertise.

The proposed solutions (prevention tactics) that the Advisory Group have suggested are contained within this discussion document.

More information about the implementation of an MSC Issue Specific Advisory Group can be found on the MSC website - www.mountainsafety.org.nz/insights New Zealand Mountain Safety Council Level 1 Harbour City Centre, 29 Brandon Street | Wellington 6011 info@mountainsafety.org.nz mountainsafety.org.nz All images copyright Mountain Safety Council 2019 Cover photo: Olga Smith, Tongariro Alpine Crossing, Tongariro National Park Photos in document sourced from: Fotolia and the Tongariro Alpine Crossing Tramping Video produced by NZ Mountain Safety Council and Quite Nice Films.

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Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

Contents Introduction 4 Insights

5-8

Slips, Trips and Falls

5

Underestimating the Duration

6

Insufficient Fitness

7

Further Reading

8

Participant Journey

9-10

Aligning solutions to the participant journey

10

Proposed Solutions

11-22

1. Targeted marketing campaigns and a refreshed TAC marketing shift

12

2. Videos in multiple languages

13

3. Promote alternative tracks in the area

14

4. Improve or construct alternative tracks in the Mangatepōpō valley

15

5. Single official source of TAC information (website/app)

16

6. Automated advisory warning tool

17

7. Concessionaire protocols updated and enforced

18

8. Kaitiaki rangers at key points on track

19

9. Technology which tracks hikers’ progress

20

10. Adapt/modify Red Crater to Emerald Lakes descent

21

11. Departure facility

22

Next steps

23

Thank you and acknowledgments

24

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TE TAURA TAPU – THE SACRED THREAD Ka takahia e koe he taonga tapu. Ko tētehi kua tukuna mai i te hanganga, mai i te tīmatanga o te wa me te wāhi.

Koinei te rohe o nga kaitiaki, i roto i ngā ātārangi ka whakahou i ngā whakamaharatanga, ngā pūrākau me ngā kōrero o Ngāti Tūwharetoa me ōna hapū kaitiaki. Ko te hunga e tiaki ana, e tiaki ana hoki i tēnei taonga, ka tiakina, ka tiakihia hoki.

You tread upon a sacred legacy. One that has been handed down from creation, from the beginning of time and space.

This is the realm of sacred guardians, within each shadow resonates the memories, stories and collective histories of Ngati Tuwharetoa and its guardian hapu. May those who treasure and care for this legacy be treasured and cared for in return.

Tiaki mai, Tiaki atu.

Look after me and I will look after you.

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

Introduction The Tongariro Alpine Crossing (TAC) has the highest number of search and rescues in New Zealand. It is a challenging day tramp that travels 19.4km through an area of active volcanoes. Although beautiful, it can be dangerous if you are not fully prepared to enter an alpine environment. Extreme weather, challenging terrain and the long distance compared to most day walks all contribute to making this track one of the most demanding single day adventures in New Zealand.

The TAC is a very popular track within the Tongariro National Park, which is managed by the Department of Conservation (DOC). It is also home to Ngāti Hikairo ki Tongariro, the local hapū of the area who are the Kaitiaki (guardians) for the mountain and the surrounding environment.

The Mountain Safety Council and its partners have identified the TAC as being one of the leading hotspots for tramping incidents. With 292 people involved in search and rescues (SAR) over seven years it has the highest occurrence of SAR of any walking track in New Zealand. In 2016-17, nearly 20% of all SAR for trampers in New Zealand was on the TAC.

Insights MSC’s Insights Publication A Walk in the Park? provides an in-depth exploration of tramping participation and incidents over the past ten years. On pages 36 and 37, the report contains a selection of in-depth insights specific to the TAC. In the seven years for which data was analysed in this report, 292 people were involved in search and rescues (SAR). This was by far the highest number of search and rescues for any walking track in New Zealand.

The Advisory Group used the evidence available to identify the most common causes for incidents on the TAC. They discovered that three direct causes accounted for 68% of all SAR on the TAC between 2010 and 2017. The top three causes were: »» ‘Slips, Trips and Falls’ which resulted in an injury, accounted for 29% of all SAR »» ‘Underestimating the Duration’ which resulted in the person/s becoming overdue, accounted for 27% of all SAR »» ‘Insufficient Fitness’ which resulted in a degree of exhaustion (severe fatigue), accounted for 21% of all SAR.

Most outdoor recreation incidents often have more than one causation factor. Detailed analysis of these TAC incidents clearly shows that a fourth causation factor of ‘Insufficient Clothing’ was present in 9% of all SAR cases and this typically occurred alongside ‘Insufficient Fitness’.

The Advisory Group believes that focussing on the top three causes provides the best opportunity to succeed in reducing incidents on the TAC. It is believed that several of the proposed solutions found further in this document will also address other causation factors, such as insufficient clothing, food or water.

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Slips, Trips and Falls ‘Slip, Trip or Fall’ is the single greatest cause of injuries on the TAC. As a result of slip, trip or fall injuries, at least 83 people needed to be assisted off the mountain between 2010 and 2017.

36%

Men

Men Vs. Women of Slip, Trip and Fall (2010-2017) Women

64%

Half (42) of these injuries occurred on the descent from Red Crater to Emerald Lakes. On average, that is 6 people injured every year. In the same period, 18 people were also injured due to a ‘Slip, Trip or Fall’ on the descent from Mt Ngauruhoe. There have subsequently 1 been initiatives undertaken to discourage people from climbing Mt Ngauruhoe, however nothing has yet been done about addressing the issues involved with descending Red Crater.

The demographic characteristics of those who are injured due to a ‘Slip, Trip or Fall’ are vastly different from those who underestimate the length and duration of the hike, or those who have insufficient fitness.

International Visitor

NZ Vs. International Visitor of Slip, Trip and Fall (2010-2017)

51%

49%

New Zealander

Based on the insights available we know that those injured are more likely to be: Asian

»» New Zealanders (twice as likely as international visitors)

Other

5% 4%

»» Women (64%) 39%

»» NZ males aged 10-17 and NZ females over 50

Caucasian NZ

Ethnicity of Slip, Trip and Fall (2010-2017)

»» Of caucasian ethnicity.

The Advisory Group believe that addressing ‘Slips, Trips and Falls’ while descending Red Crater is likely to have the single greatest impact on reducing personal harm across the whole TAC experience.

52% Caucasian Other

1. The Advisory Group considered these initiatives but due to the hyper-specific nature of them they are not suitable for applying to the descent from Red Crater.

Locations of Slip, Trip and Fall (2010-2017)

43%

Age and Participation of Slip, Trip and Fall (2010-2017)

51% 27%

25% 21%

20% 22%

22%

w h t h e re e o TA n C

se

ah et Ke t

Under 20

20-29

30-39

% of total S, T and F

El

iB Ar ush ea

oe uh ur ga N t.

M

10%

10%

13% 10%

8%

1%

5% De Re s c e d nd Cr in at g er

12%

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

40-49

50-59

% of total participation

60+

Underestimating the Duration New Zealander 9%

77 people over seven years required SAR support due to underestimating the time it would take them to complete the TAC. The vast majority (91%) of those requiring SAR support were international visitors. Although we do not know the home location or languages spoken by them, we do know that 44% identified as 2 Caucasian and 43% of Asian ethnicity.

From the most recent participation survey conducted on the TAC in 3 2016 , 25% of participants were New Zealanders, 31% were from English-speaking overseas countries (US, UK, Australia, Canada), 40% were from Europe (non-English speaking countries) and 2% were from Asian countries. We believe that the proportion of Asians surveyed is lower than the actual participation percentage and this may be due to the fact that the survey was only conducted in English. There will also be a number of those of Asian ethnicity who are New Zealanders.

NZ Vs. International Visitor of Underestimated Duration (2010-2017)

91% International Visitor

Other

Caucasian NZ

Middle East 5%

Asian

39%

5%

5%

Ethnicity of Underestimated Duration (2010-2017)

46%

Caucasian Other

Even if the participation figure for Asian ethnicity is on the low side, it appears that they are significantly over-represented in those that underestimate the duration of the walk (minimum 2% of all participation yet 43% of all persons requiring SAR support for this causation factor identified as being of Asian ethnicity).

Based on the insights available we know that the two key audiences to target for this issue are: »» International visitors aged 20-34 »» Asian visitors of all ages (who could be domestic or international).

The Advisory Group believe that reducing the number of hikers who underestimate the duration will have a large-scale positive outcome on reducing harm to people across the whole TAC experience.

2. Asian ethnicity or Asian home country origin refers to all parts of Asia including Southern Asia (e.g. India and Pakistan), East Asia (e.g. China, Japan, Korean) and Southeast Asia (e.g. Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand).

3. D hellemmes, A., Potter, S., Tovey, J., Roux, M., Leonard, G. S., Keys, H., Smith, B., Marsden, R. 2016 ‘Visitors Preparedness for the Tongariro Alpine Crossing’ GNS Science Report 2016/56.

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Insufficient Fitness 59 people over seven years suffered some degree of exhaustion on the TAC due to insufficient fitness, requiring a SAR response to assist them.

Women

34% Men Vs. Women of Insufficient Fitness (2010-2017) 66%

Men

Of those requiring SAR, two-thirds were men and 81% were international visitors, which is slightly higher than the 75% of international visitors estimated in the recent GNS survey.

New Zealander

As with the cause of ‘Underestimating the Duration’, a large proportion of these individuals identified as being of Asian ethnicity.

19%

NZ Vs. International Visitor Insufficient Fitness (2010-2017)

Based on the insights available we know that the two key audiences to target for this issue are: »» International visitors of Asian ethnicity aged 18-35

81% International Visitor

»» International visitors aged over 70.

The Advisory Group believe that reducing the number of hikers who attempt the TAC without having the necessary level of fitness will have a positive outcome on reducing harm to people across the whole TAC experience.

Other 7%

Asian

43%

Age and Participation of Insufficient Fitness (2010-2017)

36%

25% 20%

19%

7%

3%

1%

Under 20

20-29

30-39

% of total Insufficient Fitness

10%

40-49

7%

8%

50-59

8%

11%

60-69

2% 70+

% of total participation

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

49%

Caucasian NZ 10%

Ethnicity of Insufficient Fitness (2010-2017)

34%

Caucasian Other

Further reading For a more in-depth look at tramping incidents across New Zealand please make sure you look at A Walk in the Park? available on the MSC website.

You can use the camera on your phone to read A Walk in the Park?’ online. Open camera and hold over this QR code, tap the link.

Or visit www.bitly.com/awitp

NZ MOUNTAIN SAFETY COUNCIL | 2019

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Participant Journey When considering the effectiveness and potential reach of the proposed solutions, the Advisory Group did so within the context of a typical participant journey sequence. This journey was identified as having five stages, for the purposes of this work. Briefly, the five stages are:

Dream The participant becomes interested in the TAC and considers doing the hike sometime in the future.

This stage is usually well before any effort is made to establish a plan to go. The dream phase may be in NZ for domestic users, or overseas in their home country for international visitors (or at some stage of their travel in NZ).

Plan The participant goes through the process of making the ‘Dream’ a reality by learning more about the TAC (e.g. how to get there, what to take, where to stay).

Book The participant makes the commitment to walk the TAC by adding it to their itinerary, booking a shuttle and/or accommodation.

Experience The participant completes the TAC, including travelling to and from the destination.

Share The participant shares their experience with others. This sharing can become the ‘Dream’ stage for another future participant. Sharing may take on many different forms including word of mouth, written information or imagery based social media.

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

Aligning solutions to the participant journey The Advisory Group has aligned each of the proposed solutions to a particular stage of the participant journey. This allows us to understand where on their journey the incident prevention interventions will be of most value to the participant and therefore have the highest likelihood of success.

Ideally, solutions should engage the participants through multiple stages of their journey. This helps to ensure the information/advice is the most relevant and contextual and has the greatest chance to effect a behaviour change or influence decision making.

Participants should have enough information in order to decide whether the TAC is the right experience for them. This may include understanding if there are more suitable alternatives available. If they do decide to attempt the hike, they need to be aware of the challenges they’ll be facing and how to be suitably prepared.

Further details on each of the proposed solutions is available over the following pages. These are presented in a chronological order that follows the stages of the participant journey.

SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS UNDERESTIMATED DURATION INSUFFICIENT FITNESS

DREAM

PLAN

EXPERIENCE

1. T argeted campaigns and a refreshed TAC marketing shift

4. Improve (potentially construct) alternative tracks in the Mangatepōpō valley

7. Concessionaire protocols updated and enforced

2. Videos in multiple languages

5. Single official source of information (website/app)

8. Kaitiaki rangers at key points on track

3. Promote alternative tracks in the area

6. Automated advisory warning tool

9. T echnology which tracks hikers’ progress

10. Adapt/modify Red Crater descent

11. Departure facility

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Proposed Solutions

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

1. Targeted campaigns and a refreshed TAC marketing shift Overview A number of targeted campaigns are required to highlight the importance of preparation and the often severe consequences of unprepared hiking in an alpine environment.

The integrated campaigns will use a range of channels such as social media, radio, TV, print and other mechanisms best suited to reaching the targeted audiences.

The content has not yet been determined but an element of this would likely focus on clearly articulating the risks and how to successfully ensure the participant can manage these through adequate planning, preparation and decision making. Visual content and key messages will reinforce positive behaviours and role model appropriate clothing, equipment, weather and visitor actions/behaviour.

Above: DOC Visit the Kiwi way campaign, utlising videos and messaging to speak to visitors.

Each targeted campaign will focus on the groups most likely to be involved with those issues. They will involve both international and domestic campaigns, using relevant languages for the target groups and will appear through a number of social channels such as WeChat, Weibo and Kakao Talk where relevant.

Additionally, an industry-wide shift in how the TAC is marketed, particularly offshore, will be required to better align the challenges of the hike with participants who are suitably prepared. This will involve working with Tourism NZ, Regional Tourism Organisations and local industry.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

+ this would help address cases of ‘Insufficient Clothing’ TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS »» International visitors aged 18-34

Above: Inspired by Iceland campaign, utilising videos and messaging to speak to visitors.

»» New Zealand women aged over 50 »» Asian visitors of all ages.

STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION EASY

MED

HARD

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2. Videos in multiple languages Overview 4

The TAC Alpine Tramping video , released October 2018 by MSC, is a highly influential resource which provides an in-depth breakdown of the hike. It is part of a video series which has been proven to improve visitor behaviour and enhance planning and preparation. Based on the insights which show that Asian visitors are more likely to have insufficient knowledge of the challenges of the TAC, either the video needs to be translated into multiple languages, particularly the most common Asian languages of TAC participants, or additional videos need to be created specifically for these visitors.

The content should emphasise the length of the hike (and time required), demonstrate how to descend scree safely (showing Red Crater) and clearly articulate the physical fitness required. Additionally, a new video would provide an opportunity to reinforce alternative trip options, as it is important to direct some potential users to other more suitable walks. An opportunity also exists to include footage showcasing the TAC in poor weather and what it is like to be out in these conditions.

The videos will also have a promotion plan, identifying how they will feature as part of any targeted campaigns and where they will be available (such as on the DOC TAC webpage and on other websites promoting the TAC) so that they are seen by all prospective visitors to the TAC. ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

+ this would help address cases of ‘Insufficient Clothing’ TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS

»» International visitors aged 18-34 »» Asian visitors of all ages.

STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION EASY

MED

HARD Top to bottom: Alpine Tramping Series with Captions on YouTube, TAC Video being played in DOC Visitor Centre, Translated Chinese Day Hiking Guide, hosted online.

4. http://bit.ly/AlpTramp

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

3. Promote alternative tracks in the area Overview The TAC has quickly become an icon of tramping in New Zealand and is a significant drawcard to the area.

It is a common activity on the itineraries of many international travellers.

Visitors to the Tongariro National Park typically have limited time and prioritise the TAC over other potential day-walk alternatives. The increasing popularity of the TAC has resulted in a situation whereby it is typically the only hike visitors plan to do in the area, or one of only a few for those who may stay multiple days or are visiting for the purposes of tramping. Travellers to the area typically only set aside one day to attempt the track, usually this is chosen well before they arrive. Research shows that 54% of people only allow a single day, and 24% allow two days in their 5 schedule . Evidence shows that most people will attempt the walk on that specific day, even if the weather conditions are not favourable, with 79% of survey respondents saying that they chose to walk the TAC on a particular day because it suited their schedule.

While there are very good walking alternatives in the area, from short walks to multi-day options, very little promotion of these alternatives currently exists. By promoting alternative tracks, people who want to do the TAC can choose to do so knowing that other options are available should certain factors (such as weather) not be suitable. This also allows people who want to get out for a walk to select an option suitable to the timeframes they have available and their physical capability level.

proposed solution #1 covered earlier in this document, or as a standalone promotional campaign.

This proposed solution could also provide an opportunity for transport operators to continue to offer a service to these groups of walkers.

If additional tracks are improved/created in Mangatepōpō valley, these would also be promoted through this initiative.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS

»» International visitors aged 18-34 »» New Zealanders aged over 50 »» Asian visitors of all ages.

STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

EASY OF IMPLEMENTATION EASY

MED

HARD

The alternatives selected will need to be thoroughly considered so that this initiative does not simply move an issue to a different place. Examples of alternatives - all within a 20-minute drive of the Mangatepōpō Carpark - could include Tama Lakes, Taranaki Falls or Lake Rotopounamu.

Each offers varying trip length, level of physical challenge, suitability in poor weather and has notable features for those who make the effort to visit them.

These alternative walks would need to be promoted through targeted campaigns, potentially as part of the Top left to bottom right: Tama Lakes, Lake Rotopounamu, Taranaki Falls.

5. Dhellemmes, A., Potter, S., Tovey, J., Roux, M., Leonard, G. S., Keys, H., Smith, B., Marsden, R. 2016 ‘Visitors Preparedness for the Tongariro Alpine Crossing’ GNS Science Report 2016/56

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4. Improve or construct alternative tracks in the Mangatepōpō valley Overview Similar to solution #3 on the previous page, this solution would see the improvement or construction of new walking tracks in the Mangatepōpō valley. These tracks would be accessed via the existing TAC starting point.

Some options to consider could include: »» Improving the ‘Ditch Track’ between Mangatepōpō and Taranaki Falls »» Direct connection between Mangatepōpō and Tama Lakes

This would provide alternative walking options for those people who do not elect to do a different walk but find themselves either: »» At the start of the TAC but not wanting to proceed due to the weather they can see ahead »» Attempting the TAC but turning around due to the conditions they experience »» Attempting the TAC but turning around due to it being more challenging than they anticipated.

Although there are existing alternative tracks in the local area these tracks are not within easy walking distance of Mangatepōpō Carpark. This may be suitable for people who have their own transport and can drive to an alternative option. However, it doesn’t help those who are relying on a shuttle and who change their mind while travelling to the track, or after starting on the track, when they discover that the TAC isn’t suitable.

Participants who have already arrived would then have a choice to select a more appropriate challenge for their fitness, preparedness and expectations, and one that is also appropriate for poorer weather or winter conditions.

Ideally these would all begin from a common starting point, which by default would be Mangatepōpō Carpark, unless a more suitable starting point is identified within walking distance. A short 2-hour walk, and a longer 4-6-hour option would be required as a minimum. These walks must have appeal i.e. they need to include views or visit interesting features such as volcanic landforms.

»» Loop walk from ‘Devil’s Staircase’ around to Pukekaikiore Bluffs and back to Mangatepōpō »» A side trip from ‘Devil’s Staircase’ to the summit of Pukekaikiore, possibly continuing as a loop walk back to the ‘Ditch Track’.

This solution would encourage transport operators to promote a ‘pickup from Mangatepōpō’ option, which many participants are not aware currently exists.

Currently, construction of alternative tracks is inconsistent with the Tongariro National Park Management Plan and so this solution would require an amendment to this plan.

The process to amend the plan would involve detailed consultation with treaty partners, the Tongariro-Taupo Conservation Board and the general public.

While this idea does require further development of infrastructure in an already busy and sensitive area it gives the participants an ability to make an informed decision about selecting an alternative walk without the pressure of only having ‘the TAC or nothing else’.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS »» New Zealand women over 50 »» International visitors with lower fitness levels »» Asian visitors of all ages.

STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION EASY

MED

HARD

Above: Potential alternative tracks on TopoMap

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

5. Single official source of information (website/app) Overview Currently, the Department of Conservation (DOC) website is the official track information page. However, there is a proliferation of websites and mobile apps that provide information on the TAC. This includes business, tourism promotion and travel or accommodation booking sites, all containing a varying degree of information about the TAC. This means there’s no standard suite of agreed safety information and the proliferation of information dilutes what does exist across numerous sites.

Ideally, key content would be available in multiple languages, be referenced by offshore agents and have its 7 SEO rating maximised .

This site would also have the potential to become the onestop-shop for the ’Plan’ and ’Book’ stages of the participant journey, listing and/or running a booking system for official concessionaires under an improved concessionaire protocol/agreement (see proposed solution #7).

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

The existence of pages such as www.tongarirocrossing. org.nz attempt to be the ‘official source’ but it is not clear who owns or moderates the content.

We know that 20% of participants who walk the TAC reference the DOC site as being their source of 6 information . This means that most visitors do not seek out the DOC website for essential information, such as track safety alerts. This also means many people are not accessing all the information they need to successfully complete the TAC. Of note, only 20% of people accessed information about required level of fitness, and only 35% about what clothing was required.

This solution proposes the development/confirmation of a ‘single source of truth’ website, managed by DOC, containing all of the agreed safety information. Having a smaller, additional website to the DOC website is a common tool used for larger attractions (such as the Eiffel Tower), adding functionality which is not possible with a large enterprise website. This would enable messages to be accurate, specifically target at-risk groups, contain engaging video content, and host additional information tools such as an Automated Advisory Warning Tool or suitable trip finder (promoting alternative tracks). It could contain information on the TAC as well as a ‘package’ of information about other tracks in the vicinity.

+ this would help address cases of ‘Insufficient Clothing’ TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS »» International visitors aged 20-34 »» Asian visitors of all ages.

STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION EASY

MED

HARD

6. Dhellemmes, A., Potter, S., Tovey, J., Roux, M., Leonard, G. S., Keys, H., Smith, B., Marsden, R. 2016 ‘Visitors Preparedness for the Tongariro Alpine Crossing’ GNS Science Report 2016/56 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization

Above: DOC website page for the Tongariro Alpine Crossing.

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!

6. Automated advisory warning tool

Overview Similar to MSC’s Avalanche Advisory warning system (www.avalanche.net.nz), this tool would be an automated warning system which displays the current ‘risk level’ of walking the TAC. The tool would utilise a range of already available data, such as DOC tracks alerts, MetService weather warnings, GNS volcanic alerts and the Tongariro Avalanche Advisory. This information would be analysed and a ‘risk rating’ specific to the TAC would be generated.

The advice/warning could be displayed as a coloured scale, indicating whether it was advisable to attempt the track on that given day, or simply advise whether the track was ‘open’ or ‘closed’. The coloured warning would be displayed in conjunction with a risk level, ranging from Low (green) to High (red). Alongside this it would explain why the TAC was given that rating e.g. a ‘High’ (red) risk because there is a severe weather warning in place and therefore the official advice is ‘do not attempt the TAC today’.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

+ this would help address cases of ‘Insufficient Clothing’ TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS »» All walkers would intersect with this advisory, either as a digital tool or through the on-site digital signs. Critically, it must be understood by those who are not native English speakers.

STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION EASY

MED

HARD

Alternative options would be recommended for those who still wanted to go for a walk. These would be alternative trips that are considered suitable for those conditions (related to proposed solutions #3 and #4).

The tool could also provide estimated walking times based on the conditions and time of year, and this information would change throughout the day depending on remaining daylight. If the tool had a location enabled service then this information could be relevant to the location of the user i.e. at Mangatepōpō Carpark the information would reflect imminent departure.

This system would exist online, either as part of the official TAC website or on a standalone dedicated website built specifically for this purpose. An app would be considered as part of the tool development, and its relevance would be based on targeting specific demographics. Ideally there would be digital displays installed at both ends of the TAC to act as a catch all for those participants who may not have interacted with the digital information sites.

Above: A TAC warning tool available from devices and digital displays at either end of the track.

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

7. Concessionaire protocols updated and enforced Overview TAC concessionaires (those with DOC approval to operate transport to and from the TAC) currently operate within a voluntary Adverse Weather Protocol agreement. These protocols set out limits for acceptable weather conditions for dropping off TAC hikers. For example, one of the agreed factors is if the forecast wind speed at Red Crater is greater than 65km/h between 9am and 3pm, then no transport 8 operator should be dropping self-guided people off .

While most operators adhere to these guidelines it is widely acknowledged that there are some who do not, continuing to drop hikers off in weather conditions that are widely accepted as not safe.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

+ this would help address cases of ‘Insufficient Clothing’ TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS

This proposed solution would benefit all users of transport operator services. Additionally, some specific audiences would benefit as they would be less likely to find themselves on the TAC during adverse weather. They are: »» International visitors aged 18-34 and over 70

This solution would see these optional guidelines developed into an official policy/concession requirement, thereby making them mandatory for all operators to follow and enforceable by DOC under the operator’s concession.

The guidelines, in addition to the clear weather protocols, could also be expanded to include requirements such as mandatory clothing and equipment checks (and provide opportunity to rent essential equipment) and more information provided to the transport users that they can also be picked up from Mangatepōpō Carpark should they wish to turn around.

»» Asian visitors of all ages.

STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION EASY

MED

HARD

Additionally, a broader concession that enables drop-off and pick-up options from alternate tracks in the area would complement proposed solutions #3 and #4 in making it easy for walkers to choose a more appropriate track.

Above: A transport operator on the Mangatepōpō Road.

8. Excludes guided operations, only applies to ‘unguided’ walkers

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8. Kaitiaki rangers at key points on track

Overview Over the last few years, physical rangers/kaitiaki (guardians/caregivers) have been stationed at Mangatepōpō Carpark to support arriving visitors. Their presence has not been full time, but co-ordinated to coincide with peak summer periods.

This proposed solution seeks to expand on this idea by employing full time on-the-ground kaitiaki rangers from October to May (with specific dates to be determined). Their role would be to engage and communicate with hikers on the track and assess how they are doing. They would be positioned at key rest points along the TAC, such as South Crater and Blue Lake. In addition to their primary role of providing safety advice they would also act as TAC cultural and environmental ambassadors. Their role would be highly important on marginal weather days when visitors are more vulnerable. They would help to prevent incidents from occurring by encouraging people to turn back before they get into difficulty, informing people of how much time they’ve got left before it gets dark and assisting those who may be struggling.

This tactic is a last-chance prevention intervention. They would not be SAR personnel, but would act in a way as to prevent a SAR call-out from occurring for those situations where some well-timed support and advice is all that is needed to avoid a SAR incident.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS

This solution could benefit any TAC user, as they would pass by a ranger/ kaitiaki at some stage of their hike. Additionally, some specific audiences may benefit further as the rangers/kaitiaki would be trained to focus on high risk demographics. They are: »» International visitors aged 18-34 and over 70 »» Asian visitors of all ages STAGE OF THE PARTICIPANT JOURNEY

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Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

Above: Rangers giving advice to hikers on the TAC.

9. Technology which tracks hikers’ progress Overview Technology is increasingly being used as a prevention tool in many industries.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE This includes the backcountry of New Zealand. Using technological tools which track the position of visitors as they progress along the crossing could play an important role in reducing the number of people who underestimate the TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS duration of the track. This solution considers both technology which can provide information to hikers about their progress, and technology which can provide The two key audiences to target are: information to transport concessionaires about the progress of their customers.

Most visitors to the area have a mobile phone, and while they may not be using it at all times on the TAC, they are typically carrying it with them. This presents the opportunity to use their phone as a prevention tool by working with existing apps or phone products.

As an example, MSC is already working in partnership with CamperMate (www. campermate.co.nz) and since January 2019, seven tramping tracks, including the TAC, have had specific safety features enabled in the CamperMate app including location-specific safety information to prompt them to consider the risks and make smart decisions. You can read more about those developments here: http://bit.ly/MSCandCamperMate MSC and CamperMate are planning to expand this work to include additional tramping and walking tracks across New Zealand.

»» International visitors aged 18-34 »» Asian visitors of all ages

However, this approach would be of benefit to all users of the mobile phone app/s, who enable their location services.

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for expanding the work with CamperMate

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for working with other app companies.

This solution proposes that: »» Timing features are enabled within the CamperMate app. This would allow users to receive updates on their progress based on the remaining daylight hours and time taken to reach key points. The notifications a user receives could prompt them to ‘keep moving’ or ‘turn around’ based on their specific set of circumstances.

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»» This tactic is expanded to include other similar mobile phone apps which focus on specific market segments. »» Consideration is given to technological tools which would enable transport concessionaires to track the progress of their customers. This would reduce the number of SARs which are triggered by overdue hikers as the transport concessionaire would be able to see where their overdue customer was (including if they had already departed the track with someone else), and would also be able to adjust pick-up times to suit.

Above: HIker having phone in the outdoors (Fotolia), CamperMate concept designs.

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10. A dapt/modify Red Crater to Emerald Lakes descent Overview The data is very clear: ‘Slip, Trip or Fall’ is the single largest cause of injuries on the TAC. At least 83 people needed to be assisted off the mountain between 2010 and 2017. 42 of these (over 50%) occurred on the short descent from Red Crater to Emerald Lakes.

Historically, Mt Ngauruhoe was a hotspot for ‘falling’ related incidents and specific interventions have been established to prevent these. The main tactic has been to remove all references to climbing Mt Ngauruhoe, including website information and on-track signage. While this has had some positive impact there are still people who are getting into trouble on this challenging side trip.

The challenge with improving the track is that this section of track is in a ‘pristine area’ as per the Tongariro National Park Management Plan, which is an area of high cultural significance to iwi. The plan specifically states “The pristine areas will be managed to avoid developments unless for essential visitor safety, to retain and enhance their historical and cultural significance, and to provide for natural quiet.”

It also says that “Any infrastructure project planned for the Tongariro Crossing will require consultation with and agreement of tāngata whenua who have mana whenua.”

DOC and iwi representatives have both commented that modification of this section would not be in line with iwi expectations, therefore a thorough analysis would need to be undertaken for them to consider. As with any suggested However, the descent from Red Crater to Emerald Lakes solution, the Advisory Group consider that it is essential to has always had a higher number of incidents, from minor injuries to major SAR operations, yet no specific prevention have iwi support. They also believe that modification of the measures have been established. Simply ‘not talking about’ track in this section is essential for visitor safety and is the single most effective solution for preventing slip, trip and fall this section of the track is not a suitable tactic. It is not a injuries on the TAC and suggest that appropriate analysis be side trip, it is the path of the current track and therefore undertaken to progress this solution. everyone attempting the TAC must complete this section.

The descent from Red Crater to Emerald Lakes has also suffered significant erosion from the high number of people who walk the track each year. This is resulting in a deep trench developing, which is likely to get worse over time.

On top of this, multiple ‘goat tracks’ have started to appear in the vicinity as people have searched for their own way to get through this section or in an attempt to overtake those who are struggling to get down.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

in the vicinity of Red Crater TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS

This proposed solution would benefit any TAC users as everyone travels through this section of the track.

This section is now the most challenging part of the track since the re-routing of the Devil’s Staircase (where the construction of stairs removed the need for scrambling).

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According to well-established Health and Safety practices, when looking for a way to control identified hazards the first principle is to eliminate the hazard. If elimination is not possible, then the next step should be to either isolate the risk (in this case re-routing the track to avoid the hazardous section), or implement engineering controls (for example hardening the surface and/or adding stairs from Red Crater down to Emerald Lakes.

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Above: Walkers on the TAC.

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

11. Departure facility Overview Currently the traditional start of the TAC (Mangatepōpō Carpark) has a clear entrance point at the beginning of the track, but it is limited in size and can only display passive information about the trip. Although there is a small shelter, this faces directly into the predominant north-west wind, so is not a good place for people to retreat to if they decide to turn back.

ISSUES WE AIM TO SUPPRESS OR SOLVE

The Advisory Group considers that if there were a purposebuilt facility at the start of the track then this would provide an opportunity to present hikers with a range of key safety information before they set off.

This solution could benefit all TAC users, as they would be required to pass through the facility. Additionally, some specific audiences may benefit further as the safety information would need to specifically address the high-risk demographics and cater for both a diverse international audience and New Zealand visitors.

The new facility could be designed to maximise the ability to deliver safety information through strategic visitor flow and/or the implementation of compulsory ‘check points’ or departure gates.

It is not intended that this would be a replacement for the DOC Visitor Centre at Whakapapa Village, but rather a larger shelter which could support Kaitiaki Rangers and also provide toilets for visitors. It would be designed to fit in with the landscape of Mangatepōpō Valley and contribute to an enhanced cultural experience that Ngāti Hikairo are interested in providing to manuhiri (visitors).

+ general safety information such as weather, clothing and equipment TARGET DEMOGRAPHICS

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The facility would also provide a desirable location for people to return to, should they decide to turn around on the TAC. Currently there is no suitable place for groups to wait for a transport operator in poor weather and there is concern that this is a factor in encouraging people to keep walking when they really should turn around.

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Next steps MSC, DOC and NgÄ ti Hikairo ki Tongariro met in November 2019 to discuss the proposed solutions within this report. The parties mutually agreed there is an intention to progress these ideas towards implementation.

During this meeting each proposed solution was discussed in detail and an action plan developed to identify which party would lead the collaborative work.

It was agreed that all eleven proposed solutions have merit; however, due to a range of factors, not all were suitable for implementation immediately and a phased approach would be required to progress them.

Several of the proposed solutions have already been implemented by DOC. While not exactly as this report outlines, these interventions are similar to what was proposed. All parties agree that these interventions need time to progress and have their impact monitored before any decisions on further refinements are made.

There are also three proposed solutions that were agreed to in principle, but will not progress at this point in time. This is due to the impending Treaty settlement process and the need for changes to be made to the Tongariro National Park Management Plan and management policies.

MSC will take responsibility for leading the work on all other proposed solutions.

For further updates on this work please contact the Mountain Safety Council.

Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report

Thank you and acknowledgments MSC would like to thank the Department of Conservation and Ngāti Hikairo ki Tongariro for their continued support and involvement.

MSC would like to thank the Advisory Group members for their significant investment of time and energy, they are: »» Anna McLaren, Marketing and Communications Manager, Destination Great Lake Taupo »» Bubs Smith, Ngāti Hikairo Ki Tongariro »» Dr Carl Walrond, Chief Advisor Outreach, Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment »» David Crerar, Retired Coroner »» Dr Ina Reichenberger, Lecturer in Tourism Management, Victoria University of Wellington »» Prof. Juergen Gnoth, Department of Marketing, University of Otago »» Nicole Ranger, MetService Meteorologist »» Te Rangi Maniapoto, Ngāti Tuwharetoa and Strategic Maori Relationship Manager, Department of Conservation »» Dr Rob Mitchell, Sustainable Management Marketing Expert »» Sam Clemerson, PR and Marketing Specialist »» Dr Stephen Espiner, Senior Lecturer Parks, Recreation and Tourism, Lincoln University »» Stewart Barclay, Owner, Adrift Tongariro

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Tongariro Alpine Crossing | Issue Specific Advisory Group Report